592:
489:
internal frame composed of strips of either aluminum, titanium or plastic, sometimes with additional metal stays to reinforce the frame. A complex series of straps works with the frame to distribute the weight and hold it in place. The internal frame permits the pack to fit closely to the wearer's back and minimizes shifting of the load, which is desirable when participating in activities that involve upper-body movement such as scrambling over rocky surfaces and skiing. However, the tight fit reduces ventilation, so these type of packs tend to be more sweaty than external frame packs. The internal construction also allows for a large storage compartment; a few lash points (including webbing loops and straps for sleeping bags and other large items) may be present, but as the frame is completely integrated, it is difficult to securely lash larger and heavier items which do not fit inside the compartment to the outside of the pack. Internal frame packs originally suffered from smaller load capacity and less comfortable fit during steady walking, but newer models have improved greatly in these respects. In addition, because of their snug fit, the improved internal frame models have largely replaced external frame backpacks for many activities.
542:
442:, a U.S. Army officer during the late 19th century. Introduced in 1887, Merriam's innovative pack was made with drab duck canvas, which was attached to a light steel frame. In addition to two shoulder straps, the pack featured several leather straps that allowed the infantryman to attach his bedroll and canteen to the frame, instead of having them rest on his chest and hips. The most important feature, however, were the two hardwood rods that extended from the sides of the pack to leather pockets on a half-belt, which rested across the lower back and hips. This system allowed the pack to elevate off the back and shoulders, and thus transfer the weight of the load onto the hips. Though he tried in vain to sell his invention to the U.S. Army, he was only able to sell a few thousand packs to the New York National Guard, and the French and Austrian Armies.
472:, which is not flexible like current backpack straps are, and can be shaped like human spine curvature. In this type of backpack, the load would directly transfer to the shoulders through the non-flexible straps, helpful in preventing damage of long term backpack carrying. This non-flexible structure also diminishes the momentum at the lumbar region of the back. The strap curvature would be shaped closely to normal spine curvature, with two flexible drawstrings to minimize backpack movement along the transverse plane. The straps of this backpack would be wide enough to distribute the pressure on the shoulders, with an internal white glass wool layer to absorb dynamic forces from movement. This backpack type is experimental, needing further development before usage.
462:
frame packs are generally considered to be a "cooler load" than internal frame designs. External frame packs have a fabric "sack" portion which is usually smaller than that of internal frame packs, but have exposed frame portions above and below the sack to accommodate attachment of larger items. In addition, the sack can often be removed entirely, permitting the user to customize the configuration of their load, or to transport a non-conventional load such as a quartered game animal. Military packs are often external frame designs due to their ability to carry loads of different shapes, sizes and weights.
330:
674:
299:
338:
276:
406:
under 6 L (1.3 imp gal; 1.6 US gal). Compression straps across the top of one's body are common as are hip belts. Cycling hydration packs are 6–10 L (1.3–2.2 imp gal; 1.6–2.6 US gal) sitting high on the back. Although daypacks are small averaging 10–30 L (2.2–6.6 imp gal; 2.6–7.9 US gal), all
Trekking and Hiking hydration packs are generally the largest and heaviest. 35–65 L (7.7–14.3 imp gal; 9.2–17.2 US gal) and above are common.
255:
722:
504:
59:
322:
710:
698:
686:
527:
570:; backpacks designed to hold laptop computers in particular generally have a padded compartment to hold the computer and medium-sized pockets and flaps to accommodate accessories such as charger cables and mice. These are especially common in college and university settings. In order to supply these devices with electricity, a few high-end backpacks are equipped with solar panels.
346:
Most of the weight is therefore taken off the shoulders, reducing the chance of injury from shoulder strap pressure (many backpacks equipped solely with shoulder straps can affect the posture of a person carrying more than 14 kg (30 lbs)), as well as being less restrictive of the upper body range of motion. Most backpacks are capable of being closed with either a
307:
1175:
47:
591:
405:
Sports and hydration backpacks are smaller with a profile closer to the body, wider straps and can come with water bladders and hip belts for running, cycling or hiking. Running hydration packs are the smallest and lightest, many under 2 L (0.44 imp gal; 0.53 US gal) and most
345:
Backpacks in general fall into one of four categories: frameless, external frame, internal frame, and bodypack. A pack frame, when present, serves to support the pack and distribute the weight of its contents across the body more appropriately, by transferring much of the weight to the hips and legs.
573:
Rolling backpacks are backpacks with wheels on the bottom and an extending handle. Because of their design, rolling backpacks reduce the strain on the user, though the shoulder straps may be used to carry the pack for short distances when the terrain is not suitable for wheels. Rolling backpacks are
461:
and is equipped with a system of straps and tautly-stretched netting which prevents contact between the metal frame and user's back. In addition to comfort, this "stand-off" provides the additional benefit of creating air circulation between the frame and the wearer's back. For this reason, external
661:
Specialist backpacks are used by fire services for wildfire fighting, as well as by rescue services for Search and Rescue. These backpacks are generally very modular, allowing the pack to be reconfigured to the users wishes and are designed to load around the wearers hips. They may include features
361:
A bodypack is a backpack fitted with one or more pockets that are suspended on the wearer's chest and loaded in such a way that the load in the front and the load in the back are close to equal. The majority of the load in a bodypack is carried by the hips. The ideal load carrying system should not
642:
Many police tactical units, as well as players of military-style combat games such as paintball and airsoft, use these military-style tactical backpacks and webbing for storing gear and ammunition. There is also a small but thriving industry devoted to creating historical reproductions of military
549:
Typical school backpacks generally lack the rigid frame of an outdoor-style backpack and include only a few pockets in the front in addition to the main storage compartment. While traditionally very simple in design, school backpacks are often made with padded shoulder straps and backs as well as
116:
Large backpacks, used to carry loads over 10 kilograms (22 lb), as well as smaller sports backpacks (e.g. running, cycling, hiking, and hydration), usually offload the largest part (up to about 90%) of their weight onto padded hip belts, leaving the shoulder straps mainly for stabilizing the
638:
to a metal or plastic carrying frame. For units that are entering combat situations, packs may be loaded heavily and can weigh in excess of 100 lb (45 kg). Each soldier may carry extra weapons, ammunition, rations, medical supplies, tents or other shelter material, and extra clothing.
445:
Backpack design took another major leap forward with the introduction of the first aluminum external-frame backpack by Jack Abert, an avid hiker from
Phoenix, Arizona. As a Boy Scout camp counselor, Abert saw first-hand how inadequate the backpacks scouts were using at that time, and set out to
488:
and
Lowepro, companies specializing in backpacks and other forms of carrying bags for various equipment. Lowe's innovation also featured the first side compression straps, the first modern sternum strap, and the first load stabilizers. Internal-frame packs have a large fabric section around an
580:
are also available. These light daypacks are specifically designed to hold water in a special water bladder (also known as reservoir), and their purpose is to allow the carrier constant fluid hydration handsfree, so that the carrier can focus on their task without having to stop to get a
538:, and are a primary means of transporting educational materials to and from school. In this context they are sometimes known as bookbags or schoolbags. The purchase of a suitably fashionable, attractive, and useful backpack is a crucial back-to-school ritual for many students.
446:
design a more comfortable pack. In 1947, he designed a contoured aluminum frame that was both strong and light, and shifted much of the weight off the shoulders and onto the hips. By 1950, his invention had received official approval from the
National Council of the
414:
External frame packs were designed to carry heavy loads above 20 kg (44 lb), giving the wearer more support and protection and better weight distribution than a simple, frameless strapped bag. Wooden pack frames were used for centuries around the world.
657:
Recently, at least one brand of backpack has been specially designed for professional cooks and culinary students. This sort of backpack is meant to safely carry knives, cooking tools, and other miscellaneous equipment such as notebooks, towels, and uniforms.
553:
Backpacks are sometimes worn as fashion accessories, in which they perform the same function as a purse. Some such backpacks designed specifically for women are no larger than a typical purse, and are generally associated with younger women.
379:
straps, while more sophisticated models add extra pockets, waist straps, chest straps, padded shoulder straps, padded backs, and sometimes reflective materials for added safety at night. These packs are generally produced inexpensively.
370:
The simplest backpack design is a bag attached to a set of shoulder straps. Such packs are used for general transportation of goods, and have variable capacity. The simplest designs consist of one main pocket. This may be combined with
98:—is, in its simplest frameless form, a fabric sack carried on one's back and secured with two straps that go over the shoulders; but it can have an external or internal frame, and there are bodypacks.
117:
load. This improves the potential to carry heavy loads, as the hips are stronger than the shoulders, and also increases agility and balance, since the load rides nearer the wearer's own center of
362:
disturb the wearer's natural posture, balance and maneuverability. The load must be dispersed onto the skeletal structure in an even manner, and should not produce unbalanced forces on the body.
626:
rucksack attachment, both of which are widely available to civilian markets both as actual military surplus (new or used) and as replicas. Such packs are often, though not always (e.g. the
541:
619:
550:
additional reinforcement to hold large numbers of heavy textbooks, as well as safety features such as reflective panels to make the wearer of the pack more visible at night.
244:
Before its various terminologies began appearing in print, evidence of early backpacks was scarce. A contender for the earliest was found within the mummified remains of
511:
A daypack is a smaller, frameless backpack that can hold enough contents for a day hike, or a day's worth of other activities. They are not large enough for average
241:, context is generally sufficient for identification. They are also used in recreational activities, and are used to carry sports equipment and other materials.
275:
113:
for carrying heavy loads or carrying any sort of equipment, because of the limited capacity to carry heavy weights for long periods of time in the hands.
2016:
865:
233:
Backpacks can often simply be referred to as "packs", especially in outdoors contexts; though sometimes ambiguous compared to other bags such as
673:
1002:
1123:
214:
meaning "oat sack" (which more properly describes a small cloth bag on a strap worn over one shoulder and originally referred to the bag of
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254:
1046:
1729:
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Some backpacks are specifically designed to carry certain items. Common examples include backpacks for small valuable items such as
623:
654:
packs used by the United States armed forces, are covered with webbing loop attachment points for increased carrying capacity.
631:
329:
2009:
1207:
891:
2281:
662:
such as sections for water bladders and specially designed pouches, such as those used to carry personal fire shelters.
203:
was the usual name for a rucksack or backpack up until the middle of the 20th century. This is commonly used in Canada.
2044:
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2002:
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Today's external frames are typically made from aluminum, other lightweight metal alloy, and recently reinforced
38:
31:
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gear; such companies generally produce period-appropriate uniforms and other gear in addition to backpacks.
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919:
Mallakzadeh, Mohammadreza; Javidi, Mehrdad; Azimi, Sirwan; Monshizadeh, Haniyeh (31 May 2016).
58:
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Alpine Italy, though some archaeologists believe the frame found with the body was part of a
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1095:
Horovitz, Bruce (20 August 2007). "New 'badge' of cool: High-tech, high-fashion backpacks".
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450:, and by 1967, he had become the largest manufacturer of backpacking frames in the world.
523:. Padded or unpadded waist straps may be provided to distribute weight across the body.
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614:, in most countries, and military-style packs are regularly available to civilians in
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mainly used in the UK, US and in other
Western military forces. In Middle High German
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226:(a large load-carrying rucksack, from a design issued by the British Army during the
1039:
Ramble On: How Hiking Became One of the Most
Popular Outdoor Activities in the World
920:
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Backpacks are a standard part of the load-bearing equipment of soldiers, especially
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1958:
164:. In modern German the word "der Rucksack" is commonly used. The name rucksack is
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2124:
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354:, or a dry-bag type closure, though a few models use a drawstring fitted with a
1185:
984:
921:"Analyzing the potential benefits of using a backpack with non-flexible straps"
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1978:
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17:
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The internal frame backpack is a recent innovation, invented in 1967 by
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2074:
1963:
1953:
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applications; metal versions first appeared in the late-19th century.
46:
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1877:
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1234:
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102:
1066:
1994:
325:
Two examples of external frame backpack designs dating to the 1860s
1684:
647:
540:
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438:
The first external frame rucksack to receive a patent was made by
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305:
297:
57:
45:
651:
376:
215:
118:
1998:
1189:
1216:
1118:
465:
A recently proposed type of external frame would be made from
866:"National Army Museum: Bergen rucksack, War Department issue"
634:
pack), external-frame packs, with the pack itself lashed or
646:
Some more recent military/tactical designs, especially the
383:
Some outdoor packs, particularly those sold for day hikes,
160:
means "back" (dorsum), which led to the Upper German word
62:
A 12 L front-loading Canon 200EG photography backpack
574:
most commonly used while traveling by airplane or train.
534:
In many countries, backpacks are heavily identified with
892:"The Backpack: Everything You Could Ever Need To Know"
618:
stores. Well-known examples include the United States
597:
A rolling backpack, a hybrid between a backpack and a
959:"The Iceman at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology"
2183:
2032:
1891:
1788:
1632:
1581:
1473:
1373:
1227:
519:and backpacking tents, but may be large enough for
310:A back frame with shelf used to carry loads in the
1032:
1030:
1028:
222:(a German rucksack with a rigid framework), and
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
37:"Knapsack" redirects here. For other uses, see
133:was coined in the United States in the 1910s.
2010:
1201:
1114:"Sun Inspired: How To Build A Solar Backpack"
8:
341:Backpack with non flexible composite straps
2017:
2003:
1995:
1208:
1194:
1186:
965:. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. 2016
141:were used prior, and now occur mainly as
336:
807:
669:
587:
250:
914:
912:
7:
1670:Flexible intermediate bulk container
985:"The Three-Stick Roycroft Packframe"
281:Integrated bearer (internal) frame (
50:A 30 L top and bottom-loading
1126:from the original on 23 April 2009
25:
1730:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
391:are sometimes frameless as well.
1173:
1147:A Dictionary of Military Uniform
720:
708:
696:
684:
672:
590:
274:
253:
1498:Diplomatic bag / pouch
101:Backpacks are commonly used by
1112:Kalish, John (19 April 2009).
1:
282:
264:
109:, and are often preferred to
54:Trans Alpine hiking backpack
427:. Such packs are common in
2318:
1037:Doran, Jeffrey J. (2023).
496:
398:
358:for the main compartment.
218:carried as horse fodder),
206:Alternative names include
36:
29:
1065:. Lowepro. Archived from
715:Tropical rucksack (front)
314:, where it is known as a
39:Knapsack (disambiguation)
32:Backpack (disambiguation)
27:Bag carried on one's back
703:Tropical rucksack (side)
691:Tropical rucksack (back)
484:, who went on to found
2160:Ultralight backpacking
546:
531:
521:ultralight backpacking
513:wilderness backpacking
508:
385:ultralight backpacking
342:
334:
326:
318:
303:
63:
55:
1924:Electronic flight bag
1735:Reusable shopping bag
1330:Reusable shopping bag
963:ArchaeologieMuseum.it
622:and the British Army
544:
529:
506:
448:Boy Scouts of America
419:may have used one in
340:
333:Modern external frame
332:
324:
309:
301:
61:
49:
2065:Backpacking (hiking)
2060:Backpacking (travel)
2050:Adventure recreation
1420:Lightweight Rucksack
1320:Red box (government)
1315:Plastic shopping bag
1182:at Wikimedia Commons
515:that use full-sized
476:Internal frame packs
410:External frame packs
30:For other uses, see
2282:Domestic implements
2045:Adjectival tourisms
872:on 24 February 2016
578:Hydration backpacks
2040:Accessible tourism
1780:Zipper storage bag
1695:Packet (container)
1013:on 1 November 2013
937:10.3233/WOR-162293
547:
532:
509:
455:synthetic polymers
440:Henry Clay Merriam
343:
335:
327:
319:
304:
302:Frameless backpack
64:
56:
2277:Camping equipment
2259:
2258:
2165:Urban exploration
1992:
1991:
1655:Biodegradable bag
1310:Nuclear briefcase
1178:Media related to
1007:mtn.tpl.lib.wa.us
989:primitiveways.com
727:Military backpack
679:MOLLE patrol pack
16:(Redirected from
2309:
2297:1910s neologisms
2287:Hiking equipment
2175:Wildlife tourism
2170:Volunteer travel
2080:Cultural tourism
2026:Adventure travel
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
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1023:
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1020:
1018:
1009:. Archived from
999:
993:
992:
981:
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974:
972:
970:
955:
949:
948:
916:
907:
906:
904:
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888:
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881:
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868:. Archived from
862:
856:
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851:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
812:
724:
712:
700:
688:
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620:ALICE field pack
616:military surplus
606:Professional use
599:rolling suitcase
594:
287:
284:
278:
269:
266:
257:
228:Second World War
210:from the German
168:with the Danish
21:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2226:Nude recreation
2211:Mountain biking
2179:
2090:Extreme tourism
2070:Bicycle touring
2028:
2023:
1993:
1988:
1887:
1790:Purses/handbags
1784:
1628:
1619:Padded envelope
1577:
1469:
1369:
1223:
1214:
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1072:
1070:
1069:on 30 June 2013
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845:Merriam-Webster
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558:Special-purpose
501:
495:
478:
417:Ötzi the Iceman
412:
403:
397:
368:
296:
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127:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2256:
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2241:River trekking
2238:
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2218:
2216:Mountaineering
2213:
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2203:
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2177:
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2157:
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2147:
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2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Jungle tourism
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Freighthopping
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2014:
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1966:
1961:
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1951:
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1911:
1909:Cowboy bedroll
1906:
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1755:Stand-up pouch
1752:
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401:Hydration pack
399:Main article:
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1101:. p. 1A.
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1063:"Innovations"
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2246:Scuba diving
2206:Hang gliding
2145:Slum tourism
1974:Sleeping bag
1969:Sickness bag
1750:Shopping bag
1745:Security bag
1680:Fuel bladder
1609:Mail satchel
1558:Toiletry bag
1538:Norfolk case
1425:Medicine bag
1400:Bivouac sack
1380:
1350:Survival bag
1340:Shopping bag
1146:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1096:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1057:
1038:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
1006:
997:
988:
979:
967:. Retrieved
962:
953:
931:(1): 11–20.
928:
924:
899:. Retrieved
896:MAHI Leather
895:
886:
874:. Retrieved
870:the original
860:
848:. Retrieved
844:
835:
823:. Retrieved
819:
810:
660:
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609:
583:water bottle
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180:, Afrikaans
177:
173:
172:, Norwegian
169:
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152:is a German
149:
147:
143:regionalisms
138:
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128:
115:
100:
95:
91:
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43:
2231:Paragliding
2125:Overlanding
2110:Hitchhiking
2055:Agritourism
1823:Gucci Diana
1813:Evening bag
1760:Thermal bag
1725:Plastic bag
1675:Boil-in-bag
1624:Portmanteau
1568:Travel pack
1543:Portmanteau
1533:Nomadic bag
1508:Garment bag
1483:Bug-out bag
1435:Pack basket
1389:Duluth pack
1335:Shell purse
1300:Medical bag
1295:Laundry bag
1275:Grocery bag
841:"Haversack"
775:Pack basket
740:Hunting bag
486:Lowe Alpine
286: 1960
268: 1960
248:in 3300BC.
239:duffel bags
125:Terminology
2266:Categories
2251:Zip-lining
2201:Geohashing
2196:Geocaching
2184:Activities
2085:Ecotourism
1979:Stuff sack
1944:Gunny sack
1934:Flour sack
1858:Minaudière
1808:Coin purse
1803:Birkin bag
1715:Pastry bag
1705:Paper sack
1665:Coffee bag
1645:Bag-in-box
1633:Containers
1599:Mail pouch
1563:Train case
1503:Duffel bag
1493:Diaper bag
1488:Carpet bag
1450:Sabretache
1410:Fanny pack
1385:Canoe pack
1365:Tucker bag
1345:String bag
1265:Flight bag
1250:Bugout bag
1221:containers
1073:22 October
816:"Rucksack"
802:References
760:Fanny pack
755:Duffel bag
530:School bag
499:Schoolbags
497:See also:
421:Copper Age
261:Swiss army
235:saddlebags
184:, Swedish
2135:Rogaining
1984:Throw bag
1959:Schultüte
1939:Gamow bag
1914:Doggy bag
1863:Money bag
1848:Lady Dior
1838:Kelly bag
1770:Trash bag
1710:Parfleche
1700:Paper bag
1604:Mail sack
1548:Saddlebag
1445:Randoseru
1305:Money bag
1290:Haversack
1280:Hambiliya
1245:Briefcase
1098:USA Today
493:Daily use
482:Greg Lowe
467:composite
366:Frameless
356:cord lock
263:backpack
212:Hafersack
208:haversack
199:The word
148:The word
129:The word
92:haversack
18:Backpacks
2221:Naturism
2191:Climbing
2150:Tramping
2120:Kloofing
2100:Glamping
1949:Poop bag
1904:Burn bag
1899:Body bag
1883:Wristlet
1873:Tote bag
1868:Reticule
1843:Kinchaku
1818:Gaji bag
1775:Wineskin
1720:Pipe bag
1690:Milk bag
1660:Bota bag
1594:Mail bag
1553:Suitcase
1523:Hobo bag
1465:Takiding
1440:Pasiking
1415:Golf bag
1405:Book bag
1381:Backpack
1360:Tote bag
1325:Reticule
1270:Gaji bag
1255:Dillybag
1180:Backpack
1124:Archived
945:27061701
901:10 April
785:Pasiking
733:See also
612:infantry
536:students
429:military
425:snowshoe
201:knapsack
186:ryggsäck
176:, Dutch
174:ryggsekk
162:ruggsack
154:loanword
150:rucksack
139:packsack
135:Moneybag
131:backpack
111:handbags
107:students
96:backsack
84:booksack
76:rucksack
72:knapsack
68:backpack
2292:Luggage
2236:Rafting
2075:Camping
1964:Showbag
1954:Sandbag
1929:Feedbag
1919:Dry bag
1828:Handbag
1650:Bin bag
1614:Mochila
1528:Holdall
1513:Gig bag
1475:Luggage
1460:Sporran
1455:Satchel
1285:Handbag
1228:Carried
969:23 July
825:22 June
790:Satchel
780:Papoose
568:cameras
564:laptops
507:Daypack
470:plastic
459:plastic
377:cordage
373:webbing
294:Designs
194:rjukzak
166:cognate
158:ruck(e)
88:bookbag
2155:Travel
2140:Safari
2130:Picnic
2105:Hiking
1878:Wallet
1833:It bag
1798:Bayong
1740:Sachet
1582:Postal
1240:Bindle
1235:Bayong
1153:
1130:10 May
1045:
1017:4 July
943:
876:25 May
850:5 June
750:Bindle
636:pinned
395:Sports
352:zipper
348:buckle
312:Allgäu
224:bergen
190:рюкзак
182:rugsak
178:rugzak
170:rygsæk
103:hikers
52:Deuter
2033:Types
1892:Other
1685:Mashk
1573:Trunk
820:Duden
648:MOLLE
585:out.
220:Kraxe
2302:Ötzi
2272:Bags
1374:Worn
1355:Swag
1217:Bags
1151:ISBN
1132:2009
1075:2008
1043:ISBN
1019:2007
971:2019
941:PMID
925:Work
903:2018
878:2020
852:2017
827:2020
652:ILBE
650:and
632:ILBE
628:USMC
624:PLCE
566:and
431:and
387:and
316:Reff
246:Ötzi
237:and
216:oats
137:and
119:mass
105:and
80:pack
1119:NPR
933:doi
630:'s
457:or
375:or
230:).
196:).
94:or
2268::
1387:,
1122:.
1116:.
1083:^
1041:.
1027:^
1005:.
987:.
961:.
939:.
929:54
927:.
923:.
911:^
894:.
843:.
818:.
283:c.
265:c.
145:.
121:.
90:,
86:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
66:A
2018:e
2011:t
2004:v
1391:)
1383:(
1209:e
1202:t
1195:v
1159:.
1134:.
1077:.
1051:.
1021:.
991:.
973:.
947:.
935::
905:.
880:.
854:.
829:.
288:)
192:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
