131:
1046:
1032:
34:
855:
are pairs of words in the same language which are derived from a single etymon, which may have similar but distinct meanings and uses. Often, one is a loanword and the other is the native form, or they have developed in different dialects and then found themselves together in a modern standard
992:
is one of the words which have their source in a root word, and were at some time created from the root word using morphological constructs such as suffixes, prefixes, and slight changes to the vowels or to the consonants of the root word. For example
878:, or semantic equivalents, are words in two different languages that have similar or practically identical meanings. They may be cognate, but usually they are not. For example, the German equivalent of the English word
910:, or ancestor word, is the ultimate source word from which one or more cognates derive. In other words, it is the source of related words in different languages. For example, the etymon of both Welsh
1151:
169:
can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the
1020:
are used in the analysis of morphological derivation within a language in studies that are not concerned with historical linguistics and that do not cross the language barrier.
1171:, to be born." Other definitions of the English word include "elated by blood; having a common ancestor" and "elated or analogous in nature, character, or function".
743:
540:
1123:
812:
1181:
117:
1260:
632:
1195:
589:
1255:
934:
are words inherited across a language barrier, coming from a particular etymon in an ancestor language. For example, Russian
796:
55:
790:
1231:
687:
666:
98:
715:
False cognates are pairs of words that appear to have a common origin, but which in fact do not. For example, Latin
70:
44:
545:'night'. The Indo-European languages have hundreds of such cognate sets, though few of them are as neat as this.
1064:
988:
77:
51:
20:
218:
139:
84:
852:
246:
1115:
572:
66:
728:
486:
398:
366:
330:
1059:
1051:
960:
514:
350:
338:
298:
274:
170:
673:
1225:
1129:
1119:
1107:
849:(meaning "ox"). Although they are part of a single etymological stemma, they are not cognates.
655:
534:
490:
478:
442:
262:
130:
727:
both mean 'to have' and are phonetically similar. However, the words evolved from different
600:
579:
526:
506:
498:
470:
390:
374:
322:
290:
270:
226:
1074:
1037:
964:
is the source of related words within a single language (no language barrier is crossed).
646:
618:
596:
561:
462:
314:
310:
282:
234:
166:
658:
1079:
627:
609:
406:
382:
306:
242:
199:
159:
1249:
1206:
1103:
710:
586:
414:
91:
1069:
426:
1084:
930:
875:
650:
613:
604:
33:
1045:
1031:
1027:
1133:
254:
204:
155:
622:
838:
434:
181:
841:
are words borrowed from one language into another; for example, English
641:
1146:
906:
549:
174:
595:
Cognates need not have the same meaning, as they may have undergone
682:
537:). These all mean 'night' and derive from the Proto-Indo-European
454:
134:
Diagram showing relationships between etymologically related words
151:
784:
look similar and have a similar meaning, but are not cognates:
834:
Cognates are distinguished from other kinds of relationships.
27:
639:
Cognates also do not need to look or sound similar: English
1152:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
975:, a nuanced distinction can sometimes be made between a
184:, where a word has been borrowed from another language.
886:, which is also cognate, but the French equivalent is
761:'to give, to receive', and hence cognate with English
599:
as the languages developed independently. For example
538:
154:that have been inherited in direct descent from an
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1203:Univ. of Pennsylvania: Linguistics 001 (Fall 2011)
821:
801:
779:
8:
766:
732:
722:
552:
900:Etymon (ancestor word) and descendant words
752:
716:
202:
1196:"A quick introduction to language change"
1112:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:
1095:
585:'peace' are cognates, derived from the
1223:
1205:. ¶ 29. pp. 11–12. Archived from
942:are both descendants of Proto-Slavic *
747:'to grasp', and has the Latin cognate
16:Words inherited by different languages
1005:are all derivatives of the root word
217:An example of cognates from the same
7:
56:adding citations to reliable sources
1182:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
967:Similar to the distinction between
626:'to die' all descend from the same
553:
856:language. For example, Old French
14:
757:, on the other hand, is from PIE
1044:
1030:
180:Cognates are distinguished from
32:
43:needs additional citations for
672:. An extreme case is Armenian
1:
845:is borrowed from Old French
751:'to seize, grasp, capture'.
665:) all descend directly from
209:, meaning "blood relative".
1167:, born, past participle of
1279:
708:
539:
18:
564:
1230:: CS1 maint: location (
1065:Indo-European vocabulary
860:is cognate with English
701:in Armenian is regular.
21:Cognate (disambiguation)
1261:Comparative linguistics
820:is the archaic Spanish
788:is from Proto-Germanic
1256:Historical linguistics
822:
802:
780:
767:
753:
733:
723:
717:
203:
160:common parent language
140:historical linguistics
135:
1118:. pp. 104, 418.
918:is the Proto-Celtic *
890:, which is unrelated.
686:, which descend from
173:to establish whether
133:
1116:Blackwell Publishing
954:Root and derivatives
816:. A true cognate of
573:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
52:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
729:Proto-Indo-European
693:; the sound change
688:Proto-Indo-European
667:Proto-Indo-European
1155:, 4th ed.: "Latin
1060:Homology (biology)
1052:Linguistics portal
774:Likewise, English
171:comparative method
136:
1125:978-1-4443-5675-5
741:, comes from PIE
194:The English term
128:
127:
120:
102:
1268:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1114:(6th ed.).
1100:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1034:
825:
805:
783:
770:
756:
736:
726:
720:
566:
556:
555:
544:
543:
208:
148:lexical cognates
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1212:on 20 June 2010
1209:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1145:
1141:
1126:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1075:False etymology
1050:
1043:
1038:Language portal
1036:
1029:
1026:
956:
902:
897:
832:
737:, like English
713:
707:
597:semantic change
215:
213:Characteristics
192:
167:language change
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:External links
1240:
1238:
1237:
1186:
1173:
1139:
1124:
1106:, ed. (2011).
1104:Crystal, David
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1080:Folk etymology
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1041:
1025:
1022:
955:
952:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
873:
850:
831:
828:
806:is from Latin
731:(PIE) roots:
709:Main article:
706:
705:False cognates
703:
680:) and English
628:Proto-Germanic
511:nuet/nit/nueit
383:Serbo-Croatian
214:
211:
191:
188:
177:are cognate.
158:ancestor in a
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1233:
1227:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
962:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:
927:
925:
922:(all meaning
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
899:
895:Related terms
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:
872:are doublets.
871:
867:
864:, so English
863:
859:
854:
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:
836:
835:
829:
827:
824:
819:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
769:
764:
760:
755:
750:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
712:
711:False cognate
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
671:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
652:
648:
644:
643:
637:
635:
634:
629:
625:
624:
620:
616:
615:
611:
607:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
588:
587:Proto-Semitic
584:
581:
577:
574:
570:
563:
559:
551:
546:
542:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Ancient Greek
412:
408:
407:Welsh/Cymraeg
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Indo-European
212:
210:
207:
206:
201:
198:derives from
197:
189:
187:
185:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
132:
122:
119:
111:
108:December 2023
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
1214:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1202:
1194:Ringe, Don.
1189:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1111:
1098:
1070:False friend
1017:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
966:
959:
957:
947:
943:
939:
935:
929:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
903:
887:
883:
879:
876:Translations
869:
865:
861:
857:
846:
842:
833:
830:Distinctions
817:
811:
807:
795:
789:
785:
778:and Spanish
775:
773:
762:
758:
748:
742:
738:
714:
698:
694:
690:
681:
677:
669:
662:
649:
640:
638:
631:
621:
617:'to die' or
612:
603:
594:
582:
575:
568:
557:
547:
530:
522:
518:
510:
502:
494:
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
446:
438:
430:
427:Modern Greek
422:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
362:
358:
354:
346:
342:
334:
326:
318:
302:
294:
286:
278:
266:
258:
250:
238:
230:
222:
216:
195:
193:
186:
179:
164:
156:etymological
150:are sets of
147:
143:
137:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
1085:Word family
938:and Polish
931:Descendants
765:and German
721:and German
449:, gen. sg.
1250:Categories
1091:References
1018:derivative
1012:The terms
989:derivative
981:derivative
977:descendant
914:and Irish
636:'to die'.
487:Portuguese
399:Lithuanian
367:Belarusian
331:Macedonian
221:root are:
78:newspapers
1147:"cognate"
1134:899159900
1108:"cognate"
1003:unhappily
946:(meaning
839:Loanwords
810:< PIE
794:< PIE
633:*sterbaną
592:'peace'.
515:Aragonese
351:Ukrainian
339:Bulgarian
317:), ночь,
299:Icelandic
275:Norwegian
263:Colognian
255:Afrikaans
182:loanwords
67:"Cognate"
1226:cite web
1163:, co- +
1157:cognātus
1024:See also
920:kaballos
853:Doublets
791:*mikilaz
744:*kh₂pyé-
656:Armenian
578:and the
567:
535:Romanian
491:Galician
479:Asturian
443:Albanian
435:Sanskrit
409:), νύξ,
333:), нощ,
325:), ноќ,
205:cognatus
165:Because
144:cognates
1216:15 June
999:happily
995:unhappy
826:'big'.
670:*ph₂tḗr
623:sterben
614:sterven
601:English
590:*šalām-
580:Amharic
541:*nókʷts
527:Occitan
507:Catalan
499:Italian
471:Spanish
391:Latvian
375:Slovene
323:Russian
291:Faroese
271:Swedish
247:Frisian
227:English
196:cognate
175:lexemes
92:scholar
1165:gnātus
1132:
1122:
1001:, and
979:and a
969:etymon
916:capall
912:ceffyl
907:etymon
808:multum
759:*gʰabʰ
754:Habēre
749:capere
718:habēre
691:*dwóh₁
654:, and
647:French
642:father
630:verb,
619:German
605:starve
576:shlama
571:, the
569:shalom
562:Hebrew
560:, the
550:Arabic
531:noapte
529:) and
475:nueche
463:French
451:noctis
423:nychta
395:naktis
315:Polish
311:Slovak
283:Danish
235:German
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1210:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
1169:nāscī
1007:happy
940:morze
936:мо́ре
924:horse
888:vache
813:*mel-
803:mucho
797:*meǵ-
781:mucho
768:geben
734:haben
724:haben
697:>
674:երկու
610:Dutch
583:selam
558:salām
523:nuèit
519:nuèch
495:notte
483:noite
467:noche
455:Latin
431:nakt-
419:νύχτα
387:nakts
335:nosht
307:Czech
259:Naach
243:Dutch
239:nacht
231:Nacht
223:night
200:Latin
152:words
99:JSTOR
85:books
1232:link
1218:2014
1130:OCLC
1120:ISBN
1016:and
1014:root
973:root
971:and
961:root
944:moře
926:).
870:beef
868:and
858:boef
847:boef
843:beef
823:maño
818:much
800:and
786:much
776:much
763:give
739:have
678:erku
663:hayr
659:հայր
651:père
608:and
565:שלום
554:سلام
548:The
489:and
459:nuit
439:natë
359:noch
347:nich
319:noch
295:nótt
287:nátt
267:natt
190:Name
71:news
1161:co-
983:.
950:).
948:sea
904:An
884:Kuh
882:is
880:cow
866:cow
862:cow
699:erk
695:*dw
683:two
517:),
509:),
503:nit
501:),
493:),
481:),
473:),
465:),
457:),
447:nox
445:),
437:),
429:),
417:),
411:nyx
403:nos
401:),
393:),
385:),
379:noć
377:),
371:noč
369:),
363:noč
355:ноч
353:),
343:ніч
341:),
327:noć
303:noc
301:),
293:),
285:),
279:nat
277:),
265:),
257:),
251:nag
249:),
237:),
229:),
146:or
138:In
54:by
1252::
1228:}}
1224:{{
1201:.
1159::
1149:,
1128:.
1110:.
1009:.
997:,
986:A
958:A
771:.
645:,
521:/
421:/
357:,
345:,
313:,
309:,
273:,
245:,
162:.
142:,
1234:)
1220:.
1136:.
676:(
661:(
533:(
525:(
513:(
505:(
497:(
485:(
477:(
469:(
461:(
453:(
441:(
433:(
425:(
413:(
405:(
397:(
389:(
381:(
373:(
365:(
361:/
349:(
337:(
329:(
321:(
305:(
297:(
289:(
281:(
269:(
261:(
253:(
241:(
233:(
225:(
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
