20:
251:
regulatory feedback or other communication between members of the same or even different microbial species. Some organisms are capable of both expelling and taking in electrons through nanowires. Those species would likely be able to oxidize extracellular metals by using them as an electron or energy source to facilitate energy consuming cellular processes. Microbes also could potentially use nanowires to temporarily store electrons on metals. Building up an electron concentration on a metal
88:. From physiological and functional perspectives, bacterial nanowires are diverse. The precise role microbial nanowires play in their biological systems has not been fully realized, but several proposed functions exist. Outside of a naturally occurring environment, bacterial nanowires have shown potential to be useful in several fields, notably the
250:
production. Aside from that, the extent of the implications brought on by the existence of bacterial nanowires is not fully realized. It has been speculated nanowires may function as conduits for electron transport between different members of a microbial community. This has potential to allow for
283:
also further promotes electrical conductivity. Additionally, these nanowires can transport electrons up to centimeter-scale distances. Long-range electron transfer via microbial nanowire networks allows viable cells that are not in direct contact with an anode to contribute to electron flow.
228:
bacteria. This was the first observed instance of EET used to draw electrons from the environment into a cell. Research persists to date to explore the mechanisms, implications, and potential applications of nanowires and the biological systems they are a part of.
271:(MFCs), bacterial nanowires generate electricity via extracellular electron transport to the MFC's anode. Nanowire networks have been shown to enhance the electricity output of MFCs with efficient and long-range conductivity. In particular, bacterial nanowires of
259:. While these potential implications provide a reasonable hypothesis towards the role of the bacterial nanowire in a biological system, more research is needed to fully understand the extent of how cellular species benefit from nanowire use.
168:
MtrC and OmcA. The reported presence of outer membrane cytochromes, and lack of conductivity in nanowires from the MtrC and OmcA-deficient mutant directly support the proposed multistep hopping mechanism for electron transport through
152:
use nanowires to transfer electrons to extracellular electron acceptors (such as Fe(III) oxides). This function was discovered through the examination of mutants, whose nanowires could attach to the iron, but would not reduce it.
133:
and OmcZ. Despite being physiologically distinct from pili, bacterial nanowires are often described as pili anyway due to the initial misconception upon their discovery. These stacked cytochrome nanowires form a seamless array of
1317:
Malvankar NS, Vargas M, Nevin KP, Franks AE, Leang C, Kim BC, Inoue K, Mester T, Covalla SF, Johnson JP, Rotello VM, Tuominen MT, Lovley DR (August 2011). "Tunable metallic-like conductivity in microbial nanowire networks".
287:
To date, the currency produced by bacterial nanowires is very low. Across a biofilm 7 micrometers thick, a current density of around 17 microamperes per square centimeter and a voltage of around 0.5 volts was reported.
214:
bacteria and their respective nanowires. Since their discoveries, other nanowire containing microbes have been identified, but they remain the most intensively studied. In 1998, EET was observed in a
1401:
Maruthupandy M, Anand M, Maduraiveeran G, Beevi AS, Priya RJ (September 2017). "Fabrication of CuO nanoparticles coated bacterial nanowire film for a high-performance electrochemical conductivity".
202:
The concept of electromicrobiology has been around since the early 1900s when a series of discoveries found cells capable of producing electricity. It was demonstrated for the first time in 1911 by
206:
that cells could convert chemical energy to electrical energy. It wasn't until 1988 that extracellular electron transport (EET) was observed for the first time with the independent discoveries of
319:
Further significant application of bacterial nanowires can be seen in the bioelectronics industry. With sustainable resources in mind, scientists have proposed the future use of biofilms of
1257:
Shi L, Dong H, Reguera G, Beyenal H, Lu A, Liu J, et al. (October 2016). "Extracellular electron transfer mechanisms between microorganisms and minerals".
275:
possess metallic-like conductivity, producing electricity at levels comparable to those of synthetic metallic nanostructures. When bacterial strains are
1182:
390:
Reguera G, McCarthy KD, Mehta T, Nicoll JS, Tuominen MT, Lovley DR (June 2005). "Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires".
1001:
Strycharz-Glaven SM, Snider RM, Guiseppi-Elie A, Tender LM (2011). "On the electrical conductivity of microbial nanowires and biofilms".
305:
576:"Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 nanowires are outer membrane and periplasmic extensions of the extracellular electron transport components"
308:. To demonstrate this, scientists compared and observed the concentration of uranium removed by piliated and nonpiliated strains of
1493:
Jiang S, Kim MG, Kim SJ, Jung HS, Lee SW, Noh DY, et al. (July 2011). "Bacterial formation of extracellular U(VI) nanowires".
222:
bacteria to reduce an Fe(III) electrode. In 2010, bacterial nanowires were shown to have facilitated the flow of electricity into
1061:
Myers CR, Nealson KH (June 1988). "Bacterial manganese reduction and growth with manganese oxide as the sole electron acceptor".
1366:
Malvankar NS, Lovley DR (June 2012). "Microbial nanowires: a new paradigm for biological electron transfer and bioelectronics".
1207:
Rabaey K, Rozendal RA (October 2010). "Microbial electrosynthesis - revisiting the electrical route for microbial production".
78:
312:
Through a series of controlled experiments, they were able to deduce that nanowire present strains were more effective at the
242:
Microorganisms have shown to use nanowires to facilitate the use of extracellular metals as terminal electron acceptors in an
1114:"Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism: organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese"
901:
Pirbadian S, El-Naggar MY (October 2012). "Multistep hopping and extracellular charge transfer in microbial redox chains".
276:
365:
19:
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203:
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which functions at substantially lower voltages than the ones previously described and may allow the construction of
448:"Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and other microorganisms"
62:
340:
243:
162:
143:
24:
1169:
Kim B (1999). "Dynamic effects of learning capabilities and profit structures on the innovation competition".
185:
139:
352:. Bacterial nanowires vary from traditionally utilized silicon nanowires by showing an increased degree of
361:
279:
to boost nanowire formation, higher electricity yields are generally observed. Coating the nanowires with
247:
194:
have been observed to form electrically conductive nanowires in response to electron-acceptor limitation.
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188:
conditions to still use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptor. For example, organisms in the genus
161:
nanowires are also not technically pili, but extensions of the outer membrane that contain the decaheme
118:
246:. The high reduction potential of the metals receiving electrons is capable of driving a considerable
1600:
1541:
1530:"Extracellular reduction of uranium via Geobacter conductive pili as a protective cellular mechanism"
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Pirbadian S, Barchinger SE, Leung KM, Byun HS, Jangir Y, Bouhenni RA, et al. (September 2014).
692:"Biofilm and nanowire production leads to increased current in Geobacter sulfurreducens fuel cells"
268:
215:
130:
84:
793:"Structure of Microbial Nanowires Reveals Stacked Hemes that Transport Electrons over Micrometers"
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character
423:
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El-Naggar MY, Wanger G, Leung KM, Yuzvinsky TD, Southam G, Yang J, et al. (October 2010).
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1647:"Researchers Unveil Electronics that Mimic the Human Brain in Efficient, Biological Learning"
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1301:"Development of Biofilm Nanowires and Electrode for Efficient Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)"
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Gorby YA, Yanina S, McLean JS, Rosso KM, Moyles D, Dohnalkova A, et al. (July 2006).
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356:. More research is needed, but the memristors may eventually be used to directly process
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layers. By connecting to other cells around them, nanowires allow bacteria located in
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59:
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1137:
638:"Electric field stimulates production of highly conductive microbial OmcZ nanowires"
1098:
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Reguera G, Nevin KP, Nicoll JS, Covalla SF, Woodard TL, Lovley DR (November 2006).
427:
1082:
791:
Wang F, Gu Y, O'Brien JP, Yi SM, Yalcin SE, Srikanth V, et al. (April 2019).
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Additionally, nanowires can facilitate long-range electron transfer across thick
636:
Yalcin SE, O'Brien JP, Gu Y, Reiss K, Yi SM, Jain R, et al. (October 2020).
844:"Electrical transport along bacterial nanowires from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1"
126:
69:
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1534:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
809:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Cologgi DL, Lampa-Pastirk S, Speers AM, Kelly SD, Reguera G (September 2011).
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-1514(199905/06)20:3<127::AID-OCA650>3.0.CO;2-I
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524:"Electromicrobiology: realities, grand challenges, goals and predictions"
43:
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Liu X, Gao H, Ward JE, Liu X, Yin B, Fu T, et al. (February 2020).
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1030:"Electrical effects accompanying the decomposition of organic compounds"
411:
1506:
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969:
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Sure S, Ackland ML, Torriero AA, Adholeya A, Kochar M (December 2016).
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would create a battery of sorts that the cells could later use to fuel
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1202:
1200:
946:"Physical constraints on charge transport through bacterial nanowires"
58:
genera. Conductive nanowires have also been confirmed in the oxygenic
1587:
Fu T, Liu X, Gao H, Ward JE, Liu X, Yin B, et al. (April 2020).
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Electrically conductive appendages produced by a number of bacteria
280:
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110:
1446:"Power generation from ambient humidity using protein nanowires"
135:
1299:
Kodesia, A.; Ghosh, M.; Chatterjee, A. (September 5, 2017).
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On 20 April 2020, researchers demonstrated a diffusive
35:(also known as microbial nanowires) are electrically
1651:
Office of News & Media
Relations | UMass Amherst
338:fabricated from protein nanowires of the bacterium
316:of uranium as compared to nanowire absent mutants.
306:bioremediation of uranium contaminated groundwater
109:nanowires were originally thought to be modified
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385:
383:
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263:Bioenergy applications in microbial fuel cells
113:, which are used to establish connections to
8:
944:Polizzi NF, Skourtis SS, Beratan DN (2012).
366:direct communication with biological neurons
1305:Thapar University Digital Repository (TuDR)
752:"Microbial nanowires: an electrifying tale"
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348:which function at voltages of biological
323:as a platform for functional under water
1171:Optimal Control Applications and Methods
18:
745:
743:
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233:Implications and potential applications
85:Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus
1118:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
696:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
522:Nealson KH, Rowe AR (September 2016).
1252:
1250:
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1246:
7:
1589:"Bioinspired bio-voltage memristors"
1112:Lovley DR, Phillips EJ (June 1988).
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1028:Potter MC, Waller AD (1911-09-14).
903:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
331:, capable of self-renewing energy.
125:nanowires are composed of stacked
121:. Further research has shown that
14:
218:setting for the first time using
138:which stabilize the nanowire via
1138:10.1128/aem.54.6.1472-1480.1988
79:Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum
292:Other significant applications
1:
1083:10.1126/science.240.4857.1319
1403:Journal of Materials Science
1259:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1209:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
956:: 43–62, discussion 103–14.
115:terminal electron acceptors
1698:
1614:10.1038/s41467-020-15759-y
810:10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.029
304:have been shown to aid in
1471:10.1038/s41586-020-2010-9
1423:10.1007/s10853-017-1248-6
654:10.1038/s41589-020-0623-9
341:Geobacter sulfurreducens
273:Geobacter sulfurreducens
244:electron transport chain
76:coculture consisting of
42:produced by a number of
25:Geobacter sulfurreducens
1555:10.1073/pnas.1108616108
1495:Chemical Communications
1271:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.93
869:10.1073/pnas.1004880107
642:Nature Chemical Biology
601:10.1073/pnas.1410551111
540:10.1111/1751-7915.12400
528:Microbial Biotechnology
473:10.1073/pnas.0604517103
296:Microbial nanowires of
277:genetically manipulated
238:Biological implications
146:. Species of the genus
142:and provide a path for
1380:10.1002/cssc.201100733
1340:10.1038/nnano.2011.119
1047:10.1098/rspb.1911.0073
362:neuromorphic computing
46:most notably from the
29:
1593:Nature Communications
1320:Nature Nanotechnology
204:Michael Cressé Potter
119:anaerobic respiration
117:during some types of
22:
769:10.1099/mic.0.000382
716:10.1128/aem.01444-06
269:microbial fuel cells
1605:2020NatCo..11.1861F
1546:2011PNAS..10815248C
1462:2020Natur.578..550L
1415:2017JMatS..5210766M
1332:2011NatNa...6..573M
1221:10.1038/nrmicro2422
1130:1988ApEnM..54.1472L
1075:1988Sci...240.1319M
962:2012FaDi..155...43P
950:Faraday Discussions
915:2012PCCP...1413802P
860:2010PNAS..10718127E
708:2006ApEnM..72.7345R
592:2014PNAS..11112883P
464:2006PNAS..10311358G
412:10.1038/nature03661
404:2005Natur.435.1098R
216:microbial fuel cell
33:Bacterial nanowires
1507:10.1039/C1CC12554K
1015:10.1039/C1EE01753E
1003:Energy Environ Sci
970:10.1039/C1FD00098E
923:10.1039/C2CP41185G
803:(2): 361–369.e10.
398:(7045): 1098–101.
358:biosensing signals
346:artificial neurons
257:metabolic activity
144:electron transport
30:
1456:(7796): 550–554.
1069:(4857): 1319–21.
1009:(11): 4366–4379.
762:(12): 2017–2028.
648:(10): 1136–1142.
350:action potentials
28:and its nanowires
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1441:
1435:
1434:
1409:(18): 10766–78.
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1040:(571): 260–276.
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854:(42): 18127–31.
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458:(30): 11358–63.
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354:biocompatibility
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909:(40): 13802–8.
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689:
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586:(35): 12883–8.
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329:supercapacitors
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1501:(28): 8076–8.
1485:
1436:
1393:
1374:(6): 1039–46.
1353:
1309:
1292:
1265:(10): 651–62.
1242:
1215:(10): 706–16.
1196:
1177:(3): 127–144.
1161:
1124:(6): 1472–80.
1104:
1053:
1020:
993:
936:
893:
834:
783:
739:
702:(11): 7345–8.
677:
625:
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534:(5): 595–600.
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314:mineralization
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94:bioremediation
60:cyanobacterium
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1677:Bacteriology
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70:thermophilic
63:
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23:
1599:(1): 1861.
1368:ChemSusChem
325:transistors
175:nanowires.
166:cytochromes
140:pi-stacking
127:cytochromes
1671:Categories
1656:2021-04-20
372:References
310:Geobacter.
298:Shewanella
220:Shewanella
212:Shewanella
191:Shewanella
172:Shewanella
158:Shewanella
100:Physiology
55:Shewanella
40:appendages
37:conductive
1431:103105219
1191:1099-1514
336:memristor
321:Geobacter
302:Geobacter
225:Sporomusa
208:Geobacter
149:Geobacter
129:, namely
123:Geobacter
106:Geobacter
90:bioenergy
49:Geobacter
1682:Nanowire
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1574:21896750
1515:21681306
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1624:7171104
1601:Bibcode
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364:and/or
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253:anode
136:hemes
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