677:
1692:
686:
1792:: "Now in early times the Sogdians and Bactrians did not differ much from the nomads in their modes of life and customs, although the Bactrians were a little more civilised; however, of these, as of the others, Onesicritus does not report their best traits, saying, for instance, that those who have become helpless because of old age or sickness are thrown out alive as prey to dogs kept expressly for this purpose, which in their native tongue are called "undertakers," and that while the land outside the walls of the metropolis of the Bactrians looks clean, yet most of the land inside the walls is full of human bones; but that Alexander broke up the custom."
1525:
75:
1120:
924:
1008:
1548:
2719:"The Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni group (Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sarikoli), with which Yaz-1ghulami (Sokolova 1967) and the now extinct Wanji (J. Payne in Schmitt, p. 420) are closely linked; Ishkashmi, Sanglichi, and Zebaki; Wakhi; Munji and Yidgha; and Pashto.
446:
1139:
1448:
1880:
formed part of
Transoxania (Sogdiana). They were included in the empires of Persia and Alexander the Great, and they intermingled with such later invaders as the Kushāns and Hepthalites in the 1st–6th centuries AD. Over the course of time, the eastern Iranian dialect that was used by the ancient Tajiks eventually gave way to Persian, a western dialect spoken in Iran and Afghanistan.
1436:
82:
107:
1185:
As for
Bactria, a part of it lies alongside Aria towards the north, though most of it lies above Aria and to the east of it. And much of it produces everything except oil. The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not
449:
Bactria closing on the mountain range of the Hindu Kush (south) and bordering the Pamirs (north), as well as places that are close to neighboring
Bactria on the map as observed on the North and East, the south branch of Tianshan further north, the Ferghana Valley to the north, the western Tarim Basin
1104:
The paradox that Greek presence was more prominent in
Bactria than in areas far closer to Greece can possibly be explained by past deportations of Greeks to Bactria. When Alexander's troops entered Bactria they discovered communities of Greeks who appeared to have been deported to the region by the
656:
Bactria, the territory of which Bactra was the capital, originally consisted of the area south of the Āmū Daryā with its string of agricultural oases dependent on water taken from the rivers of Balḵ (Bactra), Tashkurgan, Kondūz, Sar-e Pol, and Šīrīn Tagāō. This region played a major role in
Central
1879:
The Tajiks are the direct descendants of the
Iranian peoples whose continuous presence in Central Asia and northern Afghanistan is attested from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The ancestors of the Tajiks constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwārezm (Khorezm) and Bactria, which
1484:
describe Daxia as an important urban civilization of about one million people, living in walled cities under small city kings or magistrates. Daxia was an affluent country with rich markets, trading in an incredible variety of objects, coming from as far as
Southern China. By the time Zhang Qian
1682:
In the 8th century AD, a
Persian from Balkh known as Saman Khuda left Zoroastrianism for Islam while living under the Umayyads. His children founded the Samanid Empire (875–999 AD). Persian became the official language and had a higher status than Bactrian, because it was the language of Muslim
1777:, worked in cooperation with the native Bactrian aristocracy. By the early 2nd century BC the Greco-Bactrians had created an impressive empire that stretched southwards to include north-west India. By about 135 BC, however, this kingdom had been overrun by invading
2508:
Justin on
Demetrius: "Multa tamen Eucratides bella magna uirtute gessit, quibus adtritus cum obsidionem Demetrii, regis Indorum, pateretur, cum CCC militibus LX milia hostium adsiduis eruptionibus uicit. Quinto itaque mense liberatus Indiam in potestatem redegit."
1260:, made himself king of Bactria, and soon in every province there arose new usurpers, who proclaimed themselves kings and fought against each other. For example Eucratides is known to have battled another king named Demetrius of India, probably
1485:
visited, there was no longer a major king, and the
Bactrians were under the suzerainty of the Yuezhi. Zhang Qian depicted a rather sophisticated but demoralised people who were afraid of war. Following these reports, the Chinese emperor
1357:: the central part of Bactria. The name "Daxia" appears in Chinese from the 3rd century BC to designate a little-known kingdom located somewhere west of China. This was possibly a consequence of the first contacts between China and the
676:
1198:
lost control of Bactria to nomadic invaders near the end of the 2nd century BC, at which point Greek political power ceased in Bactria, but Greek cultural influence continued for many more centuries. The Greco-Bactrians used the
1252:. For a short time, they wielded great power: a great Greek empire seemed to have arisen far in the East. But this empire was torn by internal dissension and continual usurpations. When Demetrius advanced far east of the
4611:
4616:
3010:. (2007). Edited by Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacher. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section Eight, Central Asia. Edited by Denis Sinor and Nicola Di Cosmo. Brill, Lieden; Boston. pp. 75–129.
1618:
era. In the Tang dynasty, the name is transcribed as Tuhuoluo (土豁羅). Other Chinese names are Doushaluo 兜沙羅, Douquluo 兜佉羅 or Duhuoluo 覩貨羅. During the 5th century AD, Bactria was controlled by the
991:, were deported to Bactria for refusing to surrender assassins. In addition, Xerxes also settled the "Branchidae" in Bactria; they were the descendants of Greek priests who had once lived near
1691:
649:
have been used for irrigation for millennia. The land was noted for its fertility and its ability to produce most ancient Greek agricultural products, with the notable exception of olives.
1275:. By these wars, the dominant position of the Greeks was undermined even more quickly than would otherwise have been the case. After Demetrius and Eucratides, the kings abandoned the
685:
95:
3172:
2613:
74:
2762:
1735:, this had allowed the accumulation of vast amounts of wealth by the mostly nomadic population. The first proto-urban civilization in the area arose during the
283:. The extensive mountain ranges acted as protective "walls" on three sides, with the Pamir on the north and the Hindu Kush on south forming a junction with the
580:
4330:
3220:
1939:
736:
698:
3070:
3006:
Tremblay, Xavier (2007) "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia ― Buddhism among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th century." Xavier Tremblay. In:
1509:
are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the people of
4636:
4483:
1026:. In the south, beyond the Oxus, he met strong resistance, but ultimately conquered the region through both military force and diplomacy, marrying
999:
and send them to Bactria. Persia subsequently conscripted Greek men from these settlements in Bactria into their military, as did Alexander later.
3354:
1384:
emperor to investigate lands to the west of China. The first mention of these events in European literature appeared in the 1st century BC, when
1065:
gained control over Bactria. Eventually, Alexander's empire was divided up among the generals in Alexander's army. Bactria became a part of the
979:
Under Persian rule, many Greeks were deported to Bactria, so that their communities and language became common in the area. During the reign of
4585:
1222:
2426:
976:, attempted to organize a national resistance but was captured by other warlords and delivered to Alexander. He was then tortured and killed.
2185:
1742:
Control of these lucrative trade routes, however, attracted foreign interest, and in the 6th century BC the Bactrians were conquered by the
854:
in the 19th century, however, which enabled actual Assyrian records to be read, historians have ascribed little value to the Greek account.
4641:
4540:
3165:
2510:
995:(western Asia Minor) and betrayed the temple to him. Herodotus also records a Persian commander threatening to enslave daughters of the
4265:
3003:. (2020). Edited by Radhika Seshan. Mumbai: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, 2020 , pp. 187–228. ISBN 978-938-132418-9, (paperback).
4535:
3536:
2493:
2177:
Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts
3946:
3083:
3038:
3030:
2990:
2968:
2953:
2910:
2560:
2210:
2871:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250,
330:; it was a special satrapy, ruled by a crown prince or an intended heir. Bactria was the centre of Iranian resistance against the
4646:
4621:
2885:
3195:
2360:
After annexation to the Persian empire by Cyrus in the sixth century, Bactria together with Margiana formed the Twelfth Satrapy.
657:
Asian history. At certain times the political limits of Bactria stretched far beyond the geographic frame of the Bactrian plain.
4545:
3815:
3115:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Bactria
1635:
1566:(prince) of the Yuezhi, united the region in the early 1st century and laid the foundations for the powerful, but short-lived,
1517:
These contacts immediately led to the dispatch of multiple embassies from the Chinese, which helped to develop trade along the
437:, a Persian from Bactria, beginning the spread of the Persian language in the region and the decline of the Bactrian language.
1524:
777:(known to the ancient Greeks as the Oxus River), an area covering ancient Bactria. Its sites were discovered and named by the
4651:
4580:
4525:
3775:
3158:
3121:
1388:
described how "the Asii, Pasiani, Tokhari, and Sakarauli" had taken part in the "destruction of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom".
1376:("Greater Yuezhi") during subsequent decades. The Yuezhi had conquered Bactria by the time of the visit of the Chinese envoy
2832:
1683:
rulers. It eventually replaced the latter as the common language due to the preferential treatment as well as colonization.
4069:
3531:
1869:
and the Bactrians, and possibly other groups, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians and non-Iranian peoples. The
4530:
2136:
3112:
4631:
2983:
Baktrien zwischen Griechen und Kuschan. Untersuchungen zu kulturellen und historischen Problemen einer Übergangsphase.
1166:. Diodotus and his successors were able to maintain themselves against the attacks of the Seleucids—particularly from
1082:
335:
331:
1865:. Contemporary Tajiks are the descendants of ancient Eastern Iranian inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular, the
923:
3795:
1871:
2892:
The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing
1119:
4626:
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407:
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31:
2113:
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3380:
3330:
3181:
2392:
1547:
1486:
1429:
1187:
1167:
1151:
2403:
2034:"Bactria: the History of a Forgotten Empire. By H. G. Rawlinson, M.A., I.E.S. Probsthain's Oriental Series"
4555:
4315:
3340:
3275:
2575:
2414:
2150:
1929:
1899:
1755:
1750:. These conquests marked the end of Bactrian independence. From around 304 BC the area formed part of the
1712:
1358:
1241:
1229:
1163:
1143:
1114:
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482:
358:
57:
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of coinage and introduced a native standard, no doubt to gain support from outside the Greek minority.
2695:
4499:
4325:
4172:
3707:
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1846:
1365:
984:
315:
2917:
4565:
4355:
3780:
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3500:
3425:
2997:"Between Hind and Hellas: the Bactrian Bridgehead (with an appendix on Indo-Hellenic interactions)"
2807:
2434:
1895:
1812:
1763:
1747:
1425:
1019:
969:
575:
339:
2718:
880:. It was in these regions, where the fertile soil of the mountainous country is surrounded by the
454:
The modern English name of the region is Bactria. Historically, the region was first mentioned in
396:
was formed. The Sasanians lost Bactria in the 4th century, but reconquered it in the 6th century.
4515:
4468:
4335:
4250:
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2014:
1657:
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1401:
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until around 55 BC. Other sources, however, place the end of Strato II's reign as late as 10 AD.
1265:
1226:
1216:
1070:
1046:
1035:
634:
410:, was the common language of Bactria and surroundings areas in ancient and early medieval times.
362:
3053:
2928:
2629:
625:
mountain range to the south and east. On its western side, the region was bordered by the great
2278:
1298:. His successors managed to cling to power until the last known Indo-Greek ruler, a king named
306:, had created. It was once a small and independent kingdom struggling to exist against nomadic
4570:
3679:
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327:
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236:
49:
2552:
2546:
2480:
Jakobsson, Jens. “The Greeks of Afghanistan Revisited.” Nomismatika Khronika (2007): page 17.
2175:
1993:"Ancestral Home of Indo-Aryan Peoples and Migration of Iranian Tribes to Southeastern Europe"
1207:
was also Hellenized, as suggested by its adoption of the Greek alphabet and Greek loanwords.
1177:
The Greco-Bactrians were so powerful that they were able to expand their territory as far as
739:(BMAC, also known as the "Oxus civilization") is the modern archaeological designation for a
4606:
4560:
4488:
4109:
3996:
3805:
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3639:
3485:
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1328:
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957:
881:
851:
828:
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426:
319:
311:
203:
1232:(205–171 BC), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquest of the Indus valley.
445:
4550:
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256:
135:
53:
1392:
subsequently mentioned the central role of the Tokhari among other tribes in Bactria. As
1894:
explores the possible sites of Bactrian cities that historians believe were founded by
4510:
4473:
4295:
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4104:
3956:
3941:
3911:
3674:
3669:
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Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan : country studies
1959:
1944:
1858:
1838:
1804:
1803:
language. Bactrian became extinct, replaced by north-eastern Iranian languages such as
1572:
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1221:
1200:
1171:
1128:
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893:
709:
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606:
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3624:
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2884:
Two volumes. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1969.
2787:
2018:
1782:
1704:
1567:
1528:
1303:
996:
862:
385:
370:
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Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley
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2227:
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4119:
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3931:
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3838:
3730:
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3460:
3450:
3350:
3315:
3240:
3013:
Watson, Burton (trans.). "Chapter 123: The Account of Dayuan." Translated from the
1949:
1800:
1615:
1459:
1283:
1249:
1237:
1132:
1054:
877:
869:
778:
758:
747:
646:
525:
515:
414:
260:
3410:
2279:"Les représentations portraitistes des donateurs laïcs dans l'imagerie bouddhique"
2009:
1992:
3097:
2332:
The Persian Empire: Studies in geography and ethnography of the ancient Near East
1598:
means "place of" in Persian – appeared for the first time in the 4th century, in
1150:
Considerable difficulties faced by the Seleucid kings and the attacks of Pharaoh
4520:
4453:
4405:
4370:
4345:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4240:
4220:
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4041:
4026:
3976:
3966:
3921:
3878:
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3654:
3649:
3614:
3415:
3370:
3310:
3047:
2877:
2654:
2345:
1969:
1700:
1676:
1623:
1591:
1585:
1510:
1463:
1440:
1421:
1381:
1346:
1272:
1195:
866:
762:
721:
642:
563:
478:
463:
434:
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lost the region after the declaration of independence by the satrap of Bactria,
303:
272:
181:
2033:
1447:
4400:
4225:
4157:
4152:
4079:
4061:
4021:
4006:
3986:
3951:
3936:
3898:
3888:
3863:
3830:
3717:
3644:
3604:
3420:
3320:
3250:
2918:"Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the
2151:"Aryan Homeland, Airyana Vaeja, in the Avesta. Aryan lands and Zoroastrianism"
2049:
1916:
1732:
1708:
1668:
1518:
1451:
1417:
1405:
1377:
1291:
1287:
1257:
1245:
1178:
1155:
965:
847:
770:
766:
740:
622:
354:
343:
268:
189:
185:
3136:
3123:
2673:
2243:
2098:
2057:
1513:, but with weak armies, and placing great value on the rich produce of China.
1271:
Most of them we know only by their coins, a great many of which are found in
4320:
4270:
4202:
4137:
4084:
4074:
4046:
3981:
3926:
3916:
3853:
3843:
3689:
3566:
3526:
3455:
3305:
3074:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–181.
2895:
2294:
1728:
1696:
1660:
had come to rule much of the Middle East and western areas of Central Asia.
1552:
1477:
1435:
1373:
1299:
1011:
Pre-Seleucid Athenian owl imitation from Bactria, possibly from the time of
988:
885:
774:
713:
618:
284:
264:
2819:
2535:
C. Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, 19 November 2007, ed. Andy Burnham
1671:
dynasty ruling in Tokharistan. The Umayyad forces captured the area around
392:, conquered western parts of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century, and the
310:. One of the early centres of Zoroastrianism, and capital of the legendary
3150:
1489:
was informed of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of
4380:
4360:
3961:
3785:
3699:
3634:
3405:
2073:"The Emergence Of Religious Views Is Exemplified By The Southern Regions"
1954:
1862:
1770:
1619:
1599:
1497:, and became interested in developing commercial relationship with them:
1490:
1455:
1364:
During the 2nd century BC, the Greco-Bactrians were conquered by nomadic
1062:
1031:
1012:
980:
961:
927:
836:
697:
Seated Goddess, an example of a "Bactrian princess", Bronze Age Bactria,
630:
549:
378:
24:
3102:
2681:
4260:
4255:
4197:
4132:
4016:
4001:
3868:
3745:
3735:
3684:
3290:
2849:
1774:
1540:
1536:
1506:
1494:
1389:
889:
817:
585:
505:
455:
425:
was centre of an Iranian Renaissance in the 8th and 9th centuries, and
106:
20:
2873:
pp. 99–129. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
1853:
on the other: it is thus in its natural and rightful place in Bactria.
1781:
tribes, an invasion that later brought about the rise of the powerful
1408:
and northern Afghanistan. The Tokhari spoke a language known later as
429:
as an independent literary language first emerged in this region. The
4162:
4094:
3725:
3659:
3571:
3285:
2775:
2586:
2463:
1866:
1857:
The principal religions of the area before the Islamic invasion were
1816:
1778:
1759:
1502:
1385:
1336:
1159:
1124:
1058:
1034:. He founded two Greek cities in Bactria, including his easternmost,
1027:
1023:
992:
973:
897:
802:
537:
422:
374:
323:
291:
276:
121:
2996:
2261:
342:. After the death of Alexander, Bactria was annexed by his general,
1158:, the opportunity to declare independence about 245 BC and conquer
872:
around 2500–2000 BC. Later, it became the northern province of the
633:. The Amu Darya and smaller rivers such as (from west to east) the
365:, Kingdoms. By the second century BC, Bactria was conquered by the
3991:
3883:
3810:
3760:
3609:
3255:
3014:
2938:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD.
1724:
1720:
1690:
1672:
1653:
1546:
1523:
1472:
1446:
1434:
1416:. (The Tokhari and their language should not be confused with the
1369:
1315:
1264:, the latter ultimately being defeated according to the historian
1253:
1220:
1137:
1118:
1006:
945:
922:
832:
806:
794:
545:
444:
105:
2882:
Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang.
1190:
says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander...."
4415:
4177:
3225:
2655:"The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus"
2077:
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
1532:
1094:
810:
3154:
2869:
Bernard, Paul (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia." In:
3078:
Walbank, F.W. (1981). "The Hellenistic World". Fontana Press.
3063:
3052:. Reprint: New Delhi: Mushiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1973.
2818:), German version, tr. by Paul Baudisch, Kindler Verlag AG,
4612:
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
1626:, but was subsequently reconquered by the Sassanid Empire.
1570:. In the 3rd century AD, Tukhara was under the rule of the
888:
was said to have been born and gained his first adherents.
227:
224:
2961:
Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan
729:
Ancient bowl with animals, Bactria, 3rd–2nd millennium BC.
4617:
States and territories disestablished in the 10th century
2311:, vol. II (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 583.
1045:
tells us that Philip received dominion over Bactria, but
865:
who moved south-west into Iran and the north-west of the
212:
2778:
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, page 206
2696:"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XI Chapter 11"
1829:
Bactrian thus occupies an intermediary position between
2948:. Berkeley: University of California Press.(hardcover,
1703:
priest wearing a distinctive Bactrian-style headdress,
2976:
Da Alessandro a Menandro. Il regno greco di Battriana.
2630:"Origin of the Samanids – Kamoliddin – Transoxiana 10"
857:
According to some writers, Bactria was the homeland (
401:
290:
Called "beautiful Bactria, crowned with flags" by the
1986:
1984:
1679:, causing the Shahis to retreat to the Kabul Valley.
1501:
The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus:
215:
597:
221:
218:
209:
4446:
4414:
4211:
4118:
4060:
3897:
3829:
3716:
3698:
3595:
3557:
3550:
3514:
3188:
2489:UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile:
2307:David Testen, "Old Persian and Avestan Phonology",
1372:(160 BC). The Sakas were overthrown in turn by the
785:(1976). Bactria was the Greek name for Old Persian
206:
177:
155:
145:
131:
117:
39:
2946:Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria
1186:only of Bactria and beyond, but also of India, as
263:based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern
1443:is attributed to 1st century BC Sakas in Bactria.
433:was formed in Eastern Iran by the descendants of
1762:who had settled there following the conquest of
1754:, and from around 250 BC it was the centre of a
1877:
1827:
1499:
1183:
654:
548:Bactriana. The region was mentioned in ancient
1731:) passed through Bactria and, as early as the
1286:, this went even further. The Indo-Greek king
1030:, daughter of the defeated Satrap of Bactria,
519:
509:
338:in the 4th century BC, but eventually fell to
246:
240:
3166:
2792:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East
2609:
2607:
2597:
2595:
1424:between the 3rd and 9th centuries AD, or the
892:, the language of the oldest portions of the
588:
574:, itself meaning 'she who divides', from the
562:proposed that the region was named after the
275:. Bactria was strategically located south of
99:Approximate location of the region of Bactria
8:
2653:LITVINSKII, B. A.; PICHIKIAN, I. R. (1994).
2071:Yusupovich, Kushokov Safarali (2020-10-28).
1902:. The series also explores the pre-existing
964:formed the twelfth satrapy of Persia. After
831:), alleged that the legendary Assyrian king
797:), in what is now northern Afghanistan, and
2468:"Geography, Book 11, chapter 11, section 1"
2203:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
1614:(吐呼羅) which is first mentioned during the
1203:for administrative purposes, and the local
905:, and is the oldest attested member of the
3554:
3173:
3159:
3151:
3019:Records of the Grand Historian of China II
2761:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2737:. Originally Published: December 15, 1988.
2229:Bactria: The History of a Forgotten Empire
1480:. Based on the reports of Zhang Qian, the
1400:it included areas that were later part of
1368:tribes from the north, beginning with the
621:(ancient Oxus River) to the north and the
36:
4484:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
2088:
2008:
1380:(circa 127 BC), who had been sent by the
1345:) was the name given in antiquity by the
757:–1700 BC, located in present-day eastern
2380:
1909:The site was portrayed in the 2004 film
1248:mountains and began the conquest of the
793:) (named for its capital Bactra, modern
4331:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
3221:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2930:The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe
1980:
1940:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
983:, the inhabitants of the Greek city of
944:suggested that Bactria belonged to the
737:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
699:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
369:, and, in the early first century, the
116:
4586:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
2886:Several editions online at Archive.Org
2754:
2263:Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM
1675:, including the Buddhist monastery at
1505:and the possessions of Daxia and Anxi
1476:("Records of the Grand Historian") by
481:. The modern name is derived from the
2812:"Persien: bis zum Einbruch des Islam"
2601:Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition
2551:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
1170:, who was ultimately defeated by the
1101:became dominant for some time there.
271:, an area within the north of modern
172:
168:
154:
144:
140:
126:
7:
2941:Draft annotated English translation.
2747:John Haywood and Simon Hall (2005).
2038:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1788:Bactrians were recorded in Strabo's
1719:Several important trade routes from
1294:), recognized as a great conqueror,
1146:at its maximum extent, circa 180 BC.
1085:, especially Seleucus I and his son
267:) and north of the mountains of the
4541:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
3046:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India (
3001:Indo-Hellenic Cultural Transactions
2112:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
2090:10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-22
1769:The Greco-Bactrians, also known in
835:had defeated a Bactrian king named
801:was the Greek name for the Persian
617:The Bactrian plain lay between the
605:Bactria is the geographic location
294:, the region is considered, in the
4536:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
3537:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2963:. University of California Press.
2614:History of Buddhism in Afghanistan
2205:. Facts On File, Inc. p. 31.
2114:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
14:
4637:Historical regions of Afghanistan
3947:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
2346:"BACTRIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1439:The treasure of the royal burial
336:the fall of the Achaemenid Empire
16:Historical region in Central Asia
1610:was known in Chinese sources as
1105:Persians in previous centuries.
846:, or some 1000 years before the
684:
675:
357:; thus began the history of the
202:
80:
73:
4546:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
3816:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1746:, and in the 4th century BC by
1636:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
1470:The name Daxia was used in the
1053:to that role. At the Treaty of
81:
4581:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
4526:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
2838:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
2662:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
2309:Phonologies of Asia and Africa
2201:Higham, Charles F. W. (2004).
1758:, ruled by the descendants of
1341:
1310:Daxia, Tukhara and Tokharistan
1093:and founded a number of Greek
314:, Bactria is mentioned in the
1:
3532:Silk Road transmission of art
2898:: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1973.
2749:Peoples, nations and cultures
2244:"Bactria, Pre-Islamic period"
2232:. London: Probstain & co.
1194:The last Greco-Bactrian king
948:before its annexation to the
931:
840:
821:
751:
702:
652:According to Pierre Leriche:
377:within Bactrian territories.
300:sixteen perfect Iranian lands
4531:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1428:that form another branch of
1256:River, one of his generals,
1162:. He was the founder of the
1154:gave the satrap of Bactria,
1057:, both Diodorus Siculus and
850:. Since the decipherment of
510:
466:. This later developed into
402:
279:and the western part of the
241:
2903:From Aristotle to Zoroaster
2010:10.1051/shsconf/20185001237
1991:Saydali Mukhidinov (2018).
1652:By the mid-7th century AD,
1069:, named after its founder,
1038:(Alexandria the Furthest).
813:, in today's Turkmenistan.
809:, the capital of which was
4668:
4642:Historical regions of Iran
2995:Waghmar, Burzine. (2020).
2978:Pisa/Roma: Fabrizio Serra.
2334:. F. Steiner. p. 344.
2277:Tarzi, Zémaryalaï (2009).
2266:. Miho Museum. p. 45.
1633:
1583:
1555:, Bactria, 3rd century AD.
1543:, Bactria, 3rd century AD.
1454:taking leave from emperor
1214:
1112:
916:
816:The early Greek historian
566:(in Greek transliteration
486:
417:of Bactria began with the
302:" that the supreme deity,
29:
18:
4032:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
3023:Columbia University Press
2985:Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,
2959:Holt, Frank Lee. (2005).
2944:Holt, Frank Lee. (1999).
2894:. London, 1911. Reprint:
2814:(original English title:
2616:by Dr. Alexander Berzin,
2548:The Empire of the Steppes
2427:"Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom"
2226:Rawlinson, H. G. (1912).
2155:www.heritageinstitute.com
2050:10.1017/s0035869x00045470
1890:The six-part documentary
1332:
1041:After Alexander's death,
972:, the satrap of Bactria,
907:Eastern Iranian languages
584:'to divide' (whence also
508:. Other cognates include
298:faith, to be one of the "
173:
169:
165:
141:
127:
110:Ancient cities of Bactria
68:
63:
47:
4479:Mogao Christian painting
4052:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
3766:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
3756:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
2816:"The Heritage Of Persia"
2330:Herzfeld, Ernst (1968).
1458:, for his expedition to
1404:in Uzbekistan, southern
629:desert and the plain of
408:Eastern Iranian language
394:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
64:2500/2000 BC–900/1000 AD
32:Bactria (disambiguation)
19:Not to be confused with
4647:History of Central Asia
4622:Buddhism in Afghanistan
4576:Saksanokhur gold buckle
4464:Hephthalite silver bowl
4341:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
3381:Second Turkic Khaganate
3182:History of Central Asia
3071:Encyclopædia Britannica
3025:, 1993, pages 231–252.
2890:Beal, Samuel (trans.).
2545:Grousset, Rene (1970).
2521:Bernard (1994), p. 126.
2431:www.cemml.colostate.edu
2371:Holt (2005), pp. 41–43.
2320:Cotterell (1998), p. 59
2295:10.3406/ktema.2009.1754
2180:. Peeters. p. 25.
2174:Tavernier, Jan (2007).
2139:Retrieved 11 March 2023
1872:Encyclopædia Britannica
1551:Kushan worshipper with
1430:Indo-European languages
1188:Apollodorus of Artemita
1168:Antiochus III the Great
1152:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
930:tomb, Bactrian soldier
773:, centred on the upper
598:
520:
419:Muslim conquest of Iran
247:
4556:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
4316:Alexandria Prophthasia
3341:First Turkic Khaganate
3276:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3008:The Spread of Buddhism
2981:Posch, Walter (1995).
2855:Alexander's Lost World
2532:Silk Road, North China
2137:Asiatic Papers. Bactra
1997:SHS Web of Conferences
1930:History of Afghanistan
1900:Alexandria on the Oxus
1892:Alexander's Lost World
1882:
1855:
1756:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
1716:
1713:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
1667:attacked the Buddhist
1556:
1544:
1515:
1467:
1444:
1359:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1233:
1192:
1164:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1147:
1144:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1135:
1115:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1109:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1061:agree that the satrap
1016:
960:, after which it and
938:
744:archaeological culture
659:
589:
451:
157:• Disestablished
111:
58:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
4652:History of South Asia
4366:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
3741:Karsakpay inscription
3196:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
3054:Online at Archive.Org
2974:Omar, Coloru (2009).
2924:Second Draft Edition.
2905:, 1998; pages 57–59.
2833:"Tajikistan: History"
2735:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2700:penelope.uchicago.edu
2350:www.iranicaonline.org
2248:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1935:History of Uzbekistan
1822:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1801:north-eastern Iranian
1715:, 3rd-2nd century BC.
1694:
1630:Introduction of Islam
1550:
1527:
1450:
1438:
1296:converted to Buddhism
1290:(known as Milinda in
1224:
1141:
1122:
1010:
968:had been defeated by
926:
903:Old Iranian languages
448:
109:
4173:Kutlug Timur Minaret
3708:Noin-Ula burial site
3506:Chinese Central Asia
2927:Hill, John E. 2004.
2916:Hill, John E. 2003.
2589:, Former Han History
2393:Herodotus, 4.200–204
1795:The Bactrians spoke
1462:from 138 to 126 BC,
552:texts as बाह्लीक or
421:in the 7th century.
316:Behistun Inscription
96:class=notpageimage|
30:For other uses, see
4566:Siberian Ice Maiden
4356:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
3771:Petrovka settlement
3501:Soviet Central Asia
3426:Great Seljuq Empire
3137:36.7581°N 66.8989°E
3133: /
3098:Livius.org: Bactria
3021:(Revised Edition).
2901:Cotterell, Arthur.
2850:"David Adams Films"
2808:Richard Nelson Frye
2731:"Bactrian language"
2634:www.transoxiana.org
2032:J. K. (July 1913).
1896:Alexander the Great
1764:Alexander the Great
1748:Alexander the Great
1602:texts, such as the
1426:Tocharian languages
1302:, who ruled in the
1225:The founder of the
1003:Alexander The Great
970:Alexander the Great
884:, that the prophet
576:Proto-Indo-European
400:(natively known as
340:Alexander the Great
147:• Established
4632:Historical regions
4516:Buddhas of Bamiyan
4469:Chilek silver bowl
4336:Buddhas of Bamiyan
4012:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
3801:Talapty Settlement
3587:Filippovka kurgans
3476:Khanate of Bukhara
3436:Khwarazmian Empire
3361:Ikhshids of Sogdia
3206:Afanasievo culture
2798:, 2019, pp. 33-61.
2729:N. Sims-Williams.
2496:2009-01-03 at the
1885:In popular culture
1717:
1658:Rashidun Caliphate
1648:Anarchy at Samarra
1576:(Indo-Sasanians).
1557:
1545:
1468:
1466:mural, 618–712 AD.
1445:
1402:Surxondaryo Region
1236:The Bactrian king
1234:
1227:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1217:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1211:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1148:
1136:
1089:, established the
1036:Alexandria Eschate
1017:
939:
635:Shirin Tagab River
570:) from underlying
452:
373:was formed by the
287:towards the east.
112:
4594:
4593:
4571:Ai-Khanoum plaque
4442:
4441:
4246:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
3522:Central Asian art
3496:Russian Turkestan
3491:Chinese Turkestan
3391:Abbasid Caliphate
3355:Anxi Protectorate
3301:Kushano-Sasanians
3266:Macedonian Empire
3261:Achaemenid Empire
3231:Andronovo culture
3211:Sintashta culture
3044:Watters, Thomas.
2835:. 28 August 2023.
2822:1964, pp. 485–498
2260:Inagaki, Hajime.
2187:978-90-429-1833-7
2118:iranicaonline.org
1904:Oxus civilization
1841:on the one hand,
1737:2nd millennium BC
1695:Painted clay and
1665:Umayyad Caliphate
1644:Abbasid Caliphate
1640:Umayyad Caliphate
1420:who lived in the
1205:Bactrian language
997:revolting Ionians
950:Achaemenid Empire
919:Bactria (satrapy)
913:Achaemenid Empire
901:, was one of the
874:Achaemenid Empire
718:Central Asian art
609:are named after.
406:, 'Iranian'), an
328:Achaemenid Empire
255:, was an ancient
195:
194:
50:Achaemenid Empire
4659:
4627:Buddhism in Iran
4561:Seal of Khingila
4489:Penjikent murals
4110:Kalai Kafirnigan
3997:Koi Krylgan Kala
3806:Turkistan (city)
3791:Steppe Geoglyphs
3555:
3486:Khanate of Khiva
3446:Chagatai Khanate
3401:Saffarid dynasty
3386:Uyghur Khaganate
3175:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:36.7581; 66.8989
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3075:
3067:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2805:
2799:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2433:. Archived from
2423:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1988:
1965:Greater Khorasan
1919:was found dying.
1560:Kujula Kadphises
1531:worshipper with
1418:Tocharian people
1414:Iranian language
1343:
1334:
1043:Diodorus Siculus
958:sixth century BC
936:
933:
882:Turan Depression
852:cuneiform script
845:
842:
829:Diodorus Siculus
826:
823:
783:Viktor Sarianidi
756:
753:
707:
704:
688:
679:
601:
592:
523:
513:
497:), which is the
488:
405:
361:, and later the
320:Darius the Great
312:Kayanian dynasty
259:civilization in
250:
244:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
84:
83:
77:
48:Province of the
37:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4551:Afrasiab murals
4494:Sampul tapestry
4438:
4434:Shahr-e Sukhteh
4424:Bandian complex
4410:
4386:Musalla Complex
4266:Tapa-i Kafariha
4207:
4128:Cave of Dzhebel
4114:
4056:
3893:
3825:
3821:Araltobe kurgan
3712:
3694:
3620:Kizilgaha caves
3591:
3577:Pazyryk burials
3559:Southern Russia
3546:
3510:
3396:Tahirid dynasty
3366:Tokhara Yabghus
3271:Seleucid Empire
3246:Pazyryk culture
3201:Yamnaya culture
3184:
3179:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3094:
3089:
3065:"Bactria"
3058:
2865:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2806:
2802:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2753:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2498:Wayback Machine
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2404:Strabo, 11.11.4
2402:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2250:, vol. 3, 1998.
2241:
2237:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2083:(10): 143–145.
2070:
2069:
2065:
2031:
2030:
2026:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1926:
1887:
1752:Seleucid Empire
1727:(including the
1689:
1687:Bactrian people
1663:In 663 AD, the
1650:
1634:Main articles:
1632:
1588:
1582:
1312:
1219:
1213:
1117:
1111:
1091:Seleucid Empire
1079:
1077:Seleucid Empire
1067:Seleucid Empire
1005:
954:Cyrus the Great
934:
921:
915:
859:Airyanem Vaejah
843:
824:
754:
733:
732:
731:
730:
725:
705:
691:
690:
689:
681:
680:
669:
664:
615:
607:Bactrian camels
501:version of the
491:Romanized Greek
443:
367:Parthian Empire
334:invaders after
285:Karakoram range
281:Pamir Mountains
205:
201:
188:
184:
158:
148:
113:
104:
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100:
98:
92:
91:
90:
89:
85:
54:Seleucid Empire
43:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
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4614:
4609:
4599:
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4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Bimaran Casket
4508:
4503:
4500:Sogdian Daēnās
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4474:Gardez Ganesha
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
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4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4296:Takht-e Rostam
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4231:Dilberjin Tepe
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
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4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
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4112:
4107:
4105:Takht-i Sangin
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4058:
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4055:
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4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:Guldursun-Kala
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Dalverzin Tepe
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Akchakhan-Kala
3909:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
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3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
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3738:
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3722:
3720:
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3710:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:Dunhuang Caves
3667:
3665:Bezeklik Caves
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3630:Subashi Temple
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
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3512:
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3503:
3498:
3493:
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3481:Durrani Empire
3478:
3473:
3471:Timurid Empire
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
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3408:
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3308:
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3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Vakhsh culture
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3105:
3103:Bactrian Coins
3100:
3093:
3092:External links
3090:
3088:
3087:
3076:
3062:, ed. (1911).
3060:Chisholm, Hugh
3056:
3042:
3017:by Sima Qian.
3011:
3004:
2993:
2979:
2972:
2957:
2942:
2925:
2914:
2899:
2888:
2876:Beal, Samuel (
2874:
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2858:
2841:
2824:
2800:
2780:
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2739:
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2687:
2645:
2621:
2618:Study Buddhism
2603:
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2235:
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2211:
2193:
2186:
2166:
2141:
2129:
2104:
2063:
2044:(3): 733–735.
2024:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:Dalverzin Tepe
1957:
1952:
1947:
1945:Bactrian camel
1942:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1886:
1883:
1859:Zoroastrianism
1688:
1685:
1631:
1628:
1604:Vibhasa-sastra
1584:Main article:
1581:
1578:
1493:, Bactria and
1311:
1308:
1277:Attic standard
1215:Main article:
1212:
1209:
1201:Greek language
1129:Greco-Bactrian
1113:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1099:Greek language
1078:
1075:
1004:
1001:
942:Ernst Herzfeld
917:Main article:
914:
911:
844: 2140 BC
789:(from native *
781:archaeologist
706: 2000 BC
693:
692:
683:
682:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:
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665:
663:
660:
639:Sari Pul River
614:
611:
560:Wilhelm Eilers
472:Middle Persian
442:
439:
431:Samanid Empire
359:Greco-Bactrian
322:as one of the
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4509:
4507:
4506:Oxus Treasure
4504:
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4497:
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4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
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4459:Orlat plaques
4457:
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4351:Dasht-e Nawar
4349:
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4204:
4201:
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4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Monjukli Depe
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Konye-Urgench
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
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4139:
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4126:
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4111:
4108:
4106:
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4100:Takht-i Kuwad
4098:
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4088:
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3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Koshoy Korgon
3857:
3855:
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3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Kumtura Caves
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3597:Western China
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Salbyk kurgan
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Arzhan kurgan
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3542:Serindian art
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
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3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Mongol Empire
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Ghurid Empire
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
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3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Western Turks
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Kushan Empire
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Guiyi Circuit
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Median Empire
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Tagar culture
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Bactrian Gold
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3084:0-006-86104-0
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3039:0-231-08167-7
3036:
3032:
3031:0-231-08164-2
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2991:3-447-03701-6
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:0-520-24553-9
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:0-520-21140-5
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2911:0-684-85596-8
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:Richard Foltz
2784:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:Strabo, 1.8.2
2572:
2569:
2564:
2562:0-8135-1304-9
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2437:on 2020-12-23
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:Herodotus 6.9
2411:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:Chisholm 1911
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2212:0-8160-4640-9
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2167:
2156:
2152:
2149:Eduljee, Ed.
2145:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
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1946:
1943:
1941:
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1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
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1901:
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1854:
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1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1783:Kushan Empire
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
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1706:
1705:Takhti-Sangin
1702:
1698:
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1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
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1659:
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1637:
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1597:
1594:– the suffix
1593:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1568:Kushan Empire
1565:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:Indo-European
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1304:Punjab region
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
935: 470 BC
929:
925:
920:
912:
910:
908:
904:
900:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:
864:
863:Indo-Iranians
860:
855:
853:
849:
838:
834:
830:
827:(followed by
825: 400 BC
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
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711:
700:
696:
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666:
661:
658:
653:
650:
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640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
612:
610:
608:
603:
600:
596:
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582:
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573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
483:Ancient Greek
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
447:
440:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:King of Kings
384:
381:, the second
380:
376:
372:
371:Kushan Empire
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
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249:
243:
238:
232:
199:
191:
187:
183:
180:
178:Today part of
176:
164:
160:
150:
137:
134:
130:
123:
120:
108:
97:
76:
67:
62:
59:
55:
51:
46:
38:
33:
26:
22:
4498:
4429:Mount Khajeh
4396:Qala-i-Jangi
4376:Khair Khaneh
4281:Khair Khaneh
4188:Namazga-Tepe
4143:Anau culture
4120:Turkmenistan
4037:Tavka Kurgan
3932:Balalyk Tepe
3849:Burana Tower
3839:Aigyr-Zhal 2
3731:Issyk kurgan
3466:Kart dynasty
3461:Sufi dynasty
3451:Golden Horde
3376:Oghuz Yabgus
3351:Tang dynasty
3316:Hephthalites
3241:Uyuk culture
3118:
3069:
3045:
3041:(paperback).
3033:(hardback),
3018:
3007:
3000:
2982:
2975:
2960:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2919:
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2891:
2881:
2870:
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2837:
2827:
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2803:
2791:
2783:
2771:
2748:
2742:
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2725:
2714:
2703:. Retrieved
2699:
2690:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2617:
2582:
2571:
2547:
2540:
2531:
2526:
2517:
2511:Justin XLI,6
2504:
2485:
2476:
2459:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:the original
2430:
2421:
2410:
2399:
2388:
2376:
2367:
2359:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2242:P. Leriche,
2238:
2228:
2221:
2202:
2196:
2176:
2169:
2158:. Retrieved
2154:
2144:
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:
2107:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2000:
1996:
1950:Bactrosaurus
1911:
1898:, including
1891:
1878:
1870:
1856:
1828:
1820:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1768:
1741:
1718:
1681:
1662:
1651:
1624:Hephthalites
1616:Northern Wei
1611:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1516:
1500:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:Central Asia
1397:
1393:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1284:Indus valley
1281:
1270:
1262:Demetrius II
1250:Indus valley
1244:crossed the
1240:and his son
1238:Euthydemus I
1235:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1149:
1103:
1080:
1055:Triparadisus
1040:
1018:
978:
940:
896:
878:Central Asia
870:subcontinent
856:
815:
798:
790:
786:
769:and western
759:Turkmenistan
748:Central Asia
734:
726:
694:
655:
651:
647:Kunduz River
616:
604:
579:
571:
567:
558:
553:
541:
529:
494:
475:
467:
459:
453:
450:to the east.
415:Islamization
412:
348:
289:
261:Central Asia
252:
197:
196:
151:2500/2000 BC
4521:Kabul hoard
4454:Sokh snakes
4406:Surkh Kotal
4371:Haji Piyada
4346:Darra-e Kur
4311:Yemshi Tepe
4306:Tillya Tepe
4301:Tepe Fullol
4291:Tepe Narenj
4286:Tapa Sardar
4276:Fondukistan
4241:Tapa Shotor
4221:Tepe Fullol
4213:Afghanistan
4042:Toprak-Kala
4027:Shahrukhiya
3977:Kampir Tepe
3967:Itchan Kala
3922:Ancient Pap
3879:Shakh Fazil
3751:Krasnyi Yar
3655:Mogao Caves
3615:Kizil Caves
3551:Archaeology
3416:Farighunids
3371:Turk Shahis
3311:Alchon Huns
3140: /
2454:Walbank, 30
1970:Tillya Tepe
1701:Zoroastrian
1677:Nava Vihara
1592:Tokharistan
1586:Tokharistan
1580:Tokharistan
1464:Mogao Caves
1441:Tillia tepe
1422:Tarim Basin
1347:Han Chinese
1273:Afghanistan
1242:Demetrius I
1230:Demetrius I
1196:Heliocles I
1142:Map of the
1087:Antiochus I
1083:Macedonians
894:Zoroastrian
867:South Asian
765:, southern
763:Afghanistan
761:, northern
755: 2200
750:, dated to
722:Miho Museum
643:Balkh River
564:Balkh River
479:New Persian
464:Old Persian
435:Saman Khuda
427:New Persian
304:Ahura Mazda
296:Zoroastrian
273:Afghanistan
182:Afghanistan
161:900/1000 AD
4601:Categories
4401:Rag-i-Bibi
4226:Ai-Khanoum
4158:Gonur Depe
4153:Dev-Kesken
4090:Kafir-kala
4080:Ajina tepe
4062:Tajikistan
4022:Sarmishsay
4007:Kyzyl-Kala
3987:Khalchayan
3972:Kafir-kala
3952:Fayaz Tepe
3937:Burchmulla
3899:Uzbekistan
3889:Tash Rabat
3864:Manas Ordo
3831:Kyrgyzstan
3718:Kazakhstan
3421:Ghaznavids
3326:Ustrushana
3321:Tocharians
3251:Massagetae
3128:66°53′56″E
3125:36°45′29″N
2934:by Yu Huan
2920:Hou Hanshu
2796:Bloomsbury
2794:, London:
2705:2017-09-07
2639:2017-09-07
2441:2020-12-12
2355:2019-08-07
2289:(1): 290.
2160:2017-09-07
2123:2023-07-31
1917:Darius III
1847:Choresmian
1813:Ishkashimi
1733:Bronze Age
1709:Tajikistan
1699:head of a
1656:under the
1573:Kushanshas
1519:Silk Roads
1452:Zhang Qian
1406:Tajikistan
1378:Zhang Qian
1292:South Asia
1288:Menander I
1258:Eucratides
1246:Hindu Kush
1179:South Asia
1174:(190 BC).
1156:Diodotus I
1133:Eucratides
1071:Seleucus I
1022:conquered
966:Darius III
848:Trojan War
771:Tajikistan
767:Uzbekistan
741:Bronze Age
667:Bronze Age
623:Hindu Kush
524:). بلخ (
499:Hellenized
363:Indo-Greek
355:Diodotus I
344:Seleucus I
332:Macedonian
269:Hindu Kush
190:Uzbekistan
186:Tajikistan
4447:Artifacts
4321:Aq Kupruk
4271:Mes Aynak
4203:Ulug Depe
4138:Altyndepe
4085:Cyropolis
4075:Penjikent
4047:Varakhsha
3982:Kara Tepe
3927:Ayaz-Kala
3917:Akhsikath
3907:Afrasiyab
3854:Issyk-Kul
3844:Balasagun
3690:Beshbalik
3567:Sintashta
3527:Silk Road
3456:Ilkhanate
3411:Ma'munids
3306:Kidarites
2896:New Delhi
2757:cite book
2751:. London.
2674:0890-4464
2668:: 47–66.
2099:2689-100X
2058:1356-1863
2019:165176167
2003:: 01237.
1912:Alexander
1790:Geography
1729:Silk Road
1697:alabaster
1590:The form
1478:Sima Qian
1374:Da Yuezhi
1300:Strato II
1020:Alexander
989:Cyrenaica
886:Zoroaster
775:Amu Darya
714:limestone
627:Carmanian
619:Amu Darya
613:Geography
595:Old Indic
526:Romanized
516:Romanized
495:Baktrianē
487:Βακτριανή
441:Etymology
351:Seleucids
324:satrapies
308:Turanians
265:Amu Darya
253:Bactriana
136:Antiquity
4381:Mundigak
4361:Firozkoh
4251:Shotorak
4070:Bunjikat
3962:Hazorasp
3786:Shilikty
3776:Boralday
3700:Mongolia
3635:Dunhuang
3406:Samanids
3336:Farghana
3189:Polities
3050:629–645)
2682:24048765
2494:Archived
1955:Bahlikas
1924:See also
1867:Sogdians
1863:Buddhism
1851:Parthian
1797:Bactrian
1771:Sanskrit
1744:Persians
1622:and the
1620:Xionites
1600:Buddhist
1491:Ferghana
1456:Han Wudi
1410:Bactrian
1063:Stasanor
1032:Oxyartes
1024:Sogdiana
1013:Sophytes
981:Darius I
962:Margiana
928:Xerxes I
837:Oxyartes
799:Margiana
710:chlorite
631:Margiana
550:Sanskrit
503:Bactrian
398:Bactrian
383:Sasanian
379:Shapur I
237:Bactrian
25:Bacteria
4607:Bactria
4326:Asqalan
4261:Bimaran
4256:Paitava
4198:Togolok
4133:Abiward
4017:Poykent
4002:Koktepe
3869:Navekat
3746:Kerderi
3736:Jankent
3685:Kashgar
3660:Tumshuq
3605:Bulayïq
3515:Culture
3331:Khuttal
3291:Xiongnu
2863:Sources
1875:states:
1843:Sogdian
1825:states:
1775:Yavanas
1612:Tuhuluo
1608:Tokhara
1541:Ohrmazd
1537:Serapis
1507:Parthia
1495:Parthia
1398:Tokhara
1394:Tukhara
1390:Ptolemy
1355:Tokhara
1351:Tukhara
1329:Chinese
1321:Ta-Hsia
1282:In the
1127:of the
1051:Amyntas
890:Avestan
818:Ctesias
803:satrapy
787:Bāxtriš
662:History
586:Avestan
572:Bāxtri-
568:Βάκτρος
554:Bāhlīka
534:Chinese
506:endonym
476:Baxl in
468:Bāxtriš
456:Avestan
326:of the
257:Iranian
198:Bactria
118:Capital
88:Bactria
40:Bactria
21:Baktria
4391:Nagara
4163:Jeitun
4095:Sarazm
3781:Sawran
3726:Begash
3680:Khotan
3675:Loulan
3286:Yuezhi
3082:
3037:
3029:
2999:. In:
2989:
2967:
2952:
2909:
2878:trans.
2820:Zürich
2680:
2672:
2587:Hanshu
2559:
2491:Pashto
2464:Strabo
2209:
2184:
2097:
2056:
2017:
1915:where
1849:, and
1835:Yidgha
1831:Pashto
1819:. The
1817:Pashto
1815:, and
1809:Yidgha
1779:Yuezhi
1760:Greeks
1646:, and
1562:, the
1553:Pharro
1529:Kushan
1503:Dayuan
1386:Strabo
1339::
1337:pinyin
1331::
1325:Ta-Hia
1266:Justin
1172:Romans
1160:Sogdia
1125:stater
1097:. The
1059:Arrian
1049:names
1047:Justin
1028:Roxana
993:Didyma
974:Bessus
898:Avesta
791:Bāxçiš
779:Soviet
727:Right:
578:root *
538:pinyin
521:Bakhlo
493:term:
460:Bakhdi
423:Bactra
375:Yuezhi
292:Avesta
277:Sogdia
251:), or
248:Bakhlo
122:Bactra
56:, and
4236:Hadda
3992:Khiva
3884:Suyab
3874:Özgön
3811:Urpek
3796:Sumbe
3761:Otrar
3650:Rawak
3640:Miran
3610:Kucha
3015:Shiji
2678:JSTOR
2658:(PDF)
2553:29–31
2283:KTEMA
2015:S2CID
1976:Notes
1839:Munji
1805:Munji
1725:China
1721:India
1673:Balkh
1669:Shahi
1654:Islam
1596:-stan
1564:xihou
1487:Wu Di
1482:Shiji
1473:Shiji
1412:– an
1370:Sakas
1342:Dàxià
1323:, or
1316:Daxia
1254:Indus
1131:king
1123:Gold
1095:towns
987:, in
985:Barca
946:Medes
861:) of
833:Ninus
807:Margu
795:Balkh
695:Left:
599:bháj-
581:bhag-
546:Latin
542:Dàxià
511:βαχλο
403:ariao
242:βαχλο
42:Balkh
4416:Iran
4193:Nisa
4178:Merv
4148:Anau
3645:Niya
3226:Saka
3080:ISBN
3048:A.D.
3035:ISBN
3027:ISBN
2987:ISBN
2965:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2763:link
2670:ISSN
2557:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2095:ISSN
2054:ISSN
1861:and
1833:and
1799:, a
1723:and
1533:Zeus
1081:The
811:Merv
735:The
712:and
645:and
593:and
590:bag-
536:大夏 (
530:Balx
474:and
413:The
390:Iran
349:The
2932:魏略
2880:).
2291:doi
2085:doi
2046:doi
2005:doi
1773:as
1511:Han
1432:.)
1396:or
1382:Han
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956:in
952:by
876:in
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