821:, sleeping in the open at night and foraging for food during the day. They are primarily herbivorous. With tough mouths that can withstand sharp objects such as thorns, they are able to eat plants that are dry, prickly, salty or bitter, and can ingest virtually any kind of vegetation. When other nutrient sources are not available, these camels may feed on carcasses, gnawing on bones, skin, or various different kinds of flesh. In more extreme conditions, they may eat any material they find, which has included rope, sandals, and even tents. Their ability to feed on a wide range of foods allows them to live in areas with sparse vegetation. The first time food is swallowed, it is not fully chewed. The partly masticated food (called cud) goes into the stomach and later is brought back up for further chewing.
1124:
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951:
745:
772:), stony plains and sand dunes. Conditions are extremely harsh – vegetation is sparse, water sources are limited and temperatures are extreme. The coat of the Bactrian camel can withstand cold as low as −30 °C (−22 °F) in winter to 50 °C (122 °F) in summer. The camels' distribution is linked to the availability of water, with large groups congregating near rivers after rain or at the foot of the mountains, where water can be obtained from springs in the summer months, and in the form of snow during the winter.
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121:
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1816:
Qing; Jia, Zhi-lei; Wang, Zhaoxia; Wang, Juan; Pan, Lei; Chen, Yongcan; Ganerdene, Yaichil; Liu, Tuya; Cao, M.; He, Fei; Zha-ti, A.; Zheng, Guangyong; Qiu, Feng; Sun, Zikui; Zhao, Lele; Zhao, Wenjing; Liu, Baohong; Li, Chao; Chen, Yun-Qin; Tang, Xiaoyan; Guo, C.; Liu, Wei; Ming, Liang; Cui, Aiying; Li, Yi; Gao, Junhui; Li, Jing; Niu, Shen; Sun, Tao; Zhai, Zhengxiao; Zhang, Min; Chen, Chen; Baldan, T.; Bayaer, Tuman; Li, Yixue; Meng, H.;
83:
801:, using alternate diagonals as done by most other quadrupeds). Speeds of up to 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph) have been recorded, but they rarely move this fast. Bactrian camels are also said to be good swimmers. The sense of sight is well developed and the sense of smell is extremely good. The lifespan of Bactrian camels is estimated at up to 50 years, more often 20 to 40 in captivity.
881:, being able to stand and run shortly after birth, and are fairly large at an average birth weight of 36 kg (79 lb). They are nursed for about 1.5 years. The young calf stays with its mother for three to five years, until it reaches sexual maturity, and often helps raise subsequent generations for those years. Wild camels sometimes breed with domesticated or feral camels.
810:
842:
1055:
741:. Shoulder height is from 160 to 180 cm (5.2 to 5.9 ft) with the overall height ranging from 230 to 250 cm (7.5 to 8.2 ft), head-and-body length is 225–350 cm (7.38–11.48 ft), and the tail length is 35–55 cm (14–22 in). At the top of the humps, the average height is 213 cm (6.99 ft).
756:
The long eyelashes, along with the sealable nostrils, help to keep out dust in the frequent sandstorms which occur in their natural range. The two broad toes on each foot have undivided soles and are able to spread widely as an adaptation to walking on sand. The feet are very tough, as befits an animal of extreme environments.
788:
Bactrian camels are exceptionally adept at withstanding wide variations in temperature, ranging from freezing cold to blistering heat. They have a remarkable ability to go without water for months at a time, but when water is available they may drink up to 57 liters at once. When well fed, the
755:
The shaggy winter coat is shed extremely rapidly, with huge sections peeling off at once, appearing as if sloppily shorn. The two humps on the back are composed of fat (not water as is sometimes thought). The face is typical of a camelid, being long and somewhat triangular, with a split upper lip.
1815:
Wang, Zhen; Ding, Guohui; Chen, Gangliang; Sun, Yamin; Sun, Zhihong; Zhang, Heping; Wang, Lei; Hasi, S.; Zhang, Yan; Li, Jianmei; Shi, Yixiang; Xu, Ze; He, Chuan; Yu, Siriguleng; Li, Shengdi; Zhang, Wenbin; Batmunkh, Mijiddorj; Ts, Batsukh; Bat-Ireedui, Shirzana; Gao, Hongwei; Baysgalan, B.; Li,
1026:
that the double-humped camel is better suited for the task at hand. Colonel Manoj Batra, a veterinary officer of the Indian Army, stated that the double-humped camel "are best suited for these conditions. They can carry loads of 170 kilograms (370 lb) at more than 17,000 feet (5,200 m)
751:
Body mass can range from 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 lb), with males weighing around 600 kg (1,300 lb), and females around 480 kg (1,060 lb). Its long, wooly coat varies in colour from dark brown to sandy beige. A mane and beard of long hair occurs on the neck and
824:
Bactrian camels belong to a fairly small group of animals that regularly eat snow to provide their water needs. Animals living above the snowline may have to do this, as snow and ice can be the only forms of water during winter, and by doing so, their range is greatly enlarged. The
939:. As pack animals, these ungulates are virtually unsurpassed, able to carry 170–250 kg (370–550 lb) at a rate of 47 kilometres (29 mi) per day, or 4 kilometres per hour (2.5 mph) over a period of four days. The species was a mainstay of transportation on the
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interrupted this. Most surviving camels of these endeavors, both military and private, were merely turned loose to survive in the wild. As a result, small feral herds of
Bactrian camels existed during the late 19th century in the southwest deserts of the
977:
Bactrian camels were imported to the U.S. several times in the mid- to late 1800s, both by the U.S. military and by merchants and miners, looking for pack animals sturdier and hardier than horses and mules. Although the camels met these needs, the
685:
Though sharing a closer common ancestor with it than with the dromedary, the domestic
Bactrian camel does not descend from the wild Bactrian camel, with the two species having diverged hundreds of thousands of years ago, with their
876:
varies, but is usually reached at 3–5 years. Gestation lasts around 13 months. One or occasionally two calves are produced, and the female can give birth to a new calf every other year. Young
Bactrian camels are
1286:
Yuan, Junxia; Hu, Jiaming; Liu, Wenhui; Chen, Shungang; Zhang, Fengli; Wang, Siren; Zhang, Zhen; Wang, Linying; Xiao, Bo; Li, Fuqiang; Hofreiter, Michael; Lai, Xulong; Westbury, Michael V.; Sheng, Guilian (May 2024).
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that helps one to remember the correct
English word for each is: "Bactrian" begins with "B", and "Dromedary" begins with "D"; "B" on its side has two humps, whilst "D" on its side has only one hump.
865:, induces ovulation. Ovulation occurs in 87% of females after insemination: 66% ovulate within 36 hours and the rest by 48 hours (the same as natural mating). The least amount of
1817:
947:, for example, Bactrian camels of two humps were initially used by the rich for riding. The camel was later brought to other areas such as Balochistan and Iran for the same purpose.
2072:
1107:
690:
estimated to have diverged around 1 million years ago. Genetic evidence suggests that both
Bactrian camel species are closely related to the extinct giant camel species
1005:
is a 2003 Mongolian documentary/story about a family of nomadic shepherds trying to get a white calf accepted by his mother, which rejected him after a difficult birth.
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has given rise to speculation that the
Bactrian camel and the dromedary should be merged into a single species with two varieties. However, a 1994 analysis of the
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was never considered much of a success. Having brought two shipments of fewer than 100 camels to the U.S., plans were made to import another 1,000, but the
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1445:
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The
Bactrian camel was domesticated circa ~4,500 BCE. The dromedary is believed to have been domesticated between 4000 BCE and 2000 BCE in
7180:
7219:
1773:
Wang, Guo-Dong; Xie, Hai-Bing; Peng, Min-Sheng; Irwin, David; Zhang, Ya-Ping (1 February 2014). "Domestication
Genomics: Evidence from Animals".
1692:
2189:
1358:
950:
1080:
1965:
MacHugh, David E.; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic (8 February 2017). "Taming the Past: Ancient DNA and the Study of Animal
Domestication".
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737:
The
Bactrian camel is the largest mammal in its native range and is the largest living camel while being shorter at the shoulder than the
6632:
1967:
1775:
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668:
he identified the one-humped Arabian camel and the two-humped Bactrian camel. The Bactrian camel was given its current binomial name
1038:
272:
411:. Domestic Bactrian camels do not descend from wild Bactrian camels, with the two species having split around 1 million years ago.
1917:
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1413:
678:
235:
1516:
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which is much more than the ponies that are being used as of now. They can survive without water for at least 72 hours."
7250:
1001:
7224:
1459:
Stanley, H.F.; Kadwell, M.; Wheeler, J.C. (1994). "Molecular evolution of the family Camelidae: A mitochondrial DNA study".
1092:
1908:
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1022:. It was concluded that after carrying out trials and doing a comparative study with a single-humped camel brought from
872:
Males during mating time are often quite violent and may bite, spit, or attempt to sit on other male camels. The age of
38:
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850:
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humps are plump and erect, but as resources decline, the humps shrink and lean to the side. When moving faster than a
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differences between them tend to decrease as a result of extensive crossbreeding between them. The fertility of their
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1202:
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1976:
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This article is about the domesticated and feral Bactrian camel. For the critically endangered wild species, see
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offspring. Where the ranges of the two species overlap, such as in northern Punjab, Iran and Afghanistan, the
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which became extinct around 20,000 years ago, which is equidistant from both living Bactrian camel species.
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893:
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since ancient times. With its tolerance for cold, drought, and high altitudes, it enabled the travel of
244:
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Phylogenetic relationships of domestic Bactrian camels compared to living and recently extinct camels
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Bactrian camels have been the focus of artwork throughout history. For example, westerners from the
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65:
943:. Furthermore, Bactrian camels are frequently ridden, especially in desertified areas. In ancient
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2016:
Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai; Janat ul Sindh 3rd edition 1993; Sindhi Adbi Board Jamshoro, page 20
1210:
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1702:. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. 9–065 AGDEX 424/433. Archived from
1247:
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3177:
3047:
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1996:
1988:
1947:
1929:
1873:
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1804:
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1622:
1614:
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1338:
1308:
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2717:
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2426:
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1980:
1937:
1921:
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1847:
1835:
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1604:
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1476:
1300:
708:
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2417:
2408:
955:
889:
873:
622:
2027:
1984:
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1389:
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These camels are migratory, and their habitat ranges from rocky mountain massifs to flat
1843:
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1821:
1289:"Camelus knoblochi genome reveals the complex evolutionary history of Old World camels"
719:
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82:
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715:
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357:
90:
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2155:
2073:"Indian Army to use double-humped camels for transportation, patrolling in Ladakh"
1407:
391:. Bactrian camels, whether domesticated or feral, are a separate species from the
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7018:
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380:
17:
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1933:
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Makhdoomi, Dil M.; Gazi, Mohsin A.; ul Nabi, Showkat; Ahmed, Shakeel (2013).
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and elsewhere were depicted in numerous ceramic figurines of the Chinese
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1114:
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487:
404:
369:
7198:
1904:"The history of Old World camelids in the light of molecular genetics"
808:
797:, by stepping forwards with both legs on the same side (as opposed to
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in both wild and domesticated Bactrians over the past 350,000 years.
909:
858:
443:
353:
162:
142:
7029:
1730:"Semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)"
1512:"Morphometric studies on adult double humped camel of Ladakh, India"
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1215:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 645–646.
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throat, with hairs measuring up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long.
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349:
192:
1212:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
718:
gene revealed that the species display 10.3% divergence in their
699:
The Bactrian camel and the dromedary often interbreed to produce
360:. It has two humps on its back, in contrast to the single-humped
6949:
5596:
4926:
4814:
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of water, forcing animals to eat only small amounts at a time.
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4805:
4751:
3683:
3065:
2159:
1553:
2164:– BBC announces discovery of camels in the Gashun Gobi region
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368:
form. Their name comes from the ancient historical region of
6610:
1461:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6954:
1367:. Vol. 6. London, UK: Alexander Strahan. p. 121.
1818:
Bactrian Camels Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium
902:
Bactrian Camels Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium
2115:"Wild Bactrian camels critically endangered, group says"
1693:"Replacing water with clean snow for ewes and beef cows"
364:. Its population of 2 million exists mainly in the
2143:
Bactrian Camels at the Highland Wildlife Park, Scotland
1822:"Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels"
42:
526:
469:
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869:required to elicit ovulation is about 1.0 ml.
1585:Chen, B.X.; Yuen, Z.X.; Pan, G.W. (1 July 1985).
1266:"Quick Facts about Camels' Domestication History"
923:studies have been carried out. They show several
1587:"Semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (
857:after insemination (insertion of semen into the
1728:Chen, B.X.; Yuen, Z.X. & Pan, G.W. (1985).
1897:
1895:
1337:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 32.
1281:
1279:
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6626:
2183:
662:the camels: In his 4th century BCE
8:
2028:"Afro-Eurasian connectivity across the ages"
646:). The Bactrian camel belongs to the family
375:Domesticated Bactrian camels have served as
2012:
2010:
1381:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
26:
7030:
6774:
6760:
6752:
6633:
6619:
6611:
6526:
6517:
6503:
6394:
6385:
6371:
6283:
6000:
5991:
5977:
5718:
5498:
5437:
5090:
5081:
5060:
4912:
4686:
4625:
4616:
4595:
4073:
4052:
3976:
3849:
3812:
3775:
3660:
3539:
3530:
3514:
3106:
2685:
2676:
2660:
2485:
2394:
2306:
2269:
2260:
2246:
2190:
2176:
2168:
1691:Wand, C.; Richardson, C. (November 2009).
243:
81:
72:
1941:
1867:
1748:
1608:
1529:
1446:International Livestock Centre for Africa
829:of snow and ice is big compared with the
1517:Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture
32:This is an accepted version of this page
1364:Natural History, General and Particular
1187:
1142:
1086:Bactrian Camels in the Kyzyl Kum Desert
1034:
265:
28:
2071:Bhalla, Abhishek (19 September 2020).
2052:. DesertUSA.com and Digital West Media
1242:
1240:
1193:
1191:
1909:Tropical Animal Health and Production
1409:Systema Naturæ per Regna Tria Naturae
7:
7342:C7E7B759-A8DF-477B-BA98-BE7AF8BECDA4
2113:Handwerk, Brian (3 December 2002) .
1985:10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022747
1793:10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114129
1968:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
1776:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
519:
494:
462:
436:
428:
2156:"'New' camel lives on salty water"
2133:"Wild camel protection foundation"
57:
2026:Andrea, A.J.; Levi, S.C. (2009).
6978:
1122:
1106:
1091:
1079:
1065:
1053:
1037:
119:
2542:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
1918:Springer Science+Business Media
1416: ed.). Stockholm, Sweden:
1018:uses these camels to patrol in
861:); the seminal plasma, not the
3331:Central American red brocket (
1386:Harper and Brothers Publishers
1384:(3rd ed.). New York, NY:
1378:Smith, W.; Anthon, C. (1870).
1002:The Story of the Weeping Camel
621:The Bactrian camel shares the
1:
2050:"The desert camel experiment"
2037:. The Silk Road. Vol. I.
954:Tang dynasty model, owned by
7004:List of domesticated animals
4038:Large subfamily listed below
4026:Large subfamily listed below
4014:Large subfamily listed below
1902:Burger, Pamela Anna (2016).
7430:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2533:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
2524:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1438:): A bibliographical review
1431:Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981).
768:, arid desert, (mostly the
7446:
1177:List of animals with humps
914:next generation sequencing
658:was the first European to
569:(domestic Bactrian camel)
395:, which is the only truly
63:
7425:Mammals described in 1758
6987:
6976:
6789:
6516:
6502:
6469:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
6460:Domestic Bactrian camel (
6384:
6370:
6024:North Sulawesi babirusa (
5990:
5976:
5080:
5059:
4615:
4594:
4072:
4051:
3529:
3513:
3313:Amazonian brown brocket (
2675:
2659:
2646:Large family listed below
2634:Large family listed below
2611:Williamson's mouse-deer (
2259:
2245:
2207:
1926:10.1007/s11250-016-1032-7
1444:. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia:
1305:10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.050
980:United States Camel Corps
921:effective population size
562:
544:
524:
517:
499:
492:
467:
460:
441:
434:
258:
251:
242:
221:
214:
116:Scientific classification
114:
105:
96:
89:
80:
75:
59:Species of mammal of Asia
4710:Domestic water buffalo (
3075:Central Asian red deer (
2700:Bornean yellow muntjac (
2102:Animal Diversity project
1531:10.9755/ejfa.v25i7.15999
676:in his 1758 publication
39:latest accepted revision
7390:Mammals of Central Asia
6685:South American camelids
5588:Bates' pygmy antelope (
5375:Soemmerring's gazelle (
3480:Yucatan brown brocket (
2709:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
2593:Philippine mouse-deer (
342:domestic Bactrian camel
6298:White-lipped peccary (
6234:Philippine warty pig (
5859:Yellow-backed duiker (
5823:Black-fronted duiker (
5796:White-bellied duiker (
5417:Przewalski's gazelle (
4640:Four-horned antelope (
3438:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
2997:Visayan spotted deer (
2856:European fallow deer (
2799:Northern red muntjac (
2745:Southern red muntjac (
2106:University of Michigan
1813:...cites this study:
1671:Highland Wildlife Park
1481:10.1098/rspb.1994.0041
1209:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
958:
931:Relationship to humans
896:
894:Cotswold Wildlife Park
846:
814:
785:
748:
734:
551:(wild Bactrian camel)
7311:Paleobiology Database
6999:Human uses of animals
6876:Search and rescue dog
6668:Australia populations
6650:Afro-Asiatic camelids
6478:Wild Bactrian camel (
6180:Bornean bearded pig (
6171:Palawan bearded pig (
5760:White-legged duiker (
5186:Red-fronted gazelle (
2865:Persian fallow deer (
2781:Roosevelt's muntjac (
2454:Himalayan musk deer (
2363:Reticulated giraffe (
1827:Nature Communications
1750:10.1530/jrf.0.0740335
1610:10.1530/jrf.0.0740335
973:United States imports
953:
892:
844:
812:
783:
747:
733:
688:mitochondrial genomes
672:by Swedish zoologist
336:), also known as the
7365:Domesticated animals
6866:Military working dog
6565:Pygmy hippopotamus (
6225:Oliver's warty pig (
5850:Red-flanked duiker (
5255:Erlanger's gazelle (
4975:Harnessed bushbuck (
4701:Wild water buffalo (
4178:East Caucasian tur (
4169:West Caucasian tur (
3322:Little red brocket (
2790:Truong Son muntjac (
2602:Vietnam mouse-deer (
2584:Greater mouse-deer (
2463:Siberian musk deer (
2035:World System History
1653:UltimateUngulate.com
1299:(11): 2502–2508.e5.
1203:"Order Artiodactyla"
849:Bactrian camels are
817:Bactrian camels are
7400:Mammals of Mongolia
7395:Mammals of Pakistan
6675:Wild Bactrian camel
6198:Celebes warty pig (
6189:Visayan warty pig (
5805:Red forest duiker (
5537:Günther's dik-dik (
5399:Mongolian gazelle (
5204:Heuglin's gazelle (
5195:Thomson's gazelle (
4349:Long-tailed goral (
3744:Mountain reedbuck (
3735:Southern reedbuck (
3587:East African oryx (
3489:White-tailed deer (
3268:Small red brocket (
3235:South Andean deer (
3178:Siberian roe deer (
3169:European roe deer (
3006:Philippine sambar (
2973:Père David's deer (
2575:Lesser mouse-deer (
2436:Kashmir musk deer (
2127:on 6 December 2002.
2120:National Geographic
1844:2012NatCo...3.1202T
1473:1994RSPSB.256....1S
1436:Camelus dromedarius
1252:EdgeofExistence.org
907:C. bactrianus ferus
640:wild Bactrian camel
636:C. dromedarius
503:Camelus dromedarius
393:wild Bactrian camel
99:Conservation status
66:Wild Bactrian camel
29:Page version status
7137:camelus-bactrianus
7088:Camelus_bactrianus
7074:Camelus bactrianus
7044:Camelus bactrianus
6346:Collared peccary (
6216:Flores warty pig (
6057:Giant forest hog (
5919:Maxwell's duiker (
5841:Ruwenzori duiker (
5787:Jentink's duiker (
5696:Sharpe's grysbok (
5452:Tibetan antelope (
5357:Bright's gazelle (
5291:Goitered gazelle (
5264:Mountain gazelle (
5237:Cuvier's gazelle (
5177:Mongalla gazelle (
4565:Pyrenean chamois (
3991:Tibetan antelope (
3945:Black wildebeest (
2772:Reeves's muntjac (
2736:Sumatran muntjac (
2727:Gongshan muntjac (
2500:Water chevrotain (
2427:Alpine musk deer (
2354:Southern giraffe (
2345:Northern giraffe (
2162:. 6 February 2001.
2096:Camelus bactrianus
1852:10.1038/ncomms2192
1589:Camelus bactrianus
1546:"Camel fact sheet"
1520:. Animal Science.
1418:Laurentius salvius
1359:de Buffon, C.
959:
897:
847:
815:
786:
749:
735:
670:Camelus bactrianus
665:History of Animals
566:Camelus bactrianus
333:Camelus bactrianus
315:J. Fischer (1829)
305:J. Fischer (1829)
301:Camelus orientalis
281:Camelus caucasicus
225:Camelus bactrianus
207:C. bactrianus
35:
7352:
7351:
7298:Open Tree of Life
7036:Taxon identifiers
7027:
7026:
6749:
6748:
6671:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6577:
6576:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6322:Chacoan peccary (
6273:
6272:
6261:Javan warty pig (
6252:Timor warty pig (
6059:H. meinertzhageni
6033:Togian babirusa (
5972:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5928:Walter's duiker (
5868:Abbott's duiker (
5832:Ogilby's duiker (
5778:Harvey's duiker (
5742:Brooke's duiker (
5708:
5707:
5488:
5487:
5429:
5428:
5366:Peter's gazelle (
5348:Grant's gazelle (
5282:Speke's gazelle (
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
4932:
4902:
4901:
4890:African buffalo (
4721:B. depressicornis
4676:
4675:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4358:Himalayan goral (
4180:C. cylindricornis
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4003:
4002:
3966:
3965:
3954:Blue wildebeest (
3888:Common tsessebe (
3839:
3838:
3802:
3801:
3765:
3764:
3677:K. ellipsiprymnus
3650:
3649:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3449:P. mephistophiles
3405:P. mephistophiles
3096:
3095:
2792:M. truongsonensis
2754:Pu Hoat muntjac (
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2623:
2622:
2566:Java mouse-deer (
2475:
2474:
2445:Black musk deer (
2418:Dwarf musk deer (
2409:Anhui musk deer (
2384:
2383:
2347:G. camelopardalis
2296:
2295:
1737:J. Reprod. Fertil
1448:. pp. 1–147.
1344:978-1-4214-0093-8
1335:Ungulate Taxonomy
1222:978-0-8018-8221-0
851:induced ovulators
693:Camelus knoblochi
619:
618:
614:
613:
605:
604:
596:
595:
587:
586:
578:
577:
531:Camelus knoblochi
324:
323:
268:Camelus bocharius
109:
16:(Redirected from
7437:
7385:Mammals of India
7375:Mammals of China
7345:
7344:
7332:
7331:
7319:
7318:
7306:
7305:
7293:
7292:
7280:
7279:
7267:
7266:
7264:NHMSYS0020975294
7254:
7253:
7241:
7240:
7228:
7227:
7215:
7214:
7202:
7201:
7189:
7188:
7176:
7175:
7163:
7162:
7150:
7149:
7140:
7139:
7127:
7126:
7114:
7113:
7101:
7100:
7091:
7090:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7031:
6982:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6753:
6665:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6612:
6527:
6518:
6504:
6395:
6386:
6372:
6284:
6090:Common warthog (
6081:Desert warthog (
6001:
5992:
5978:
5877:Weyns's duiker (
5751:Peters' duiker (
5733:Aders's duiker (
5719:
5606:Royal antelope (
5564:Salt's dik-dik (
5555:Silver dik-dik (
5546:Kirk's dik-dik (
5499:
5476:Saiga antelope (
5438:
5377:N. soemmerringii
5246:Dorcas gazelle (
5091:
5082:
5075:
5061:
4948:Mountain nyala (
4931:
4930:
4922:
4913:
4868:P. nghetinhensis
4770:European bison (
4761:American bison (
4687:
4626:
4617:
4610:
4596:
4472:Domestic sheep (
4316:Himalayan tahr (
4283:Mainland serow (
4265:Japanese serow (
4074:
4067:
4053:
3977:
3850:
3813:
3776:
3753:Bohor reedbuck (
3661:
3640:A. nasomaculatus
3563:Sable antelope (
3540:
3531:
3524:
3515:
3277:Merida brocket (
3107:
3048:Thorold's deer (
2900:A. calamianensis
2783:M. rooseveltorum
2729:M. gongshanensis
2686:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2486:
2395:
2374:G. tippelskirchi
2307:
2270:
2261:
2247:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2151:
2140:Sneddon, Aaron.
2136:
2128:
2123:. Archived from
2109:
2081:
2080:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1871:
1836:Nature Portfolio
1812:
1771:This review...
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1700:OMAFRA.gov.on.ca
1697:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1667:"Bactrian Camel"
1663:
1657:
1656:
1649:"Bactrian Camel"
1645:
1639:
1638:
1612:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1568:"Bactrian camel"
1564:
1558:
1557:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1248:"Bactrian camel"
1244:
1235:
1234:
1195:
1154:
1147:
1126:
1110:
1100:Central Mongolia
1095:
1083:
1069:
1057:
1041:
904:
903:
528:
520:
495:
471:
463:
437:
429:
419:
418:
346:two-humped camel
317:
316:
311:Camelus tauricus
307:
306:
297:
296:
295:Kolenati (1847)
291:Camelus genuinus
287:
286:
285:Kolenati (1847)
277:
276:
247:
227:
124:
123:
108:
85:
73:
47:4 September 2024
21:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7340:
7335:
7327:
7322:
7314:
7309:
7301:
7296:
7288:
7285:Observation.org
7283:
7275:
7270:
7262:
7257:
7249:
7244:
7236:
7231:
7223:
7218:
7210:
7205:
7197:
7192:
7184:
7179:
7171:
7166:
7158:
7153:
7145:
7143:
7135:
7130:
7122:
7117:
7109:
7104:
7096:
7094:
7086:
7081:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7038:
7028:
7023:
7014:Military animal
6983:
6974:
6785:
6783:Working animals
6780:
6750:
6745:
6717:
6679:
6644:
6639:
6609:
6596:
6573:
6549:
6512:
6486:
6444:
6380:
6354:
6330:
6306:
6269:
6236:S. philippensis
6173:S. ahoenobarbus
6155:
6147:Red river hog (
6122:
6098:
6065:
6041:
6015:Buru babirusa (
5986:
5960:
5952:Common duiker (
5936:
5894:
5704:
5662:
5638:
5614:
5572:
5521:
5484:
5460:
5425:
5410:P. picticaudata
5383:
5323:
5299:
5293:G. subgutturosa
5212:
5161:
5137:
5113:
5076:
5065:
5043:
5010:
5002:Cape bushbuck (
4995:T. strepsiceros
4924:
4923:
4921:
4898:
4874:
4850:
4745:
4737:Mountain anoa (
4672:
4666:B. tragocamelus
4648:
4642:T. quadricornis
4611:
4600:
4582:
4549:
4525:
4481:Bighorn sheep (
4447:
4423:
4399:
4391:Mountain goat (
4375:
4367:Chinese goral (
4324:
4300:
4285:C. sumatraensis
4249:
4232:Siberian ibex (
4196:Domestic goat (
4144:
4120:
4096:
4088:Barbary sheep (
4068:
4057:
4039:
4027:
4015:
3999:
3962:
3929:
3905:
3872:
3835:
3798:
3761:
3719:
3646:
3622:
3596:Scimitar oryx (
3571:
3554:Roan antelope (
3525:
3519:
3497:
3455:
3447:Northern pudu (
3421:
3413:Southern pudu (
3403:Northern pudu (
3387:
3363:
3339:
3304:Pygmy brocket (
3286:Dwarf brocket (
3243:
3210:
3186:
3153:
3129:
3092:
3032:
2981:
2957:
2924:
2898:Calamian deer (
2873:
2867:D. mesopotamica
2840:
2816:
2810:M. vuquangensis
2808:Giant muntjac (
2718:Fea's muntjac (
2671:
2665:
2647:
2635:
2619:
2550:
2508:
2471:
2429:M. chrysogaster
2380:
2372:Masai giraffe (
2329:
2292:
2255:
2241:
2203:
2196:
2154:
2139:
2131:
2112:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1814:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1709:on 2 April 2015
1706:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1412:. Vol. 1 (
1402:
1401:
1397:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1293:Current Biology
1285:
1284:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1223:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1012:
997:
975:
956:Agatha Christie
933:
901:
900:
887:
874:sexual maturity
845:Mother and calf
839:
807:
778:
762:
760:Natural habitat
728:
679:Systema Naturae
615:
606:
597:
588:
579:
417:
399:(as opposed to
338:Mongolian camel
320:
314:
313:
304:
303:
294:
293:
284:
283:
271:
270:
264:
263:
238:
229:
223:
210:
118:
110:
101:
76:Bactrian camel
69:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7443:
7441:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7357:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7333:
7320:
7307:
7294:
7281:
7268:
7255:
7242:
7229:
7216:
7203:
7190:
7177:
7164:
7151:
7141:
7128:
7115:
7102:
7092:
7079:
7064:
7048:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:Related topics
6988:
6985:
6984:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6826:Assistance dog
6818:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6809:Bactrian camel
6801:
6796:
6794:Asian elephant
6790:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6756:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6660:
6658:Bactrian camel
6654:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6615:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6587:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6567:C. liberiensis
6561:
6559:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6541:Hippopotamus (
6537:
6535:
6524:
6522:Hippopotamidae
6514:
6513:
6507:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6475:
6471:C. dromedarius
6466:
6456:
6454:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6433:
6424:
6415:
6405:
6403:
6392:
6382:
6381:
6375:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6342:
6340:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6318:
6316:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6258:
6254:S. timoriensis
6249:
6240:
6231:
6222:
6213:
6207:Domestic pig (
6204:
6195:
6186:
6177:
6167:
6165:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6144:
6134:
6132:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6087:
6083:P. aethiopicus
6077:
6075:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:B. togeanensis
6030:
6021:
6011:
6009:
5998:
5988:
5987:
5981:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5948:
5946:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5925:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5886:Zebra duiker (
5883:
5874:
5865:
5861:C. silvicultor
5856:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5820:
5814:Black duiker (
5811:
5802:
5798:C. leucogaster
5793:
5784:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5748:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5693:
5687:Cape grysbok (
5684:
5674:
5672:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5650:
5648:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5630:Klipspringer (
5626:
5624:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5603:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5561:
5557:M. piacentinii
5552:
5543:
5533:
5531:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5419:P. przewalskii
5414:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5345:
5339:Dama gazelle (
5335:
5333:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5288:
5279:
5273:Rhim gazelle (
5270:
5261:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5131:A. marsupialis
5125:
5123:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5088:
5078:
5077:
5064:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5035:Common eland (
5032:
5022:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
4999:
4993:Greater kudu (
4990:
4981:
4972:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4839:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4806:Domestic yak (
4803:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4734:
4730:B. mindorensis
4725:
4719:Lowland anoa (
4716:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4634:
4623:
4613:
4612:
4599:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4439:Nilgiri tahr (
4435:
4433:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4292:Taiwan serow (
4289:
4280:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4223:Iberian ibex (
4220:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4112:Arabian tahr (
4108:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4070:
4069:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3750:
3746:R. fulvorufula
3741:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3614:Arabian oryx (
3611:
3602:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:O. virginianus
3486:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3410:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:O. bezoarticus
3351:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3297:M. gouazoubira
3295:Gray brocket (
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3050:C. albirostris
3044:
3042:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:E. cephalophus
2828:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2763:Leaf muntjac (
2760:
2756:M. puhoatensis
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:T. williamsoni
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:M. moschiferus
2460:
2456:M. leucogaster
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2420:M. berezovskii
2415:
2405:
2403:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2265:Antilocapridae
2257:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2237:Laurasiatheria
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2152:
2137:
2129:
2110:
2088:
2087:External links
2085:
2083:
2082:
2063:
2048:Zentner, Joe.
2040:
2018:
2006:
1977:Annual Reviews
1957:
1891:
1785:Annual Reviews
1764:
1743:(2): 335–339.
1720:
1683:
1658:
1640:
1603:(2): 335–339.
1577:
1572:Dimensions.com
1559:
1537:
1524:(7): 544–548.
1502:
1451:
1423:
1395:
1370:
1350:
1343:
1318:
1275:
1257:
1236:
1221:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
996:
993:
974:
971:
932:
929:
886:
883:
838:
835:
806:
803:
777:
774:
761:
758:
727:
724:
617:
616:
612:
611:
608:
607:
603:
602:
599:
598:
594:
593:
590:
589:
585:
584:
581:
580:
576:
575:
572:
571:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
523:
518:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
498:
493:
491:
483:
482:
479:
478:
466:
461:
459:
453:
452:
449:
448:
440:
435:
433:
427:
423:
422:
416:
413:
352:native to the
328:Bactrian camel
322:
321:
319:
318:
308:
298:
288:
278:
261:
260:
259:
256:
255:
249:
248:
240:
239:
230:
219:
218:
212:
211:
204:
202:
198:
197:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
112:
111:
106:
103:
102:
97:
94:
93:
87:
86:
78:
77:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
18:Bactrian Camel
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7442:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7343:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7142:
7138:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7089:
7084:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7032:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6981:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6965:Water buffalo
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6831:Detection dog
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6772:
6770:
6765:
6763:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6636:
6631:
6629:
6624:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6593:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6570:
6568:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6501:
6483:
6481:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6462:C. bactrianus
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6369:
6351:
6349:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6266:
6264:
6263:S. verrucosus
6259:
6257:
6255:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6209:S. domesticus
6205:
6203:
6201:
6200:S. celebensis
6196:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6129:Potamochoerus
6125:
6119:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6026:B. celebensis
6022:
6020:
6018:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5957:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5910:Blue duiker (
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5825:C. nigrifrons
5821:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5807:C. natalensis
5803:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5753:C. callipygus
5749:
5747:
5745:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5680:R. campestris
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5632:O. oreotragus
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5275:G. leptoceros
5271:
5269:
5267:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5179:E. albonotata
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5155:A. cervicapra
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5040:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5026:Giant eland (
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5004:T. sylvaticus
5000:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4966:Lesser kudu (
4964:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4781:B. domesticus
4779:Bali cattle (
4777:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4593:
4579:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4483:O. canadensis
4479:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:Nilgiritragus
4426:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4393:O. americanus
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4318:H. jemlahicus
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4214:Nubian ibex (
4212:
4210:
4208:
4205:Alpine ibex (
4203:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4050:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Pantholopinae
3969:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3923:A. buselaphus
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3827:Grey rhebok (
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Aepycerotinae
3768:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3702:Nile lechwe (
3700:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Hippotraginae
3532:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3512:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3381:B. dichotomus
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3355:Pampas deer (
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3315:M. nemorivaga
3311:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3259:Red brocket (
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3228:H. antisensis
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3068:C. canadensis
3064:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3017:R. timorensis
3013:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2975:E. davidianus
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2942:R. duvaucelii
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2907:Bawean deer (
2905:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2832:Tufted deer (
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2765:M. putaoensis
2761:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2711:M. crinifrons
2707:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2604:T. versicolor
2600:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:M. anhuiensis
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2365:G. reticulata
2361:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:(1345): 1–6.
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1420:. p. 65.
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1271:
1270:arkbiodiv.com
1267:
1261:
1258:
1254:. EDGE. 2010.
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995:Documentaries
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989:United States
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836:
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832:
831:heat capacity
828:
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820:
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804:
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767:
759:
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746:
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723:
721:
717:
714:
713:mitochondrial
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
694:
689:
683:
681:
680:
675:
674:Carl Linnaeus
671:
667:
666:
661:
657:
653:
652:ancient Greek
649:
645:
644:C. ferus
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
624:
610:
609:
601:
600:
592:
591:
583:
582:
574:
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570:
568:
567:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
550:
549:
548:Camelus ferus
542:
541:
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533:
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521:
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514:
511:
510:
507:
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410:
406:
403:) species of
402:
398:
394:
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386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:, is a large
347:
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329:
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279:
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269:
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226:
220:
217:
216:Binomial name
213:
209:
208:
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200:
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196:
195:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
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161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
113:
107:Domesticated
104:
100:
95:
92:
88:
84:
79:
74:
71:
67:
62:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7415:Pack animals
7410:EDGE species
7380:Desert fauna
7043:
6933:Riding horse
6808:
6657:
6566:
6554:
6543:H. amphibius
6542:
6532:Hippopotamus
6530:
6510:Whippomorpha
6479:
6470:
6461:
6459:
6449:
6437:
6428:
6419:
6410:
6398:
6347:
6335:
6323:
6311:
6299:
6287:
6262:
6253:
6244:
6235:
6226:
6217:
6208:
6199:
6191:S. cebifrons
6190:
6181:
6172:
6160:
6148:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6092:P. africanus
6091:
6082:
6072:Phacochoerus
6070:
6058:
6046:
6034:
6025:
6017:B. babyrussa
6016:
6004:
5953:
5941:
5929:
5921:P. maxwellii
5920:
5912:P. monticola
5911:
5899:
5887:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5852:C. rufilatus
5851:
5842:
5833:
5824:
5815:
5806:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5770:
5769:Bay duiker (
5762:C. crusalbum
5761:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5722:
5714:Cephalophini
5697:
5689:R. melanotis
5688:
5679:
5667:
5655:
5643:
5631:
5619:
5607:
5599:N. moschatus
5598:
5589:
5577:
5565:
5556:
5547:
5539:M. guentheri
5538:
5526:
5515:D. megalotis
5514:
5502:
5477:
5465:
5454:P. hodgsonii
5453:
5441:
5418:
5409:
5401:P. gutturosa
5400:
5388:
5376:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5257:G. erlangeri
5256:
5247:
5238:
5230:G. bennettii
5229:
5217:
5205:
5197:E. thomsonii
5196:
5188:E. rufifrons
5187:
5178:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5036:
5028:T. derbianus
5027:
5015:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4967:
4959:T. eurycerus
4958:
4949:
4940:
4916:
4908:Tragelaphini
4891:
4879:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4834:
4826:B. javanicus
4825:
4816:
4808:B. grunniens
4807:
4798:
4790:B. frontalis
4789:
4780:
4771:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4690:
4665:
4653:
4641:
4629:
4576:R. rupicapra
4575:
4567:R. pyrenaica
4566:
4554:
4542:
4530:
4518:
4509:
4508:Snow sheep (
4500:
4491:
4490:Dall sheep (
4482:
4473:
4464:
4452:
4441:N. hylocrius
4440:
4428:
4417:O. moschatus
4416:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4368:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4254:
4242:
4241:Walia ibex (
4233:
4225:C. pyrenaica
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4189:C. falconeri
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4149:
4138:B. taxicolor
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
3993:P. hodgsonii
3992:
3980:
3955:
3946:
3936:Connochaetes
3934:
3922:
3921:Hartebeest (
3910:
3898:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3845:Alcelaphinae
3829:P. capreolus
3828:
3816:
3791:
3779:
3754:
3745:
3737:R. arundinum
3736:
3724:
3712:
3704:K. megaceros
3703:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3664:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3606:
3597:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3555:
3543:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3439:
3426:
3414:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3379:Marsh deer (
3368:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3261:M. americana
3260:
3248:
3236:
3227:
3217:Hippocamelus
3215:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3171:C. capreolus
3170:
3158:
3146:
3145:Water deer (
3134:
3122:
3110:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3016:
3008:R. mariannus
3007:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2949:Eld's deer (
2941:
2940:Barasingha (
2929:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2801:M. vaginalis
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2702:M. atherodes
2701:
2689:
2612:
2603:
2595:T. nigricans
2594:
2585:
2576:
2568:T. javanicus
2567:
2555:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2513:
2502:H. aquaticus
2501:
2489:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2398:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2334:
2323:O. johnstoni
2322:
2310:
2286:A. americana
2285:
2273:
2235:Superorder:
2229:Infraclass:
2200:Artiodactyla
2147:
2142:
2125:the original
2118:
2101:
2095:
2076:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2043:
2034:
2021:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1913:
1907:
1831:
1825:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1740:
1736:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1699:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1600:
1596:Reproduction
1594:
1588:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1540:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1408:
1404:Linnaeus, C.
1398:
1380:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1334:
1321:
1296:
1292:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1211:
1207:Wilson, D.E.
1145:
1073:Chuya Steppe
1046:Nubra Valley
1013:
1010:Military use
1000:
984:US Civil War
976:
967:Tang dynasty
960:
934:
918:
906:
898:
871:
848:
837:Reproduction
823:
816:
793:speed, they
787:
776:Life history
763:
754:
750:
736:
716:cytochrome b
698:
691:
684:
677:
669:
663:
654:philosopher
643:
635:
625:
620:
565:
564:
563:
546:
545:
529:
525:
506:(dromedary)
501:
500:
486:
472:
468:
442:
377:pack animals
374:
366:domesticated
358:Central Asia
345:
341:
337:
332:
331:
327:
325:
310:
300:
290:
280:
267:
224:
222:
206:
205:
193:
173:Artiodactyla
91:Shanghai Zoo
70:
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
7194:iNaturalist
7068:Wikispecies
7019:Pack animal
6938:Stock horse
6918:Guide horse
6913:Draft horse
6891:Therapy dog
6881:Service dog
6856:Hunting dog
6851:Herding dog
6836:Draught dog
6799:Bali cattle
6698:Chilihueque
6420:L. guanicoe
6279:Tayassuidae
6243:Wild boar (
6182:S. barbatus
6140:P. larvatus
6116:P. salvania
6114:Pygmy hog (
6048:Hylochoerus
5901:Philantomba
5789:C. jentinki
5771:C. dorsalis
5724:Cephalophus
5608:N. pygmaeus
5566:M. saltiana
5504:Dorcatragus
5478:S. tatarica
5368:N. petersii
5306:Litocranius
5206:E. tilonura
5153:Blackbuck (
5129:Springbok (
5072:Antilopinae
5070:(subfamily
5017:Taurotragus
4984:Sitatunga (
4977:T. scriptus
4968:T. imberbis
4925:(including
4918:Tragelaphus
4739:B. quarlesi
4621:Boselaphini
4605:(subfamily
4510:O. nivicola
4351:N. caudatus
4340:Red goral (
4331:Naemorhedus
4294:C. swinhoei
4274:Red serow (
4256:Capricornis
4234:C. sibirica
4171:C. caucasia
4162:C. aegagrus
4160:Wild goat (
4114:A. jayakari
4103:Arabitragus
4062:(subfamily
4033:Antilopinae
3956:C. taurinus
3899:D. pygargus
3792:A. melampus
3713:K. vardonii
3675:Waterbuck (
3616:O. leucoryx
3545:Hippotragus
3473:O. hemionus
3471:Mule deer (
3370:Blastocerus
3279:M. bricenii
3237:H. bisulcus
3204:R. tarandus
3180:C. pygargus
3102:Capreolinae
3084:Sika deer (
3026:R. unicolor
3015:Rusa deer (
2918:A. porcinus
2738:M. montanus
2535:M. kathygre
2284:Pronghorn (
2275:Antilocapra
2077:India Today
1979:: 329–351.
1920:: 905–913.
1434:The camel (
1130:Tallinn Zoo
1016:Indian Army
969:(618–907).
963:Tarim Basin
925:bottlenecks
905:provides a
863:spermatozoa
827:latent heat
784:Petroglyphs
770:Gobi Desert
726:Description
7359:Categories
6923:Pack horse
6871:Police dog
6556:Choeropsis
6438:L. vicugna
6324:C. wagneri
6227:S. oliveri
6218:S. heureni
5954:S. grimmia
5943:Sylvicapra
5930:P. walteri
5843:C. rubidis
5834:C. ogilbyi
5780:C. harveyi
5744:C. brookei
5698:R. sharpei
5678:Steenbok (
5669:Raphicerus
5621:Oreotragus
5494:Neotragini
5443:Pantholops
5359:N. notatus
5317:L. walleri
5266:G. gazella
5239:G. cuvieri
5228:Chinkara (
5120:Antidorcas
5107:A. clarkei
5096:Ammodorcas
5086:Antilopini
4986:T. spekeii
4950:T. buxtoni
4941:T. angasii
4833:Wild yak (
4817:B. indicus
4772:B. bonasus
4712:B. bubalis
4655:Boselaphus
4631:Tetracerus
4501:O. gmelini
4369:N. griseus
4342:N. baileyi
4307:Hemitragus
4276:C. rubidus
4267:C. crispus
4216:C. nubiana
4079:Ammotragus
3982:Pantholops
3912:Alcelaphus
3897:Bontebok (
3890:D. lunatus
3879:Damaliscus
3866:B. hunteri
3755:R. redunca
3656:Reduncinae
3607:O. gazella
3556:H. equinus
3482:O. pandora
3462:Odocoileus
3346:Ozotoceros
3202:Reindeer (
3147:H. inermis
3136:Hydropotes
3059:C. elaphus
3057:Red deer (
2999:R. alfredi
2916:Hog deer (
2774:M. reevesi
2747:M. muntjak
2577:T. kanchil
2544:M. meminna
2491:Hyemoschus
2481:Tragulidae
2438:M. cupreus
2356:G. giraffa
2302:Giraffidae
2253:Ruminantia
2148:flickr.com
2056:9 February
1713:9 February
1388:. p.
1327:Groves, C.
1183:References
1044:Riding in
705:phenotypic
638:) and the
432:Camelidae
381:inner Asia
7405:Livestock
7009:Livestock
6861:Mercy dog
6846:Guide dog
6841:Guard dog
6814:Dromedary
6663:Dromedary
6642:Camelidae
6508:Suborder
6418:Guanaco (
6390:Camelidae
6376:Suborder
6348:D. tajacu
6337:Dicotyles
6313:Catagonus
6300:T. pecari
6245:S. scrofa
6149:P. porcus
6138:Bushpig (
6006:Babyrousa
5982:Suborder
5879:C. weynsi
5870:C. spadix
5735:C. adersi
5656:O. ourebi
5590:N. batesi
5579:Neotragus
5548:M. kirkii
5350:N. granti
5315:Gerenuk (
5284:G. spekei
5248:G. dorcas
5105:Dibatag (
4892:S. caffer
4857:Pseudoryx
4844:B. taurus
4824:Banteng (
4799:B. gaurus
4728:Tamaraw (
4574:Chamois (
4556:Rupicapra
4543:P. nayaur
4519:O. vignei
4499:Mouflon (
4198:C. hircus
4187:Markhor (
4090:A. lervia
3855:Beatragus
3781:Aepyceros
3605:Gemsbok (
3598:O. dammah
3440:P. carlae
3333:M. temama
3324:M. rufina
3288:M. chunyi
3270:M. bororo
3160:Capreolus
3086:C. nippon
3077:C. hanglu
2964:Elaphurus
2909:A. kuhlii
2823:Elaphodus
2691:Muntiacus
2526:M. indica
2515:Moschiola
2447:M. fuscus
2390:Moschidae
2251:Suborder
2211:Kingdom:
2150:(images).
1993:2165-8102
1934:0049-4747
1860:2041-1723
1801:2165-8102
1787:: 65–84.
1619:0022-4251
1331:Grubb, P.
1199:Grubb, P.
1137:Footnotes
1024:Rajasthan
941:Silk Road
879:precocial
739:dromedary
720:sequences
656:Aristotle
648:Camelidae
632:dromedary
630:with the
446:(llamas)
409:Old World
389:Silk Road
362:dromedary
201:Species:
183:Camelidae
139:Kingdom:
133:Eukaryota
7251:14200112
7212:11348142
7095:BioLib:
7053:Wikidata
6960:Reindeer
6928:Pit pony
6886:Sled dog
6480:C. ferus
6436:Vicuña (
6429:L. pacos
6427:Alpaca (
6411:L. glama
6378:Tylopoda
5888:C. zebra
5816:C. niger
5390:Procapra
5168:Eudorcas
5144:Antilope
4881:Syncerus
4842:Cattle (
4835:B. mutus
4763:B. bison
4703:B. arnee
4664:Nilgai (
4541:Bharal (
4532:Pseudois
4492:O. dalli
4474:O. aries
4465:O. ammon
4463:Argali (
4415:Muskox (
4382:Oreamnos
4360:N. goral
4243:C. walie
4127:Budorcas
4064:Caprinae
4009:Caprinae
3864:Hirola (
3808:Peleinae
3790:Impala (
3695:K. leche
3693:Lechwe (
3589:O. beisa
3565:H. niger
3226:Taruca (
3193:Rangifer
3123:A. alces
3024:Sambar (
2951:R. eldii
2931:Rucervus
2889:Chital (
2681:Cervinae
2668:Cervidae
2629:Cervidae
2557:Tragulus
2231:Eutheria
2225:Mammalia
2219:Chordata
2217:Phylum:
2213:Animalia
2001:27813680
1952:27048619
1886:13218949
1878:23149746
1838:: 1202.
1820:(2012).
1809:25384135
1497:40857282
1406:(1758).
1361:(1791).
1333:(2011).
1313:38754423
1231:62265494
1201:(2005).
1161:See also
1151:mnemonic
1113:Farm in
1098:Farm in
1060:Mongolia
919:Several
799:trotting
660:describe
474:Camelops
457:Camelini
415:Taxonomy
385:caravans
273:Kolenati
253:Synonyms
232:Linnaeus
179:Family:
163:Mammalia
153:Chordata
149:Phylum:
143:Animalia
129:Domain:
43:reviewed
7420:Bactria
7337:ZooBank
7238:1006382
7186:2441238
7059:Q132922
6741:Huarizo
6723:Hybrids
6703:Guanaco
6592:Cetacea
6583:Cetacea
6451:Camelus
6409:Llama (
6289:Tayassu
6105:Porcula
5654:Oribi (
5645:Ourebia
5528:Madoqua
5513:Beira (
5434:Saigini
5341:N. dama
5219:Gazella
5068:Bovidae
5066:Family
5037:T. oryx
4957:Bongo (
4939:Nyala (
4866:Saola (
4788:Gayal (
4692:Bubalus
4607:Bovinae
4603:Bovidae
4601:Family
4517:Urial (
4207:C. ibex
4136:Takin (
4060:Bovidae
4058:Family
4021:Bovinae
3947:C. gnou
3726:Redunca
3638:Addax (
3522:Bovidae
3520:Family
3428:Pudella
3415:P. pudu
3306:M. nana
3121:Moose (
2891:A. axis
2858:D. dama
2720:M. feae
2666:Family
2641:Bovidae
2586:T. napu
2400:Moschus
2336:Giraffa
2321:Okapi (
2223:Class:
2202:species
2198:Extant
1943:4884201
1869:3514880
1840:Bibcode
1759:3900379
1676:15 July
1635:2219773
1627:3900379
1556:. 2020.
1489:8008753
1469:Bibcode
1272:. 2021.
1167:Bactria
1115:Vermont
1048:, India
1031:Gallery
855:ovulate
853:– they
819:diurnal
791:walking
701:fertile
627:Camelus
488:Camelus
407:in the
405:camelid
387:on the
370:Bactria
354:steppes
194:Camelus
189:Genus:
169:Order:
159:Class:
7370:Camels
7316:104241
7303:510768
7225:625026
7199:524409
7173:CMELBA
7160:344581
7144:ECOS:
7111:103527
6898:Donkey
6713:Vicuña
6693:Alpaca
5996:Suidae
5597:Suni (
5330:Nanger
4815:Zebu (
4797:Gaur (
4682:Bovini
4406:Ovibos
3711:Puku (
3686:K. kob
3250:Mazama
3039:Cervus
2312:Okapia
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1020:Ladakh
937:Arabia
912:using
910:genome
885:Genome
859:vagina
766:steppe
709:hybrid
650:. The
444:Lamini
275:(1847)
7290:82239
7207:IRMNG
7098:33502
6945:Llama
6908:Horse
6903:Gayal
6804:Camel
6736:Bukht
6708:Llama
5984:Suina
5467:Saiga
5408:Goa (
4927:kudus
4151:Capra
3818:Pelea
3684:Kob (
3666:Kobus
3629:Addax
3112:Alces
3066:Elk (
2031:(PDF)
1975:(1).
1916:(5).
1882:S2CID
1834:(1).
1783:(1).
1733:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1696:(PDF)
1631:S2CID
1493:S2CID
1442:(PDF)
1205:. In
1172:Camel
945:Sindh
867:semen
813:Skull
623:genus
401:feral
350:camel
7329:3284
7277:9837
7272:NCBI
7220:ITIS
7181:GBIF
7168:EPPO
7147:6754
7124:Q9XC
7106:BOLD
6950:Mule
6731:Cama
6590:see
6400:Lama
4454:Ovis
3578:Oryx
3394:Pudu
2988:Rusa
2880:Axis
2847:Dama
2058:2017
1997:PMID
1989:ISSN
1948:PMID
1930:ISSN
1874:PMID
1856:ISSN
1805:PMID
1797:ISSN
1755:PMID
1715:2017
1678:2022
1623:PMID
1615:ISSN
1485:PMID
1414:10th
1339:ISBN
1309:PMID
1227:OCLC
1217:ISBN
1117:, US
1014:The
899:The
805:Diet
795:pace
397:wild
326:The
262:List
236:1758
7324:TSA
7259:NBN
7246:MSW
7233:MDD
7155:EoL
7132:CMS
7119:CoL
7083:ADW
6970:Yak
6821:Dog
6162:Sus
4752:Bos
2160:BBC
1981:doi
1938:PMC
1922:doi
1864:PMC
1848:doi
1789:doi
1745:doi
1605:doi
1554:PBS
1526:doi
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