688:
1703:
697:
1803:: "Now in early times the Sogdians and Bactrians did not differ much from the nomads in their modes of life and customs, although the Bactrians were a little more civilised; however, of these, as of the others, Onesicritus does not report their best traits, saying, for instance, that those who have become helpless because of old age or sickness are thrown out alive as prey to dogs kept expressly for this purpose, which in their native tongue are called "undertakers," and that while the land outside the walls of the metropolis of the Bactrians looks clean, yet most of the land inside the walls is full of human bones; but that Alexander broke up the custom."
1536:
86:
1131:
935:
1019:
1559:
2730:"The Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni group (Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sarikoli), with which Yaz-1ghulami (Sokolova 1967) and the now extinct Wanji (J. Payne in Schmitt, p. 420) are closely linked; Ishkashmi, Sanglichi, and Zebaki; Wakhi; Munji and Yidgha; and Pashto.
457:
1150:
1459:
1891:
formed part of
Transoxania (Sogdiana). They were included in the empires of Persia and Alexander the Great, and they intermingled with such later invaders as the Kushāns and Hepthalites in the 1st–6th centuries AD. Over the course of time, the eastern Iranian dialect that was used by the ancient Tajiks eventually gave way to Persian, a western dialect spoken in Iran and Afghanistan.
1447:
93:
118:
1196:
As for
Bactria, a part of it lies alongside Aria towards the north, though most of it lies above Aria and to the east of it. And much of it produces everything except oil. The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not
460:
Bactria closing on the mountain range of the Hindu Kush (south) and bordering the Pamirs (north), as well as places that are close to neighboring
Bactria on the map as observed on the North and East, the south branch of Tianshan further north, the Ferghana Valley to the north, the western Tarim Basin
1115:
The paradox that Greek presence was more prominent in
Bactria than in areas far closer to Greece can possibly be explained by past deportations of Greeks to Bactria. When Alexander's troops entered Bactria they discovered communities of Greeks who appeared to have been deported to the region by the
667:
Bactria, the territory of which Bactra was the capital, originally consisted of the area south of the Āmū Daryā with its string of agricultural oases dependent on water taken from the rivers of Balḵ (Bactra), Tashkurgan, Kondūz, Sar-e Pol, and Šīrīn Tagāō. This region played a major role in
Central
1890:
The Tajiks are the direct descendants of the
Iranian peoples whose continuous presence in Central Asia and northern Afghanistan is attested from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The ancestors of the Tajiks constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwārezm (Khorezm) and Bactria, which
1495:
describe Daxia as an important urban civilization of about one million people, living in walled cities under small city kings or magistrates. Daxia was an affluent country with rich markets, trading in an incredible variety of objects, coming from as far as
Southern China. By the time Zhang Qian
1693:
In the 8th century AD, a
Persian from Balkh known as Saman Khuda left Zoroastrianism for Islam while living under the Umayyads. His children founded the Samanid Empire (875–999 AD). Persian became the official language and had a higher status than Bactrian, because it was the language of Muslim
1788:, worked in cooperation with the native Bactrian aristocracy. By the early 2nd century BC the Greco-Bactrians had created an impressive empire that stretched southwards to include north-west India. By about 135 BC, however, this kingdom had been overrun by invading
2519:
Justin on
Demetrius: "Multa tamen Eucratides bella magna uirtute gessit, quibus adtritus cum obsidionem Demetrii, regis Indorum, pateretur, cum CCC militibus LX milia hostium adsiduis eruptionibus uicit. Quinto itaque mense liberatus Indiam in potestatem redegit."
1271:, made himself king of Bactria, and soon in every province there arose new usurpers, who proclaimed themselves kings and fought against each other. For example Eucratides is known to have battled another king named Demetrius of India, probably
1496:
visited, there was no longer a major king, and the
Bactrians were under the suzerainty of the Yuezhi. Zhang Qian depicted a rather sophisticated but demoralised people who were afraid of war. Following these reports, the Chinese emperor
1368:: the central part of Bactria. The name "Daxia" appears in Chinese from the 3rd century BC to designate a little-known kingdom located somewhere west of China. This was possibly a consequence of the first contacts between China and the
687:
1209:
lost control of Bactria to nomadic invaders near the end of the 2nd century BC, at which point Greek political power ceased in Bactria, but Greek cultural influence continued for many more centuries. The Greco-Bactrians used the
1263:. For a short time, they wielded great power: a great Greek empire seemed to have arisen far in the East. But this empire was torn by internal dissension and continual usurpations. When Demetrius advanced far east of the
4622:
4627:
3021:. (2007). Edited by Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacher. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section Eight, Central Asia. Edited by Denis Sinor and Nicola Di Cosmo. Brill, Lieden; Boston. pp. 75–129.
1629:
era. In the Tang dynasty, the name is transcribed as Tuhuoluo (土豁羅). Other Chinese names are Doushaluo 兜沙羅, Douquluo 兜佉羅 or Duhuoluo 覩貨羅. During the 5th century AD, Bactria was controlled by the
1002:, were deported to Bactria for refusing to surrender assassins. In addition, Xerxes also settled the "Branchidae" in Bactria; they were the descendants of Greek priests who had once lived near
1702:
660:
have been used for irrigation for millennia. The land was noted for its fertility and its ability to produce most ancient Greek agricultural products, with the notable exception of olives.
1286:. By these wars, the dominant position of the Greeks was undermined even more quickly than would otherwise have been the case. After Demetrius and Eucratides, the kings abandoned the
696:
106:
3183:
2624:
85:
2773:
1746:, this had allowed the accumulation of vast amounts of wealth by the mostly nomadic population. The first proto-urban civilization in the area arose during the
294:. The extensive mountain ranges acted as protective "walls" on three sides, with the Pamir on the north and the Hindu Kush on south forming a junction with the
591:
4341:
3231:
1950:
747:
709:
3081:
3017:
Tremblay, Xavier (2007) "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia ― Buddhism among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th century." Xavier Tremblay. In:
1520:
are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the people of
4647:
4494:
1037:. In the south, beyond the Oxus, he met strong resistance, but ultimately conquered the region through both military force and diplomacy, marrying
1010:
and send them to Bactria. Persia subsequently conscripted Greek men from these settlements in Bactria into their military, as did Alexander later.
3365:
1395:
emperor to investigate lands to the west of China. The first mention of these events in European literature appeared in the 1st century BC, when
1076:
gained control over Bactria. Eventually, Alexander's empire was divided up among the generals in Alexander's army. Bactria became a part of the
990:
Under Persian rule, many Greeks were deported to Bactria, so that their communities and language became common in the area. During the reign of
4596:
1233:
2437:
987:, attempted to organize a national resistance but was captured by other warlords and delivered to Alexander. He was then tortured and killed.
2196:
1753:
Control of these lucrative trade routes, however, attracted foreign interest, and in the 6th century BC the Bactrians were conquered by the
865:
in the 19th century, however, which enabled actual Assyrian records to be read, historians have ascribed little value to the Greek account.
4652:
4551:
3176:
2521:
1006:(western Asia Minor) and betrayed the temple to him. Herodotus also records a Persian commander threatening to enslave daughters of the
4276:
3014:. (2020). Edited by Radhika Seshan. Mumbai: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, 2020 , pp. 187–228. ISBN 978-938-132418-9, (paperback).
4546:
3547:
2504:
2188:
Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts
3957:
3094:
3049:
3041:
3001:
2979:
2964:
2921:
2571:
2221:
2882:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250,
341:; it was a special satrapy, ruled by a crown prince or an intended heir. Bactria was the centre of Iranian resistance against the
4657:
4632:
2896:
3206:
2371:
After annexation to the Persian empire by Cyrus in the sixth century, Bactria together with Margiana formed the Twelfth Satrapy.
668:
Asian history. At certain times the political limits of Bactria stretched far beyond the geographic frame of the Bactrian plain.
4556:
3826:
3126:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Bactria
1646:
1577:(prince) of the Yuezhi, united the region in the early 1st century and laid the foundations for the powerful, but short-lived,
1528:
These contacts immediately led to the dispatch of multiple embassies from the Chinese, which helped to develop trade along the
448:, a Persian from Bactria, beginning the spread of the Persian language in the region and the decline of the Bactrian language.
1535:
788:(known to the ancient Greeks as the Oxus River), an area covering ancient Bactria. Its sites were discovered and named by the
4662:
4591:
4536:
3786:
3169:
3132:
1399:
described how "the Asii, Pasiani, Tokhari, and Sakarauli" had taken part in the "destruction of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom".
1387:("Greater Yuezhi") during subsequent decades. The Yuezhi had conquered Bactria by the time of the visit of the Chinese envoy
2843:
1694:
rulers. It eventually replaced the latter as the common language due to the preferential treatment as well as colonization.
4080:
3542:
1880:
and the Bactrians, and possibly other groups, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians and non-Iranian peoples. The
4541:
2147:
3123:
4642:
2994:
Baktrien zwischen Griechen und Kuschan. Untersuchungen zu kulturellen und historischen Problemen einer Übergangsphase.
1177:. Diodotus and his successors were able to maintain themselves against the attacks of the Seleucids—particularly from
1093:
346:
342:
1876:. Contemporary Tajiks are the descendants of ancient Eastern Iranian inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular, the
934:
3806:
1882:
2903:
The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing
1130:
4637:
4042:
3336:
3033:
2478:
1061:
917:
429:
418:
1018:
4489:
4062:
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3356:
3346:
3311:
404:
42:
2124:
4586:
4474:
4351:
4256:
4100:
3982:
3391:
3341:
3192:
2403:
1558:
1497:
1440:
1198:
1178:
1162:
2414:
2045:"Bactria: the History of a Forgotten Empire. By H. G. Rawlinson, M.A., I.E.S. Probsthain's Oriental Series"
4566:
4326:
3351:
3286:
2586:
2425:
2161:
1940:
1910:
1766:
1761:. These conquests marked the end of Bactrian independence. From around 304 BC the area formed part of the
1723:
1369:
1252:
1240:
1174:
1154:
1125:
754:
493:
369:
68:
4401:
4376:
4286:
3917:
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3118:
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1945:
1921:
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of coinage and introduced a native standard, no doubt to gain support from outside the Greek minority.
2706:
4510:
4336:
4183:
3718:
3516:
1857:
1376:
995:
326:
2928:
4576:
4366:
3791:
3781:
3511:
3436:
3008:"Between Hind and Hellas: the Bactrian Bridgehead (with an appendix on Indo-Hellenic interactions)"
2818:
2445:
1906:
1823:
1774:
1758:
1436:
1030:
980:
586:
350:
2729:
891:. It was in these regions, where the fertile soil of the mountainous country is surrounded by the
465:
The modern English name of the region is Bactria. Historically, the region was first mentioned in
407:
was formed. The Sasanians lost Bactria in the 4th century, but reconquered it in the 6th century.
4526:
4479:
4346:
4261:
4246:
4203:
4158:
4022:
3811:
3597:
3486:
3446:
3371:
3216:
2767:
2688:
2025:
1668:
1658:
1412:
1317:
until around 55 BC. Other sources, however, place the end of Strato II's reign as late as 10 AD.
1276:
1237:
1227:
1081:
1057:
1046:
645:
421:, was the common language of Bactria and surroundings areas in ancient and early medieval times.
373:
3064:
2939:
2640:
636:
mountain range to the south and east. On its western side, the region was bordered by the great
2289:
1309:. His successors managed to cling to power until the last known Indo-Greek ruler, a king named
317:, had created. It was once a small and independent kingdom struggling to exist against nomadic
4581:
3690:
3532:
3506:
3501:
3401:
3386:
3276:
3271:
3241:
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2975:
2960:
2917:
2680:
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2501:
2217:
2192:
2105:
2064:
1914:
1861:
1807:
1754:
1747:
1675:
1654:
1650:
1420:
1215:
1097:
960:
929:
913:
884:
728:
637:
513:
408:
338:
310:
247:
60:
2563:
2557:
2491:
Jakobsson, Jens. “The Greeks of Afghanistan Revisited.” Nomismatika Khronika (2007): page 17.
2186:
2004:"Ancestral Home of Indo-Aryan Peoples and Migration of Iranian Tribes to Southeastern Europe"
1218:
was also Hellenized, as suggested by its adoption of the Greek alphabet and Greek loanwords.
1188:
The Greco-Bactrians were so powerful that they were able to expand their territory as far as
750:(BMAC, also known as the "Oxus civilization") is the modern archaeological designation for a
4617:
4571:
4499:
4120:
4007:
3816:
3801:
3650:
3496:
3456:
3411:
3396:
2301:
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2056:
2015:
1975:
1853:
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1424:
1339:
1053:
968:
892:
862:
839:
793:
544:
437:
330:
322:
214:
1243:(205–171 BC), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquest of the Indus valley.
456:
4561:
4504:
4444:
4434:
4396:
4138:
3831:
3630:
3587:
3569:
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3211:
2741:
2508:
2100:
2083:
1845:
1841:
1819:
1762:
1149:
1101:
1077:
964:
869:
400:
377:
361:
291:
267:
146:
64:
1403:
subsequently mentioned the central role of the Tokhari among other tribes in Bactria. As
1905:
explores the possible sites of Bactrian cities that historians believe were founded by
4521:
4484:
4306:
4241:
4115:
3967:
3952:
3922:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3640:
3491:
3481:
3441:
3226:
3075:
2787:
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan : country studies
1970:
1955:
1869:
1849:
1815:
1814:
language. Bactrian became extinct, replaced by north-eastern Iranian languages such as
1583:
1306:
1287:
1232:
1211:
1182:
1139:
1109:
952:
904:
720:
649:
617:
605:
570:
509:
482:
441:
393:
318:
306:
4611:
4516:
4469:
4361:
4193:
4178:
4110:
3869:
3635:
3607:
3592:
3552:
3451:
3306:
3291:
3246:
3070:
2895:
Two volumes. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1969.
2798:
2029:
1793:
1715:
1578:
1539:
1314:
1007:
873:
396:
381:
3124:
Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley
2541:
2238:
4439:
4406:
4386:
4291:
4198:
4153:
4130:
4047:
3942:
3859:
3849:
3741:
3476:
3471:
3461:
3361:
3326:
3251:
3024:
Watson, Burton (trans.). "Chapter 123: The Account of Dayuan." Translated from the
1960:
1811:
1626:
1470:
1294:
1260:
1248:
1143:
1065:
888:
880:
789:
769:
758:
657:
536:
526:
425:
271:
3421:
2290:"Les représentations portraitistes des donateurs laïcs dans l'imagerie bouddhique"
2020:
2003:
3108:
2343:
The Persian Empire: Studies in geography and ethnography of the ancient Near East
1609:
means "place of" in Persian – appeared for the first time in the 4th century, in
1161:
Considerable difficulties faced by the Seleucid kings and the attacks of Pharaoh
4531:
4464:
4416:
4381:
4356:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4251:
4231:
4223:
4052:
4037:
3987:
3977:
3932:
3889:
3884:
3665:
3660:
3625:
3426:
3381:
3321:
3058:
2888:
2665:
2356:
1980:
1711:
1687:
1634:
1602:
1596:
1521:
1474:
1451:
1432:
1392:
1357:
1283:
1206:
877:
773:
732:
653:
574:
489:
474:
445:
364:
lost the region after the declaration of independence by the satrap of Bactria,
314:
283:
192:
2044:
1458:
17:
4411:
4236:
4168:
4163:
4090:
4072:
4032:
4017:
3997:
3962:
3947:
3909:
3899:
3874:
3841:
3728:
3655:
3615:
3431:
3331:
3261:
2929:"Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the
2162:"Aryan Homeland, Airyana Vaeja, in the Avesta. Aryan lands and Zoroastrianism"
2060:
1927:
1743:
1719:
1679:
1529:
1462:
1428:
1416:
1388:
1302:
1298:
1268:
1256:
1189:
1166:
976:
858:
781:
777:
751:
633:
365:
354:
279:
200:
196:
3147:
3134:
2684:
2254:
2109:
2068:
1524:, but with weak armies, and placing great value on the rich produce of China.
1282:
Most of them we know only by their coins, a great many of which are found in
4331:
4281:
4213:
4148:
4095:
4085:
4057:
3992:
3937:
3927:
3864:
3854:
3700:
3577:
3537:
3466:
3316:
3085:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–181.
2906:
2305:
1739:
1707:
1671:
had come to rule much of the Middle East and western areas of Central Asia.
1563:
1488:
1446:
1384:
1310:
1022:
Pre-Seleucid Athenian owl imitation from Bactria, possibly from the time of
999:
896:
785:
724:
629:
295:
275:
2830:
2546:
C. Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, 19 November 2007, ed. Andy Burnham
1682:
dynasty ruling in Tokharistan. The Umayyad forces captured the area around
403:, conquered western parts of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century, and the
321:. One of the early centres of Zoroastrianism, and capital of the legendary
3161:
1500:
was informed of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of
4391:
4371:
3972:
3796:
3710:
3645:
3416:
2084:"The Emergence Of Religious Views Is Exemplified By The Southern Regions"
1965:
1873:
1781:
1630:
1610:
1508:, and became interested in developing commercial relationship with them:
1501:
1466:
1375:
During the 2nd century BC, the Greco-Bactrians were conquered by nomadic
1073:
1042:
1023:
991:
972:
938:
847:
708:
Seated Goddess, an example of a "Bactrian princess", Bronze Age Bactria,
641:
560:
389:
35:
3113:
2692:
4271:
4266:
4208:
4143:
4027:
4012:
3879:
3756:
3746:
3695:
3301:
2860:
1785:
1551:
1547:
1517:
1505:
1400:
900:
828:
596:
516:
466:
436:
was centre of an Iranian Renaissance in the 8th and 9th centuries, and
117:
31:
2884:
pp. 99–129. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
1864:
on the other: it is thus in its natural and rightful place in Bactria.
1792:
tribes, an invasion that later brought about the rise of the powerful
1419:
and northern Afghanistan. The Tokhari spoke a language known later as
440:
as an independent literary language first emerged in this region. The
4173:
4105:
3736:
3670:
3582:
3296:
2786:
2597:
2474:
1877:
1868:
The principal religions of the area before the Islamic invasion were
1827:
1789:
1770:
1513:
1396:
1347:
1170:
1135:
1069:
1045:. He founded two Greek cities in Bactria, including his easternmost,
1038:
1034:
1003:
984:
908:
813:
548:
433:
385:
334:
302:
287:
132:
3007:
2272:
353:. After the death of Alexander, Bactria was annexed by his general,
1169:, the opportunity to declare independence about 245 BC and conquer
883:
around 2500–2000 BC. Later, it became the northern province of the
644:. The Amu Darya and smaller rivers such as (from west to east) the
376:, Kingdoms. By the second century BC, Bactria was conquered by the
4002:
3894:
3821:
3771:
3620:
3266:
3025:
2949:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD.
1735:
1731:
1701:
1683:
1664:
1557:
1534:
1483:
1457:
1445:
1427:. (The Tokhari and their language should not be confused with the
1380:
1326:
1275:, the latter ultimately being defeated according to the historian
1264:
1231:
1148:
1129:
1017:
956:
933:
843:
817:
805:
556:
455:
116:
2893:
Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang.
1201:
says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander...."
4426:
4188:
3236:
2666:"The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus"
2088:
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
1543:
1105:
821:
3165:
2880:
Bernard, Paul (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia." In:
3089:
Walbank, F.W. (1981). "The Hellenistic World". Fontana Press.
3074:
3063:. Reprint: New Delhi: Mushiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1973.
2829:), German version, tr. by Paul Baudisch, Kindler Verlag AG,
4623:
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
1637:, but was subsequently reconquered by the Sassanid Empire.
1581:. In the 3rd century AD, Tukhara was under the rule of the
899:
was said to have been born and gained his first adherents.
238:
235:
2972:
Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan
740:
Ancient bowl with animals, Bactria, 3rd–2nd millennium BC.
4628:
States and territories disestablished in the 10th century
2322:, vol. II (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 583.
1056:
tells us that Philip received dominion over Bactria, but
876:
who moved south-west into Iran and the north-west of the
223:
2789:
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, page 206
2707:"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XI Chapter 11"
1840:
Bactrian thus occupies an intermediary position between
2959:. Berkeley: University of California Press.(hardcover,
1714:
priest wearing a distinctive Bactrian-style headdress,
2987:
Da Alessandro a Menandro. Il regno greco di Battriana.
2641:"Origin of the Samanids – Kamoliddin – Transoxiana 10"
868:
According to some writers, Bactria was the homeland (
412:
301:
Called "beautiful Bactria, crowned with flags" by the
1997:
1995:
1690:, causing the Shahis to retreat to the Kabul Valley.
1512:
The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus:
226:
608:
232:
229:
220:
4457:
4425:
4222:
4129:
4071:
3908:
3840:
3727:
3709:
3606:
3568:
3561:
3525:
3199:
2500:UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile:
2318:David Testen, "Old Persian and Avestan Phonology",
1383:(160 BC). The Sakas were overthrown in turn by the
796:(1976). Bactria was the Greek name for Old Persian
217:
188:
166:
156:
142:
128:
50:
2957:Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria
1197:only of Bactria and beyond, but also of India, as
274:based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern
1454:is attributed to 1st century BC Sakas in Bactria.
444:was formed in Eastern Iran by the descendants of
1773:who had settled there following the conquest of
1765:, and from around 250 BC it was the centre of a
1888:
1838:
1510:
1194:
665:
559:Bactriana. The region was mentioned in ancient
1742:) passed through Bactria and, as early as the
1297:, this went even further. The Indo-Greek king
1041:, daughter of the defeated Satrap of Bactria,
530:
520:
349:in the 4th century BC, but eventually fell to
257:
251:
3177:
2803:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East
2620:
2618:
2608:
2606:
1435:between the 3rd and 9th centuries AD, or the
903:, the language of the oldest portions of the
599:
585:, itself meaning 'she who divides', from the
573:proposed that the region was named after the
286:. Bactria was strategically located south of
110:Approximate location of the region of Bactria
8:
2664:LITVINSKII, B. A.; PICHIKIAN, I. R. (1994).
2082:Yusupovich, Kushokov Safarali (2020-10-28).
1913:. The series also explores the pre-existing
975:formed the twelfth satrapy of Persia. After
842:), alleged that the legendary Assyrian king
808:), in what is now northern Afghanistan, and
2479:"Geography, Book 11, chapter 11, section 1"
2214:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
1625:(吐呼羅) which is first mentioned during the
1214:for administrative purposes, and the local
916:, and is the oldest attested member of the
3565:
3184:
3170:
3162:
3030:Records of the Grand Historian of China II
2772:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2748:. Originally Published: December 15, 1988.
2240:Bactria: The History of a Forgotten Empire
1491:. Based on the reports of Zhang Qian, the
1411:it included areas that were later part of
1379:tribes from the north, beginning with the
632:(ancient Oxus River) to the north and the
47:
4495:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
2099:
2019:
1391:(circa 127 BC), who had been sent by the
1356:) was the name given in antiquity by the
768:–1700 BC, located in present-day eastern
2391:
1920:The site was portrayed in the 2004 film
1259:mountains and began the conquest of the
804:) (named for its capital Bactra, modern
4342:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
3232:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2941:The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe
1991:
1951:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
994:, the inhabitants of the Greek city of
955:suggested that Bactria belonged to the
748:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
710:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
380:, and, in the early first century, the
127:
4597:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
2897:Several editions online at Archive.Org
2765:
2274:Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM
1686:, including the Buddhist monastery at
1516:and the possessions of Daxia and Anxi
1487:("Records of the Grand Historian") by
492:. The modern name is derived from the
2823:"Persien: bis zum Einbruch des Islam"
2612:Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition
2562:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
1181:, who was ultimately defeated by the
1112:became dominant for some time there.
282:, an area within the north of modern
183:
179:
165:
155:
151:
137:
7:
2952:Draft annotated English translation.
2758:John Haywood and Simon Hall (2005).
2049:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1799:Bactrians were recorded in Strabo's
1730:Several important trade routes from
1305:), recognized as a great conqueror,
1157:at its maximum extent, circa 180 BC.
1096:, especially Seleucus I and his son
278:) and north of the mountains of the
4552:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
3057:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India (
3012:Indo-Hellenic Cultural Transactions
2123:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
2101:10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-22
1780:The Greco-Bactrians, also known in
846:had defeated a Bactrian king named
812:was the Greek name for the Persian
628:The Bactrian plain lay between the
616:Bactria is the geographic location
305:, the region is considered, in the
4547:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
3548:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2974:. University of California Press.
2625:History of Buddhism in Afghanistan
2216:. Facts On File, Inc. p. 31.
2125:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
25:
4648:Historical regions of Afghanistan
3958:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
2357:"BACTRIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1450:The treasure of the royal burial
347:the fall of the Achaemenid Empire
27:Historical region in Central Asia
1621:was known in Chinese sources as
1116:Persians in previous centuries.
857:, or some 1000 years before the
695:
686:
368:; thus began the history of the
213:
91:
84:
4557:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
3827:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1757:, and in the 4th century BC by
1647:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
1481:The name Daxia was used in the
1064:to that role. At the Treaty of
92:
4592:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
4537:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
2849:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
2673:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
2320:Phonologies of Asia and Africa
2212:Higham, Charles F. W. (2004).
1769:, ruled by the descendants of
1352:
1321:Daxia, Tukhara and Tokharistan
1104:and founded a number of Greek
325:, Bactria is mentioned in the
1:
3543:Silk Road transmission of art
2909:: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1973.
2760:Peoples, nations and cultures
2255:"Bactria, Pre-Islamic period"
2243:. London: Probstain & co.
1205:The last Greco-Bactrian king
959:before its annexation to the
942:
851:
832:
762:
713:
663:According to Pierre Leriche:
388:within Bactrian territories.
311:sixteen perfect Iranian lands
4542:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1439:that form another branch of
1267:River, one of his generals,
1173:. He was the founder of the
1165:gave the satrap of Bactria,
1068:, both Diodorus Siculus and
861:. Since the decipherment of
521:
477:. This later developed into
413:
290:and the western part of the
252:
2914:From Aristotle to Zoroaster
2021:10.1051/shsconf/20185001237
2002:Saydali Mukhidinov (2018).
1663:By the mid-7th century AD,
1080:, named after its founder,
1049:(Alexandria the Furthest).
824:, in today's Turkmenistan.
820:, the capital of which was
4679:
4653:Historical regions of Iran
3006:Waghmar, Burzine. (2020).
2989:Pisa/Roma: Fabrizio Serra.
2345:. F. Steiner. p. 344.
2288:Tarzi, Zémaryalaï (2009).
2277:. Miho Museum. p. 45.
1644:
1594:
1566:, Bactria, 3rd century AD.
1554:, Bactria, 3rd century AD.
1465:taking leave from emperor
1225:
1123:
927:
827:The early Greek historian
577:(in Greek transliteration
497:
428:of Bactria began with the
313:" that the supreme deity,
40:
29:
4043:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
3034:Columbia University Press
2996:Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,
2970:Holt, Frank Lee. (2005).
2955:Holt, Frank Lee. (1999).
2905:. London, 1911. Reprint:
2825:(original English title:
2627:by Dr. Alexander Berzin,
2559:The Empire of the Steppes
2438:"Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom"
2237:Rawlinson, H. G. (1912).
2166:www.heritageinstitute.com
2061:10.1017/s0035869x00045470
1901:The six-part documentary
1343:
1052:After Alexander's death,
983:, the satrap of Bactria,
918:Eastern Iranian languages
595:'to divide' (whence also
519:. Other cognates include
309:faith, to be one of the "
184:
180:
176:
152:
138:
121:Ancient cities of Bactria
79:
74:
58:
4490:Mogao Christian painting
4063:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
3777:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
3767:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
2827:"The Heritage Of Persia"
2341:Herzfeld, Ernst (1968).
1469:, for his expedition to
1415:in Uzbekistan, southern
640:desert and the plain of
419:Eastern Iranian language
405:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
75:2500/2000 BC–900/1000 AD
43:Bactria (disambiguation)
30:Not to be confused with
4658:History of Central Asia
4633:Buddhism in Afghanistan
4587:Saksanokhur gold buckle
4475:Hephthalite silver bowl
4352:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
3392:Second Turkic Khaganate
3193:History of Central Asia
3082:Encyclopædia Britannica
3036:, 1993, pages 231–252.
2901:Beal, Samuel (trans.).
2556:Grousset, Rene (1970).
2532:Bernard (1994), p. 126.
2442:www.cemml.colostate.edu
2382:Holt (2005), pp. 41–43.
2331:Cotterell (1998), p. 59
2306:10.3406/ktema.2009.1754
2191:. Peeters. p. 25.
2185:Tavernier, Jan (2007).
2150:Retrieved 11 March 2023
1883:Encyclopædia Britannica
1562:Kushan worshipper with
1441:Indo-European languages
1199:Apollodorus of Artemita
1179:Antiochus III the Great
1163:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
941:tomb, Bactrian soldier
784:, centred on the upper
609:
531:
430:Muslim conquest of Iran
258:
4567:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
4327:Alexandria Prophthasia
3352:First Turkic Khaganate
3287:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3019:The Spread of Buddhism
2992:Posch, Walter (1995).
2866:Alexander's Lost World
2543:Silk Road, North China
2148:Asiatic Papers. Bactra
2008:SHS Web of Conferences
1941:History of Afghanistan
1911:Alexandria on the Oxus
1903:Alexander's Lost World
1893:
1866:
1767:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
1727:
1724:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
1678:attacked the Buddhist
1567:
1555:
1526:
1478:
1455:
1370:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1244:
1203:
1175:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1158:
1155:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1146:
1126:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1120:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1072:agree that the satrap
1027:
971:, after which it and
949:
755:archaeological culture
670:
600:
462:
168:• Disestablished
122:
69:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
4663:History of South Asia
4377:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
3752:Karsakpay inscription
3207:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
3065:Online at Archive.Org
2985:Omar, Coloru (2009).
2935:Second Draft Edition.
2916:, 1998; pages 57–59.
2844:"Tajikistan: History"
2746:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2711:penelope.uchicago.edu
2361:www.iranicaonline.org
2259:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1946:History of Uzbekistan
1833:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1812:north-eastern Iranian
1726:, 3rd-2nd century BC.
1705:
1641:Introduction of Islam
1561:
1538:
1461:
1449:
1307:converted to Buddhism
1301:(known as Milinda in
1235:
1152:
1133:
1021:
979:had been defeated by
937:
914:Old Iranian languages
459:
120:
4184:Kutlug Timur Minaret
3719:Noin-Ula burial site
3517:Chinese Central Asia
2938:Hill, John E. 2004.
2927:Hill, John E. 2003.
2600:, Former Han History
2404:Herodotus, 4.200–204
1806:The Bactrians spoke
1473:from 138 to 126 BC,
563:texts as बाह्लीक or
432:in the 7th century.
327:Behistun Inscription
107:class=notpageimage|
41:For other uses, see
4577:Siberian Ice Maiden
4367:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
3782:Petrovka settlement
3512:Soviet Central Asia
3437:Great Seljuq Empire
3148:36.7581°N 66.8989°E
3144: /
3109:Livius.org: Bactria
3032:(Revised Edition).
2912:Cotterell, Arthur.
2861:"David Adams Films"
2819:Richard Nelson Frye
2742:"Bactrian language"
2645:www.transoxiana.org
2043:J. K. (July 1913).
1907:Alexander the Great
1775:Alexander the Great
1759:Alexander the Great
1613:texts, such as the
1437:Tocharian languages
1313:, who ruled in the
1236:The founder of the
1014:Alexander The Great
981:Alexander the Great
895:, that the prophet
587:Proto-Indo-European
411:(natively known as
351:Alexander the Great
158:• Established
4643:Historical regions
4527:Buddhas of Bamiyan
4480:Chilek silver bowl
4347:Buddhas of Bamiyan
4023:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
3812:Talapty Settlement
3598:Filippovka kurgans
3487:Khanate of Bukhara
3447:Khwarazmian Empire
3372:Ikhshids of Sogdia
3217:Afanasievo culture
2809:, 2019, pp. 33-61.
2740:N. Sims-Williams.
2507:2009-01-03 at the
1896:In popular culture
1728:
1669:Rashidun Caliphate
1659:Anarchy at Samarra
1587:(Indo-Sasanians).
1568:
1556:
1479:
1477:mural, 618–712 AD.
1456:
1413:Surxondaryo Region
1247:The Bactrian king
1245:
1238:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1228:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1222:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1159:
1147:
1100:, established the
1047:Alexandria Eschate
1028:
950:
646:Shirin Tagab River
581:) from underlying
463:
384:was formed by the
298:towards the east.
123:
4605:
4604:
4582:Ai-Khanoum plaque
4453:
4452:
4257:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
3533:Central Asian art
3507:Russian Turkestan
3502:Chinese Turkestan
3402:Abbasid Caliphate
3366:Anxi Protectorate
3312:Kushano-Sasanians
3277:Macedonian Empire
3272:Achaemenid Empire
3242:Andronovo culture
3222:Sintashta culture
3055:Watters, Thomas.
2846:. 28 August 2023.
2833:1964, pp. 485–498
2271:Inagaki, Hajime.
2198:978-90-429-1833-7
2129:iranicaonline.org
1915:Oxus civilization
1852:on the one hand,
1748:2nd millennium BC
1706:Painted clay and
1676:Umayyad Caliphate
1655:Abbasid Caliphate
1651:Umayyad Caliphate
1431:who lived in the
1216:Bactrian language
1008:revolting Ionians
961:Achaemenid Empire
930:Bactria (satrapy)
924:Achaemenid Empire
912:, was one of the
885:Achaemenid Empire
729:Central Asian art
620:are named after.
417:, 'Iranian'), an
339:Achaemenid Empire
266:, was an ancient
206:
205:
61:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
4670:
4638:Buddhism in Iran
4572:Seal of Khingila
4500:Penjikent murals
4121:Kalai Kafirnigan
4008:Koi Krylgan Kala
3817:Turkistan (city)
3802:Steppe Geoglyphs
3566:
3497:Khanate of Khiva
3457:Chagatai Khanate
3412:Saffarid dynasty
3397:Uyghur Khaganate
3186:
3179:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:36.7581; 66.8989
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3086:
3078:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2816:
2810:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2670:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2444:. Archived from
2434:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2023:
1999:
1976:Greater Khorasan
1930:was found dying.
1571:Kujula Kadphises
1542:worshipper with
1429:Tocharian people
1425:Iranian language
1354:
1345:
1054:Diodorus Siculus
969:sixth century BC
947:
944:
893:Turan Depression
863:cuneiform script
856:
853:
840:Diodorus Siculus
837:
834:
794:Viktor Sarianidi
767:
764:
718:
715:
699:
690:
612:
603:
534:
524:
508:), which is the
499:
416:
372:, and later the
331:Darius the Great
323:Kayanian dynasty
270:civilization in
261:
255:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
95:
94:
88:
59:Province of the
48:
21:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4562:Afrasiab murals
4505:Sampul tapestry
4449:
4445:Shahr-e Sukhteh
4435:Bandian complex
4421:
4397:Musalla Complex
4277:Tapa-i Kafariha
4218:
4139:Cave of Dzhebel
4125:
4067:
3904:
3836:
3832:Araltobe kurgan
3723:
3705:
3631:Kizilgaha caves
3602:
3588:Pazyryk burials
3570:Southern Russia
3557:
3521:
3407:Tahirid dynasty
3377:Tokhara Yabghus
3282:Seleucid Empire
3257:Pazyryk culture
3212:Yamnaya culture
3195:
3190:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3105:
3100:
3076:"Bactria"
3069:
2876:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2817:
2813:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2764:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2509:Wayback Machine
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2415:Strabo, 11.11.4
2413:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2313:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2261:, vol. 3, 1998.
2252:
2248:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2094:(10): 143–145.
2081:
2080:
2076:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1937:
1898:
1763:Seleucid Empire
1738:(including the
1700:
1698:Bactrian people
1674:In 663 AD, the
1661:
1645:Main articles:
1643:
1599:
1593:
1323:
1230:
1224:
1128:
1122:
1102:Seleucid Empire
1090:
1088:Seleucid Empire
1078:Seleucid Empire
1016:
965:Cyrus the Great
945:
932:
926:
870:Airyanem Vaejah
854:
835:
765:
744:
743:
742:
741:
736:
716:
702:
701:
700:
692:
691:
680:
675:
626:
618:Bactrian camels
512:version of the
502:Romanized Greek
454:
378:Parthian Empire
345:invaders after
296:Karakoram range
292:Pamir Mountains
216:
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169:
159:
124:
115:
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103:
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65:Seleucid Empire
54:
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39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Bactrian people
15:
12:
11:
5:
4676:
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4522:Bimaran Casket
4519:
4514:
4511:Sogdian Daēnās
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:Gardez Ganesha
4482:
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4359:
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4319:
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4309:
4307:Takht-e Rostam
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4242:Dilberjin Tepe
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
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4156:
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4116:Takht-i Sangin
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
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4088:
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4077:
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4015:
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4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Guldursun-Kala
3965:
3960:
3955:
3953:Dalverzin Tepe
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Akchakhan-Kala
3920:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
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3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
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3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Dunhuang Caves
3678:
3676:Bezeklik Caves
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:Subashi Temple
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
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3492:Durrani Empire
3489:
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3482:Timurid Empire
3479:
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3469:
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3459:
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3309:
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3279:
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3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
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3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:Vakhsh culture
3224:
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3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3191:
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3188:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3116:
3114:Bactrian Coins
3111:
3104:
3103:External links
3101:
3099:
3098:
3087:
3073:, ed. (1911).
3071:Chisholm, Hugh
3067:
3053:
3028:by Sima Qian.
3022:
3015:
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2990:
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2887:Beal, Samuel (
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2629:Study Buddhism
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2115:
2074:
2055:(3): 733–735.
2035:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
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1971:Dalverzin Tepe
1968:
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1958:
1956:Bactrian camel
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1932:
1931:
1918:
1897:
1894:
1870:Zoroastrianism
1699:
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1642:
1639:
1615:Vibhasa-sastra
1595:Main article:
1592:
1589:
1504:, Bactria and
1322:
1319:
1288:Attic standard
1226:Main article:
1223:
1220:
1212:Greek language
1140:Greco-Bactrian
1124:Main article:
1121:
1118:
1110:Greek language
1089:
1086:
1015:
1012:
953:Ernst Herzfeld
928:Main article:
925:
922:
855: 2140 BC
800:(from native *
792:archaeologist
717: 2000 BC
704:
703:
694:
693:
685:
684:
683:
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676:
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650:Sari Pul River
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571:Wilhelm Eilers
483:Middle Persian
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442:Samanid Empire
370:Greco-Bactrian
333:as one of the
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4517:Oxus Treasure
4515:
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4470:Orlat plaques
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4362:Dasht-e Nawar
4360:
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4197:
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4194:Monjukli Depe
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Konye-Urgench
4177:
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4170:
4167:
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4122:
4119:
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4111:Takht-i Kuwad
4109:
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3870:Koshoy Korgon
3868:
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3662:
3659:
3657:
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3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Kumtura Caves
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3608:Western China
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Salbyk kurgan
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Arzhan kurgan
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3553:Serindian art
3551:
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3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Mongol Empire
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Ghurid Empire
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
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3413:
3410:
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3383:
3380:
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3375:
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3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Western Turks
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Kushan Empire
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Guiyi Circuit
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Median Empire
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Tagar culture
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:Bactrian Gold
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3095:0-006-86104-0
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3050:0-231-08167-7
3047:
3043:
3042:0-231-08164-2
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:3-447-03701-6
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:0-520-24553-9
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:0-520-21140-5
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:0-684-85596-8
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2799:Richard Foltz
2795:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:Strabo, 1.8.2
2583:
2580:
2575:
2573:0-8135-1304-9
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2448:on 2020-12-23
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:Herodotus 6.9
2422:
2419:
2416:
2411:
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2405:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:Chisholm 1911
2388:
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2376:
2372:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2223:0-8160-4640-9
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2160:Eduljee, Ed.
2156:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2130:
2126:
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2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
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2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
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1986:
1982:
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1934:
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1817:
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1802:
1797:
1795:
1794:Kushan Empire
1791:
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1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
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1716:Takhti-Sangin
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1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:– the suffix
1604:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:Kushan Empire
1576:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:Indo-European
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1315:Punjab region
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946: 470 BC
940:
936:
931:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:
875:
874:Indo-Iranians
871:
866:
864:
860:
849:
845:
841:
838:(followed by
836: 400 BC
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
760:
756:
753:
749:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
711:
707:
698:
689:
677:
672:
669:
664:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
621:
619:
614:
611:
607:
602:
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
494:Ancient Greek
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
458:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:King of Kings
395:
392:, the second
391:
387:
383:
382:Kushan Empire
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
254:
249:
243:
210:
202:
198:
194:
191:
189:Today part of
187:
175:
171:
161:
148:
145:
141:
134:
131:
119:
108:
87:
78:
73:
70:
66:
62:
57:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4509:
4440:Mount Khajeh
4407:Qala-i-Jangi
4387:Khair Khaneh
4292:Khair Khaneh
4199:Namazga-Tepe
4154:Anau culture
4131:Turkmenistan
4048:Tavka Kurgan
3943:Balalyk Tepe
3860:Burana Tower
3850:Aigyr-Zhal 2
3742:Issyk kurgan
3477:Kart dynasty
3472:Sufi dynasty
3462:Golden Horde
3387:Oghuz Yabgus
3362:Tang dynasty
3327:Hephthalites
3252:Uyuk culture
3129:
3080:
3056:
3052:(paperback).
3044:(hardback),
3029:
3018:
3011:
2993:
2986:
2971:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2913:
2902:
2892:
2881:
2865:
2855:
2848:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2802:
2794:
2782:
2759:
2753:
2745:
2736:
2725:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:
2701:
2676:
2672:
2659:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:
2635:
2628:
2593:
2582:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2537:
2528:
2522:Justin XLI,6
2515:
2496:
2487:
2470:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2446:the original
2441:
2432:
2421:
2410:
2399:
2387:
2378:
2370:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2253:P. Leriche,
2249:
2239:
2232:
2213:
2207:
2187:
2180:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:
2155:
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2118:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2011:
2007:
1961:Bactrosaurus
1922:
1909:, including
1902:
1889:
1881:
1867:
1839:
1831:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1779:
1752:
1729:
1692:
1673:
1662:
1635:Hephthalites
1627:Northern Wei
1622:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1527:
1511:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1471:Central Asia
1408:
1404:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1295:Indus valley
1292:
1281:
1273:Demetrius II
1261:Indus valley
1255:crossed the
1251:and his son
1249:Euthydemus I
1246:
1204:
1195:
1187:
1160:
1114:
1091:
1066:Triparadisus
1051:
1029:
989:
951:
907:
889:Central Asia
881:subcontinent
867:
826:
809:
801:
797:
780:and western
770:Turkmenistan
759:Central Asia
745:
737:
705:
666:
662:
658:Kunduz River
627:
615:
590:
582:
578:
569:
564:
552:
540:
505:
486:
478:
470:
464:
461:to the east.
426:Islamization
423:
359:
300:
272:Central Asia
263:
208:
207:
162:2500/2000 BC
4532:Kabul hoard
4465:Sokh snakes
4417:Surkh Kotal
4382:Haji Piyada
4357:Darra-e Kur
4322:Yemshi Tepe
4317:Tillya Tepe
4312:Tepe Fullol
4302:Tepe Narenj
4297:Tapa Sardar
4287:Fondukistan
4252:Tapa Shotor
4232:Tepe Fullol
4224:Afghanistan
4053:Toprak-Kala
4038:Shahrukhiya
3988:Kampir Tepe
3978:Itchan Kala
3933:Ancient Pap
3890:Shakh Fazil
3762:Krasnyi Yar
3666:Mogao Caves
3626:Kizil Caves
3562:Archaeology
3427:Farighunids
3382:Turk Shahis
3322:Alchon Huns
3151: /
2465:Walbank, 30
1981:Tillya Tepe
1712:Zoroastrian
1688:Nava Vihara
1603:Tokharistan
1597:Tokharistan
1591:Tokharistan
1475:Mogao Caves
1452:Tillia tepe
1433:Tarim Basin
1358:Han Chinese
1284:Afghanistan
1253:Demetrius I
1241:Demetrius I
1207:Heliocles I
1153:Map of the
1098:Antiochus I
1094:Macedonians
905:Zoroastrian
878:South Asian
776:, southern
774:Afghanistan
772:, northern
766: 2200
761:, dated to
733:Miho Museum
654:Balkh River
575:Balkh River
490:New Persian
475:Old Persian
446:Saman Khuda
438:New Persian
315:Ahura Mazda
307:Zoroastrian
284:Afghanistan
193:Afghanistan
172:900/1000 AD
4612:Categories
4412:Rag-i-Bibi
4237:Ai-Khanoum
4169:Gonur Depe
4164:Dev-Kesken
4101:Kafir-kala
4091:Ajina tepe
4073:Tajikistan
4033:Sarmishsay
4018:Kyzyl-Kala
3998:Khalchayan
3983:Kafir-kala
3963:Fayaz Tepe
3948:Burchmulla
3910:Uzbekistan
3900:Tash Rabat
3875:Manas Ordo
3842:Kyrgyzstan
3729:Kazakhstan
3432:Ghaznavids
3337:Ustrushana
3332:Tocharians
3262:Massagetae
3139:66°53′56″E
3136:36°45′29″N
2945:by Yu Huan
2931:Hou Hanshu
2807:Bloomsbury
2805:, London:
2716:2017-09-07
2650:2017-09-07
2452:2020-12-12
2366:2019-08-07
2300:(1): 290.
2171:2017-09-07
2134:2023-07-31
1928:Darius III
1858:Choresmian
1824:Ishkashimi
1744:Bronze Age
1720:Tajikistan
1710:head of a
1667:under the
1584:Kushanshas
1530:Silk Roads
1463:Zhang Qian
1417:Tajikistan
1389:Zhang Qian
1303:South Asia
1299:Menander I
1269:Eucratides
1257:Hindu Kush
1190:South Asia
1185:(190 BC).
1167:Diodotus I
1144:Eucratides
1082:Seleucus I
1033:conquered
977:Darius III
859:Trojan War
782:Tajikistan
778:Uzbekistan
752:Bronze Age
678:Bronze Age
634:Hindu Kush
535:). بلخ (
510:Hellenized
374:Indo-Greek
366:Diodotus I
355:Seleucus I
343:Macedonian
280:Hindu Kush
201:Uzbekistan
197:Tajikistan
4458:Artifacts
4332:Aq Kupruk
4282:Mes Aynak
4214:Ulug Depe
4149:Altyndepe
4096:Cyropolis
4086:Penjikent
4058:Varakhsha
3993:Kara Tepe
3938:Ayaz-Kala
3928:Akhsikath
3918:Afrasiyab
3865:Issyk-Kul
3855:Balasagun
3701:Beshbalik
3578:Sintashta
3538:Silk Road
3467:Ilkhanate
3422:Ma'munids
3317:Kidarites
2907:New Delhi
2768:cite book
2762:. London.
2685:0890-4464
2679:: 47–66.
2110:2689-100X
2069:1356-1863
2030:165176167
2014:: 01237.
1923:Alexander
1801:Geography
1740:Silk Road
1708:alabaster
1601:The form
1489:Sima Qian
1385:Da Yuezhi
1311:Strato II
1031:Alexander
1000:Cyrenaica
897:Zoroaster
786:Amu Darya
725:limestone
638:Carmanian
630:Amu Darya
624:Geography
606:Old Indic
537:Romanized
527:Romanized
506:Baktrianē
498:Βακτριανή
452:Etymology
362:Seleucids
335:satrapies
319:Turanians
276:Amu Darya
264:Bactriana
147:Antiquity
4392:Mundigak
4372:Firozkoh
4262:Shotorak
4081:Bunjikat
3973:Hazorasp
3797:Shilikty
3787:Boralday
3711:Mongolia
3646:Dunhuang
3417:Samanids
3347:Farghana
3200:Polities
3061:629–645)
2693:24048765
2505:Archived
1966:Bahlikas
1935:See also
1878:Sogdians
1874:Buddhism
1862:Parthian
1808:Bactrian
1782:Sanskrit
1755:Persians
1633:and the
1631:Xionites
1611:Buddhist
1502:Ferghana
1467:Han Wudi
1421:Bactrian
1074:Stasanor
1043:Oxyartes
1035:Sogdiana
1024:Sophytes
992:Darius I
973:Margiana
939:Xerxes I
848:Oxyartes
810:Margiana
721:chlorite
642:Margiana
561:Sanskrit
514:Bactrian
409:Bactrian
394:Sasanian
390:Shapur I
248:Bactrian
36:Bacteria
4618:Bactria
4337:Asqalan
4272:Bimaran
4267:Paitava
4209:Togolok
4144:Abiward
4028:Poykent
4013:Koktepe
3880:Navekat
3757:Kerderi
3747:Jankent
3696:Kashgar
3671:Tumshuq
3616:Bulayïq
3526:Culture
3342:Khuttal
3302:Xiongnu
2874:Sources
1886:states:
1854:Sogdian
1836:states:
1786:Yavanas
1623:Tuhuluo
1619:Tokhara
1552:Ohrmazd
1548:Serapis
1518:Parthia
1506:Parthia
1409:Tokhara
1405:Tukhara
1401:Ptolemy
1366:Tokhara
1362:Tukhara
1340:Chinese
1332:Ta-Hsia
1293:In the
1138:of the
1062:Amyntas
901:Avestan
829:Ctesias
814:satrapy
798:Bāxtriš
673:History
597:Avestan
583:Bāxtri-
579:Βάκτρος
565:Bāhlīka
545:Chinese
517:endonym
487:Baxl in
479:Bāxtriš
467:Avestan
337:of the
268:Iranian
209:Bactria
129:Capital
99:Bactria
51:Bactria
32:Baktria
4402:Nagara
4174:Jeitun
4106:Sarazm
3792:Sawran
3737:Begash
3691:Khotan
3686:Loulan
3297:Yuezhi
3093:
3048:
3040:
3010:. In:
3000:
2978:
2963:
2920:
2889:trans.
2831:Zürich
2691:
2683:
2598:Hanshu
2570:
2502:Pashto
2475:Strabo
2220:
2195:
2108:
2067:
2028:
1926:where
1860:, and
1846:Yidgha
1842:Pashto
1830:. The
1828:Pashto
1826:, and
1820:Yidgha
1790:Yuezhi
1771:Greeks
1657:, and
1573:, the
1564:Pharro
1540:Kushan
1514:Dayuan
1397:Strabo
1350::
1348:pinyin
1342::
1336:Ta-Hia
1277:Justin
1183:Romans
1171:Sogdia
1136:stater
1108:. The
1070:Arrian
1060:names
1058:Justin
1039:Roxana
1004:Didyma
985:Bessus
909:Avesta
802:Bāxçiš
790:Soviet
738:Right:
589:root *
549:pinyin
532:Bakhlo
504:term:
471:Bakhdi
434:Bactra
386:Yuezhi
303:Avesta
288:Sogdia
262:), or
259:Bakhlo
133:Bactra
67:, and
4247:Hadda
4003:Khiva
3895:Suyab
3885:Özgön
3822:Urpek
3807:Sumbe
3772:Otrar
3661:Rawak
3651:Miran
3621:Kucha
3026:Shiji
2689:JSTOR
2669:(PDF)
2564:29–31
2294:KTEMA
2026:S2CID
1987:Notes
1850:Munji
1816:Munji
1736:China
1732:India
1684:Balkh
1680:Shahi
1665:Islam
1607:-stan
1575:xihou
1498:Wu Di
1493:Shiji
1484:Shiji
1423:– an
1381:Sakas
1353:Dàxià
1334:, or
1327:Daxia
1265:Indus
1142:king
1134:Gold
1106:towns
998:, in
996:Barca
957:Medes
872:) of
844:Ninus
818:Margu
806:Balkh
706:Left:
610:bháj-
592:bhag-
557:Latin
553:Dàxià
522:βαχλο
414:ariao
253:βαχλο
53:Balkh
4427:Iran
4204:Nisa
4189:Merv
4159:Anau
3656:Niya
3237:Saka
3091:ISBN
3059:A.D.
3046:ISBN
3038:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2774:link
2681:ISSN
2568:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2106:ISSN
2065:ISSN
1872:and
1844:and
1810:, a
1734:and
1544:Zeus
1092:The
822:Merv
746:The
723:and
656:and
604:and
601:bag-
547:大夏 (
541:Balx
485:and
424:The
401:Iran
360:The
2943:魏略
2891:).
2302:doi
2096:doi
2057:doi
2016:doi
1784:as
1522:Han
1443:.)
1407:or
1393:Han
1364:or
1360:to
967:in
963:by
887:in
850:in
816:of
757:of
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