Infant formula - Knowledge (XXG)

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reached out to the manufacturer of the formula and to the Department of Health and Senior Services to provide any information we may have to help with the investigation." Wal-Mart said it pulled a batch of Enfamil from its stores nationwide that matched the size and lot number ZP1k7G of the formula that may have sickened the baby in Missouri, Gee said. The baby formula was purchased from a Wal-Mart in Lebanon, Missouri. After the purchase, a 10-day-old infant died from a rare bacterial infection, CNN affiliate KYTV reported. Authorities ran tests to determine if the death came from the formula, the water to make the formula or any other factor, said Mead Johnson Nutrition, the company that makes Enfamil. "We are highly confident in the safety and quality of our products – and the rigorous testing we put them through," said Chris Perille, a Mead Johnson Nutrition spokesman.

1411:. Several other formulas were released over the next few decades, but commercial formulas did not begin to seriously compete with evaporated milk formulas until the 1950s. The reformulation and concentration of Similac in 1951, and the introduction (by Mead Johnson) of Enfamil (for "infant milk") in 1959 were accompanied by marketing campaigns that provided inexpensive formula to hospitals and pediatricians. By the early 1960s, commercial formulas were more commonly used than evaporated milk formulas in the United States, which all but vanished in the 1970s. By the early 1970s, over 75% of American babies were fed on formulas, almost entirely commercially produced. 443:

not occur at all, and only drops are produced. Alternatively, despite a healthy supply, the woman or her family may incorrectly believe that her breast milk is of low quality or in low supply. These women may choose infant formula either exclusively or as a supplement to breastfeeding. New research is showing that mothers who report problems with milk production have physical markers indicating low milk production, calling into question the assumption (called “perceived insufficient milk supply” or PIMS) that mothers are incorrect about the quantity of milk they are producing.

225:, ethnicity or other characteristics. For example, according to a research conducted in Vancouver, Canada, 82.9% of mothers breastfeed their babies at birth, but the number differed between Caucasians (91.6%) and non-Caucasians (56.8%), with the difference essentially attributed to marital status, education and family income. In the United States, mothers of lower socio-economic status have been found less likely to breastfeed, although this may be partly related to adverse effects of government nutrition supplementation programs that provide subsidies for infant formula. 1325: 1225:

associate commissioner, Peter Pitts, asserts that the FDA's regulatory scheme is at least partially to blame for the shortage. Pitts states, "The difference between European baby formula and American baby formula, more or less, is that the labeling is different. The knot in getting that product into the U.S. isn't safety, it's a regulatory issue. I don't want to say it's a nitty issue, but it's certainly something the FDA could have jumped on a lot quicker."

737:. This is due to lack of clean water, lack of sterile conditions, lack of refrigeration, illiteracy (so written instructions cannot be followed), poverty (diluting formula so that it lasts longer), and lack of education of mothers by formula distributors. These problems and resulting disease and death are a key factor in opposition to the marketing and distribution of infant formula in developing countries by numerous 1229:

to walk back this recommendation by stating that it is a recommendation rather than a requirement, the USDA confirms that it will not reverse this recommendation, even amid the formula shortage. As a result, from October 2021 through May 2022, 16,459 cans of baby formula were destroyed by WIC clinics in Georgia and an unknown amount of baby formula cans were destroyed in North Carolina and other US States.

170:, which restated that "processed-food products for...young children should, when sold or otherwise distributed, meet applicable standards recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission", and also warned that "lack of breastfeeding—and especially lack of exclusive breastfeeding during the first half-year of life—are important risk factors for infant and childhood morbidity and mortality". 1321:'s "percentage method" (published in 1890) began to be distributed, and gained widespread popularity by 1907. These complex formulas recommended that parents mix cow's milk, water, cream, and sugar or honey in specific ratios to achieve the nutritional balance believed to approximate human milk reformulated in such a way as to accommodate the believed digestive capability of the infant. 33: 1277: 1835:

induction of softer stools, if they have the kidney immaturity and/or a poor ability to concentrate urine. A reduction of pathogens has been associated with the consumption of prebiotics. However, there was no evidence to support major clinical or long-term benefits. Therefore, there is little evidence of beneficial effects of prebiotics in dietary products.

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are plagued with confounding factors such as socioeconomic status, education level, and maternal preexisting conditions (such as obesity, which is associated with both low milk production and childhood obesity). When confounding factors are controlled for, differences between long-term health of breastfed and formula fed infants decrease.

1058:(BFHI) aims to reduce and eliminate this controversial practice; however, there is increasing criticism of the BFHI's rigidity in limiting use of infant formula, which can be an appropriate treatment for common conditions such as suboptimal intake jaundice, and may cause mothers to feel pressured or guilted into breastfeeding. 4015: 1830:

are undigestible carbohydrates that promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut. Human milk contains a variety of oligosaccharides believed to be an important factor in the pattern of microflora colonization of breastfed infants. Because of variety, variability, complexity and polymorphism of

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probiotic showed it helped some infants reduce symptoms of infant colic. The safety of probiotics in general and in infants, especially preterm infants, has been investigated in a limited number of controlled trials. The findings thus far suggest probiotics are generally safe, though the research is

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or, less frequently, prepared food for their babies, a process known as "dry nursing". Baby food composition varied according to region and economic status. In Europe and North America during the early 19th century, the prevalence of wet nursing began to decrease, while the practice of feeding babies

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Family members, such as mother's husband or boyfriend, or friends or other members of society may encourage the use of infant formula. For example, they may believe that breastfeeding will decrease the mother's energy, health, or attractiveness. Conversely, societal pressures to breastfeed can also

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The pressure to breastfeed in many cultures can be so much that the mother's mental health may take a sharp decline. This can have physical effects such as poor latching as well as milk depletion and a lack of connection to the child. In some cases it is better for the child to be formula fed so that

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The global infant formula market has been estimated at $ 7.9 billion, with North America and Western Europe accounting for 33% of the market and considered largely saturated, and Asia representing 53% of the market. South East Asia is a particularly large fraction of the world market relative to its

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in the Philippines in 1987, following the introduction in this country of regulations on infant formula advertising, but which did not address follow-on formulas (products that did not exist at the time of their drafting). Similarly, while infant formula advertising is illegal in the United Kingdom,

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The FORMULA Act is set to expire at the end of 2022, which will subsequently reinstate tariffs on foreign made formula. Experts worry that this will result in a repeat formula shortage for 2023. The CEO of the National Milk Producers Federation, a lobbying organization for dairy producers, wrote in

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Amid and prior to the formula shortages, Woman and Infant Children (WIC) centers in Georgia and North Carolina were disposing of infant formula. This was done under the USDA's recommendation that unused, returned WIC infant formula were to be disposed of upon return. Despite an attempt by the USDA

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In South Africa, there is a move towards plain packaging of infant formula under R 991 of the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act; as of 6 December 2013, Regulation 7 (Sale and Promotion) is force, whereas Regulations 2-6 (primarily with respect to labelling) are scheduled to come into force

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content, and untreated cow's milk is not recommended before the age of 12 months. The infant intestine is not properly equipped to digest non-human milk, and this may often result in diarrhea, intestinal bleeding and malnutrition. To reduce the negative effect on the infant's digestive system, cow's

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and other neurodevelopmental delays; however other studies have found no correlation. Causation, however, has not been established for negative long-term health effects of infant formula; studies analyzing health outcomes for breastfed vs. formula fed babies are primarily observational in nature and

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Some manufacturers have begun supplementing formula milk with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). The current evidence suggests that there may be little or no difference between formula milk with and without LCPUFA supplementation in terms of babies' visual function, physical growth or

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stated, "Today's action paves the way for companies who don't normally distribute their infant formula products in the U.S. to do so efficiently and safely. We anticipate that those products that can quickly meet safety and nutrition standards could hit U.S. stores in a matter of weeks." Former FDA

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to women able to breastfeed – this latter practice is particularly criticized because it can interfere with lactation, creating dependence on formula, without proper education on ensuring continued breast stimulation while formula is being used. In many countries free samples of infant formula have

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Nucleotides are compounds found naturally in human breast milk. They are involved in critical metabolic processes, such as energy metabolism and enzymatic reactions. Also, as the building blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), they are essential for normal body functions.

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The mother is unable to produce sufficient milk. In studies that do not account for lactation failure with obvious causes (such as use of formula and/or breast pumps), chronic lactation insufficiency affects around 10-15% of women. For about 5-8% of women, milk coming in (i.e., lactogenesis II) may

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Primary ingredients are blended in large stainless steel tanks and skim milk is added and adjusted to 60 °C. Then, fats, oils and emulsifiers are added. Additional heating and mixing may be required to get proper consistency. Next, minerals, vitamins, and stabilizing gums are added at various

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Infant formula costs are a significant fraction of the WIC program costs: 21% post-rebate and 46% pre-rebate. Formula manufacturers are granted a WIC monopoly in individual states. Meanwhile, breastfeeding rates are substantially lower for WIC recipients; this is partly attributed to formula being

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Manufacturers and health officials advise it is very important to measure powders or concentrates accurately to achieve the intended final product concentration; otherwise, the child will be malnourished. It is advisable that all equipment that comes into contact with the infant formula be cleaned

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One of the main global risks posed by breast milk specifically is the transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases. Breastfeeding by an HIV-infected mother poses a 5–20% chance of transmitting HIV to the baby. However, if a mother has HIV, she is more likely to transmit it to her child during

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Despite the recommendation that babies be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, less than 40% of infants below this age are exclusively breastfed worldwide. The overwhelming majority of American babies are not exclusively breastfed for this period—in 2005 under 12% of babies were breastfed

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Finally, infant formulas are heat treated to maintain the bacteriologic quality of the product. This can be done traditionally by either retort sterilization or high-temperature short-time (HTST) treatment. Recently, ultrahigh-temperature treated formula has become more commonly used. If powdered

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This is a process that protects against spoilage by eliminating bacteria, yeasts and molds. It involves quickly heating and then cooling of the product under controlled conditions which micro-organisms cannot survive. The batch is held at around 85–94 °C for approximately 30 seconds which is

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is illegal and stigmatized in some countries, and may not be available. It may also be socially unsupported, expensive, or health screening of wet nurses may not be available. The mother, her doctor, or family may not know that wet nursing is possible, or may believe that nursing by a relative or

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In particular, the use of infant formula in less economically developed countries is linked to poorer health outcomes because of the prevalence of unsanitary preparation conditions, including lack of clean water and lack of sanitizing equipment. A formula-fed child living in unclean conditions is

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Manufacturers state that the composition of infant formula is designed to be roughly based on a human mother's milk at approximately one to three months postpartum; however, there are significant differences in the nutrient content of these products. The most commonly used infant formulas contain

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would be required in addition. Retort sterilization is a traditional retort sterilization method that uses 10-15mins treatment at 118 °C. Ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) is a method that uses a brief (2–3 seconds) treatment at 142 °C. Because of the short time used, there is little protein

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caused severe vitamin deficiencies in babies. Babies who consumed the formula were hospitalized with cardiac and neurological symptoms. Three of them died, and at least twenty others were left with severe disabilities. An investigation revealed that the formula contained a much lower quantity of

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and the availability of the home icebox initiated a tremendous rise in the use of evaporated milk formulas. By the late 1930s, the use of evaporated milk formulas in the United States surpassed all commercial formulas, and by 1950 over half of all babies in the United States were reared on such

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At the dawn of the 20th century in the United States, most infants were breastfed, although many received some formula feeding as well. Home-made "percentage method" formulas were more commonly used than commercial formulas in both Europe and the United States. They were less expensive and were

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conducted a separate test and also detected traces of melamine in infant formula available in Canada. The melamine levels were well below Health Canada's safety limits, although concerns remain about the safety of manufactured food for infants and monitoring of potentially dangerous substances.

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The European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition found evidence to support short term effects of ingesting prebiotics on stool microflora of infants with increased in the number of bifidobacteria. Babies can be at risk of dehydration with the

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free of charge to mothers in the WIC program, who are of lower socio-economic status. Violations of federal policy have also been found in terms of infant formula company advertising using the WIC trademark, to reach both WIC and non-WIC participants. In recent years WIC has been expanding its

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in 1981 regarding infant formula marketing, including strict restrictions on advertising. Its implementation depends on the laws of different countries and the behavior of infant formula manufacturers – the code has no power itself. Legislation and corporate behavior vary significantly between

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In December 2011 Wal-Mart recalled a quantity of infant formula after a baby died in Missouri. "We extend our deepest condolences to this baby boy's family as they try to come to grips with their loss," said Dianna Gee, a Wal-Mart spokeswoman. "As soon as we heard what happened, we immediately

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Critics of the FDA's regulatory policy note that the regulatory scheme surrounding European formulas is not borne from a science-based desire to protect children, but rather an influence that the US dairy industry has on the agency. Critics also note that if there were an issue with European

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On July 6, 2022, the FDA announced that it would change its rules to allow foreign formula manufacturers to permanently import their goods into the U.S., potentially reducing the severity of the shortage. Critics of the FDA note that this does not remove the regulations entirely and that this

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of Executive Order 51, or RIRR). The new regulation was challenged by the infant formula industry in the Supreme Court. Initially the challenge was dismissed, but this decision was reversed following industry pressure and a controversial letter by American business leader Thomas Donahue, then

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in the newborn when the disease manifested in the mother within a few days of birth. In some cases these risks can be mitigated by using heat-treated milk and nursing for a briefer time (e.g. 6 months, rather than 18–24 months), and can be avoided by using an uninfected woman's milk, as via a

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Iron fortification was introduced because a large amount of iron (~80%) is used to expand the red blood cell mass in a growing infant. Infants with birth weights between 1500 and 2500g require 2 mg/kg of iron per day. Infants with weights of less than 1500g require 4 mg/kg per day.

1472:: “as with most consumer products, brand-name infant formulas cost more than generic brands. But that doesn't mean that brand-name formulas are better. Although manufacturers may vary somewhat in their formula recipes, the FDA requires that all formulas contain the same nutrient density.” 344:

which may be less present in breast milk than needed at high latitudes where there is less sun exposure), or inadequate nutrition during transition to solid foods. Risks can often be mitigated with improved diet and education of mothers and caregivers, including availability of macro and

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among newborns and infants to 6 months of age. This upswing in breastfeeding has been accompanied by a deferment in the average age of introduction of other foods (such as cow's milk), resulting in increased use of both breastfeeding and infant formula between the ages of 3–12 months.

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countries: at least 84 countries have enacted national legislation implementing all or many of the provisions of the Code and 14 countries have draft laws awaiting adoption; whereas elsewhere neither the Code nor its principles are followed by governments or formula manufacturers.

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Standardization is used to ensure that the key parameters like pH, fat concentration and vitamins and mineral content are correct. If insufficient levels of these are found, the batch is reworked to achieve appropriate levels. After this step, the batch is ready to be packaged.

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This is a process which increases emulsion uniformity and stability by reducing size of fat and oil particles in the formula. It is done with a variety of mixing equipment that applies shear to the product and this mixing breaks fat and oil particles into very small droplets.

595:— responsible for 90–99% of the infant formula market in that country. The levels were much less than those reported in China, where levels of melamine contamination had reached as much as 2,500 parts per million, about 10,000 times higher than the recorded US levels. The 467:

In developing countries, environmental contaminants associated with increased health risks from use of infant formula, particularly diarrhea due to unclean water and lack of sterile conditions – both prerequisites to the safe use of formula – often outweigh any risks from

1394:. This formula was made available to mothers only by physicians. In 1919, milkfats were replaced with a blend of animal and vegetable fats as part of the continued drive to closer simulate human milk. This formula was called SMA for "simulated milk adapted." 309:

In balancing the risks, such as cases where the mother is infected with HIV, a decision to use infant formula versus exclusive breastfeeding may be made based on alternatives that satisfy the “AFASS” (Acceptable, Feasible, Affordable, Sustainable and Safe)

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is a globular, multifunctional protein that has antimicrobial activity. Compared to human milk, cow's milk has a signifactly lower levels of lysozyme and lactoferrin; therefore, the industry has an increasing interest in adding them into infant formulas.

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Mamiro PS, Kolsteren P, Roberfroid D, Tatala S, Opsomer AS, Van Camp JH (September 2005). "Feeding practices and factors contributing to wasting, stunting, and iron-deficiency anaemia among 3-23-month old children in Kilosa district, rural Tanzania".

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Besides breast milk, infant formula is the only other milk product which the medical community considers nutritionally acceptable for infants under the age of one year (as opposed to cow's milk, goat's milk, or follow-on formula). Supplementing with

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Bosheva, Miroslava; Tokodi, Istvan; Krasnow, Aleksander; Pedersen, Helle Krogh; Lukjancenko, Oksana; Eklund, Aron C.; Grathwohl, Dominik; Sprenger, Norbert; Berger, Bernard; Cercamondi, Colin I.; 5 HMO Study Investigator Consortium (July 6, 2022).

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In parallel with the enormous shift (in industrialized nations) away from breastfeeding to home-made formulas, nutrition scientists continued to analyze human milk and attempted to make infant formulas that more closely matched its composition.

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Research on risks from chemical pollution is generally inconclusive in terms of outweighing the benefits of breastfeeding. Studies supported by the WHO and others have found that neurological benefits of breast milk remain, regardless of dioxin

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in 1981, requires infant formula companies to preface their product information with statements that breastfeeding is the best way of feeding babies and that a substitute should only be used after consultation with health professionals. The

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a better bond can be made between mother and child rather than the ‘special bond’ that comes from breastfeeding being tainted by negative breastfeeding experiences. The pressure to breastfeed in many cultures can increase the likelihood of

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Breastfeeding may be forbidden, discouraged or difficult at the mother's job, school, place of worship or in other public places, or the mother may feel that breastfeeding in these places or around other people is immodest, unsanitary, or

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Protein hydrolysate formulas contain protein that's been broken down into smaller sizes than are those in cow's milk and soy-based formulas. Protein hydrolysate formulas are meant for babies who do not tolerate cow's milk or soy-based

5139:"Submission by the U.S. Dairy Export Council and the National Milk Producers FederationRegarding United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement: Likely Impact on the U.S. Economy andon Specific Industry Sectors (Investigation No. TPA-105-003)" 786:

protein balance to one closer to human milk, the addition of several essential ingredients (often called "fortification", see below), the partial or total replacement of dairy fat with fats of vegetable or marine origin, etc.

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epidemic in some developed countries due to their marketing and flavoring practices. The drinks are also expensive. Although usually not quite as expensive as infant formula, they can cost four times the price of cow's milk.

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Infant formula is one of the top three consumer commodities in the Philippines, and among the most imported products. Annual sales amount to some US$ 469 million annually. US$ 88 million is spent on advertising the product.

6086:"Effects of feeding ultrahigh-temperature (UHT)-treated infant formula with different protein concentrations or powdered formula, as compared with breast-feeding, on plasma amino acids, hematology, and trace element status" 1414:

When birth rates in industrial nations tapered off during the 1960s, infant formula companies heightened marketing campaigns in non-industrialized countries. The poor sanitation in these countries led to steeply increased

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in 1845. As early as 1846, scientists and nutritionists noted an increase in medical problems and infant mortality was associated with dry nursing. In an attempt to improve the quality of manufactured baby foods, in 1867,

214:, including exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, is widely advocated as "ideal" for babies and infants, both by health authorities—and accordingly in ethical advertising of infant formula manufacturers. 142:

as a protein source in place of cow's milk (mostly in the United States and Great Britain) and formulas using protein hydrolysed into its component amino acids for infants who are allergic to other proteins. An upswing in

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Infant formula marketing has been regulated since the 1987 Executive Order 51 or "Milk Code", which regulated, but did not ban, practices such as advertising and providing free samples. Shortly after it was enacted,

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Compared to human breast milk, cow's milk has lower levels of the nucleotides uridine, inosine, and cytidine. Therefore, several companies that produce infant formula have added nucleotides to their infant formulas.

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In the United Kingdom, infant formula advertising has been allowed since 1995; advertising for "follow-on formula" is legal, which has been cited as a loophole allowing advertising of similarly packaged formula.

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guidelines. Doctors and midwives are encouraged to promote feeding babies formula milk, advertising also targets mothers directly. Babies get sick and sometimes die because poor mothers cannot sterilize bottles.

6147:"Effectiveness and Safety of a Probiotic-Mixture for the Treatment of Infantile Colic: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial with Fecal Real-Time PCR and NMR-Based Metabolomics Analysis" 1233:

shortage has been self-imposed by the FDA from the start. Additionally, critics note that if a formula maker passes EU regulations, this should be good enough for the FDA to allow importation of that formula.

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Infant formulas come in powder, liquid concentrate, and ready-to-feed forms. They are designed to be prepared by the parent or caregiver in small batches and fed to the infant, usually with either a cup or a

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among infants fed the often contaminated formula. Additionally, a WHO has cited over-diluting formula preparations as resulting in infant malnourishment. Organized protests, the most famous of which was the

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formulas for infants with milk protein sensitivity. Lactose is also not present in soy-based formulas. Therefore, those formulas without lactose will use other sources of carbohydrates, such as sucrose and

3833:"Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals" 3752:

Sadauskaite-Kuehne V, Ludvigsson J, Padaiga Z, Jasinskiene E, Samuelsson U (2004). "Longer breastfeeding is an independent protective factor against development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood".

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Feldman-Winter, Lori; Kellams, Ann; Peter-Wohl, Sigal; Taylor, Julie Scott; Lee, Kimberly G.; Terrell, Mary J.; Noble, Lawrence; Maynor, Angela R.; Meek, Joan Younger; Stuebe, Alison M. (April 1, 2020).

990:: Ingredients added to prevent the separation of the oil from the water (and its soluble components) in the infant formula. Some commonly used emulsifiers include monoglycerides, diglycerides, and gums. 647:

than is needed for healthy infant development because of a manufacturing error. Humana's chief food technologist received a 30-month prison sentence for negligent manslaughter in February 2013 over the

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exclusively for the first 6 months, with over 60% of babies of 2 months of age being fed formula, and approximately one in four breastfed infants having infant formula feeding within two days of birth.

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In 2017, Thailand banned advertising for infant formula. Initially a ban on advertising for toddler formula was also proposed, but was dropped after the intervention of United States trade officials.

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to home-made formulas. Bacterial infections associated with formula remained a problem more prevalent in the United States than in Europe, where milk was usually boiled prior to use in formulas.

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As a result of the shortages, on May 16, 2022, the FDA announced that it would temporarily ease enforcement of some labeling rules to allow the importation of foreign formulas. FDA Commissioner

1217:(FDA) processes delaying approval of otherwise safe infant formula from Europe or other sources abroad, which might otherwise have eased demand for infant formula tensions in the United States. 572:. Large quantities of melamine were added to watered-down milk to give it the appearance of having adequate protein levels. Some of those responsible for the poisoning were sentenced to death. 505:

Use of infant formula has been cited for association with numerous increased health risks. Studies have found infants in developed countries who consume formula are at increased risk for acute

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is commonly used as the primary diluent in milk-based liquid formula to provide the bulk of the volume. In contrast, purified water is the most commonly used diluent in milk-free formulations.

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as infant formula. Critics have argued that follow-on and toddler formulas were introduced to circumvent the regulations regarding infant formula and have resulted in confusing advertising.

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However studies have shown that the greatest risk period for adverse effects from environmental exposures is prenatally. Other studies have further found that the levels of most persistent

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follow-on formula advertising is legal, and the similar packaging and market results in follow-on advertisements frequently being interpreted as advertisements for formula. (See also

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on 6 December 2014. One of the key requirements as per Regulation 3.1.A.iii is a conspicuous message stating “his product shall only be used on the advice of a health professional”.

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This trend was driven by cultural changes as well as increased sanitation measures, and it continued throughout the 19th and much of the 20th century, with a notable increase after

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The mother may dislike breast-feeding or find it inconvenient. In addition, breastfeeding can be difficult for victims of rape or sexual abuse; for example, it may be a trigger for

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began to be widely commercially available at low prices, and several clinical studies in the period suggested that breastfed babies and babies fed evaporated milk equally thrived.

269:, which may have removed or disconnected all milk-producing parts of the breast. She is taking any kind of drug that could harm the baby, including both prescription drugs such as 5104: 2060:"Infant Formula With a Specific Blend of Five Human Milk Oligosaccharides Drives the Gut Microbiota Development and Improves Gut Maturation Markers: A Randomized Controlled Trial" 4369: 1567: 1424:

of 1977, called for an end to unethical marketing. This boycott is ongoing, as the current coordinators maintain that Nestlé engages in marketing practices which violate the

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are frequently used for infants allergic to cow's milk or lactose. Soy-based formulas can also be useful if the parent wants to exclude animal proteins from the child's diet.

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brand powder infant formulas that were sold in the United States, Guam, Puerto Rico and some Caribbean countries. The recall was issued after the presence of a 'small common

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ratio was made similar to human milk because producers were aware that human milk contains a higher ratio of whey protein, and cow's milk contains a higher ratio of casein.

631:. Formulas produced by Syntex had previously been subject to a major recall as they were found to have insufficient chloride to support normal infant growth and development. 958:

HMOs are naturally occurring sugars found in human breast milk, they improve the immune system and act as nutrients to beneficial gut bacteria. Some manufacturers also use

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In Canada, New Zealand and elsewhere, public concerns have been raised over the continued sale and marketing of soy-based formulae potentially containing high levels of

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the oligosaccharide composition and structure, it is currently not feasible to reproduce the oligosaccharide components of human milk in a strictly structural fashion.

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points, depending on their sensitivity to heat. The batch is temporarily stored and then transported by pipelines to pasteurization equipment when mixing is complete.

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by the government: at least one third of the American market is supported by the government, with over half of infant formula sold in the country provided through the

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can cause illness in all age groups, infants are believed to be at greatest risk of infection. Between 1958 and 2006, there have been several dozen reported cases of

5677: 98:(FFDCA) defines infant formula as "a food which purports to be or is represented for special dietary use solely as a food for infants by reason of its simulation of 4880: 2117: 930:

Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for growing infants, as they account for 35 to 42% of their daily energy intake. In most cow's milk-based formulas,

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of infant formula, not access to it, parents have complained of being lectured or made to sign waivers implying formula would harm their babies in BFHI hospitals.

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was ordered to pay $ 27 million in compensation for the deaths of two American infants who suffered brain damage after drinking the company's baby formula, called

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Baldassarre, M. E.; Di Mauro, A.; Tafuri, S.; Rizzo, V.; Gallone, M. S.; Mastromarino, P.; Capobianco, D.; Laghi, L.; Zhu, C.; Capozza, M.; Laforgia, N. (2018).

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and bacterial infections than breastfed babies. By 1920, the incidence of scurvy and rickets in formula-fed babies had greatly decreased through the addition of

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were given the baby formula, called Neo-mull-soy, when they were infants ... In 1978, Syntex eliminated salt from the formula, a move that Hayes said caused ...

568:, where milk was deliberately adulterated with the chemical, leading to the death of six babies, and illnesses in more than 300,000 infants, including cases of 430:

lead to mental health issues. A sense of shame from not being able to or struggling to do so equalling being a failure has a connection to Postpartum Depression

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is the main source of carbohydrates present, but lactose is not present in cow's milk-based lactose-free formulas nor specialized non-milk protein formulas or

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was captured by Wabanaki in 1725 and a Native American woman showed Hanson how to make this infant formula and she included this in her captivity narrative.

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Carvalho, R.S., Michail, S., Ashai-Khan, F., Mezoff, A.G. (2008). An Update on Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition: A Review of Some Recent Advances.

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Breastfeeding: Some Strategies Used to Market Infant Formula May Discourage Breastfeeding; State Contracts Should Better Protect against Misuse of WIC Name

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The manufacturing process may differ for different types of formula made; therefore the following is the general procedure for liquid-milk based formulas:

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Almeida, Cristine Couto, et al. "Bioactive compounds in infant formula and their effects on infant nutrition and health: a systematic literature review."

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is unpaid, insufficient, or lacking. The mother's employment interferes with breastfeeding. Mothers who breastfeed may experience a loss of earning power.

5173: 3377:"A common genetic variant in zinc transporter ZnT2 (Thr288Ser) is present in women with low milk volume and alters lysosome function and cell energetics" 1869: 1658:

Protein was added because it was believed cow's milk protein content was lower than human milk protein content; protein at 3.3–4.0 g/100 kcal was added.

1206: 5826: 4901: 5569:

Levenstein H (June 1983). ""Best for babies" or "preventable infanticide"? The controversy over artificial feeding of infants in America, 1880-1920".

5073: 3054:"Effects of work-related factors on the breastfeeding behavior of working mothers in a Taiwanese semiconductor manufacturer: a cross-sectional survey" 1783:

Packaging depends on manufacturer and type of equipment used, but in general, liquid formula is filled into metal cans with lids crimped into place.

1198: 182:

than a breastfed child. Rarely, use of powdered infant formula (PIF) has been associated with serious illness, and even death, due to infection with

5632:

Marriott WM, Schoenthal L (1929). "An experimental study of the use of unsweetened evaporated milk for the preparation of infant feeding formulas".

5145: 3477:

Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding.

1710:

Nucleotide fortification was introduced into infant formula because nucleotides can act as growth factors and may enhance the infant immune system.

1570:) are attempting to reduce the use of infant formula and increase the prevalence of breastfeeding from birth through 12 to 24 months of age through 778:

milk used for formula undergoes processing to be made into infant formula. This includes steps to make protein more easily digestible and alter the

2433: 5845: 5487: 3375:

Rivera, Olivia C.; Geddes, Donna T.; Barber-Zucker, Shiran; Zarivach, Raz; Gagnon, Annie; Soybel, David I.; Kelleher, Shannon L. (June 1, 2020).

4784: 4751: 3555:

Brouwer, A., et al. Report of the WHO Working Group on the Assessment of Health Risks for Human Infants from Exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs,

2781: 1202: 4960: 6741: 5913: 5553: 5464: 5417: 5059: 4379: 4165: 3452: 2694:

Schleiss MR (2006). "Acquisition of human cytomegalovirus infection in infants via breast milk: natural immunization or cause for concern?".

2006: 962:

as a modern infant formula supplement to give additional health benefits to their products; however, they are not found all types of formula.

4686: 151:(including cow's milk), resulting in both increased breastfeeding and increased use of infant formula between the ages of 3- and 12-months. 6512: 6387: 95: 5453:

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Committee on the Evaluation of the Addition of Ingredients New to Infant Formula (2004).

4594: 3898: 3520:

Rogan WJ, Blanton PJ, Portier CJ, Stallard E (June 1991). "Should the presence of carcinogens in breast milk discourage breast feeding?".

5724:

Pomeranz JL, Romo Palafox MJ, Harris JL (April 2018). "Toddler drinks, formulas, and milks: Labeling practices and policy implications".

4492:"What Women Really Think About Breastfeeding and Breast Pumping: A Qualitative Analysis of Women Who Deliver at a Baby-Friendly Hospital" 6768: 6680: 5705: 4385: 4059: 401:. The mother has left the child in the care of another person for an extended period of time, such as while traveling or working abroad. 4042: 6313:

Martin, Camilia R., Pei-Ra Ling, and George L. Blackburn. "Review of infant feeding: key features of breast milk and infant formula."

3104: 2302: 1987:

Institute of Medicine; Food Nutrition Board; Committee on the Evaluation of the Addition of Ingredients New to Infant Formula (2004).

1084: 5221: 1990:

3 Comparing Infant Formulas with Human Milk - Infant Formula: Evaluating the Safety of New Ingredients - The National Academies Press

1054:

been provided to hospitals for decades; infant formula is often the only product routinely provided free of charge to hospitals. The

4130: 3675: 1588: 1515: 1093: 1055: 4611: 3156:"Antenatal education and postnatal support strategies for improving rates of exclusive breast feeding: randomised controlled trial" 5887: 2740: 4919: 1968: 1241:

a letter to Congress and the Biden administration to allow for the reinstatement of tariffs on foreign baby formula to commence.

460:

compounds in human milk decreased significantly over the past three decades and equally did their exposure through breastfeeding.

4669: 947:. Lactose is not only a good source of energy, it also aids in the absorption of the minerals magnesium, calcium, zinc and iron. 6447: 6380: 4402: 2891: 245: 3608:"Excessive Leucine-mTORC1-Signalling of Cow Milk-Based Infant Formula: The Missing Link to Understand Early Childhood Obesity" 1087:

banned the advertising of infant formula and the practice of providing free samples, regardless of intended age group (in the

6342: 5943: 4877: 1163: 795: 494:

may not be available, as few exist, and many countries cannot provide the necessary screening for diseases and refrigeration.

1009:

The policy, regulatory and industry environments surrounding the infant formula market vary tremendously between countries.

769:

Although cow's milk is the basis of almost all infant formula, plain cow's milk is unsuited for infants because of its high

3205:"Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology" 2839: 1555:

population. Infant formula is the largest segment of the baby food market, with the fraction given as between 40% and 70%.

7072: 6442: 3318:

Murase, Masahiko; Wagner, Erin A.; Chantry, Caroline J.; Dewey, Kathryn G.; Nommsen-Rivers, Laurie A. (February 1, 2017).

1591:(BFHI) also restricts use by hospitals of free formula or other infant care aids provided by formula companies. (See also 361: 5801: 2766:

Infant Feeding Options Recommended for Mothers with HIV: Are they acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe?

2328: 1578:

programs, and the policy environment surrounding their implementation, vary by country. As a policy basic framework, the

1483:

Follow-on or toddler formulas are sold for ages 6 months to 3 years (when infants are typically breastfed). In the US, a

1162:

According to surveys, over 70% of large U.S. hospitals dispense infant formula to all infants, a practice opposed by the

6625: 6522: 6298: 6204: 5124: 5109: 5011: 1810:

Randomized, controlled trials completed in the 2000s have shown limited and short term clinical benefits for the use of

1465: 1214: 1209:

in the United States, as of May 2022. This contrasts with far less severe shortages of infant formula around the globe.

791: 580: 530: 6308: 5105:"FDA Developing New Framework for Continued, Expanded Access to Infant Formula Options for U.S. Parents and Caregivers" 5026: 6928: 6325: 4323:

Lutz RH (March 1, 1941). "The Collapse of German Democracy under the Brüning Government March 30, 1930-May 30, 1932".

1563: 1333:

widely believed to be healthier. However, formula-fed babies exhibited more diet-associated medical problems, such as

5349: 1956: 766:, and most babies begin supplementing about the time their first teeth appear, usually around the age of six months. 4083: 541:

when compared to infants who are breastfed. Some studies have found an association between infant formula and lower

285:

infection poses potentially dangerous consequences for pre-term babies. Other risks include mother's infection with

228:

The use of hydrolysed cow milk baby formula versus standard milk baby formula does not appear to change the risk of

6620: 959: 952: 323: 135: 4941: 1475:

Similarly, in Canada all infant formulas regardless of brand are required to meet standards set by Health Canada.

6999: 6615: 6482: 3981:

Calls for national infant formula recall spread: Worried parents look for guidance after traces of melamine found

1874: 1559: 1105: 1049:

Practices that are banned in the Code include most advertising, claiming health benefits for formula, and giving

559: 538: 450: 155: 1398: 7009: 6532: 3952: 3435:

Przyrembel H, Heinrich-Hirsch B, Vieth B (2002). "Exposition to and Heal Theffects of Residues in Human Milk".

1879: 1638:

A powder form of infant formula was introduced, containing cow's milk, lactose, oleo oils, and vegetable oils.

1440:(or store brands) of infant formula were introduced in the United States in 1997, first by PBM Products. These 1080:

introduced "follow-on formula", which was not in the purview of the Milk Code which predated its market entry.

703: 139: 5616: 4722: 4633: 3993: 725:

In developing countries, formula is frequently prepared improperly, resulting in high infant mortality due to

94:-feeding or cup-feeding from powder (mixed with water) or liquid (with or without additional water). The U.S. 4767: 3493:"Healthy Milk, Healthy Baby – Chemical Pollution and Mother's Milk – Chemicals: Dioxins and Furans" 3000:"Breastfeeding and Postpartum Depression: An Overview and Methodological Recommendations for Future Research" 2430: 1317:

As physicians became increasingly concerned about the quality of such foods, medical recommendations such as

138:, which are beneficial for immune development and a healthy gut microbiota in babies. In addition, there are 7062: 7052: 6527: 6362: 5187: 5007:"FDA Encourages Importation of Safe Infant Formula and Other Flexibilities to Further Increase Availability" 1575: 1183: 1167: 5940:"My "Baby Friendly" Hospital Harmed My Baby: How Hospitals Can Do Better | National Women's Health Network" 3570: 7082: 6758: 4980: 4785:"The U.S. Government Defended the Overseas Business Interests of Baby Formula Makers. Kids Paid the Price" 1919: 1700:

fortification was introduced because newborn infants lack the enzymes needed to convert and form taurine.

1324: 3320:"The Relation between Breast Milk Sodium to Potassium Ratio and Maternal Report of a Milk Supply Concern" 2645:"Human breast milk and antiretrovirals dramatically reduce oral HIV-1 transmission in BLT humanized mice" 1253:

and other Native American tribal nations of North America made an infant formula from nuts and cornmeal.

713:

Specialized formulas are also available for premature infants and those with specific medical conditions.

7067: 6517: 2111: 1815: 1583: 1038: 542: 372: 222: 184: 5437: 4546: 2259: 134:-mineral mix, and other ingredients depending on the manufacturer. Modern infant formulas also contain 5491: 2782:"Contraindications to Breastfeeding or Feeding Expressed Breast Milk to Infants | Breastfeeding | CDC" 1237:

formulas, the issue would be widespread among the European babies that regularly consume the formula.

1147:, nor is it being systematically implemented by manufacturers for domestic marketing—and even heavily 7077: 6736: 6675: 6575: 6549: 6367: 4490:

Howard, Tera F.; Hinten, Brittany; Ott, Corilyn Mae; Ye, Yuanfan; Tita, Alan T.N. (January 1, 2022).

3476: 1721: 1250: 700:

Cow's milk formula is the most commonly used type. The milk has been altered to resemble breast milk.

569: 5890:(Press release). United States Department of Health and Human Services. June 4, 2006. Archived from 2456:"Hydrolysed formula and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: systematic review and meta-analysis" 7004: 6989: 5917: 4957: 1628:

A formula containing wheat flour, cow's milk, malt flour, and potassium bicarbonate was developed.

1318: 652: 600: 584: 345:

micronutrients. For example, in Canada, marketed infant formulas are fortified with vitamin D, but

2765: 1285: 6497: 6357: 5984: 5749: 5586: 5433: 5192: 4697: 4527: 4348: 3778: 3734: 3414: 3300: 2942: 2719: 2506: 2454:

Boyle RJ, Ierodiakonou D, Khan T, Chivinge J, Robinson Z, Geoghegan N, et al. (March 2016).

2303:"Nestlé FAQ – Should all mothers be encouraged to breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months?" 2031: 1514:

Toddler formulas are not nutritionally complete, nor are they subject to the same regulations or

1449: 935: 920: 624: 604: 453:, can bioaccumulate in the food chain and may be found in humans including mothers' breast milk. 277:

the pregnancy or birth than during breastfeeding. A 2012 study conducted by researchers from the

233: 205: 159: 4115: 2960:

Earle S (December 2000). "Why some women do not breast feed: bottle feeding and fathers' role".

1728:(ARA), were added because those fatty acids play an important role in infant brain development. 5207: 5060:"WRAL INVESTIGATES Investigation finds NC destroying infant formula supplies despite shortages" 4878:

Breastfeeding Around the World: The International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes.

4853: 4245: 3319: 2861: 6823: 6711: 6690: 6650: 6472: 6252: 6178: 6107: 6061: 5741: 5594: 5549: 5545: 5518: 5460: 5413: 5383: 5309: 4803: 4574: 4566: 4519: 4511: 4472: 4454: 4419: 4375: 4340: 4305: 4210: 3854: 3813: 3770: 3726: 3691: 3671: 3639: 3537: 3458: 3448: 3406: 3398: 3357: 3339: 3292: 3284: 3242: 3224: 3185: 3085: 3031: 2977: 2934: 2817: 2711: 2676: 2625: 2577: 2485: 2402: 2195: 2099: 2081: 2012: 2002: 1988: 1904: 1720:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid fortification was introduced. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as

1534: 1421: 1294: 1210: 1171: 1170:

began marketing its brand of infant formula directly to the public in October 1989, while the

1024: 987: 870: 742: 596: 341: 5702: 3263:"Evidence-Based Updates on the First Week of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Infants ≥35 Weeks" 798:

Committee on Nutrition. The following must be included in all formulas produced in the U.S.:

6605: 6580: 6242: 6234: 6168: 6158: 6097: 6051: 6043: 6010: 5733: 5578: 5439:

The Ladies' New Book of Cookery: A Practical System for Private Families in Town and Country

5299: 5291: 4917:

Periodic Survey of Fellows: Survey shows most AAP members support formula advertising policy

4558: 4503: 4462: 4444: 4332: 4295: 4287: 4261: 4200: 4039: 3968: 3957: 3844: 3805: 3762: 3718: 3681: 3629: 3619: 3529: 3440: 3388: 3347: 3331: 3274: 3232: 3216: 3175: 3167: 3075: 3065: 3021: 3011: 2969: 2926: 2703: 2666: 2656: 2615: 2567: 2559: 2475: 2467: 2393:

Williams PL, Innis SM, Vogel AM (1996). "Breastfeeding and weaning practices in Vancouver".

2367: 2218: 2185: 2089: 2071: 1994: 1725: 1416: 1302: 880: 147:

in many countries has been accompanied by a deferment in the average age of introduction of

67: 5174:"My Baby Needed Special Formula From Europe. U.S. Trade Policy Made It Almost Unobtainable" 5091:"Following USDA Guidance, State Clinics Destroyed Thousands of Cans of Usable Baby Formula" 4547:"Interventions Intended to Support Breastfeeding: Updated Assessment of Benefits and Harms" 4189:"Intestinal blood loss during cow milk feeding in older infants: quantitative measurements" 2306: 2234: 1846:

is an enzyme that is responsible for protecting the body by damaging bacterial cell walls.

1104:

newspaper reports widespread illegal advertising and marketing of formula milk contrary to

281:

showed reduced HIV-1 transmission in humanized mice, due to components in the breast milk.

7029: 6979: 6908: 6883: 6853: 6763: 6670: 6610: 6208: 5852: 5709: 5689: 4964: 4945: 4923: 4884: 4823: 4673: 4406: 4134: 4090: 4046: 3932: 3594: 2437: 2143: 2043: 1365: 1358: 1143:

In the United States, infant formula is both heavily marketed—the country has not adopted

915: 510: 491: 413: 398: 337: 294: 282: 251: 163: 79: 4127: 790:

The nutrient content of infant formula for sale in the United States is regulated by the

5891: 5865: 7019: 6903: 6843: 6507: 6492: 6487: 6452: 6247: 6222: 6173: 6146: 6056: 6031: 5304: 5279: 4491: 4467: 4432: 4300: 4275: 3686: 3634: 3607: 3352: 3237: 3204: 3180: 3155: 3080: 3053: 3026: 2999: 2671: 2644: 2572: 2547: 2480: 2455: 2094: 2059: 1050: 667: 298: 266: 188:

and other microorganisms that can be introduced to PIF during its production. Although

6287: 5410:

Nurturing Yesterday's Child: A Portrayal of the Drake Collection of Paediatric History

4916: 4264:

Aspen Publishers. pp. 137–164. Google Book Search. Retrieved on November 7, 2009.

3874:"Neurodevelopmental Delays Associated With Iron-Fortified Formula for Healthy Infants" 436:

The mother lacks education and training from medical providers or community members.

349:

also recommends breastfed infants receive extra vitamin D in the form of a supplement.

7057: 7046: 7024: 6994: 6974: 6833: 6808: 6731: 6645: 6635: 6630: 6544: 6437: 6277: 5753: 5538: 4666: 4531: 4128:

The sensitivity of the child to sex steroids: possible impact of exogenous estrogens.

3809: 3662: 3533: 3418: 3304: 2895: 1914: 1894: 1571: 1547: 1504: 1492: 1441: 1437: 1346: 1221: 1034: 925: 810: 738: 719: 610: 457: 394: 390: 346: 211: 144: 119: 6303:

Hastings, Gerard, et al. "Selling second best: how infant formula marketing works."

3782: 3738: 2946: 2723: 2341: 2261:

Guidelines for the safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula

1757:

necessary to adequately reduce micro-organisms and prepare the formula for filling.

1268:

Throughout history, mothers who could not breastfeed their babies either employed a

583:

in infant formula sold in the United States made by the three main American firms —

6863: 6858: 6838: 6818: 6804: 6748: 6595: 6477: 6427: 6238: 4755: 4399: 1793: 1387: 1342: 1100: 997: 726: 592: 506: 327: 319: 270: 262: 127: 6350: 5027:"Former FDA Official: The Prohibition on European Baby Formula Isn't About Safety" 2280: 2148:. San Diego, CA: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa 1276: 670:, linked to abnormal child development including damage to babies' thyroid glands. 5454: 3439:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 478. pp. 307–25. 2661: 1533:

These products have also recently fallen under criticism for contributing to the

364:. Many families bottle feed to increase the father's role in parenting his child. 336:

In certain circumstances infants may be at risk for malnutrition, such as due to

6969: 6964: 6938: 6828: 6813: 6794: 6753: 6721: 6716: 6554: 6432: 5737: 5374: 3335: 3171: 3154:

Su LL, Chong YS, Chan YH, Chan YS, Fok D, Tun KT, et al. (September 2007).

1899: 1889: 1847: 1500: 1469: 1289: 983: 967: 862: 690: 481: 91: 49: 6223:"Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term" 5987:, The National Academic Press. pp. 22–42., Retrieved on November 15, 2009. 5254:"Americans have been enjoying nut milk and nut butter for at least 4 centuries" 4205: 4188: 3722: 3393: 3376: 3220: 3129: 2930: 2643:

Wahl A, Swanson MD, Nochi T, Olesen R, Denton PW, Chateau M, Garcia JV (2012).

1464:. All infant formula brands in the United States are required to adhere to the 221:

Some studies have shown that use of formula can vary according to the parents'

196:

infection worldwide. The WHO believes that such infections are under-reported.

6948: 6893: 6888: 6878: 6873: 6726: 6600: 6462: 6457: 6413: 6324:

Rosenberg, Alyssa. "The U.S. should never have another baby formula shortage"

5678:

Breastfeeding: Only 1 in 5 countries fully implement WHO’s infant formula Code

3663:"Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries" 3660:

Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, et al. (April 2007).

2917:

Kendall-Tackett K (June 1998). "Breastfeeding and the sexual abuse survivor".

2563: 1827: 1811: 1496: 905: 875: 855: 847: 514: 302: 158:(WHO) report found that infant formula prepared in accordance with applicable 99: 6318: 6201: 5378: 5295: 4570: 4515: 4458: 4344: 3873: 3444: 3402: 3343: 3288: 3228: 2865: 2085: 2076: 1491:

is sold for children age 12 to 26 months. In both cases, the ingredients are

6933: 6799: 6778: 6660: 6585: 6537: 6467: 6422: 6102: 6085: 6047: 4562: 4291: 3070: 1884: 1797:

denaturation, but the process still ensures sterility of the final product.

1461: 1280:

Poster advertisement for Nestle's Milk by Théophile Alexandre Steinlen, 1895

1269: 1187: 899: 891: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 759: 734: 407:: The mother eats foods that may provoke an allergic reaction in the infant. 229: 179: 148: 83: 32: 6256: 6182: 6065: 6015: 5998: 5745: 5598: 5522: 5313: 5042:"Georgia destroys thousands of cans of baby formula every year. Here's why" 4974: 4972: 4667:

Breastfeeding advocates form consolidated action against formula companies.

4578: 4523: 4476: 4309: 4214: 3858: 3774: 3695: 3643: 3492: 3462: 3410: 3361: 3296: 3279: 3262: 3246: 3189: 3089: 3035: 3016: 2981: 2973: 2821: 2715: 2680: 2629: 2581: 2489: 2342:"Results: Breastfeeding and Infant Feeding Practices - Breastfeeding - CDC" 2103: 2016: 1546:

Since the early 1970s, industrial countries have witnessed a resurgence in

1306: 588: 40: 6111: 4507: 3849: 3832: 3817: 3730: 3624: 3541: 2938: 2406: 2199: 2190: 2173: 1096:, resulting in the regulation being suspended and advertising continuing. 564:

In 2008, a case of melamine poisoning of infant formula was discovered in

6984: 6923: 6913: 6848: 6685: 6665: 6590: 6372: 4449: 4103: 1843: 1445: 730: 644: 576: 545:, including iron supplementation in baby formula being linked to lowered 526: 175: 17: 4433:"Breastfeeding Insufficiencies: Common and Preventable Harm to Neonates" 4084:

Abbott Voluntarily Recalls Certain Similac® Brand Powder Infant Formulas

4060:"Study of Israeli baby formula tragedy highlights vital vitamin B1 role" 3962: 2604:"[Recommendations for breastfeeding during maternal infections]" 102:

or its suitability as a complete or partial substitute for human milk".

6943: 6918: 6695: 6163: 5590: 5515:

Animal chemistry: with reference to the physiology and pathology of man

4938: 4352: 3709:

Riordan JM (June 1997). "The cost of not breastfeeding: a commentary".

1697: 1457: 1403: 1383: 1379: 1338: 1301:. The success of this product quickly gave rise to competitors such as 1153:

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

1148: 993: 940: 931: 885: 839: 815: 802: 763: 522: 382: 306:

wet-nurse or milk bank, or by using infant formula and/or treated milk.

131: 123: 115: 87: 5222:"The Government Hasn't Learned a Thing From the Baby Formula Shortage" 2993: 2991: 2620: 2603: 2529:

HIV transmission through breastfeeding: A review of available evidence

1595:

section below.) While the Code was intended to restrict inappropriate

6868: 6655: 6640: 6403: 5983:

Institute of Medicine (U.S.) (2004). Defining Safety for Infants. In

5888:"Public Service Campaign to Promote Breastfeeding Awareness Launched" 4262:"Infant formula and Medical Foods. In Essential of Functional Foods". 3980: 3766: 2471: 1909: 1684: 1453: 1334: 944: 910: 783: 770: 660: 634:

In 2003, baby plant-based formula manufactured by the German company

534: 518: 386: 290: 286: 111: 45: 5582: 4336: 2707: 6295:

Human milk biochemistry and infant formula manufacturing technology

5074:"WIC Policy Memo 2020-1: Donation of Unsed Returned Infant Formula" 4730: 4641: 3595:"Breast-feeding and Guilt: Interview with a Mayo Clinic Specialist" 1998: 6773: 1522: 1444:

formulas are sold by many leading food and drug retailers such as

1323: 1275: 1077: 722:

is essential for any infant formula which is prepared in advance.

565: 39: 31: 5866:"Promotion & Support of Breastfeeding and Obesity Prevention" 5771:"Toddler Milks: Filling A Nutritional Need Or A Marketing Niche?" 5346:"A concise history of infant formula (twists and turns included)" 397:. The mother is separated from her child by being in prison or a 210:

The use and marketing of infant formula has come under scrutiny.

6559: 5540:

Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet

4418:

Counseling the nursing mother, By Judith Lauwers, Anna Swisher,

1680: 1574:

awareness campaigns. The specific goals and approaches of these

1508: 895: 779: 774: 546: 107: 6376: 3130:"The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding" 2431:

Sharing the Economic Burden: Who Pays for WIC’s Infant Formula?

6272:

Ahern, Grace J., et al. "Advances in infant formula science."

5774: 4595:

Milk wars in the Philippines: Breastmilk versus Infant Formula

1814:

in infants' diet. A 2018 clinical study using the multistrain

1186:

strategies, including providing subsidies for clients who use

1156: 1042: 162:

standards was a safe complementary food and a suitable breast

4752:

How formula milk firms target mothers who can least afford it

4545:

Flaherman, Valerie; Von Kohorn, Isabelle (October 25, 2016).

4150: 3437:

Short and Long Term Effects of Breast Feeding on Child Health

2509:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. August 26, 2006 6036:

Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition

4783:

Tri-yasakda, Heather Vogell,June Watsamon (March 21, 2024).

4276:"Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama" 3209:

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

4824:"The Infant Formula and Follow–on Formula Regulations 1995" 4400:

International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes.

3926:

Chinese news media step up efforts in fight for food safety

3571:"Viv Groskop on women who breastfeed other people's babies" 1819:

preliminary and has yet to provide definitive conclusions.

5985:“Infant Formula: Evaluating the Safety of New Ingredients” 5868:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 22, 2007 4371:

International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes

2283:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 22, 2007 1580: