554:
572:, which breaks down the lactose in the intestine. Bloating, cramps, constipation, or diarrhea may result when an individual who is lactose intolerant consumes a dairy product. Due to genetic differences, intolerance of lactose is more common globally than tolerance. Rates of lactose intolerance vary globally, from less than 10% in Northern Europe to as high as 95% in parts of Asia and Africa. In a modern Western context, food products are manufactured as dairy substitutes partly to cater to lactose intolerant individuals, including milk,
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342:, and protein). Plant-sourced substitutes for dairy milk may be expected to meet such standards, though there are no legal requirements for them to do so. This may result in additives being put into milk substitutes to compensate for the absence of certain vitamins, minerals and/or proteins. Infant formula, whether based on cow's milk, soy or rice, is usually fortified with iron and other dietary nutrients.
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244:, says that almond milk “shows up in pretty much every medieval cookbook.” Almonds, which originate in the Middle East, reached southern Europe with the Moors around the 8th century, and their milk—yes, medieval Europeans called it milk in their various languages and dialects—quickly became all the rage among aristocrats as far afield as Iceland.
1995:
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is mostly used for baking because of its sweet taste, but in case of a nut or soy allergy a grain milk processed from rice may be preferable. When fortified, this milk can be a source of calcium, vitamin B12, and vitamin D2. In spite of its low allergenic potential, it's sometimes medically necessary
1039:
The earliest document that mentions a plant-based milk - almond milk - dates back to a 1226 cookbook from present-day Iraq. Soy milk has roots in the Han
Dynasty in China , in particular the early years of the Dynasty (202 BC to AD 9) when soybeans were ground and mixed with water to make soy milk
691:
substitutes are available for infants if breast feeding is not an option. Infant formulas based on cow's milk, soy or rice can be a supplement to breast milk or a sole source of nutrition before solid food is introduced. Infant formula is usually fortified with dietary nutrients optimized for babies
466:
is made from soybeans and contains about the same amount of protein as dairy milk. When enriched by the manufacturer, it may be a source of calcium and vitamin D and some B vitamins such as B12; however, this is not in all brands of soy milk. According to one study, soy protein may be a substitution
714:
were correlated with certain nutritional deficiencies in infants, but have since been supplemented with necessary vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Other questions about nutritional detriments of soy-based formulae have arisen, including potential hormonal effects, but research does not support
439:
is produced from almonds by grinding almonds with water, then straining the pulp from the liquid. This procedure can be done at home. Almond milk is low in saturated fat and calories. The market demand for almond milk has grown continuously throughout the 2010s and 2020s; this is accredited to the
257:, to a growth plant-based diets, to perceptions of health benefits of milk substitutes, to personal flavor preference. Many milk substitutes now contain additives, such as thickening agents and flavors, to aid in taste and texture compared with dairy milk, as well as nutritional fortification.
545:. Milk substitutes produced in this way do not require the use of animals and compared to regular milk production are more efficient, produce fewer greenhouse gases and utilize less land (as no animals need to be fed, medicated, impregnated, milked, and slaughtered when no longer productive).
248:
Plant-based milk substitutes have grown rapidly in popularity since the start of the 21st century. Globally, their consumption nearly doubled between 2013 and 2020, with a projected additional growth rate of 10.18% from 2020 to 2024. The reasons for this increase in popularity range from
616:
A lactose-free food, such as non-dairy ice cream, may require a different process during manufacturing. For example, traditional dairy ice cream is made with a combination of milk products that contain lactose, but non-dairy ice cream may be synthesized using hydrogenated or
1903:
934:
Marcus JB (2013-01-01). "Chapter 4 – Carbohydrate Basics: Sugars, Starches and Fibers in Foods and Health: Healthy
Carbohydrate Choices, Roles and Applications in Nutrition, Food Science and the Culinary Arts". In Marcus JB (ed.).
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cuisines for centuries, if not millennia. It is also a source of calcium and vitamins C, E, B1, B3, B5, and B6. Coconut milk is usually very high in fat and calories, but low in protein, which makes it a good substitute for
368:
Plant milks are mass-produced fluids made from plant extracts and water. They are made to replace dairy milks as beverages and as cooking ingredients. Plant milks are particularly important to consumers who suffer from
399:
is made by mixing water with the freshly grated white inside pulp of a ripe coconut. Though considered by some in the West as a substitute for dairy milk, coconut milk has been used as a traditional ingredient in
584:. In Asia and Africa, where rates of lactose intolerance are much higher than in the West and dairy production has been less predominant, many traditional analogues to dairy milk beverages exist, including
353:
and minerals such as iodine and iron. Legume milks, on average have comparable protein and energy levels to cow's milk, with grain milks, tree nut milks, and seed milks falling behind in this category.
718:
Rice is one of the lesser allergenic alternatives, and hydrolyzed hypo-allergenic rice-based formulae has been developed which have also been fortified with necessary nutritional substitutes. However,
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focused non-dairy ice cream manufacturers create all their products using traditional, natural and only slightly altered methods. The preferred bases for non dairy ice creams are often coconut milk or
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proteins (which are identical to those found in milk). This is then combined with plant-based sugars, fats, and minerals to reproduce the milk, which can then be used like regular milk, including
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and other milk-related intolerances are extremely common, with lactose intolerance affecting around 65 to 75% of the population. For this reason and personal dietary restrictions such as
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910:
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Simoons FJ (December 1969). "Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biological and cultural interrelations. I. Review of the medical research".
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milk. They are made by grinding seeds with water, which are then strained to yield a nutty, creamy flavored milk. Hemp milk is naturally rich in protein and amino acids.
205:
has the longest tradition of use. It originated in India and
Southeast Asia and has been used as both a drink and an ingredient for nutrition and ceremonial offerings.
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are still the recommended alternate when breast milk is not possible. Soy-based formula and rice-based formula tend to be the most common plant based alternatives.
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made from yellow pea protein are two other legume-based beverages that can serve as alternatives to soy milk. Pea milk would be the least allergenic of the three.
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In comparison with cow's milk, some plant-based milk substitutes have fewer calories, but therefore provide less energy. They also tend to be higher in
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and water. Some not yet widely prevalent synthetic ice cream products are claimed to have a similar flavour and texture to traditional dairy ice cream.
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is a relatively recently developed plant-based milk substitute. Different preparations are available for either direct consumption or to use in
1490:
1946:"Cow's Milk Substitutes for Children: Nutritional Aspects of Milk from Different Mammalian Species, Special Formula and Plant-Based Beverages"
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952:
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For more information about choosing infant formulas, please consult your pediatrician and the guidelines recommended by associations such as
2044:
Grădinaru AC, Creangă Ş, Solcan G (September 2015). "Milk–a review on its synthesis, composition, and quality assurance in dairy industry".
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wrote: "The word “milk” has been used since around 1200 AD to refer to plant juices." The article also said: "Of all the plant-based milks,
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Humans may consume dairy milk for a variety of reasons, including tradition, availability and nutritional value (especially minerals like
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formulae are still not recommended for young children as a second choice to cow's milk formula or breast milk due to arsenic levels.
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increasing number of health-conscious consumers coupled with rising inclination to incorporate more plant-based foods into the diet.
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Around the world, humans have traditionally consumed plant milks for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. In 2018, Tara McHugh in
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96:
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Linné T, McCrow-Young A (2017). "Plant Milk: From
Obscurity to Visions of a Post-dairy Society". In Cohen M, Otomo Y (eds.).
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Linguistically speaking, using “milk” to refer to “the white juice of certain plants” (the second definition of milk in the
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milk are similar commercially available nut-based beverages, but they are not as popular as coconut milk or almond milk.
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1170:"Development of Next-Generation Nutritionally Fortified Plant-Based Milk Substitutes: Structural Design Principles"
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54:
39:
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2461:
2080:
1718:
Bolin TD, Crane GG, Davis AE (November 1968). "Lactose intolerance in various ethnic groups in South-East Asia".
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milk are also commercially available but these are less commonplace as they are considerably newer developments.
82:
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232:, as in lactate, for its milky juice, which indicates that even the Romans had a fluid definition for milk.
64:
1917:
1804:
Elliott RB, Maxwell GM, Vawser N (January 1967). "Lactose maldigestion in
Australian Aboriginal children".
969:
490:. Oat milk has a smooth oatmeal flavour and is often supplemented with calcium and vitamins to be a viable
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mammalian milk replacement. Oat milk is marketed as an environment-friendly alternative to almond milk.
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level to cow's milk, with oat and almond milk having less. Cow's milk tends to have higher levels of
378:
1224:"Got Mylk? The Emerging Role of Australian Plant-Based Milk Alternatives as A Cow's Milk Substitute"
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Many parents are turning to plant based milk substitutes due to infant allergies and an increase in
3502:
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Fructuoso I, Romão B, Han H, Raposo A, Ariza-Montes A, Araya-Castillo L, Zandonadi RP (July 2021).
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346:
1119:"An Overview on Nutritional Aspects of Plant-Based Beverages Used as Substitutes for Cow's Milk"
1613:
Flatz G, Rotthauwe HW (1971). "Evidence against nutritional adaption of tolerance to lactose".
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1977:
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Verduci E, D'Elios S, Cerrato L, Comberiati P, Calvani M, Palazzo S, et al. (July 2019).
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884:
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386:
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Flatz G, Saengudom C, Sanguanbhokhai T (February 1969). "Lactose intolerance in
Thailand".
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177:, synthetic products invented in the US in the 1900s specifically to replace dairy milk in
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173:, which are liquids made from plants and may be home-made or commercially produced, and
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1972:
1945:
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1848:
1817:
1691:
Jersky J, Kinsley RH (December 1967). "Lactose deficiency in the South
African Bantu".
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182:
2025:
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1491:"Would you drink this milk made out of yeast? Berkeley startup bets the answer is yes"
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In comparison with cow's milk, fortified milk substitutes have a comparable amount of
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2738:
2733:
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1656:
Cook GC, Kajubi SK (April 1966). "Tribal incidence of lactase deficiency in Uganda".
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and can be used in the same ways as milk. Such substances may be variously known as
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1901:, Pitz DE, "Lactose-Free Synthetic Ice Cream.", issued 17 February 1987
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2163:
1849:"Lactose Intolerance in Adults: Biological Mechanism and Dietary Management"
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656:, due to the higher fat and lower water content preventing the formation of
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1981:
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421:, as it can be whipped up in a similar fashion to decorate baked goods or
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South
African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde
703:
diets in recent years, as well as their perceived nutritional benefits.
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recommends against feeding it to infants, toddlers and young children.
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53:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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1464:"High levels of arsenic in rice: why isn't it regulated in our food?"
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523:
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178:
1352:"Almond Milk Market Size, Share | Global Industry Report, 2019–2025"
533:-derived milk products, sugar is mixed with yeast and the resulting
482:
Some milk substitutes use cereal grains instead of nuts or legumes.
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In calcium, some nut milks and soy milk have a comparable level of
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125:
1327:"What's a healthier choice than cow's milk: rice, soy or almond?"
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1054:"Nut Milks Are Milk, Says Almost Every Culture Across the Globe"
693:
515:
143:
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2219:
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1925:
1376:
Rafieian-Kopaei M, Beigrezaei S, Nasri H, Kafeshani M (2017).
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to cow's milk, as many are fortified to contain more calcium.
264:
209:
also has a long history and was discovered in 1365 in China."
18:
2228:
1017:
Making Milk: The Past, Present and Future of Our
Primary Food
1519:"Perfect Day: Meet the startup that makes milk—without cows"
1534:"Cow Milk Without the Cow Is Coming to Change Food Forever"
1378:"Soy Protein and Chronic Kidney Disease: An Updated Review"
381:. Individuals who adhere to dairy-free diet patterns (e.g.
185:
based on cow's milk or plant based alternatives, such as
50:
755:
to enhance flavor. Soy milk seems to have the closest
1847:
Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, Fox M (September 2015).
696:, to ensure survival, growth and health of the baby.
568:
occurs when an individual is deficient in the enzyme
1553:"This Startup Wants to Make Cow's Milk—Without Cows"
715:
this outcome. Soy is also a common infant allergen.
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2110:
349:, however tend to fall behind in essential vitamin
181:. For infants, breast milk can be substituted with
1300:"Almond Milk vs Cow Milk vs Soy Milk vs Rice Milk"
763:. However, plant based milks tend to contain more
499:to limit or avoid rice milk. Due to the levels of
2026:"Whey Protein: Health Benefits and Side Effects"
1112:
1110:
1108:
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2024:Nordqvist J (27 November 2017). Olsen N (ed.).
1939:
1937:
1935:
1222:Zhang YY, Hughes J, Grafenauer S (April 2020).
939:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 149–187.
224:) has a history that dates back centuries. The
1020:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 197.
510:Popular seed-derived milk substitutes include
49:Please review the contents of the article and
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2500:
2244:
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169:For adults, milk substitutes take two forms:
8:
1382:International Journal of Preventive Medicine
299:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1572:The American Journal of Digestive Diseases
1084:, United Nations, p. 57, 2022-10-27,
467:for animal protein to prevent and control
1971:
1961:
1922:Government of Alberta Health and Wellness
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1249:
1239:
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1134:
319:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Alternative substance that resembles milk
744:, many people turn to milk substitutes.
564:is the major sugar found in dairy milk.
970:"Milk substitutes and why we need them"
897:
987:Cho S, Almeida N, eds. (29 May 2012).
212:In 2018, Benjamin Kemper wrote in the
1275:"The health benefits of coconut milk"
911:"How Plant-Based Milks Are Processed"
905:
903:
901:
644:However many smaller scale, organic,
7:
3492:
619:partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
297:adding citations to reliable sources
3434:Fruits & Veggies – More Matters
1818:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21011.x
945:10.1016/b978-0-12-391882-6.00004-2
727:The American Academy of Pediatrics
14:
3593:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2059:"Milk's Massive American Decline"
1429:"How sustainable are fake meats?"
242:Food: A Cultural Culinary History
3642:Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates
3511:
3501:
3491:
3482:
3481:
1806:The Medical Journal of Australia
968:Chaudhary SB (5 November 2010).
798:
784:
393:) are also important consumers.
269:
142:is any substance that resembles
115:
23:
1720:Australasian Annals of Medicine
134:from an American grocery store.
3586:Artificial protein substitutes
51:add the appropriate references
1:
3647:Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
2046:Human and Veterinary Medicine
1918:"Feeding baby infant formula"
1670:10.1016/s0140-6736(66)90888-9
1996:"Choosing an Infant Formula"
1496:San Francisco Business Times
1427:Holmes, Bob (20 July 2022).
1168:McClements DJ (April 2020).
812:Specific dairy substitutes:
3444:Latin American Diet Pyramid
3424:Dairy Council of California
2879:Gluten-free and casein-free
1551:Kowitt B (31 August 2016).
1532:Wohlsen M (15 April 2015).
36:reliable medical references
3835:
3454:Mediterranean Diet Pyramid
2909:Low-fiber/low-residue diet
1517:Shapiro P (2 March 2018).
1489:Love T (August 24, 2016).
1395:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_244_17
677:
612:Lactose-free manufacturing
361:
236:, professor of history at
222:Oxford American Dictionary
3627:Aspartame-acesulfame salt
3520:Health and fitness portal
3477:
2526:
2462:Template:Milk substitutes
2226:
2221:Links to related articles
2057:Richter F (13 May 2019).
1732:10.1111/imj.1968.17.4.300
1442:10.1146/knowable-071922-1
1356:www.grandviewresearch.com
1082:Emissions Gap Report 2022
1003:– via Google Books.
705:Cow's milk based formulae
238:University of the Pacific
42:or relies too heavily on
3819:Vegetarianism and drinks
3686:Natural food substitutes
2800:Bodybuilding supplements
990:Dietary Fiber and Health
684:Soy-based infant formula
240:and host of the podcast
228:root word of lettuce is
199:Food Technology Magazine
3469:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
2772:Ovo-lacto vegetarianism
1325:Beck L (23 June 2014).
503:in rice milk, the UK's
3772:List of food additives
3439:Healthy eating pyramid
2985:Time Restricted Eating
2869:Fluid restriction diet
692:and toddlers, such as
675:
558:
469:chronic kidney disease
460:
433:
246:
160:legume milk, mock milk
135:
2939:Specific carbohydrate
2831:Very-low-calorie diet
2169:International Delight
833:Perfect Day (company)
671:
556:
537:creates the whey and
505:Food Standards Agency
458:
431:
218:
129:
3814:Non-alcoholic drinks
3612:Acesulfame potassium
2884:Intermittent fasting
2406:Hain Celestial Group
1521:. Quartz Media, Inc.
1187:10.3390/foods9040421
1078:"The Closing Window"
1058:Smithsonian Magazine
557:Dairy-free ice cream
535:fermentation process
379:hypercholesterolemia
375:lactose intolerances
371:cow's milk allergies
293:improve this section
214:Smithsonian Magazine
130:A range of packaged
2849:Calorie restriction
2000:HealthyChildren.org
1767:1969Natur.221..758F
859:Other substitutes:
738:Lactose intolerance
566:Lactose intolerance
549:Lactose intolerance
335:, vitamins such as
3698:Coffee substitutes
2764:Semi-vegetarianism
2030:Medical News Today
1963:10.3390/nu11081739
1627:10.1007/bf00295793
1584:10.1007/bf02233204
1331:The Globe and Mail
1241:10.3390/nu12051254
1136:10.3390/nu13082650
937:Culinary Nutrition
712:soy-based formulae
676:
559:
461:
434:
253:opposition to the
148:non-dairy beverage
136:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3604:sugar substitutes
3528:
3527:
3405:
3404:
3074:
3073:
2647:Sustainable diets
2482:
2481:
2384:Brands, companies
2213:
2212:
1866:10.3390/nu7095380
1761:(5182): 758–759.
1699:(46): 1194–1196.
1664:(7440): 725–729.
1470:. 3 November 2014
1433:Knowable Magazine
1091:978-92-807-3979-4
954:978-0-12-391882-6
865:Coffee substitute
823:Non-dairy creamer
751:and contain more
742:plant-based diets
501:inorganic arsenic
329:
328:
321:
124:
123:
100:
65:"Milk substitute"
3826:
3799:Milk substitutes
3735:Salt substitutes
3725:Milk substitutes
3693:Cheese analogues
3672:Sodium cyclamate
3561:Artificial foods
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3085:
2919:Monotrophic diet
2899:Low-carbohydrate
2864:Elimination diet
2810:Therapeutic food
2805:Meal replacement
2792:Supplement diets
2660:Planetary health
2596:
2532:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2318:Related products
2253:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2217:
2104:Milk substitutes
2097:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1924:. Archived from
1914:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1859:(9): 8020–8035.
1844:
1838:
1837:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1775:10.1038/221758b0
1750:
1744:
1743:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1011:
1005:
1004:
984:
978:
977:
965:
959:
958:
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
907:
885:Sugar substitute
808:
803:
802:
801:
794:
789:
788:
324:
317:
313:
310:
304:
273:
265:
164:alternative milk
119:
118:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
27:
26:
19:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3804:Imitation foods
3789:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3755:
3739:
3703:Egg substitutes
3681:
3597:
3581:
3569:fat substitutes
3562:
3559:
3529:
3524:
3473:
3411:
3401:
3303:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3201:
3070:
3052:
3009:
2943:
2841:
2835:
2819:Non-solid diets
2814:
2786:
2758:
2744:Milk substitute
2723:
2715:
2669:Religious diets
2664:
2641:
2615:
2585:
2530:
2522:
2516:Human nutrition
2513:
2483:
2478:
2457:Milk substitute
2445:
2379:
2313:
2262:
2257:
2222:
2214:
2209:
2193:
2147:
2106:
2101:
2071:
2056:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2017:Further reading
2014:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1578:(12): 819–836.
1569:
1568:
1564:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1468:The Independent
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1001:
986:
985:
981:
967:
966:
962:
955:
933:
932:
928:
919:
917:
909:
908:
899:
894:
889:
880:Salt substitute
870:Egg substitutes
857:
818:Cheese analogue
804:
799:
797:
790:
783:
780:
735:
686:
678:Main articles:
666:
623:palm kernel oil
614:
578:whipped topping
551:
412:, and northern
402:Southeast Asian
366:
360:
358:Non-dairy milks
340:
325:
314:
308:
305:
290:
274:
263:
195:
175:coffee creamers
140:milk substitute
120:
116:
111:
105:
102:
59:
48:
44:primary sources
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3760:Related topics
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3708:Meat analogues
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:French paradox
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Selenocysteine
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Master Cleanse
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2620:Regional diets
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2041:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1987:
1931:
1928:on 2018-01-07.
1909:
1890:
1839:
1796:
1745:
1726:(4): 300–306.
1710:
1683:
1648:
1621:(2): 118–125.
1605:
1562:
1543:
1524:
1509:
1481:
1455:
1419:
1368:
1343:
1317:
1306:. 14 June 2016
1291:
1265:
1211:
1160:
1102:
1090:
1069:
1044:
1026:
1006:
999:
979:
960:
953:
926:
896:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
861:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
814:
810:
809:
795:
779:
776:
734:
731:
680:Infant formula
673:Infant formula
665:
664:Infant formula
662:
621:(coconut oil,
613:
610:
550:
547:
414:South American
362:Main article:
359:
356:
338:
327:
326:
277:
275:
268:
262:
259:
255:dairy industry
194:
191:
183:infant formula
122:
121:
114:
112:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3831:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Phenylalanine
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Glutamic acid
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Aspartic acid
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3058:List of diets
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3005:U.S. military
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Diabetic diet
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Meat analogue
2737:
2735:
2734:Fruitarianism
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2721:Vegetarianism
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Mediterranean
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2531:Main articles
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:healthy diets
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Elmhurst 1925
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:8th Continent
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
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2200:
2196:
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2187:
2185:
2184:Yeo Hiap Seng
2182:
2180:
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2172:
2170:
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2160:
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2093:
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2084:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2052:(3): 173–177.
2051:
2047:
2042:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
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1969:
1964:
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1955:
1951:
1947:
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1927:
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1900:
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1401:
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1347:
1344:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1280:
1279:BBC Good Food
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
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1120:
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1103:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1029:
1027:9781350029972
1023:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1002:
1000:9781439899373
996:
993:. CRC Press.
992:
991:
983:
980:
975:
971:
964:
961:
956:
950:
946:
942:
938:
930:
927:
916:
912:
906:
904:
902:
898:
891:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
875:Meat analogue
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
860:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
813:
807:
796:
793:
787:
782:
777:
775:
773:
768:
766:
765:dietary fiber
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:carbohydrates
745:
743:
739:
732:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
713:
710:In the past,
708:
706:
702:
697:
695:
690:
685:
681:
674:
670:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
629:) along with
628:
624:
620:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
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478:
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457:
453:
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430:
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411:
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403:
398:
394:
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388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
365:
357:
355:
352:
348:
343:
341:
334:
323:
320:
312:
309:November 2021
302:
298:
294:
288:
287:
283:
278:This section
276:
272:
267:
266:
261:Fortification
260:
258:
256:
252:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
217:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
192:
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180:
176:
172:
167:
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161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
128:
113:
109:
106:November 2016
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3730:Phyllodulcin
3724:
3517:Food portal,
3429:Food pyramid
3410:Nutritional
2854:Cardiac diet
2842:restrictions
2826:Liquid diets
2743:
2456:
2421:Ripple Foods
2416:Plamil Foods
2375:Vegan cheese
2279:Coconut milk
2103:
2062:
2049:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1953:
1949:
1926:the original
1921:
1912:
1893:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1812:(2): 46–49.
1809:
1805:
1799:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1618:
1615:Humangenetik
1614:
1608:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1546:
1537:
1527:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1494:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1432:
1422:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1336:23 September
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:
1310:23 September
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1284:23 September
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1268:
1231:
1227:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1126:
1122:
1095:, retrieved
1081:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1047:
1038:
1031:. Retrieved
1016:
1009:
989:
982:
973:
963:
936:
929:
918:. Retrieved
914:
858:
853:Vegan yogurt
848:Vegan cheese
811:
806:Drink portal
769:
753:added sugars
746:
736:
724:
717:
709:
698:
687:
658:ice crystals
643:
615:
560:
543:cheesemaking
528:
509:
481:
462:
435:
397:Coconut milk
395:
367:
344:
330:
315:
306:
291:Please help
279:
247:
241:
229:
219:
211:
203:coconut milk
196:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
139:
137:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
40:verification
33:
3767:Food safety
3602:Artificial
3567:Artificial
3089:Amino acids
3028:Macrobiotic
3000:Raw foodism
2990:Liquid diet
2960:Cotton ball
2955:Entomophagy
2948:Other diets
2914:Low-protein
2874:Gluten-free
2782:Pollotarian
2777:Pescetarian
2611:Plant-based
2599:Basic types
2581:Staple food
2469:Soy protein
2365:Soy pudding
2360:Soy formula
2345:Plant cream
2299:Peanut milk
2274:Almond milk
1956:(8): 1739.
1474:28 December
1361:28 December
1234:(5): 1254.
1129:(8): 2650.
976:. GN Media.
915:www.ift.org
838:Plant cream
792:Food portal
689:Breast milk
654:plant cream
627:soybean oil
473:Peanut milk
437:Almond milk
432:Almond milk
406:South Asian
171:plant milks
132:plant milks
34:needs more
3793:Categories
3657:NutraSweet
3372:Phosphorus
3362:Molybdenum
3187:Tryptophan
3157:Methionine
3142:Isoleucine
3107:Asparagine
2995:Ninja diet
2929:Renal diet
2894:Low-FODMAP
2889:Low-sodium
2655:Low carbon
2411:MimicCreme
2370:Soy yogurt
2260:Plant milk
2205:Plant milk
2035:4 November
2005:2022-03-01
1899:US 4643906
1855:(Review).
1502:August 24,
1180:(4): 421.
1097:2023-06-17
1063:2020-06-20
1052:Kemper B.
920:2020-06-20
892:References
843:Plant milk
631:emulsifier
444:nut milk,
364:Plant milk
234:Ken Albala
156:grain milk
76:newspapers
3677:Sucralose
3667:Saccharin
3662:Nutrinova
3622:Aspartame
3464:MyPyramid
3377:Potassium
3357:Manganese
3352:Magnesium
3299:Vitamin K
3294:Vitamin E
3289:Vitamin D
3284:Vitamin C
3276:Vitamin B
3268:Vitamin B
3260:Vitamin B
3252:Vitamin B
3244:Vitamin B
3236:Vitamin B
3228:Vitamin B
3220:Vitamin B
3215:Vitamin A
3182:Threonine
3137:Histidine
3127:Glutamine
3080:Nutrition
3066:Diet food
3048:Slow-Carb
3043:Superfood
3038:Junk food
3023:Cambridge
3015:Fad diets
2934:Soft diet
2840:Specific
2749:Raw vegan
2706:Rastafari
2681:Christian
2571:Nutrition
2551:Dietitian
2304:Rice milk
2284:Hemp milk
2164:Cool Whip
2111:Beverages
1950:Nutrients
1853:Nutrients
1273:Lewin J.
1228:Nutrients
1123:Nutrients
974:Gulf News
828:Margarine
733:Nutrition
720:rice milk
650:slow food
639:sweetener
594:kunnu aya
582:ice cream
522:milk and
512:hemp milk
496:Rice milk
448:milk and
442:Macadamia
410:Caribbean
280:does not
3507:Cookbook
3487:Category
3392:Vanadium
3382:Selenium
3327:Chromium
3322:Chlorine
3309:Minerals
3207:Vitamins
3192:Tyrosine
3117:Cysteine
3102:Arginine
2726:veganism
2676:Buddhist
2637:Atlantic
2606:Omnivore
2474:Veganism
2335:Horchata
2309:Soy milk
2294:Pea milk
2289:Oat milk
2128:Horchata
2064:Statista
1982:31357608
1885:26393648
1834:44475025
1643:33253438
1600:22597839
1448:1 August
1414:29416834
1260:32354190
1206:32260061
1155:34444815
1033:3 August
778:See also
484:Oat milk
477:pea milk
464:Soy milk
459:Soy milk
450:hazelnut
423:desserts
391:Whole 30
207:Soy milk
152:nut milk
3652:Neotame
3617:Alitame
3577:Olestra
3497:Commons
3459:MyPlate
3419:5 A Day
3317:Calcium
3167:Proline
3147:Leucine
3132:Glycine
3097:Alanine
2904:Low-fat
2691:Islamic
2627:Western
2591:Dieting
2576:Obesity
2546:Cuisine
2541:Dieting
2450:Related
2441:Vitasoy
2436:Tofutti
2431:So Good
2325:Amazake
2198:Related
2174:Mr Bean
2118:Amazake
1973:6723250
1876:4586575
1826:6016903
1791:4201371
1783:5818369
1763:Bibcode
1740:5701921
1705:6080167
1678:4159716
1635:5114667
1592:4902756
1557:Fortune
1405:5760843
1388:: 105.
1251:7281999
1197:7231295
1146:8399839
772:calcium
757:protein
646:gourmet
635:protein
586:amazake
570:lactase
562:Lactose
347:calcium
333:calcium
301:removed
286:sources
193:History
187:soybean
90:scholar
55:removed
3744:Brands
3637:Glucin
3632:Dulcin
3412:advice
3387:Sodium
3367:Nickel
3342:Iodine
3337:Copper
3332:Cobalt
3197:Valine
3177:Serine
3152:Lysine
2701:Jewish
2561:Leptin
2556:Hunger
2355:Sikhye
2340:Kokkoh
2330:Douhua
2152:Brands
2143:Sikhye
2133:Kokkoh
2123:Douzhi
1980:
1970:
1905:
1883:
1873:
1832:
1824:
1789:
1781:
1755:Nature
1738:
1703:
1676:
1658:Lancet
1641:
1633:
1598:
1590:
1412:
1402:
1304:Medium
1258:
1248:
1204:
1194:
1153:
1143:
1088:
1024:
997:
951:
761:lipids
606:sikhye
598:kokkoh
590:douzhi
574:yogurt
539:casein
524:quinoa
488:coffee
446:cashew
179:coffee
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3713:bacon
2975:Inuit
2686:Hindu
2396:Alpro
2267:Milks
2189:Oatly
2159:Alpro
1830:S2CID
1787:S2CID
1639:S2CID
1596:S2CID
1538:Wired
1174:Foods
701:vegan
531:yeast
492:vegan
419:cream
387:Paleo
383:Vegan
251:vegan
226:Latin
97:JSTOR
83:books
3809:Milk
3751:Tang
3718:list
3397:Zinc
3347:Iron
2980:MIND
2970:DASH
2965:Pica
2754:Tofu
2724:and
2711:Sikh
2696:Jain
2566:Meal
2536:Diet
2518:and
2426:Silk
2179:Silk
2037:2015
1978:PMID
1881:PMID
1822:PMID
1779:PMID
1736:PMID
1701:PMID
1674:PMID
1631:PMID
1588:PMID
1504:2016
1476:2020
1450:2022
1410:PMID
1363:2020
1338:2017
1312:2017
1286:2017
1256:PMID
1202:PMID
1151:PMID
1086:ISBN
1035:2019
1022:ISBN
995:ISBN
949:ISBN
694:iron
682:and
625:and
604:and
580:and
520:Chia
516:flax
514:and
475:and
284:any
282:cite
230:lact
162:and
144:milk
69:news
38:for
2924:NPO
2350:Poi
2138:Poi
1968:PMC
1958:doi
1871:PMC
1861:doi
1814:doi
1771:doi
1759:221
1728:doi
1666:doi
1623:doi
1580:doi
1437:doi
1400:PMC
1390:doi
1246:PMC
1236:doi
1192:PMC
1182:doi
1141:PMC
1131:doi
941:doi
648:or
602:poi
529:In
377:or
351:B12
295:by
3795::
3278:12
2061:.
2048:.
2028:.
1998:.
1976:.
1966:.
1954:11
1952:.
1948:.
1934:^
1920:.
1879:.
1869:.
1851:.
1828:.
1820:.
1808:.
1785:.
1777:.
1769:.
1757:.
1734:.
1724:17
1722:.
1697:41
1695:.
1672:.
1660:.
1637:.
1629:.
1619:13
1617:.
1594:.
1586:.
1576:14
1574:.
1555:.
1536:.
1493:.
1466:.
1435:.
1431:.
1408:.
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1384:.
1380:.
1354:.
1329:.
1302:.
1277:.
1254:.
1244:.
1232:12
1230:.
1226:.
1214:^
1200:.
1190:.
1176:.
1172:.
1149:.
1139:.
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1121:.
1105:^
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1056:.
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947:.
913:.
900:^
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2050:7
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337:B
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
