846:
315:
601:
339:
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redoubled its territory conquering much on
Bunyoro and becoming the dominant state in the region. Newly conquered lands were placed under chiefs nominated by the king. Buganda's armies and the royal tax collectors traveled swiftly to all parts of the kingdom along specially constructed roads which crossed streams and swamps by bridges and viaducts. On Lake Victoria (which the Ganda call Nnalubale), a royal navy of outrigger canoes, commanded by an admiral who was chief of the Lungfish clan, could transport Baganda commandos to raid any shore of the lake.
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administration in return for their collaboration. The chiefs did so but expected their interests (preserving
Buganda as a self-governing entity, continuing the royal line of kabakas, and securing private land tenure for themselves and their supporters) to be met. After much hard bargaining, the chiefs ended up with everything they wanted, including one-half of all the land in Buganda. The half left to the British as "Crown Land" was later found to be largely swamp and scrub.
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securing this relationship is through one's children. Baganda children, some as young as three years old, are sent to live in the homes of their social superiors, both to cement ties of loyalty among parents and to provide avenues for social mobility for their children. Even in the 1980s, Baganda children were considered psychologically better prepared for adulthood if they had spent several years living away from their parents at a young age.
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buildings. At the entrance to the court burned the royal gombolola (fire), which would only be extinguished when the Kabaka died. Thronging the grounds were foreign ambassadors seeking audiences, chiefs going to the royal advisory council, messengers running errands, and a corps of young pages, who served the Kabaka while training to become future chiefs. For communication across the kingdom, the messengers were supplemented by drum signals.
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affected all lineages within the clan. Many of these decisions regulated marriage, which had always been between two different lineages, forming important social and political alliances for the men of both lineages. Lineage and clan leaders also helped maintain efficient land use practices, and they inspired pride in the group through ceremonies and remembrances of ancestors.
810:
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Johnston's
Buganda Agreement of 1900 imposed a tax on huts and guns, designated the chiefs as tax collectors, and testified to the continued alliance of British and Baganda interests. The British signed much less generous treaties with the other kingdoms (Toro in 1900, Ankole in 1901, and Bunyoro in
406:
As for the founding of the
Kingdom of the Ganda (Buganda), the most widely acknowledged account is that it was founded by Kato Kintu. This Kato Kintu is different from the mythical Kintu, as he is generally accepted as a historical who founded Buganda and became its first 'Kabaka', adopting the name
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Following Uganda's independence in 1962, the kingdom was abolished by Uganda's first Prime
Minister Milton Obote ,in 1966. Following years of disturbance under Obote and dictator Idi Amin, as well as several years of internal divisions among Uganda's ruling National Resistance Movement under Yoweri
711:
Ganda culture tolerates social diversity more easily than many other
African societies. Even before the arrival of Europeans, many Ganda villages included residents from outside Buganda. Some had arrived in the region as slaves, but by the early 20th century, many non-Baganda migrant workers stayed
612:
Most lineages maintained links to a home territory (obutaka) within a larger clan territory, but lineage members did not necessarily live on butaka land. Men from one lineage often formed the core of a village; their wives, children, and in-laws joined the village. People were free to leave if they
410:
As such by the 18th century, the formerly dominant
Bunyoro kingdom was being eclipsed by Buganda. Consolidating their efforts behind a centralized kingship, the Baganda (people of Buganda) shifted away from defensive strategies and toward expansion. By the mid 19th century, Buganda had doubled and
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Museveni, the
President of Uganda since 1986, the kingdom was finally restored in 1993. Buganda is now a kingdom monarchy with a large degree of autonomy from the Ugandan state, although tensions between the kingdom and the Ugandan government continue to be a defining feature of Ugandan politics.
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Authoritarian control is an important theme of Ganda culture. In precolonial times, obedience to the king was a matter of life and death. However, a second major theme of Ganda culture is the emphasis on individual achievement. An individual's future is not entirely determined by status at birth.
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The family in
Buganda is often described as a microcosm of the kingdom. The father is revered and obeyed as head of the family. His decisions are generally unquestioned. A man's social status is determined by those with whom he establishes patron/client relationships, and one of the best means of
461:
Kabaka Mwanga II of
Buganda was allowed near complete autonomy and a position as overlord of the other kingdoms. While in exile, Mwanga II was received into the Anglican Church, and baptized with the name Danieri (Daniel). He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, aged 35 years. In
430:
At Buganda's capital, Stanley found a well-ordered town of about 80,000 surrounding the king's palace, which was situated atop a commanding hill. A wall more than four kilometers in circumference surrounded the palace compound, which was filled with grass-roofed houses, meeting halls, and storage
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Ganda social organization emphasized descent through males. Four or five generations of descendants of one man, related through male forebears, constituted a patrilineage. A group of related lineages constituted a clan. Clan leaders could summon a council of lineage heads, and council decisions
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The war against Kabaka Mwanga II had been expensive, and the new commissioner of Uganda in 1900, Sir Harry H. Johnston, had orders to establish an efficient administration and to levy taxes as quickly as possible. Sir Johnston approached the chiefs in Buganda with offers of jobs in the colonial
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Baganda recognize at a very young age that their superiors, too, live in a world of rules. Social rules require a man to share his wealth by offering hospitality, and this rule applies more stringently to those of higher status. Superiors are also expected to behave with impassivity, dignity,
445:
The British in their colonial ventures were much impressed with the government as well as the society and economic organization of Buganda, which they ranked as the most advanced nation they had encountered in East Africa and ranked it with other highly advanced nations like the ones they had
481:
Following Uganda's independence in 1962, the kingdom was abolished by Ugandas first Prime Minister, Milton Obote, in 1966. Following years of disturbance under Obote and dictator Idi Amin, as well as several years of internal divisions among Uganda's ruling National Resistance Movement under
419:
The explorer John Speke, searching for the source of the Nile, had visited Buganda in the 1860s and back home in Britain givewithlowing account of the advanced Bantu kingdom he had found in East Africa, and fellow explorers as well as colonialists were to soon follow him into the kingdom.
314:
616:
As of 2009, there are at least fifty two (52) recognised clans within the kingdom, with at least another four making a claim to clan status. Within this group of clans are four distinct sub-groups which reflect historical waves of immigration to Buganda.
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on July 20 of the same year. He fled to German East Africa, where he was arrested and interned at Bukoba. The Kabaka later escaped and led a rebel army to retake the kingdom before being defeated once again in 1898 and being exiled to the Seychelles.
235:. Traditionally composed of 52 clans (although since a 1993 survey, only 46 are officially recognised), the Baganda are the largest people of the Bantu ethnic group in Uganda, comprising 16.5 percent of the population at the time of the 2014 census.
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in Buganda to farm. Marriage with non-Baganda was fairly common, and many Baganda marriages ended in divorce. After independence, Ugandan officials estimated that one-third to one-half of all adults marry more than once during their lives.
486:, the President of Uganda since 1986, the kingdom was finally restored in 1993. Buganda is now a kingdom monarchy with a large degree of autonomy from the Ugandan state, although tensions between the kingdom and the country remain.
426:
In 1876 Christian missionaries started entering the kingdom of Buganda to introduce the Baganda people to Christianity. Between 1881 and 1890 ,the Baganda people started to convert to both Islam and Christianity.
502:(1856–1884), diminished to around a 1.5 million as a result of famine and civil war. By the early 1900s, their population had been reduced to around one million as a result of an epidemic of
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Kintu in reference to the legend of Kintu to establish his legitimacy as a ruler. He was successful in unifying what had previously been a number of warring tribes to form a strong kingdom.
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351:
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The journalist Henry Morton Stanley visited Buganda in 1875 and painted a good picture of the kingdom's strength, as well as providing an estimate of Buganda troop strength.
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The early history of the Ganda is unclear, with various conflicting traditions as to their origins. One tradition holds that they are descendants of the legendary figure of
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in the nineteenth century, resulting in widespread social upheavals in Buganda. The population of the Ganda, said to have numbered three million during the reign of
372:
A separate tradition holds that the Ganda are the descendants of a people who came from the east or northeast around 1300. According to the traditions chronicled by
600:
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Stanley counted 125,000 troops marching off on a single campaign to the east, where a fleet of 230 war canoes waited to act as auxiliary naval support.
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453:, Buganda became a protectorate in 1894. This did not last, and the Kabaka declared war on Britain on July 6, 1897. He was defeated at the Battle of
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Kabaka Mwanga II was Buganda's last Powerful Kabaka. After his reign, the Buganda Kingdom's influence in the region was significantly weakened.
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Kasfir, Nelson (2020). "The restoration of the Buganda Kingdom Government 1986–2014: culture, contingencies, constraints".
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Instead, individuals carve out their fortunes by hard work as well as by choosing friends, allies, and patrons carefully.
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self-discipline, and self-confidence, and adopting these mannerisms sometimes enhances a man's opportunities for success.
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became disillusioned with the local leader to take up residence with other relatives or in-laws, and they often did so.
108:
884:, where he later died as a loner. It was under these circumstances that Buganda Land was divided among regents and the
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242:, in their society, the Ganda number an estimated 5.56 million people in Uganda. In addition, there is a significant
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794:. He is recognised as the thirty-sixth Kabaka of Buganda. The current queen, known as the Nnabagereka, is Queen
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and the tribal chiefs. Many of the old clan burial-grounds, previously considered sacred, were desecrated.
1938:
331:
Kabaka Muteesa I's bodyguard receives an invited Stanley (1875) (top). The Baganda house (1911) (bottom) .
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Since the restoration of the kingdom in 1993, the king of Buganda, known as the Kabaka, has been
380:, Kintu was the first Muganda, and having descended to Earth at Podi is said to have moved on to
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1160:"Baganda People Of Uganda: The Culture, History and Traditions of the Baganda People Of Uganda"
1812:
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during Muteesa I's reign, were accelerated when Buganda became the centre of the newly formed
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As the Ganda are a Bantu people, it is most likely that their roots are in the region between
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Brierley, Jean (1988). "Mutesa, The Missionaries, and Christian Conversion in Buganda".
1933:
1842:
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885:
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399:(around what is now Cameroon) and they arrived in their current location by way of the
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according to Ganda mythology. He was said to have married Nambi, the daughter of the
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1877:
1857:
1787:
1767:
1722:
1702:
1697:
1597:"Collapse, War and Reconstruction in Uganda: An Analytical Narrative on State-Making"
1552:"The Divisive Nature of Ethnicity in Ugandan Politics, Before and After Independence"
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877:
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Musisi, B Nakanyike (1991). "Women, "Elite Polygyny," and Buganda State Formation".
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506:. Changes to Bugandan society, the first major change being the introduction of a
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Sometimes described as "The King's Men" because of the importance of the king, or
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361:. A related tradition holds that Kintu came from the east, from the direction of
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Baganda people in their cultural outfits. Men put on Kanzu, and ladies Ggomeesi
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Baganda cultural form of entertainment and communication which are drums.
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1933) without the provision of large-scale private land tenure.
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270:. According to the 2002 Census of Uganda, 42.7% of Baganda are
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624:
533:
1571:"THE BACKGROUND TO POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN POST-AMIN UGANDA"
342:
The Baganda men traditional wear at an introduction ceremony.
1639:
The Baganda: An Account of Their Native Customs and Beliefs
518:
in 1894. Land which had previously belonged solely to the
944:"2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census – Main Report"
462:
1910, his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi.
473:
Baganda people cultural outfit locally known as Ggomesi.
1326:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1300:"Kabaka tombs - Kasubi Tombs | Buganda Kingdom Tours"
1118:
1116:
384:, and having reached Kyadondo in Uganda's modern-day
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World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
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82:
60:
50:
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1223:"Kabaka exiled as Buganda calls for independence"
919:. Minority rights Group International. June 2019
851:Late 19th century print of Buganda royal retinue
415:Arrival and interference of British colonialists
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949:. Uganda Bureau of Statistics. Archived from
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934:
8:
33:
876:confidants, who collaborated with colonial
754:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
659:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
568:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
441:Buganda meat stew prepared in banana leaves
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1664:
1656:
1482:"THE BAGAND Culture | Uganda Travel Guide"
39:
32:
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1024:
774:Learn how and when to remove this message
679:Learn how and when to remove this message
588:Learn how and when to remove this message
1641:. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing.
901:
805:
716:The Baganda Post-Independence/Post-1962
907:
905:
246:abroad, with organised communities in
139:
494:The Ganda came into contact with the
446:encountered in Zimbabwe and Nigeria.
7:
996:participating institution membership
863:Ssekabaka Basamula Ekkere Mwanga II.
752:adding citations to reliable sources
657:adding citations to reliable sources
566:adding citations to reliable sources
490:British rule and Uganda Protectorate
61:Regions with significant populations
1276:"The four Kabakas buried at Kasubi"
1073:from the original on 19 August 2010
1595:Golooba-Mutebi, Frederick (2008).
25:
1405:Journal of Modern African Studies
1042:from the original on 29 July 2010
1503:"Buganda | East African kingdom"
1387:"Introduction to Uganda culture"
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27:Bantu native to Buganda, Uganda
888:colonialists on behalf of the
1:
1606:. Series No. 2. No. 27.
1164:Uganda Visit and Travel Guide
1604:Crisis States Working Papers
1036:Countries and Their Cultures
872:was betrayed by some of his
530:Culture and social structure
266:. Traditionally, they speak
109:African Traditional Religion
890:Queen of the United Kingdom
1960:
1199:"Mwanga | king of Buganda"
388:hav,e rmed Buganda there.
297:
1693:
1556:E-International Relations
1417:10.1017/S0022278X1900048X
1247:"The Uganda Crisis, 1966"
1125:"The Founding of Buganda"
1063:"Baganda in the Diaspora"
983:Oxford English Dictionary
123:
103:
87:
65:
55:
45:Baganda traditional dance
38:
1550:Lancaster, Andy (2012).
1093:"Population Composition"
1009:Zaragozà, Jordi Anglès.
522:, was divided among the
1944:Ethnic groups in Uganda
1687:Ethnic groups in Uganda
1507:Encyclopedia Britannica
1203:Encyclopedia Britannica
988:Oxford University Press
880:to exile the Kabaka to
815:Traditional Ganda Kanzu
369:on the way to Buganda.
1527:"HOSTILE TO DEMOCRACY"
1304:Achieve Global Safaris
1015:AFRICA 101 LAST TRIBES
882:the Seychelles Islands
696:
605:
474:
442:
343:
1637:Roscoe, John (2005).
1569:Nyeko, Balam (2021).
1129:The Buganda Home Page
1123:Mukasa E. Ssemakula.
1067:The Buganda Home Page
1061:Mukasa E. Ssemakula.
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603:
472:
440:
376:, Buganda's foremost
365:, and passed through
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119:Related ethnic groups
748:improve this section
653:improve this section
562:improve this section
1280:www.kasubitombs.org
1185:"UNHCR Web Archive"
1135:on 11 November 2020
986:(Online ed.).
512:Uganda Protectorate
133:other Bantu peoples
35:
956:on 12 October 2017
827:Buganda Boundaries
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606:
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300:History of Buganda
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994:(Subscription or
792:Muwenda Mutebi II
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1484:. 7 August 2014
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374:Sir Apolo Kagwa
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1446:(4): 757–786.
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1411:(4): 519–540.
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1338:10.2307/219743
1332:(4): 601–618.
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826:
819:
817:
814:
807:
803:
800:
782:
781:
732:
730:
723:
717:
714:
687:
686:
637:
635:
628:
622:
619:
596:
595:
546:
544:
537:
531:
528:
516:British Empire
491:
488:
416:
413:
397:Central Africa
330:
323:
322:
321:
312:
311:
310:
309:
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306:
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298:Main article:
295:
292:
272:Roman Catholic
260:United Kingdom
209:) also called
193:
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171:
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84:
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79:
63:
62:
58:
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53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
29:
26:
24:
18:Baganda people
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1956:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Bantu peoples
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
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1876:
1874:
1871:
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1831:
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1716:
1714:
1711:
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1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1692:
1688:
1681:
1676:
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1669:
1667:
1662:
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1650:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
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1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1498:
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1483:
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1469:
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1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1367:Roscoe, pg. 2
1364:
1361:
1358:Roscoe, pg. 6
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
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1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
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1301:
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1277:
1271:
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1257:on 2010-03-24
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1227:Daily Monitor
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1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
989:
985:
984:
978:
971:
968:
952:
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937:
935:
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918:
914:
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902:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
859:
854:
847:
842:
835:
830:
823:
818:
811:
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801:
799:
797:
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753:
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742:
738:
733:This section
731:
727:
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721:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
683:
680:
672:
662:
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647:
643:
638:This section
636:
632:
627:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
602:
592:
589:
581:
571:
567:
563:
557:
556:
552:
547:This section
545:
541:
536:
535:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:standing army
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
479:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
452:
447:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
421:
414:
412:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
357:
356:creator deity
353:
349:
340:
327:
316:
305:Early history
304:
301:
293:
291:
289:
286:and 4.3% are
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:United States
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
191:
189:
185:
181:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
141:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
94:
90:
86:
81:
77:
64:
59:
54:
49:
42:
37:
19:
1732:
1638:
1603:
1590:
1581:
1577:
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1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1486:. Retrieved
1476:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1381:
1376:Roscoe, p. 2
1372:
1363:
1354:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1308:. Retrieved
1306:. 2019-08-15
1303:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1250:
1241:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1128:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1066:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1035:
1014:
1004:
981:
970:
958:. Retrieved
951:the original
921:. Retrieved
916:
867:
789:
785:
770:
761:
746:Please help
734:
710:
706:
702:
698:
675:
666:
651:Please help
639:
615:
611:
607:
584:
575:
560:Please help
548:
523:
519:
493:
480:
476:
464:
460:
448:
444:
433:
429:
425:
422:
418:
409:
405:
390:
378:ethnographer
371:
345:
274:, 27.4% are
252:South Africa
237:
218:ethnic group
210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
187:
174:
162:
151:
105:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
1584:(3): 11–32.
1531:www.hrw.org
764:August 2015
669:August 2015
621:Family life
578:August 2015
363:Mount Elgon
352:first human
288:Pentecostal
282:), 23% are
226:subnational
205:; singular
1928:Categories
1813:Karamojong
1536:2021-06-01
1512:2021-05-31
1488:2021-05-31
1310:2021-05-31
1285:2021-05-31
1261:2021-05-31
1232:2021-05-31
1208:2021-05-31
998:required.)
896:References
262:, and the
220:native to
201:(endonym:
1728:Bafumbira
1620:1749-1797
1612:1749-1800
1468:143149213
1425:213628762
1032:"Baganda"
735:does not
640:does not
549:does not
500:Muteesa I
83:Languages
56:5,555,319
1105:7 August
1100:ubos.org
1071:Archived
1040:Archived
960:17 April
913:"Uganda"
276:Anglican
244:diaspora
213:, are a
170:Language
99:Religion
1913:Wahinda
1898:Songora
1863:Nubians
1843:Lugbara
1758:Bunyoro
1753:Baruuli
1748:Banyole
1743:Banyala
1733:Baganda
1631:Sources
1578:Ufahamu
1460:3174572
1169:24 July
1139:24 July
1077:22 July
1046:22 July
977:"Ganda"
923:23 June
886:British
802:Gallery
756:removed
741:sources
661:removed
646:sources
570:removed
555:sources
496:British
294:History
268:Luganda
231:within
229:kingdom
222:Buganda
211:Waganda
207:Muganda
203:Baganda
199:Baganda
183:Country
129:Bagwere
93:English
89:Luganda
34:Baganda
1878:Oropom
1858:Masaba
1788:Hororo
1768:Dodoth
1763:Busoga
1723:Aringa
1718:Ankole
1703:Adhola
1645:
1618:
1610:
1466:
1458:
1423:
1346:219743
1344:
839:Masiro
524:Kabaka
520:Kabaka
449:Under
382:Kibiro
367:Busoga
350:, the
284:Muslim
258:, the
256:Sweden
248:Canada
240:Kabaka
233:Uganda
159:People
148:Person
125:Basoga
76:Uganda
73:
1934:Ganda
1908:Tooro
1893:Sebei
1888:Samia
1883:Pokot
1873:Nyoro
1868:Nkole
1833:Lango
1828:Kumam
1823:Konjo
1808:Kakwa
1803:Kadam
1783:Gwere
1738:Bagwe
1698:Acoli
1608:eISSN
1600:(PDF)
1574:(PDF)
1464:S2CID
1456:JSTOR
1440:Signs
1421:S2CID
1390:(PDF)
1342:JSTOR
1096:(PDF)
992:
954:(PDF)
947:(PDF)
874:Mengo
455:Buddu
359:Ggulu
348:Kintu
215:Bantu
190:Ganda
177:Ganda
165:Ganda
154:Ganda
143:Ganda
113:Islam
1903:Teso
1853:Madi
1838:Logo
1818:Kiga
1773:Gisu
1713:Amba
1708:Alur
1643:ISBN
1616:ISSN
1171:2010
1141:2010
1107:2023
1079:2010
1048:2010
962:2018
925:2023
739:any
737:cite
644:any
642:cite
553:any
551:cite
395:and
393:West
224:, a
197:The
131:and
1848:Luo
1798:Jie
1448:doi
1413:doi
1334:doi
750:by
655:by
564:by
175:Olu
163:Aba
152:Omu
127:,
1930::
1793:Ik
1614:.
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1582:15
1580:.
1576:.
1554:.
1529:.
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1462:.
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1442:.
1419:.
1409:57
1407:.
1340:.
1330:21
1328:.
1302:.
1278:.
1249:.
1225:.
1201:.
1162:.
1149:^
1127:.
1115:^
1098:.
1069:.
1065:.
1038:.
1034:.
1023:^
1013:.
980:.
933:^
915:.
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892:.
798:.
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250:,
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1558:.
1539:.
1515:.
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1470:.
1450::
1427:.
1415::
1392:.
1348:.
1336::
1313:.
1288:.
1264:.
1235:.
1211:.
1187:.
1173:.
1143:.
1109:.
1081:.
1050:.
1017:.
990:.
964:.
927:.
777:)
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766:)
762:(
758:.
744:.
682:)
676:(
671:)
667:(
663:.
649:.
591:)
585:(
580:)
576:(
572:.
558:.
278:(
20:)
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