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see the anti-aircraft guns following us about. We were then meant to rise up to 1,000 feet, but because of the anti-aircraft guns we went down to rooftop level. By the time they sighted on us, we were out of sight. A lot of people were surprised we went without armaments, in case of any trigger-happy tail gunner. Originally, it was going to be 'Operation Spam' which was in my log book. We also went to
36:
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thought it was too dangerous for the crews. The idea was we would cross the Dutch border at 1,000 feet, and then drop down to 500 feet at 90 knots which was just above stalling speed. On the 29th, we were on battle orders again. There was no truce at that point, and as we crossed the coast, we could
591:
The bomber crews were experienced with bomb drops from 20,000 ft (6,000 m) but this operation was performed at a height of 490 ft (150 m), some even flying as low as 390 ft (120 m), as the cargo did not have parachutes. The drop zones, marked by
Mosquitoes from 105 and
722:
flour that was shipped in and baked locally. A popular myth holds that this bread was dropped from aircraft, but that is a mix-up between the air operations and another humanitarian assistance whereby flour from Sweden was allowed to enter Dutch harbours by ship. Also, no food was dropped using
709:
Three aircraft were lost: two in a collision and one due to engine fire. Bullet holes were discovered in several aircraft upon their return, presumably the result of being fired upon by German soldiers who were unaware of, or violating, the ceasefire.
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of the northern highway ring road around
Rotterdam. The official unveiling of the plaque was performed by Lieutenant-Commander Angus Geddes RN (Geddes's son) from England and Warrant Officer David Chiverton from Australia (Geddes's grandson).
668:
The idea was for people to gather and redistribute the food, but some could not resist eating straight away, which caused some people to get sick and vomit, (and some died) a result that fatty food can have in starved bodies known as
330:
673:. On the other hand, distribution sometimes took as long as ten days, resulting in some getting the food only after the liberation. Many lives were saved, and it gave hope and the feeling that the war would soon be over.
153:
857:
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As we arrived people had gathered already and were waving flags, making signs, etc., doing whatever they could. It was a marvellous sight. As time went on, so there were also messages, such as
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was honoured when a hiking trail in the
Rotterdam district of Terbregge, the Air Commodore Geddespath, was named after him. This path goes past the Manna/Chowhound monument in the
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53:
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from the 550th squadron received battle recognition despite having no guns for their humanitarian mission, as a result of receiving fire from German flak.
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On the
American side, ten bomb groups of the US Third Air Division flew 2,268 sorties beginning 1 May, delivering a total of 4,000 tons. Four hundred
1136:
450:, but Eisenhower did not have the authority to negotiate a truce with the Germans. While the prince got permission from British Prime Minister
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535:), took off in bad weather despite the fact that the Germans had not yet agreed to a ceasefire. (Seyss-Inquart would do so the next day.)
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had to fly low, down to 50 feet (15 m), over German guns, but succeeded in dropping her cargo and returning to her airfield.
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908:
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A commemorative plaque to thank the Royal Air Force for their help in mounting
Operation Manna was presented in May 1980 by Dr.
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217:
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68:
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416:
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404:
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419:. In total, over 11,000 tonnes of food were dropped over one and a half weeks with the acquiescence of the occupying
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By early 1945, the situation was growing desperate for the three million or more Dutch still under German control.
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201:
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865:
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John
Funnell, a navigator on the operation, says the food dropped was tinned food, dried food and chocolate.
387:(29 April – 7 May 1945), which dropped 7,000 tonnes of food into the still Nazi-occupied western part of the
912:
718:
Earlier, before the start of the airdrops, there had been a distribution of white "Swedish bread" made from
531:". This bomber, with a crew of seven young men (five from Ontario, Canada, including pilot Robert Upcott of
426:
After it was realised that Manna and
Chowhound would be insufficient, a ground-based relief operation named
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376:
484:. It was agreed that the participating aircraft would not be fired upon within specified air corridors.
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664:. We navigators are interested in the latitude and longitude of the place, rather than the name.
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Five Days That
Shocked the World: Eyewitness Accounts from Europe at the End of World War II
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begin planning immediately. On 23 April, authorisation was given by the Chief of Staff,
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RAF ground crew loading food supplies into slings for hoisting into the bomb bay of an
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and a team of German officers. Among the participants were the
Canadian future writer
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760:
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948:(Tulsa, OK, USA, Tulsa Air and Space Museum and Planetarium docent personal account)
17:
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was launched. On 2 May, 200 Allied trucks began delivering food to the city of
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258:
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35:
27:
1945 humanitarian food drops over the German-occupied
Netherlands by the Allies
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Operation Chowhound: The Most Risky, Most Glorious, US Bomber Mission of WWII
795:
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617:
605:
516:. The planning of the operation was initially done by the Royal Air Force.
368:
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Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
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651:. We went to a briefing and were told the operation was cancelled because
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chosen for the test flight, the morning of 29 April 1945, was nicknamed
727:
during operations Manna and Chowhound, as is often wrongfully claimed.
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340:
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B-17s over Berlin: Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group (H)
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Operatie "Manna": De Gealieerde Voedseldroppings April/Mei 1945
135:
886:
415:(1–8 May 1945) dropped 4,000 tonnes and was undertaken by the
29:
423:
forces to help feed Dutch civilians in danger of starvation.
508:
The British operation started first. It was named after the
1139:
at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive.
909:"Food from Heaven – 460 Squadron and Operation Manna, 1945"
755:, Hendon, England. On 28 April 2007, British Air Commodore
776:
Manna/Chowhound monument ("Monument voor operatie Manna")
512:
which was miraculously provided to the Israelites in the
1067:(in Dutch). Weesp, Netherlands: Romen Luchtvaart, 1985.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1178:History of the Royal Air Force during World War II
1001:
780:Operation Chowhound was featured in episode 9 of
375:in the German-occupied Netherlands undertaken by
647:. On the 24th April, we were on battle order at
641:
843:
841:
446:appealed directly to Allied Supreme Commander
564:then began in earnest. British aircraft from
147:
8:
1041:uncredited. "They Fell Right In The Larder"
480:and the German commander-in-chief, General
154:
140:
132:
1132:8mm movie of Operation Manna in Rotterdam
1052:. Washington, DC: Brassey's, Inc., 1995.
636:delivered a total of 6,680 tons of food.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1153:Western European theatre of World War II
1097:. General Store Publishing House, 2002.
812:
749:Minister of Defence of the Netherlands
697:. At least one B-17 crew, that of the
7:
739:Operation Manna Commemoration Plaque
58:adding citations to reliable sources
907:Dianne Rutherford (29 April 2010).
395:(RAF) units and squadrons from the
25:
1127:Operation Manna/Chowhound website
971:. Osprey Publishing. p. 85.
1168:Humanitarian military operations
1008:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
69:"Operations Manna and Chowhound"
34:
1023:Dando-Collins, Stephen (2015).
1018:– via Archive Foundation.
887:"A Bad Penny Always Comes Back"
458:, Eisenhower had Air Commodore
45:needs additional citations for
786:, a television miniseries for
469:Allied agents negotiated with
381:last days of the war in Europe
1:
687:United States Army Air Forces
417:United States Army Air Forces
391:, was carried out by British
165:Liberation of the Netherlands
939:, May 1, 2005, by Ted Barris
331:Chronology of the liberation
1173:Netherlands in World War II
549:spelt-out on the ground in
529:a bad penny always turns up
405:Royal New Zealand Air Force
1224:
957:Vos MacDonald 2002, p. 54.
695:Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
660:, but dropped the food at
397:Royal Australian Air Force
1208:Rotterdam in World War II
1122:Royal British Legion page
1095:Our Mornings May Never Be
645:Thank you for coming boys
519:The first of the two RAF
173:
866:Virtual Museum of Canada
862:Crew of Operation Manna"
751:and is displayed in the
527:, as in the expression "
401:Royal Canadian Air Force
379:bomber crews during the
1163:1945 in the Netherlands
967:Best, Nicholas (2013).
913:Australian War Memorial
434:, behind German lines.
373:Dutch famine of 1944–45
1027:. St. Martin's Press.
998:Dando-Collins, Stephen
821:"Arthur Seyss-Inquart"
777:
753:Royal Air Force Museum
740:
666:
612:horse race course and
557:
505:
411:squadrons in the RAF.
357:
349:with a food drop over
1117:Lancaster Museum page
1093:Vos MacDonald, Joan.
1082:. Authorhouse, 2007.
847:Hawkins 1995, p. 277.
825:History Learning Site
775:
738:
693:during 1 to 3 May on
545:
495:
456:Franklin D. Roosevelt
344:
323:Manna & Chowhound
1080:Countdown To Freedom
689:dropped 800 tons of
683:B-17 Flying Fortress
592:109 Squadrons using
576:took part, with 145
474:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
448:Dwight D. Eisenhower
54:improve this article
18:Bad Penny (aircraft)
1025:Operation Chowhound
677:Operation Chowhound
482:Johannes Blaskowitz
454:and U.S. President
365:Operation Chowhound
1063:Onderwater, Hans.
889:. Badpennybook.com
783:Masters of the Air
778:
768:In popular culture
741:
671:refeeding syndrome
558:
506:
367:were humanitarian
358:
1198:April 1945 events
1158:Famines in Europe
1043:Aeroplane Monthly
1034:978-1-137-27963-7
1015:978-1-137-27963-7
933:Manna From Heaven
452:Winston Churchill
353:during Operation
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16:(Redirected from
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1078:Ridder, Willem.
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792:Steven Spielberg
553:after Operation
533:Windsor, Ontario
500:heavy bomber of
409:Polish Air Force
218:Nijmegen salient
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745:Willem Scholten
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685:bombers of the
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521:Avro Lancasters
490:
488:Operation Manna
471:Reichskommissar
464:George Marshall
444:Prince Bernhard
440:
428:Operation Faust
393:Royal Air Force
371:to relieve the
361:Operation Manna
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1111:External links
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1048:Hawkins, Ian.
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978:978-1780960463
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514:Book of Exodus
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761:noise barrier
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757:Andrew Geddes
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584:and 3,156 by
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460:Andrew Geddes
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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990:Bibliography
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928:
916:. Retrieved
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891:. Retrieved
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869:. Retrieved
859:
852:
828:. Retrieved
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649:Elsham Wolds
644:
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554:
546:
536:
524:
518:
507:
502:514 Squadron
478:Farley Mowat
470:
468:
441:
438:Negotiations
427:
425:
412:
407:(RNZAF) and
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187:Joe's Bridge
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83:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1045:, May 1985.
918:9 September
871:9 September
731:Recognition
616:airfield),
604:airfield),
547:Many Thanks
389:Netherlands
271:Broekhuizen
235:Hoogerheide
110:August 2010
1147:Categories
893:2014-01-17
802:References
725:parachutes
699:Stork Club
662:Falkenburg
602:Valkenburg
582:Mosquitoes
560:Operation
369:food drops
307:2nd Arnhem
197:1st Arnhem
80:newspapers
860:Bad Penny
830:6 January
796:Tom Hanks
788:Apple TV+
691:K-rations
622:Waalhaven
618:Rotterdam
606:The Hague
588:bombers.
586:Lancaster
537:Bad Penny
525:Bad Penny
413:Chowhound
312:Groningen
277:Blackcock
246:Infatuate
240:Walcheren
1188:Airlifts
1000:(2015).
614:Ypenburg
610:Duindigt
596:, were:
504:(1945).
403:(RCAF),
399:(RAAF),
351:Ypenburg
317:Otterloo
301:Keystone
265:Pheasant
254:Overloon
230:Breskens
192:Nijmegen
720:Swedish
598:Katwijk
578:sorties
574:8 Group
570:3 Group
566:1 Group
294:Amherst
224:Scheldt
210:Pegasus
94:scholar
1101:
1086:
1071:
1056:
1031:
1012:
975:
937:Legion
705:Losses
628:) and
572:, and
551:tulips
432:Rhenen
421:German
377:Allied
259:Putten
203:Berlin
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
858:"The
807:Notes
790:from
714:Myths
658:Lyden
630:Gouda
562:Manna
555:Manna
385:Manna
355:Manna
288:Texel
101:JSTOR
87:books
1099:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1010:ISBN
973:ISBN
920:2012
873:2012
832:2014
794:and
594:Oboe
510:food
363:and
73:news
580:by
345:An
56:by
1149::
935:–
911:.
864:.
840:^
823:.
798:.
747:,
632:.
568:,
466:.
383:.
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1037:.
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922:.
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620:(
608:(
600:(
155:e
148:t
141:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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