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trough as far as the next bend westwards at Kala Wamar. The western slopes of this range drain to the Oxus either northwestwards, by the Kokcha and the Ragh, or else they twist their streams into the Shiwa, which runs due north across Darwaz. Here again the main routes which traverse the country follow the rivers closely. The valleys are narrow, but fertile and populous. The mountains are rugged and difficult; but there is much world-famous beauty of scenery, and almost phenomenal agricultural wealth in the valleys of
1435:. The instigator of the murder had been fascinated by the extraordinary beauty of the wife of Mir Yar Beg, and was impelled by his passion for the lady to accomplish the death of her husband. On his death Sulaiman Beg took possession of Fayzabad and married his widow. Mir Ahmad Shah discovered that the murder of Yar Beg was instigated by Sulaiman Beg with the object of possessing his wife, and advancing against him, expelled him from Faizabad,A of which he took possession himself. He then wrote to
638:
902:'s mother had been killed by Shah Abul Ma'ali. Mirza Sulaiman went to Kabul, and had Abul Ma'ali hanged; he then had his own daughter married to Mirza Muhammad Hakim, and appointed Umed Ali, a Badakhshan noble, as Mirza Muhammad Hakim's agent in 1563. But Mirza Muhammad Hakim did not go on well with Mirza Sulaiman, who returned next year to Kabul with hostile intentions; but Mirza Muhammad Hakim fled Fayzabad and asked Akbar for assistance, so that Mirza Sulaiman, though he had taken
749:
minerals, learned how to melt metals to make iron stronger, and began to produce weapons and household items. On this basis, handicrafts developed, and new and large camps were built. Other production activities, such as agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, the emergence of horses and carts, road construction, etc., accelerated the division of society into classes. The construction of shields, sickles, axes, pickaxes, and shovels flourished during this period of bronze.
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999:, who had long wished to annex Badakhshan. He invaded and took the country in 1584; Shahrukh fled to the Mughal Empire, and Mirza Sulaiman to Kabul. As he could not recover Badakhshan for himself, and was rendered destitute by the death of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, he followed the example of his grandson, and repaired to the court of Akbar who made him a commander of six thousand. He lived out his life at Akbar's court in
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24:
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953:; but she refused to go. As soon as Shahrukh had grown up, his mother and some Badakhshi nobles excited him to rebel against his grandfather Mirza Sulaiman. This he did, alternately rebelling and again making peace. Khurram Begum then died. Shahrukh took away those parts of Badakhshan which his father had held, and found so many adherents, that Mirza Sulaiman, pretending to go on a pilgrimage to
2405:
166:
1348:(lower Chitral) by being pushed down a precipice. Mir Muhammad Murad Beg, taking advantage of this situation, took Badakhshan by occupying Fayzabad. But despite invading Badakhshan Mir Muhammad Murad Beg had little to no control over it. In fact Badakhshan was now contested by again by Mir Yar Beg, Sikandar Shah, Shahzada Mahmud, Abdul Ghazi Khan and Shah Suliman Beg, who were in exile at
558:
987:. When the death of that monarch deprived him of the assistance which he had just received, he went to Muzaffar Husain Mirza at Kandahar, and then to Mirza Muhammad Hakim at Kabul. Not succeeding in raising disturbances in Kabul, he made for the frontier of Badakhshan, and luckily finding some adherents, he managed to get from his grandson the territory between Taiqan and the
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263:
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717:, precious stones and rubies were transported to all corners of the Middle East for sale. Jewelry and clothing decorated with rubies from the 3rd millennium BC have been discovered in Southeast Asia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Iran, Indo-China, and even in Western countries. At that time, the presence of Badakhshan laurel in India (
1848:
to the west. The Hindu Kush represents the southern edge of a great central upheaval or plateau. It breaks up into long spurs southwards, among which are hidden the valleys of
Nuristan, almost isolated from each other by the rugged and snow-capped altitudes which divide them. To the north the plateau
1491:
to establish friendly relations. However, peace did not last long, as Dost
Muhammad Khan died and his sons began to fight for the throne. Eventually Mir Jahandar Shah was forced to take the side of Sher Ali Khan and Muhammad Azam Khan (who was now married to Mir Jahandar Shah's daughter as well). But
1408:
The son Dost
Muhammad Khan was then a beardless youth and Nasrullah Khan coveted him. The Afghan pride of Sher Ali was however inflamed and he informed his father and brothers of the insulting desire of Nasrullah Khan. Dost Muhammad Khan then decided to leave the Emirate of Bukhara but found himself
736:. In the Stone Age, construction of new clay huts in Badakhshan began. Later, in the Neolithic period, the tribes of the Middle East, including the Badakhshans, used wooden gates with their heels running over stone holes. Scientists also attribute the appearance of a window for smoke and light to the
1650:
The following were the chief provincial subdivisions of
Badakhshan, omitting Rushan and Shugnan: on the west Rustak, Kataghan, Ghori, Narin and Anderab; on the north Darwaz, Ragh and Shiwa; on the east Charan, Ishkashim, Zebak and Wakhan; and in the center, Faizabad, Farkhar, Minjan and Kishm. There
1447:
to drive them out of Rustak. The letter did not reach its destination but fell by some means into hands of Mir Shah who forwarded it to
Sulaiman Shah and invited him to a consultation at Rustak. The chiefs then united and marched against Mir Ahmad Shah, who was expelled to Kunduz. A new distribution
1232:
Immediately Mir
Muhammad Shah was engaged in hostilities with Jalal ud din Chief of Shighnan, who rebelled and held out in the fort till Mir Muhammad Shah invested it and he submitted. By clemency of the victor he was reinstated as Chief of Fayzabad. In same year Shah Abul Faiz, son of Shah Shuja of
1219:
and
Kashmir, Mizrab Bi, grandson of Muhammad Bi (the old Chief of Kunduz) united with the Chief of Kubab to attack Kabad Khan, seized him and gave him to Mir Muhammad Shah, who put him to death to avenge his father Mir Muhammad Shah. He returned to Badakhshan to find throne occupied by Bahadur Shah,
1623:
So far as the northern boundary followed the Oxus stream, under the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush, it was only separated by the length of these slopes (some 8 or 10 miles) from the southern boundary along the crest. Thus
Badakhshan reached out an arm into the Pamirs eastwards - bottle-shaped -
1543:
began, with the
Russians instigating the Emirate of Bukhara to claim certain territories of Afghanistan and the British recognizing Afghanistan's claim to the disputed territories. Badakhshan's boundaries were decided by the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1873, which expressly acknowledged "Badakhshan
1920:
A very remarkable meridional range extends for 100 miles northwards from the Hindu Kush (it is across this range that the route from Zebak to
Ishkashim lies), which determines the great bend of the Oxus river northwards from Ishkashim, and narrows the valley of that river into the formation of a
1508:
against Mir Jahandar Shah and defeated him. After the flight of Mir Jahandar Shah the country was divided. Mir Jahandar Shah sought refuge in Kabul, where he was restored a year afterwards to his ancestral throne by the influence of Abdur Rahman Khan, son of the Mohammad Afzal Khan, and by his
748:
in Badakhshan, from the 3rd millennium BC to the 9th-8th centuries BC, was the most important historical stage of development and evolution. The development of productive forces and significant changes in the social system took place during this period. People learned the production and use of
1478:
Ruler of Badakhshan, children and successors, agree to remain firm in allegiance to Amir of Kabul and officers in Balkh not to join foreign enemy against Amir of Kabul. Ruler of Badakhshan to furnish suitable contingent in difficulty and to aid Amir of Kabul and to give annual
1224:
and took Fayzabad. Mir Muhammad Shah fled to Chiab. In two years, Bahadur Shah was put to death by an agent of the Shighnan Chief named Bahadur, who took the throne. Muhammad Shah repeatedly attempted to expel him. But aid was refused him by the Shighnan Chief and
1884:
found to be a considerable stream where it approaches the Hindu Kush close under the Dorab. Like the Kunduz, it probably drains the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush by deep lateral valleys, more or less parallel to the crest, reaching westwards towards the
1279:
on pretence of avenging their wrongs attacked Khodai Nazar Beg and drove him from Kunduz. His avarice caused him to occupy the country himself. Darab Bi's sons wandered to Badakhshan and Balkh Aliwardi Beg did not long enjoy fruits of treachery. In 1795,
1312:
succeeded as mir of Badakhshan after his father Mir Muhammad Shah's death in 1810. He remained friendly with his neighbors and the country prospered. He recovered arrears of taxes from Chinese settlers and levied payment in advance. In 1814 he invaded
1220:
son of a former Chief who had taken Faizabad during the captivity of Mir Muhammad Shah in Kunduz. Bahadur Shah was deposed and the rightful owner recovered the throne. Fortune frowned again on Mir Muhammad Shah. Bahadur Shah obtained aid of the
1202:, son of Sultan Shah, escaped and retired to Tang i Nau from whence later he attacked Faizabad, put to death his youngest brother Nasarullah Khan Chief of that place under the government of Kabul, and took the Kingdom. His father's old enemy
1487:. He too would get involved in various intrigues in the region as well as issues of succession in his neighborhood, taking one side or the other. In 1865, Mir Jahandar Shah sent his ambassador Syed Muhammad to the British Commissioner in
1214:
and were joined by Kabad Khan in person. Muhammad Shah submitted and was detained at Kunduz for two years. After that fortune turned against Kabad Khan. Throwing off his allegiance to Kabul when Timur Shah Durrani was marching against
1509:
popularity. His rival Mahmud Shah left without a struggle in October 1868. Mir Jahandar Shah of Badakhshan never asked forgiveness for the hostilities to Amir Sher Ali Khan with Azam Khan and failed to wait on Governor of Balkh at
1516:
Sher Ali in October 1869 invited Mizrad Shah, Muhammad Shah and Ibrahim, deposed chiefs of Badakhshan and restored them. Mir Jahandar Shah fled to Kulab. In December 1869, Mir Jahandar Shah left the camp of Emir of Bukhara in
1639:
extension westwards, and the river throughout became the boundary between Russian and Afghan territory; the political boundaries of those provinces and those of Wakhan were no longer coincident with their geographical limits.
1474:(son of Dost Muhammad Khan) with presents and an offer of submission. Mir Shah betrothed his niece (daughter of his brother Nizam-ud-din Khan) to Muhammad Azam Khan. A treaty was made with the Muhammad Azam Khan as follows:
1344:. Mir Muhammad Murad Beg and Kokan Beg often fought with each other over territory inconclusively while battling against rebels in their own respective territories for years. Kokan Beg would be assassinated by his ally in
1295:
740:
period. Archaeologists call the Neolithic artifacts in Takharistan (Badakhshan) in the historical literature "Mountain Neolithic of Hissar culture". This civilization lasted from the 6th to the 3rd millennium BC.
1718:
took over. From April 1920, the vacuum of power was filled by an attempt to establish Bukharan rule until June 1920, when the Bukharans were expelled by local forces, Bolshevik rule was restored: the Stalinist
1148:, who, supported by Khizri Beg, advanced on Faizabad and besieged it. Sultan Shah was taken prisoner. The Kunduz chief, unwilling to lose an opportunity, seized Turrah Baz Khan and sent both captives to
1587:
occupied the crest of the Hindu Kush eastwards of the Khawak, but how far they extended north of the main watershed was not ascertainable. The southern limits of Badakhshan became definite again at the
527:. The Pamiri people were not officially recognized as a separate ethnic group in Tajikistan, but Tajikistan Pamiri movements and associations have been formed. The main religions of Badakhshan are
1987:
1600:
at the elbow, or bend, of the Oxus with the Lutku valley leading to Chitral. From the Dorah eastwards the crest of the Hindu Kush again became the boundary until it effects a junction with the
1880:, close to the great bend of the Oxus northwards, so that it cuts off all the mountainous area included within that bend from the rest of Badakhshan. Its chief affluent is the Minjan, which
1714:(Western) Pamir came under the Russian military administration. In November 1918 the last Czarist Russian troops recognized Bolshevik rule, but in December 1919 the anti-Bolshevik Russian
1332:
Meanwhile, Kunduz was still under Emirate of Bukhara and the wandering sons of Darab Bi Kataghan decided to attack and retake the city, which they did in 1810. The Amir of Kunduz was now
1336:, one of the brothers. Mir Yar Beg was now worried about the rising popularity and power of Mir Muhammad Murad Beg in the region. Eventually, in 1820, the two would face off at
539:
propagated Ismailism there in 11th century. The people of this province have a rich cultural heritage and they have preserved unique ancient forms of music, poetry, and dance.
808:
1380:
and Fayzabad were successively occupied by these chiefs. Fayzabad fell to Mir Yar Beg, who rebuilt his fort and lived in the city. The old dynasty thus was restored.
945:, the widow of Prince Kamran Mirza. Mirza Sulaiman wanted to marry her; but Khurram Begum got her married, against her will, to Mirza Ibrahim, by whom she had a son,
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when the roads of communication were so long that the "Road of the King" was 2400 km long, and was used to transport rubies from Badakhshan, turquoise from
1206:, whom the patronage of Timur Shah Durrani (successor of Ahmad Shah Durrani) had elevated to the Chiefship of Kunduz, sent a force against Muhammad Shah under
1889:. From the Oxus (1,000 feet) to Faizabad (4,000 feet) and Zebak (8,500 feet) the course of the Kokcha offers a high road across Badakhshan; between Zebak and
1624:
narrow at the neck (represented by the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush), and swelling out eastwards so as to include a part of the great and little Pamirs.
883:, he made war upon and defeated Mirza Sulaiman who once in possession of his country, had refused to submit; but when the return of Prince Kamran Mirza from
2429:
756:, which later became a major trade route and served the peoples of different nations until the 17–18th century. Badakhshan was at that time a land called
1144:
leaving his country in charge of an Afghan governor. Sultan Shah returned, slew the governor and regained his country. He was attacked by another rival,
1913:
of China. It is undoubtedly one of the great continental high-roads of Asia. North of the Kokcha, within the Oxus bend, is the mountainous district of
1817:
1456:; Nasrullah Khan got Kashmir and Mashad. Rustak and Chiab were allotted to Yusuf Ali Khan. Jirm to Sikandar Shah, and Zardeo Sarghalan was given to
2140:
An ancient route through the clouds: Once part of the legendary Silk Road, Central Asia’s Pamir Mountains might be the world’s last true adventure.
1747:
1420:. Two months later he also attacked Mashad. But he failed to obtain a footing in Badakhshan, which remained in possession of its hereditary Mirs.
2030:
1396:
and Kunduz and was well received. They could not aid him against British and Dost Muhammad proceeded to the Emirate of Bukhara, then governed by
1046:
in the later half of the 18th century, the capital was relocated to Fayzabad, then known as Jauzun. In the 19th century the capital was moved to
906:, had to return to Badakhshan. He returned to Kabul in 1566, when Akbar's troops had left that country, but retreated on being promised tribute.
1483:
But Mir Shah had trouble governing his region. Family quarrels over territory kept him busy till his death in 1862. He was succeeded by his son
1198:
In 1759 another enemy appeared led by Kabad Khan. The Kataghans attacked Fayzabad, and took and put to death Sultan Shah and Turrah Baz Khan.
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2163:
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obliged Emperor Humayun to go to Kabul, he reinstated Mirza Sulaiman, who held Badakhshan till 1575. Bent on making conquests, he invaded
796:
of Afghanistan (Badakhshan), which was transported by caravan routes to Egypt, China, Rome, and Byzantium. Some scholars claim that the "
2476:
1340:
in which Mir Muhammad Murad Beg would be the victor. In 1822 four brothers under the service of Mir Muhammad Murad Beg rebelled, led by
875:, and Mirza Sulaiman, who held Badakhshan till October 8, 1541, when he had to surrender himself and his son, Mirza Ibrahim, to Prince
2565:
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Biswas, A.K. (2001). "Minerals and their Exploitation in Ancient and Pre-modern India". In Ramachandra Rao, P.; Goswami, N.G. (eds.).
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conflict. Badakhshan gained its status among the world civilizations with these two types of precious stones, both in the time of the
516:
398:
333:
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154:
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1968:
844:, one of his nobles, blinded Baysinghar Mirza, killed the second prince, and ruled as a usurper. He submitted to the Mughal Emperor
601:
382:
315:
249:
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from Badakhshan to these civilizations, which introduced Badakhshan to the world in ancient times through these precious stones.
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1682:
was defined as part of the border between Afghan and Russian Badakhshan. This border persisted despite changes in governments.
1466:
From 1840 to 1859 CE, Afghanistan and the Emirate of Bukhara struggled for Balkh and Badakhshan, with Afghanistan prevailing.
973:
instead, as Mun'im Khan had died and Mirza Sulaiman did not care for the governorship of Bengal, which Akbar had offered him.
1793:. In 1963 Qataghan-Badakhshan Province was abolished and its territory was divided into four separate provinces: Badakhshan,
187:
2003:
829:
322:
1643:
Chitral, Yarkand and Ferghana became shelters for refugees in 1887 and 1883 from Badakhshan who fled from the campaigns of
2558:
2519:
949:. When Mirza Ibrahim fell in the war with Balkh, Khurram Begum wanted to send the Khanum to her father, Shah Muhammad of
230:
2540:
1667:
1301:
821:
1229:. He regained the throne on the assassination of Bahadur by his servant. The late usurper's ministers were all killed.
1112:, fled from their postal approach of enemy. Men of Badakhshan, disgusted with their chief because of his partiality to
202:
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250
1635:, on the other hand, extended to the right bank. Then, however, the Darwaz extension northwards was exchanged for the
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tribe. She was clever, and had her husband so much in her power that he did nothing without her advice. Her enemy was
183:
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1651:
were others, but nothing certain is known about these minor subdivisions. Consequently, most western part of modern
1237:, rebelled against Mir Muhammad Shah and was vanquished. The territory of Mir Muhammad Shah was divided as follows:
2139:
817:
1836:
The mountain districts comprise all of the southern districts of Badakhshan and the northern hills and valleys of
1529:
579:
209:
176:
1533:
512:
1500:. Mir Jahandar Shah handed over his allies to Mohammad Afzal Khan. This angered Sher Ali Khan and his deputy in
1264:
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390:
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in Badakhshan. He slew a large portion and 700 horses were taken. Place was marked by 200 heads of raiders on
1053:
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1254:
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Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan Vol. 1. Badakhshan Province and northeastern Afghanistan
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Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan Vol. 1. Badakhshan Province and northeastern Afghanistan
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Textiles and Clothing along the Silk Roads: Thematic Collection of Cultural Exchanges along the Silk Roads
1890:
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show evidence of trade with the early civilizations of the Ancient Near East in the 4th-3rd millennia BC.
1751:
879:. They were released by Humayun in 1545, and again took possession of Badakhshan. When Humayun had taken
1809:
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boundary, and turned westwards, following the course of the Oxus, to the junction of that river and the
1309:
1082:
637:
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1199:
991:. Soon after Muhtarim Khanum died. Being again pressed by Shahrukh, Mirza Sulaiman applied for help to
841:
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indicates that the country belonged, or had been assigned as a fief, to a person holding the rank of a
198:
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2053:. School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, Turkey (M.S. thesis). Archived from
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State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)
1938:
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It was merged with the Russian (since 1895) part in 1924 to become the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous
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The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, Princeton University Press 1993, p. 96
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The great ruby road appeared on the maps of merchants during this period and became known as the
131:
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1893:, at the Oxus bend, there is but an insignificant pass of 9,500 feet; and from Ishkashim by the
1548:" as "fully belonging to the Amir of Kabul", and limited it to the left or southern bank of the
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1917:, of which the physiography belongs rather to the Pamir type than to that of the Hindu Kush.
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969:, received orders from Emperor Akbar to invade Badakhshan, but was suddenly ordered to go to
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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and Saki gave no more trouble during Sultan Shah's lifetime. This Chief built a fortress at
992:
856:, he sent Khan Mirza as governor to Badakhshan. A son was born to Khan Mirza by the name of
692:
446:
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64:
40:
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Mirza Shah Rukh (d. 1607-8), grandson of Sulaiman Mirza, and ruler of Badakhshan. Married
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In 1751 Sultan Shah was restored to liberty and his country. He punished marauders of the
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Historical region of Central Asia (now part of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and western China)
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Shah Wali and hailed him as deliverer. Sultan Shah, finding resistance hopeless, fled to
2472:
1552:(also called the Oxus). On the west, Badakhshan was bounded by a line which crosses the
792:
wrote that one stone was known throughout the long history of culture – the bright blue
223:
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2048:"The Formation and Consolidation of Pamiri Ethnic Identity in Tajikistan. Dissertation"
1958:
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2158:, 2022, by UNESCO and China National Silk Museum. Zhao Feng, Marie Louise Nosch, eds.
1101:. After consulting Ahmad Shah Durrani, Khizri Beg marched against Sultan Shah and the
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1636:
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840:, who had three sons, Baysinghar Mirza, Ali Mirza, and Khan Mirza. When Mahmud died,
777:
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The Migration of Silk Production from China to Europe and its Subsequent Development
1572:. The southern boundary was carried along the crest of the Hindu Kush as far as the
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ranges, which shut off China from Russia and India. Skirting round the head of the
1557:
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Fayz Muḥammad Katib. Siraj al-tawarıkh. V. III. Afghanistan Digital Library. <
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Volume II. János Harmatta, B.N. Puri, G.F. Etemadi eds. UNESCO Publishing, 1996.
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are also found in some villages. There are also groups of speakers of several
394:
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1666:
In 1890 Qataghan-Badakhshan District was separated from Afghan Turkestan and
1452:
occupied Fayzabad as supreme ruler of Badakhshan. Shah Sulaiman Beg received
1179:
in which he settled 600 families. He had a rest house built for travelers at
2433:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–183.
1963:
1906:
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903:
836:, who took possession of Badakhshan, which after his death fell to his son,
824:
of Badakhshan was the last of a series of kings who traced their descent to
812:
Sultan Muḥammad Vays offers Babur a healthy horse to replace his ailing one.
753:
737:
733:
707:
627:
863:
After the death of Khan Mirza, Badakhshan was governed for Babur by Prince
2447:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
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in 1560, but had to return. His son, Mirza Ibrahim, was killed in battle.
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1038:, located three miles west of Fayzabad and situated on both sides of the
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in Tajikistan, the speakers of Pamir languages formed their own separate
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This article is about the region. For the province in Afghanistan, see
1853:, falling from an average altitude of 15,000 feet to 4,000 feet about
1627:
Before the boundary settlement of 1873 the small states of Rushan and
1560:
and Amu Darya rivers until it touches the eastern water-divide of the
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trade and ancient commodities transactions between the East and West.
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1000:
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954:
761:
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642:
496:
484:
2110:
586:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1901:, is the continuation of what must once have been a much-traversed
691:, which translates as "crimson-coloured morning sun". Mines in the
2638:
1877:
1689:
1675:
1584:
1518:
1497:
1470:, chief of Badakhshan and his feudatory of Rustak went to wait on
1322:
1294:
1216:
1168:
1141:
1098:
1076:
1061:
dynasty recognize the Elder of Badakhshan (the "gray bearded") at
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Badakhshan has a diverse ethnolinguistic and religious community.
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261:
1409:
a prisoner, and with difficulty escaped with his sons to Balkh.
1317:
and took thousands of prisoners, whom he sold in Balkh, Bukhara,
2505:
2319:
1868:
traverses Badakhshan from southeast to northwest, and, with the
1694:
Friendship Bridge between Tajikistan, and Afghanistan, over the
1670:
was created. Administration of the province was assigned to the
1388:
In 1839 the occupation of Afghanistan by the British drove Amir
1369:
1234:
1188:
1156:
1062:
1058:
1034:. In the 18th century the capital of Badakhshan was the town of
984:
781:
769:
631:
28:
2554:
1872:, drains all the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush west of the
1524:
After being annexed by Afghanistan, Badakhshan was joined with
1288:
invaded Balkh and Kunduz annexed them and took Aliwardi Beg to
1108:
aided the invading column. The pickets of Badakhshan, chief of
1022:(imperial top-level province), only to be lost again in 1647.
551:
159:
1356:. Fayzabad had a small population under spiritual preceptor
2201:. New Delhi: India International Publisher. pp. 1–22.
1857:, in central Badakhshan, and trailing off to ~100 feet at
1631:
extended to the left bank of the Oxus, and the province of
699:
constituted for centuries the main source for red and pink
668:) mountain in Badashan/Badakshan. "Balas" is derived from
1069:
and levied taxes on the city and parts of the province of
1990:, Jan van Belle, The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2003.
1738:
in 1929. Between April 1992 - 1993, a Pamiri-Badakshoni
405:
is an important part of the region's cultural heritage.
1564:(Tashqurghan River), and then runs southeast, crossing
575:
465:, which may be from an earlier *pati-axša; the suffix -
1844:).Its terrain is analogous to that of the rest of the
1808:
Tajik Badakhshan witnessed fierce fighting during the
1659:, while most of it became part of Fergana Province of
626:. Badakhshan was an important region, crossed by the
2105:(1). British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 21–57.
1416:
in Badakhshan and appointed an officer of his own in
684:. However, "Balascia" itself may be derived from the
2520:"Tajikistan's Unconquerable Gorno-Badakhshan Region"
1412:
Also in 1839, Mir Muhammad Murad Beg again attacked
1010:, Badakshan was shortly conquered in 1641 by Mughal
725:), and other places was proven. There was a special
630:. Its significance was its geo-economic role in the
622:
were mined there as early as the second half of the
1521:and attacked Badakhshan and burned fort Zang Kila.
1496:secured Kabul, forcing Sher Ali Khan to retreat to
1195:and levied taxes from Badakhshan families in city.
1050:, until if finally was relocated back to Fayzabad.
190:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
137:
127:
119:
109:
58:
50:
35:
2508: : Akad. Druck- und Verl.-Anst., 1972. p. 26.
772:, in the time of the Maud, and in the time of the
614:Badakhshan was an important trading center during
2357:
2363:"Rough Chronological History Of Badakhshan, Etc"
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
1257:. Mir Muhammad Shah also built a new fort named
1299:Badakhshan delegates (拔達克山) in Peking in 1761.
672:, the ancient name for Badakhshan, a region in
153:. For the autonomous region in Tajikistan, see
2247:Ancient Iranian Nomads in Western Central Asia
1757:In 1963, Badakhshan included the districts of
1754:or Mountainous Badakhshon Autonomous Veloyat.
1504:, Faiz Muhammad Khan, who went into battle at
1439:, Chief of Kunduz, requesting his aid against
957:, left Badakhshan for Kabul, and crossing the
732:There is also evidence in Badakhshan from the
2566:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2095:"Lapis Lazuli: The Early Phases of Its Trade"
2080:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East
1325:. He died in 1815, leaving five sons of whom
1030:The old capital of Badakhshan was located in
491:are in the majority while a tiny minority of
401:in the southeastern part of the country. The
373:comprising parts of modern-day north-eastern
8:
2322:: Akad. Druck- und Verl.-Anst., 1972. p. 99.
1742:was declared within independent post-Soviet
1271:, expelled his five nephews from Kunduz and
2294:
2292:
2220:Pardieu, V.; Farkhodova, T. (Summer 2019).
1929:to be found in the recesses of Badakhshan.
1556:plains southwards from the junction of the
2573:
2559:
2551:
2199:Metallurgy in India : a retrospective
800:" mentioned by the Greeks was Badakhshan.
680:, one of the principal tributaries of the
393:. Much of historic Badakhshan lies within
18:
2154:, Claudio Zannier, Chapter 17, p.289 in
2142:, Pascal Mannaerts, BBC, 3rd October 2016
1663:. This arrangement was lasted till 1920.
1057:In 1756 Badakhshan emir made the Chinese
871:(Mirza Sulaiman's father-in-law), Prince
602:Learn how and when to remove this message
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
1183:. In 1756 he made the Chinese recognize
1093:, ruler of Badakhshan, rebelled against
1018:, who turned it also into a short-lived
2541:Travel article:The Rubies of Badakhshan
2367:The Asiatic quarterly review, Volume 10
1980:
1748:Kohistan-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
1384:Between Afghanistan, Britain and Russia
898:became Mughal Emperor, his stepbrother
706:The excavations along the banks of the
1042:. After the conquest of Badakhshan by
764:refers to a part of Badakhshan in the
664:could be found under the "Syghinan" (
2082:. Bloomsbury Collections. p. 90.
1423:In 1844, Mir Yar Beg was poisoned by
302:in the south, with a smaller part in
136:
126:
118:
108:
57:
49:
34:
7:
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188:adding citations to reliable sources
2302:. Surrey: Curzon Press, 1997. p. 62
1746:, on 6 November 1994, becoming the
1576:, leading from Badakhshan into the
430:
418:
1944:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
1849:gradually slopes away towards the
1081:Muslim commoners from Badakhshan.
618:. The only then-known deposits of
517:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
399:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
334:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
284:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
155:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
14:
2518:Pannier, Bruce (9 October 2018).
1969:Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County
1580:. Beyond this it was indefinite.
1140:Shah Wali returned with force to
816:The region was ruled over by the
515:. During the 20th century within
383:Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County
316:Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County
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2546:Revelations Regarding Badakhshan
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1352:(Kholm) under the protection of
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349:
327:
304:
288:
272:
164:
22:
2524:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2479:from the original on 2011-09-27
1876:. Some of its sources are near
1812:in the 1990s. At the height of
1159:tribe who had ransacked Chiab,
175:needs additional citations for
2249:, A. Abetekov and H. Yusupov.
2046:Suhrobsho Davlatshoev (2006).
513:Eastern Iranian language group
1:
2730:
2648:
2581:Places adjacent to Badakhshan
2279:"Portrait of Mirza Shah Rukh"
1988:The Music of Tajik Badakhshan
1612:, it finally merged into the
2685:
2677:
2450:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 90–.
2444:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007).
1723:seized the Bukharan part of
1668:Qataghan-Badakhshan Province
1544:with its dependent district
1530:Badakhshan-Qataghan district
976:Mirza Sulaiman then went to
848:in 1504 CE. When Babur took
1253:to Mahmud Khan, brother of
1026:Later emirates and khanates
676:in the upper valley of the
582:the claims made and adding
2838:
2093:Georgina Herrmann (1968).
1431:and died on his return to
1003:where he died in 1589 CE.
961:went to India in 1575 CE.
933:Mirza Sulaiman's wife was
148:
2586:
2185:The Travels of Marco Polo
1824:was a stronghold for the
1750:, alias Gorno-Badakhshan
1534:Afghan Turkestan Province
1265:Khodai Nazar Beg Kataghan
450:
438:
21:
2222:"Spinel from Tajikistan"
1400:who was addicted to the
1329:succeeded him as ruler.
1152:and annexed Badakhshan.
391:provinces of Afghanistan
2810:Geography of Tajikistan
2430:Encyclopædia Britannica
2078:Foltz, Richard (2019).
1716:Peasant Army of Fergana
1568:, until it strikes the
1392:into exile. He visited
653:. (1st-4th century CE).
413:The name "Badakhshan" (
2820:Regions of Afghanistan
2001:BADAḴŠĀN iii. The name
1734:(province) within the
1707:
1583:It was known that the
1481:
1427:at the instigation of
1334:Mir Muhammad Murad Beg
1305:
1255:Mir Ahmad Beg Kataghan
1120:foreigners, waited on
1086:
1074:
930:
921:, and became ruler of
813:
760:, and “Varena” in the
654:
453:) is derived from the
363:
341:
319:
1810:Tajikistani Civil War
1693:
1592:. The Dorah connects
1476:
1448:was made of country.
1298:
1128:in the hills between
1083:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu
1080:
1056:
925:after fleeing to the
912:
811:
640:
347:
325:
265:
2014:, December 15, 1988.
2012:Encyclopædia Iranica
1882:Sir George Robertson
1816:strength during the
900:Mirza Muhammad Hakim
804:Early modern history
723:Necropolis of Thebes
184:improve this article
1939:Badakhshan Province
1752:Autonomous Province
1740:Autonomous Republic
1494:Mohammad Afzal Khan
1398:Amir Nasrullah Khan
1210:. They wintered at
919:Shakr al-Nisa Begum
838:Sultan Mahmud Mirza
828:. He was killed by
826:Alexander the Great
788:. The mineralogist
403:music of Badakhshan
387:Badakhshan Province
356:Badakhshan Province
300:Badakhshan Province
151:Badakhshan Province
54:"Pōmīr pe sar tīr!"
2815:Historical regions
2709:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2298:Christine Noelle.
2129:– via JStor.
2033:2008-05-17 at the
2006:2016-03-04 at the
1905:connecting Afghan
1822:Afghan Badakhashan
1708:
1657:Emirate of Bukhara
1472:Mohammad Azam Khan
1390:Dost Muhammad Khan
1310:Mir Sultan Shah II
1306:
1286:Emirate of Bukhara
1087:
1075:
1044:Ahmad Shah Durrani
965:, governor of the
931:
818:mirs of Badakhshan
814:
655:
567:possibly contains
364:
342:
320:
270:, divided between
114:Gregorian calendar
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2775:Nuristan Province
2758:Panjshir Province
2457:978-1-84511-283-7
2255:978-92-3-102846-5
2164:978-92-3-100539-8
2023:G. Morgenstierne
1826:Northern Alliance
1661:Russian Turkestan
1485:Mir Jahandar Shah
1249:to Shah Wali and
1200:Mir Muhammad Shah
1187:of Badakhshan at
1006:Like neighboring
842:Amir Khusroe Khan
624:4th millennium BC
612:
611:
604:
569:original research
389:is one of the 34
371:historical region
260:
259:
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147:
146:
71:Persian languages
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1997:
1991:
1985:
1818:Afghan Civil War
1653:Gorno-Badakhshan
1610:Tagdumbash Pamir
1065:as sovereign in
993:Abdullah Khan II
869:Sultan Wais Khan
852:in 1506 CE from
693:Gorno Badakhshan
607:
600:
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584:inline citations
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2018:
2008:Wayback Machine
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1935:
1834:
1725:Gorno-Badakshan
1688:
1678:. In 1895, the
1672:Northern Bureau
1655:became part of
1614:Pamir Mountains
1578:Panjshir valley
1539:Eventually the
1402:society of boys
1386:
1358:Mian Fazal Azim
1222:Mir of Shighnan
1146:Turrah Baz Khan
1091:Mir Sultan Shah
1032:Kishim District
1028:
943:Muhtarim Khanum
854:Shah Beg Arghun
832:, the ruler of
830:Abu Sa'id Mirza
822:Sultan Muhammad
806:
798:mountain valley
758:Airyanem Vaejah
608:
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2425:Chisholm, Hugh
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2187:via Wikisource
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1931:
1897:, through the
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1687:
1684:
1528:to create the
1441:Yusuf Ali Khan
1437:Mir Atalik Beg
1425:Mir Ahmad Shah
1385:
1382:
1173:Khoja Jarghatu
1097:, governor of
1027:
1024:
947:Mirza Shahrukh
858:Mirza Sulaiman
834:Timurid Empire
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1962:
1960:
1957:
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1787:Hazrat-i-Imam
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:Dahan-i-Ghori
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
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1728:
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1717:
1713:
1710:In 1902, the
1705:
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1677:
1673:
1669:
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1637:Russian Pamir
1634:
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1410:
1407:
1406:Sher Ali Khan
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
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1335:
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1316:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1292:as prisoner.
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1277:Kurghan Tappa
1274:
1270:
1267:, brother of
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:Sarai Bahadur
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:was given to
1240:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1227:Kurghan Tappa
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
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990:
986:
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964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:Khurram Begum
928:
927:Mughal Empire
924:
920:
917:'s daughter,
916:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
810:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
790:A. E. Fersman
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
747:
742:
739:
735:
730:
728:
727:caravan route
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
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633:
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621:
617:
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603:
595:
585:
581:
577:
571:
570:
565:This article
563:
554:
553:
548:Early history
547:
542:
540:
538:
537:Nasir Khusraw
534:
530:
529:Ismaili Islam
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
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285:
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251:
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222:
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215:
211:
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204:
201: –
200:
196:
195:Find sources:
189:
185:
179:
178:
173:This article
171:
167:
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161:
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143:
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133:
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61:
53:
46:
42:
38:
30:
25:
20:
2681:
2610:Osh Province
2523:
2513:
2501:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2466:
2446:
2439:
2428:
2371:. Retrieved
2366:
2327:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2282:
2273:
2258:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2225:
2215:
2198:
2192:
2180:
2171:
2155:
2147:
2135:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2055:the original
2041:
2024:
2019:
2011:
1999:W. Eilers, "
1995:
1983:
1949:Lapis lazuli
1919:
1870:Kunduz River
1866:Kokcha River
1863:
1835:
1820:circa 2000,
1807:
1763:Pul-i-Khumri
1756:
1731:
1729:
1721:Soviet Union
1709:
1686:20th century
1665:
1649:
1645:Abdul Rahman
1642:
1626:
1622:
1582:
1538:
1523:
1515:
1482:
1477:
1465:
1457:
1429:Sulaiman Beg
1422:
1411:
1387:
1361:
1331:
1307:
1300:
1273:Aliwardi Beg
1263:
1258:
1231:
1197:
1184:
1154:
1137:
1121:
1102:
1088:
1040:Kokcha River
1029:
1005:
975:
932:
893:
877:Kamran Mirza
873:Hindal Mirza
862:
860:in 1514 CE.
815:
794:lapis lazuli
751:
743:
731:
719:Mohenjo-Daro
713:Through the
712:
705:
688:
674:Central Asia
669:
656:
620:lapis lazuli
613:
598:
589:
566:
482:
470:
466:
462:
458:
442:
422:
412:
366:
365:
318:in the east.
267:
246:
237:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:"Badakhshan"
194:
182:Please help
177:verification
174:
45:Snow leopard
2787:Afghanistan
2770:Afghanistan
2753:Afghanistan
2166:, 413 pages
1954:Mount Imeon
1903:trade route
1887:Khawak Pass
1574:Khawak Pass
1562:Khulm River
1350:Tashqurghan
1327:Mir Yar Beg
1282:Emir Haidar
1275:, Chief of
1212:Sang i Mohr
1161:Takhta Band
1008:Balkh Subah
786:Lake Baikal
774:Achaemenids
715:Khyber Pass
689:bālasūryaka
660:wrote that
533:Sunni Islam
375:Afghanistan
360:Afghanistan
296:Afghanistan
73:(Minority)
2804:Categories
2682:Badakhshan
2671:Tajikistan
2622:Kyrgyzstan
2605:Tajikistan
2483:2011-10-15
2283:www.rct.uk
2207:B002A9M6QU
2064:2006-08-25
1975:References
1895:Panj River
1874:Dorah Pass
1846:Hindu Kush
1842:Kafiristan
1744:Tajikistan
1704:Shuro-obod
1696:Panj river
1680:Panj River
1620:(Kunduz).
1590:Dorah Pass
1570:Hindu Kush
1541:Great Game
1376:, Mashad,
1204:Kabad Khan
1126:Ailu Basit
1095:Khizri Beg
1016:Shah Jahan
1014:(emperor)
995:, king of
989:Hindu Kush
963:Khan Jahan
746:Bronze Age
721:), Egypt (
697:Tajikistan
695:region of
682:Oxus River
678:Panj River
662:Balas ruby
658:Marco Polo
641:Badakshan
592:April 2022
576:improve it
443:Badakhshon
395:Tajikistan
385:in China.
379:Tajikistan
377:, eastern
367:Badakhshan
338:Tajikistan
280:Tajikistan
268:Badakhshan
240:March 2022
210:newspapers
128:Instrument
103:(Minority)
97:(Minority)
91:(Minority)
67:(Majority)
2421:Badakshan
2419:(1911). "
2127:130955760
1964:Silk Road
1907:Turkestan
1891:Ishkashim
1832:Geography
1736:Tajik SSR
1598:Ishkashim
1554:Turkestan
1550:Amu Darya
1511:Takhtapul
1479:presents.
1362:Sahibzada
1342:Kokan Beg
1338:Darah Aim
1308:In 1812,
1106:Shah Wali
1089:In 1750,
978:Ismail II
937:, of the
904:Jalalabad
754:Silk Road
738:Neolithic
734:Stone Age
708:Amu Darya
628:Silk Road
616:antiquity
580:verifying
39:Čorxüna,
2721:Pakistan
2705:Pakistan
2627:Xinjiang
2477:Archived
2473:"1 book"
2373:17 March
2232:28 April
2031:Archived
2004:Archived
1933:See also
1927:Ferghana
1855:Fayzabad
1840:(former
1838:Nuristan
1712:Bukharan
1618:Khanabad
1526:Qataghan
1506:Gulaugan
1489:Peshawar
1468:Mir Shah
1458:Shahzada
1454:Dara Aim
1450:Mir Shah
1445:Mir Shah
1433:Fayzabad
1354:Mir Wali
1319:Farghana
1269:Darab Bi
1243:Mir Khan
1239:Iskashim
1208:Kubadcha
1193:Xinjiang
1118:Kashghar
1071:Xinjiang
1036:Khamchan
850:Kandahar
770:Elamites
686:Sanskrit
670:Balascia
666:Shighnan
505:Pashtuns
455:Sasanian
451:Бадахшан
439:Бадахшон
423:Badaxšân
110:Calendar
95:Mandarin
59:Language
2427:(ed.).
2414::
2228:: 30–33
2226:InColor
2119:4199836
2025:Iranica
1923:Bukhara
1911:Kashgar
1814:Taliban
1795:Baghlan
1791:Taloqan
1779:Andarab
1775:Kanabad
1759:Baghlan
1700:Khwahan
1629:Shugnan
1606:Sarikol
1602:Muztagh
1418:Farkhar
1378:Daraaim
1366:Sirhind
1346:Kashkar
1315:Chitral
1290:Bukhara
1165:Khalpan
1134:Pasakoh
1110:Taloqan
1085:, 1769.
1067:Kashgar
1012:padshah
982:Safavid
951:Kashgar
939:Kipchak
865:Humayun
778:Khorezm
766:Khatlon
701:spinels
647:Bacchus
574:Please
543:History
525:Pamiris
511:of the
501:Hazaras
493:Kyrgyzs
489:Pamiris
447:Russian
415:Persian
266:Map of
224:scholar
2784:
2767:
2750:
2718:
2702:
2668:
2636:
2619:
2602:
2454:
2423:". In
2408:
2369:. 1895
2331:拔達克山回民
2265:
2253:
2205:
2162:
2125:
2117:
1915:Darwaz
1899:Pamirs
1859:Kunduz
1803:Takhar
1799:Kunduz
1789:, and
1783:Kunduz
1732:oblast
1633:Darwaz
1585:Kafirs
1566:Kunduz
1558:Kunduz
1546:Wakhan
1502:Akhcha
1461:Mahmud
1414:Rustak
1394:Khulam
1374:Zardeo
1251:Warduj
1247:Rushan
1185:Akskal
1181:Daryun
1177:Mashad
1150:Kunduz
1136:. The
1114:Kalmak
1001:Lahore
971:Bengal
967:Punjab
955:Makkah
780:, and
762:Avesta
643:patera
503:, and
497:Uzbeks
485:Tajiks
479:People
472:badaxš
463:badaxš
459:bēdaxš
431:بدخشان
427:Pashto
419:بدخشان
381:, and
309:
293:
277:
226:
219:
212:
205:
197:
123:Šīrčōy
101:Kyrgyz
89:Pashto
36:Emblem
2639:China
2123:S2CID
2115:JSTOR
2058:(PDF)
2051:(PDF)
1909:with
1878:Zebak
1767:Dushi
1676:Kabul
1594:Zebak
1519:Kulab
1498:Herat
1323:Khiva
1302:万国来朝图
1217:Sindh
1169:Kotal
1142:Kabul
1138:Wazir
1130:Chiab
1122:Wazir
1103:Wazir
1099:Balkh
1020:subah
997:Turan
959:Indus
923:Malwa
915:Akbar
896:Akbar
894:When
889:Balkh
885:Sindh
881:Kabul
846:Babur
784:from
435:Tajik
369:is a
312:China
231:JSTOR
217:books
138:River
132:Rabōb
82:Tajik
51:Motto
2506:Graz
2488:>
2452:ISBN
2375:2011
2320:Graz
2263:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2234:2021
2203:ASIN
2160:ISBN
2099:Iraq
2028:Link
1925:and
1864:The
1851:Oxus
1801:and
1702:and
1604:and
1596:and
1443:and
1370:Jirm
1321:and
1235:Ragh
1189:Alti
1157:Saki
1132:and
1116:and
1063:Alti
1059:Qing
1048:Jurm
985:Iran
782:jade
744:The
632:silk
531:and
487:and
409:Name
203:news
142:Panj
120:Food
77:Dari
29:Flag
2593:RRP
2107:doi
2010:",
1698:in
1674:in
1532:in
1513:.
1364:of
1284:of
1191:in
1171:of
980:of
649:",
578:by
523:as
461:or
397:'s
186:by
2806::
2777:,
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2291:^
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2224:.
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2113:.
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314:-
298:-
282:-
253:)
247:(
242:)
238:(
228:·
221:·
214:·
207:·
180:.
157:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
