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1006:, previously seen as Russia's backyard, is now a region of great strategic significance. The U.S. and other Western nations have become much more involved in the affairs of the three nations through which oil will flow. The countries have been trying to use the involvement as a counterbalance to Russian and Iranian economic and military dominance in the region. Russian specialists claim that the pipeline will weaken the Russian influence in the Caucasus. The Russian Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee chairman
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Turkey. For
Georgia, the transit fees are expected to produce an average of US$ 62.5 million per year. Turkey is expected to receive approximately US$ 200 million in transit fees per year in the initial years of operation, with the possibility that the fees increase to US$ 290 million per year from year 17 to year 40. Turkey also benefits from an increase of commerce in the port of Ceyhan and other parts of eastern Anatolia, the region which had experienced significant decrease in economic activities since the
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construction through
Georgia as a guarantee for the country's future economic and political security and stability. President Mikhail Saakashvili shares this view. "All strategic contracts in Georgia, especially the contract for the Caspian pipeline are a matter of survival for the Georgian state," he told reporters on 26 November 2003.
782: m) of oil to fill the pipeline. Oil flows at 2 metres (6.6 ft) per second. There are eight pump stations, two in Azerbaijan, two in Georgia, four in Turkey. The project includes also the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (officially the Haydar Aliyev Terminal, named after the Azerbaijani late president
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near Baku in
Azerbaijan, crosses Georgia and terminates at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (Haydar Aliyev Terminal) on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. 443 kilometres (275 mi) of the pipeline lie in Azerbaijan, 249 kilometres (155 mi) in Georgia and 1,076 kilometres (669 mi)
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lies above one of the world's largest collections of oil and gas fields. As the sea is landlocked, transporting oil to
Western markets is complicated. During Soviet times, all transportation routes from the Caspian region were through Russia. The collapse of the Soviet Union inspired a search for new
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Construction of the pipeline has contributed to the economies of the host countries. In the first half of 2007, a year after the launch of the pipeline as the main export route for
Azerbaijani oil, the real GDP growth of Azerbaijan hit a record of 35%. Substantial transit fees accrue to Georgia and
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region of Turkey, which has seen a prolonged and bitter conflict with
Kurdish separatists. It will require constant guarding to prevent sabotage, though the fact that almost all of the pipeline is buried will make it harder to attack. Georgia formed a special purpose battalion that would guard the
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To counter concerns that oil money would be siphoned off by corrupt officials, Azerbaijan set up a state oil fund (SOFAZ), mandated with using revenue from natural resources to benefit future generations, bolster support from key international lenders, and improve transparency and accountability.
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springs and natural beauty, although the pipeline itself does not enter the park. The construction of the pipeline left a highly visible scar across the landscape. The Oxford-based "Baku Ceyhan
Campaign" stated that "public money should not be used to subsidize social and environmental problems,
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Azerbaijani, Georgian, Turkish, British, and
American archaeologists began archaeological surveys 2000, sponsored by BP. Several cultural artifacts were uncovered during the construction, resulting in a coordinated research of the archaeological sites such as Dashbulaq, Hasansu, Zayamchai, and
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The project also constitutes an important leg of the East–West energy corridor, gaining Turkey greater geopolitical importance. The pipeline supports
Georgia's independence from Russian influence. Former President Eduard Shevardnadze, one of the architects and initiators of the project, saw
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stations, one pressure reduction station, and 101 small block valves. It was constructed from 150,000 individual joints of line pipe, each measuring 12 metres (39 ft) in length. This corresponds to a total weight of 655,000 short tons (594,000 t). The pipeline is 1,070
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In
September 2015, unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh's defense minister, Levon Mnatsakanyan, was cited as saying: "This is a very serious financial resource for Azerbaijan and we need to deprive them of these means". In October 2020, Azerbaijan claimed that pipeline was targeted during the
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The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company (BTC Co.) was established in London on 1 August 2002. The ceremony launching construction of the pipeline was held on 18 September 2002. Construction began in April 2003 and was completed in 2005. The Azerbaijan section was constructed by
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it started to transport oil to the BTC pipeline by tankers across the Caspian Sea. Not only Kazakh, but also Turkmen oil have transported via Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline. Thus, in 2015, 5,2 million Kazakh and Turkmen oil were transported via this pipeline to the world markets.
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in Turkey. It crosses several mountain ranges at altitudes to 2,830 metres (9,300 ft). It also traverses 3,000 roads, railways, and utility lines—both overground and underground—and 1,500 watercourses up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) wide (in the case of the
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The pipeline cost US$ 3.9 billion. The construction created 10,000 short-term jobs and the operation of the pipeline requires 1,000 long-term employees across a 40-year period. 70% of the costs are funded by third parties, including the
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proposed to Central Asian countries including Azerbaijan that the pipeline run through Turkey. The first document on the construction of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline was signed between Azerbaijan and Turkey on 9 March 1993 in
1036:, which is in conflict with Armenia, was cited as saying, "If we succeed with this project, the Armenians will end in complete isolation, which would create an additional problem for their future, their already bleak future".
1246:, is responsible for the construction of an oil pipeline through the Caucasus, from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Named the "King pipeline" in the film, it is a thinly disguised version of the BTC.
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was the main contractor for engineering, procurement and construction. Detailed design and engineering contractor was ILF Consulting Engineers for the Turkish section of pipeline, which is approximately over 1000km
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The field joint coating of the pipeline has been controversial over the claim that SPC 2888, the sealant used, was not properly tested. BP and its contractors interrupted work until the problem was eliminated.
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The pipeline diversifies the global oil supply and so insures, to an extent, against a failure in supply elsewhere. Critics of the pipeline—particularly Russia—are skeptical about its economic prospects.
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624:, who expressed strong support for the pipeline. The intergovernmental agreement in support of the pipeline was signed by Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey on 18 November 1999, during a meeting of the
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Rasizade, Alec. The mythology of munificent Caspian bonanza and its concomitant pipeline geopolitics. = Central Asia and the Caucasus (Eastview Press, Sweden), number 4 (10) 2001, pages 16–28.
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1127:, which started two days later. However, the cyber attack theory has been largely criticized due to a lack of evidence, and was publicly debunked by ICS cyber security expert Robert M. Lee.
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stated that the United States and other Western countries are planning to station soldiers in the Caucasus on the pretext of instability in regions through which the pipeline passes.
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Rovshan, Ibrahimov, The Development of the Transport Sector in Azerbaijan:The Implementation and Challenges, in: Caucasus International, Volume 6, No 1, Summer 2016, SAM,
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purely in the interests of the private sector, but must be conditional on a positive contribution to the economic and social development of people in the region." As
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in Turkey). The pipeline occupies a corridor eight meters wide, and is buried to a depth of at least one meter. The pipeline runs parallel to the
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2843:‘ The Encyclopaedia of the successful land acquisition processes of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines projects in Azerbaijan’.
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on the line's control and safety systems that led to increased pressure and an explosion. The attack might have been related to the
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millimetres (42 in) diameter for most of its length, narrowing to 865 millimetres (34.1 in) diameter as it nears Ceyhan.
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Although some have touted the pipeline as easing the dependence of the United States and other Western nations on oil from the
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1997:
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The pipeline has a projected lifespan of 40 years, and at normal capacity it transports 1 million barrels per day (160
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Le pétrole de la Caspienne et la politique extérieure de l'Azerbaïdjan : tome 1- Questions économiques et juridiques
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P.M. Taylor and D. Maynard 2011 'Archaeological Excavations on the BTC Pipeline, Azerbaijan', Internet Archaeology 29.
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The pipeline is owned and operated by BTC Co, a consortium of 11 energy companies. The consortium is managed by
579:. This left the circuitous Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey route, longer and more expensive to build than the other option.
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on 28 May 2006. The first oil was loaded at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (Haydar Aliyev Terminal) onto a tanker named
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routes. Russia first insisted that the new pipeline should pass through its territory, then declined to participate.
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in Azerbaijan, four in Georgia and seven in Turkey. Environmental activists fiercely opposed the crossing of the
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violations in appropriating land for the pipeline's route, and criticism of the government leading to arrest.
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Le pétrole de la Caspienne et la politique extérieure de l'Azerbaïdjan : tome 2- Questions géopolitiques
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Taylor, Paul Michael, Christopher R. Polglase, Najaf Museyibli, Jared M. Koller, and Troy A. Johnson (2010),
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541:. The first oil that was pumped from the Baku end of the pipeline reached Ceyhan on 28 May 2006.
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985:, Orchosani, and Saphar-Kharaba in Georgia; and Güllüdere, Yüceören, and Ziyaretsuyu in Turkey.
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The pipeline was gradually filled with 10 million barrels of oil flowing from Baku and reaching
17:
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Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan / South Caucasus pipelines environmental and community investments website
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712:. The tanker sailed on 4 June 2006 with about 600,000 barrels (95,000 m) of crude oil.
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on 12 October 2005. The inauguration ceremony at Ceyhan terminal was held on 13 July 2006.
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The project gained momentum following the Ankara Declaration, adopted on 29 October 1998 by
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The pipeline eliminates 350 tanker cargoes per year through the sensitive congested
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AGT – Ancient Heritage in the BTC-SCP Pipelines Corridor: Azerbaijan – Georgia – Turkey
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340:
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2985:"Startup of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Turkey's Energy Role. Policy Watch #998"
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3334:
3319:
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1323:
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activists criticized Western governments for the pipeline, due to reported human and
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916:
783:
690:
614:
586:
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Applying Advanced Technology for Threat Assessment: A Case Study of the BTC Pipeline
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2019:
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571:. The Turkish route meant a pipeline from Azerbaijan would run through Georgia or
317:
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1993:
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pipeline while the US watched over the area with Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs).
2528:"Closing the Case on the Reported 2008 Russian Cyber Attack on the BTC Pipeline"
1907:"Dillinger plates for the BTC pipeline, the world's longest oil export pipeline"
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1506:
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Azerbaijan became the first oil-producing country to join EITI, the British-led
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1025:
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679:
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of Greece, and Georgia's section was constructed by a joint venture of France's
555:
502:
2906:. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program. p. 150.
2354:"BP 'deeply concerned' as pipeline attack raises stakes in Azerbaijan conflict"
1667:"Georgia: Regional Leaders Inaugurate Oil Pipeline Amid Environmental Concerns"
1422:
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1253:
1233:
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Concerns have been addressed about the security of the pipeline. It bypasses
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962:
910:
801:
514:
92:
58:
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2165:"Sherman Joins Amendment to Block Funds For Railroad Route Bypassing Armenia"
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Even before its completion, the pipeline was having an effect on the world's
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1299:
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1112:(PKK) claimed responsibility. The pipeline was restarted on 25 August 2008.
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824:
698:
498:
491:
3012:, reflects on the engineering challenges of constructing the BTC pipeline,
2607:"Azerbaijan Says Pipeline Targeted In Fighting; Armenia Rejects Accusation"
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The project has been criticised due to bypassing and regional isolation of
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It has been proposed that oil from the pipeline be transported to eastern
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2591:
1101:
1061:
869:
650:
629:
112:
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Istanbul Atatürk International Airport (International services terminal)
2422:
The pipeline also gets a mention in "Aggressor", a novel by Andy Mcnab.
3299:
2375:"Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline: not yet finished and already threatened"
1085:
1021:
922:
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and UK Petrofac International. The Turkish section was constructed by
572:
526:
172:
107:
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3019:
2334:"Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict poses threat to regional energy corridor"
1088:, which has an unresolved conflict with Azerbaijan over the status of
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950:
932:
705:
568:
522:
518:
192:
127:
123:
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1959:"Kazakhstan starts transporting oil by Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline"
693:. The inauguration of the Georgian section was hosted by President
2587:"Azerbaijan warns over pipelines as Nagorno-Karabakh tensions rise"
2374:
2056:. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Accessed July 22, 2012.
3009:
2241:"Republic of Azerbaijan — Concluding Statement of the IMF Mission"
1212:
956:
873:
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196:
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The 1,768 kilometres (1,099 mi) long pipeline starts at the
2480:"Oil Falls for a Second Day as BP Restarts Caspian Sea Pipeline"
865:
852:
843:. The government of Kazakhstan announced that it would build a
646:
510:
84:
3035:
1847:"The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Azerbaijan"
1143:
Critics of the pipeline have pointed out it should be properly
1052:, it supplies only 1% of global demand during its first stage.
2506:"Mysterious '08 Turkey Pipeline Blast Opened New Cyberwar Era"
938:
184:
1994:"Israel proposes crude pipeline from Georgia to Eastern Asia"
3132:
Faculty of Arts and Sciences Building in Istanbul University
2720:"The full story: Pipeline corrosion threat covered up by BP"
2071:"The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Georgia"
851:
to Baku, but because of the opposition from both Russia and
2270:"Economic Implications of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline"
1769:
1511:"The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Turkey"
900:
893:
214:
160:
3295:
BTC (Baku-Tiflis-Ceyhan) pipeline and Yumurtalık terminal
2963:
2567:"Armenia reportedly attacks Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline"
2549:"Frozen War Thaws in Russian Backyard as Karabakh Flares"
835:. This pipeline may also transport oil from Kazakhstan's
2900:
The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West
2277:
The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West
2159:
2157:
2078:
The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West
1854:
The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West
1717:"Caspian Oil Reaches Turkey's Mediterranean Port Ceyhan"
1518:
The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West
876:, the overland trans-Israel sector being bridged by the
2745:"What's the problem? Field joint coatings – The basics"
1172:
there would have a catastrophic effect on the economy.
1980:
http://www.elibrary.az/docs/JURNAL/jrn2016_539.pdf,p.3
2305:"Loading of Azeri Crude Oil from BTC Pipeline Begins"
2167:. Bradsherman.house.gov. 14 June 2006. Archived from
2107:"Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan: Pipeline of Friendship or War?"
2045:
1396:"Tankers Finally Leave Ceyhan Port for World Markets"
1064:
in 1991. The reduction of oil tanker traffic on the
521:, a port on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of
1738:"BP: First Ship Loads Oil from New Caspian Pipeline"
666:
On 25 May 2005, the pipeline was inaugurated at the
3287:
3231:
3185:
3109:
3076:
2770:"BTC pipeline a welcome relief for Turkish straits"
2020:"Israeli Pipeline: Ashelon-Eilat-The Second Breath"
1544:. Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections. 2002-08-30
626:
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
251:
243:
238:
220:
210:
156:
148:
143:
133:
119:
98:
80:
72:
54:
49:
32:
2128:
1068:will contribute to greater security for Istanbul.
820:The pipeline is supplied by oil from Azerbaijan's
562:In the spring of 1992, the Turkish Prime Minister
3213:Antalya Airport (International services terminal)
2987:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
2455:"PKK assumes responsibility for explosion of BTC"
2377:. Institute for the Analysis of Global Security.
1694:(Press release). BP. 13 July 2006. Archived from
1220:) underscores these human rights abuses, such as
255:1 million barrels (160,000 m) of oil per day
1100:On 5 August 2008, a major explosion and fire in
810:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
2216:"Georgia's Saakashvili backs oil-pipeline plan"
3147:ODTÜ (Middle East Technical University campus)
2897:S. Frederick Starr, Svante E. Cornell (2005).
2504:Jordan Robertson, Michael Riley (2014-12-10).
1542:"Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company founded"
1473:"Timeline of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline"
3047:
2679:Michael Gillard; David Connett (2005-04-17).
1232:The pipeline was a central plot point in the
1074:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
467:
8:
2983:Soner Cagaptay, Nazli Gencsoy (2005-05-27).
2704:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2418:
2416:
2263:
2261:
2064:
2062:
1845:Svante E. Cornell, Fariz Ismailzade (2005).
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1452:"Moscow Negative About Baku-Ceyhan Pipeline"
1417:
1415:
1168:is a major export commodity of Georgia, any
772: m/d). It needs 10 million barrels (1.6
2426:"Q&A: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline"
1501:
1499:
490:is a 1,768 kilometres (1,099 mi) long
3054:
3040:
3032:
2974:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Caspian Pipeline
2190:"The Baku Ceyhan Pipeline: BP's Time Bomb"
1611:"Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline Inaugurated"
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
474:
460:
260:
38:
2959:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (BP website)
3416:2006 establishments in Georgia (country)
1563:"Caspian pipeline dream becomes reality"
746:, which transports natural gas from the
719:
44:Location of Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
3391:Energy infrastructure completed in 2006
3070:Fifty civil engineering feats in Turkey
2482:. Bloomberg. 2008-08-25. Archived from
1593:"PIPELINES. - ILF Consulting Engineers"
1536:
1534:
1379:
1242:(1999). One of the central characters,
617:. The declaration was witnessed by the
263:
3341:Azerbaijan–Georgia (country) relations
2747:. Baku Ceyhan Campaign. Archived from
2722:. Baku Ceyhan Campaign. Archived from
2697:
2402:
2391:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1339:Foreign relations of Georgia (country)
674:of the Azerbaijan Republic, President
643:Consolidated Contractors International
537:in the former Soviet Union, after the
323:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
29:
3300:Erdemir (Ereğli Iron and Steel Plant)
3259:Oymapınar Dam and Hydroelectric plant
2381:from the original on 11 December 2007
1909:. Dillinger Hütte GTS. Archived from
1433:from the original on 11 December 2007
7:
3249:Karakaya Dam and Hydroelectric Plant
2991:from the original on 6 February 2008
2829:from the original on 3 December 2007
2797:"Human Rights Overview – Azerbaijan"
2636:from the original on 3 December 2007
2457:. APA. 6 August 2008. Archived from
2436:from the original on 9 February 2008
2026:from the original on 25 January 2008
2000:from the original on 20 January 2008
1811:: 18–26. August 2003. Archived from
1673:from the original on 10 January 2008
1665:Jean-Christophe Peuch (2005-10-12).
1573:from the original on 3 December 2007
1135:. Armenia rejected the accusations.
1119:that it was instead a sophisticated
3254:Atatürk Dam and Hydroelectric plant
1692:"BTC Celebrates Full Commissioning"
929:Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı
369:European Union–Turkey Customs Union
3406:Oil pipelines in Georgia (country)
3396:Georgia (country)–Turkey relations
3162:Istanbul Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadium
2130:"BTC pipeline the 'new Silk Road'"
1641:"Giant Caspian oil pipeline opens"
488:Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline
25:
3421:2006 establishments in Azerbaijan
3244:Keban Dam and Hydroelectric Plant
3167:Istanbul Galleria Shopping Center
1591:Pfnür, Maximilian (20 May 2022).
1147:because it travels through three
868:via the Israeli oil terminals at
806:International Finance Corporation
688:United States Secretary of Energy
619:United States Secretary of Energy
3313:
3063:
2655:"About the Baku Ceyhan Campaign"
2626:"Casualties of the oil stampede"
2018:Rovshan Ibrahimov (2007-04-09).
1298:
1284:
1270:
1256:
1157:Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park
860:Possible transhipment via Israel
653:Petroleum Pipeline Corporation.
443:
417:Science and technology in Turkey
271:
18:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline
3264:Lower Seyhan Irrigation Project
3193:75th Anniversary Selatin Tunnel
3127:Anıtkabir (Atatürk's Mausoleum)
2681:"BP 'covered up' pipeline flaw"
2611:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2286:from the original on 2008-02-27
2143:from the original on 2022-12-10
2109:. Axis Information and Analysis
2087:from the original on 2008-02-27
1863:from the original on 2008-02-27
1485:from the original on 2016-10-24
1334:Foreign relations of Azerbaijan
907:State Oil Company of Azerbaijan
882:Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company
682:of Turkey, joined by President
2624:Michael Meacher (2005-06-15).
2127:Boland, Vincent (2005-05-26).
1940:. NHST Media Group. 2006-04-19
1766:"Overview of the BTC pipeline"
1740:. Downstream Today. 2006-06-05
1394:Bayatli, Tamam (Autumn 2006).
1159:in Georgia, an area known for
300:Economic crisis (2018-present)
1:
3426:2006 establishments in Turkey
3274:Yeşilçay Drinking Water Plant
3142:AKM (Atatürk Cultural Center)
3101:Southeastern Anatolia Project
2817:Eddie Cockrell (2005-07-18).
2311:. 3 June 2006. Archived from
1423:"Revolutions in the Pipeline"
847:from the Kazakhstani port of
724:Petroleum pipelines to Europe
379:Southeastern Anatolia Project
247:1,768 km (1,099 mi)
3269:Şanlıurfa Irrigation Tunnels
3172:Kızılay Emek Business Center
3003:Engineering the BTC Pipeline
2882:. l’Harmattan. p. 297.
2860:. l’Harmattan. p. 304.
2526:Robert M. Lee (2015-06-19).
1719:. Turkish Weekly. 2006-05-29
1369:Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline
697:at the pumping station near
422:Telecommunications in Turkey
364:Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
33:Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
3401:Oil pipelines in Azerbaijan
3361:BP buildings and structures
3346:Azerbaijan–Turkey relations
2245:International Monetary Fund
1359:Energy in Georgia (country)
1349:Geostrategy in Central Asia
1344:Foreign relations of Turkey
1133:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
1108:) closed the pipeline. The
744:South Caucasus Gas Pipeline
533:. It is the second-longest
226:; 18 years ago
3442:
3177:Istanbul İş Bankası Towers
3157:Istanbul Abdi İpekçi Arena
3137:TBMM (Parliament Building)
2978:HydrocarbonsTechnology.com
2969:BTC project (EBRD website)
1992:Avi Bar-Eli (2008-01-17).
1314:Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline
845:trans-Caspian oil pipeline
577:status of Nagorno-Karabakh
3308:
3005:, the former head of BP,
2964:BTC project (IFC website)
2105:Can Karpat (2005-09-15).
1206:regime in Azerbaijan. A
981:Tovuzchai in Azerbaijan;
678:of Georgia and President
37:
2424:Mark Tran (2005-05-26).
2268:Jonathan Elkind (2005).
2192:. Gnn.tv. Archived from
2069:Vladimer Papava (2005).
1621:The Jamestown Foundation
1400:Azerbaijan International
1292:Georgia (country) portal
839:and other oil fields in
3411:Oil pipelines in Turkey
3152:Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadium
3122:Mersin Halkevi Building
2373:Gal Luft (2004-11-04).
1961:. Itar-Tass. 2008-11-03
1932:"BTC costs hit $ 3.9bn"
1364:South Caucasus Pipeline
1239:The World Is Not Enough
1117:circumstantial evidence
1110:Kurdistan Workers Party
903:(United Kingdom): 30.1%
612:President of Uzbekistan
598:President of Kazakhstan
584:President of Azerbaijan
346:Companies listed on ISE
341:Istanbul Stock Exchange
138:South Caucasus Pipeline
3203:15 July Martyrs Bridge
3117:Ankara railway station
2401:Cite journal requires
786:), three intermediate
725:
412:Minimum wage in Turkey
1616:Eurasia Daily Monitor
1329:Economy of Azerbaijan
1166:Borjomi mineral water
1145:earthquake engineered
1028:and safety concerns.
896:. Shareholders are:
878:Trans-Israel pipeline
822:Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli
723:
496:Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli
239:Technical information
1884:. BP. Archived from
1802:"Caspian Connection"
1454:. Pravda. 2004-01-13
684:Nursultan Nazarbayev
601:Nursultan Nazarbayev
591:President of Georgia
295:2001 economic crisis
3371:Chevron Corporation
3016:magazine, June 2008
2799:. Human Right Watch
2775:Hürriyet Daily News
2751:on 12 December 2008
2726:on 12 December 2008
2555:. October 23, 2015.
1478:Hürriyet Daily News
1319:Baku–Supsa Pipeline
1032:, the president of
1008:Konstantin Kosachev
695:Mikheil Saakashvili
676:Mikhail Saakashvili
605:President of Turkey
594:Eduard Shevardnadze
432:Transport in Turkey
407:Geography of Turkey
144:General information
3386:Economy of Tbilisi
2940:2017-08-07 at the
2819:"Source. A review"
2595:. 15 October 2020.
2051:2012-11-05 at the
2022:. Turkish Weekly.
1809:Frontiers Magazine
1776:on 25 January 2008
1125:Russo-Georgian War
1000:petroleum politics
837:Kashagan oil field
833:Sangachal Terminal
795:Cost and financing
758:Technical features
748:Sangachal Terminal
735:Sangachal Terminal
726:
686:of Kazakhstan and
668:Sangachal Terminal
494:pipeline from the
89:Sangachal Terminal
3328:
3327:
3320:Turkey portal
2913:978-91-85031-06-1
2889:978-2-296-04020-5
2867:978-2-296-04019-9
2613:. 7 October 2020.
2575:. 6 October 2020.
2362:. 7 October 2020.
2342:. 9 October 2020.
1264:Azerbaijan portal
1210:documentary film
1106:Erzincan Province
1024:, as well as for
529:, the capital of
513:, the capital of
507:Mediterranean Sea
484:
483:
450:Turkey portal
427:Tourism in Turkey
265:Economy of Turkey
259:
258:
252:Maximum discharge
73:General direction
16:(Redirected from
3433:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3096:Turkish Highways
3091:Turkish Railways
3068:
3067:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2916:. Archived from
2905:
2893:
2871:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2657:. Archived from
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1851:
1842:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1772:. Archived from
1762:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1481:. 13 July 2006.
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1354:Nabucco pipeline
1308:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1104:(eastern Turkey
1090:Nagorno-Karabakh
1016:
919:(Hungary): 8.90%
816:Source of supply
778:
777:
768:
767:
710:British Hawthorn
608:Süleyman Demirel
564:Süleyman Demirel
539:Druzhba pipeline
476:
469:
462:
448:
447:
446:
402:Energy in Turkey
374:Nabucco pipeline
283:Economic history
275:
261:
234:
232:
227:
205:Hess Corporation
42:
30:
21:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3381:Economy of Baku
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3283:
3227:
3208:Kömürhan Bridge
3181:
3105:
3078:
3072:
3062:
3060:
2994:
2992:
2982:
2950:
2942:Wayback Machine
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2874:
2868:
2852:
2849:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2400:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2136:Financial Times
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:Wayback Machine
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1996:. Haaretz.com.
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1937:Upstream Online
1930:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1607:Socor, Vladimir
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1377:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1230:
1193:
1141:
1082:
1046:
1010:
996:
991:
978:
947:(France): 5.00%
925:(Norway): 8.71%
890:
862:
818:
797:
775:
773:
765:
763:
760:
731:
718:
664:
638:
622:Bill Richardson
552:
547:
480:
444:
442:
437:
436:
397:
389:
388:
359:
351:
350:
336:
328:
327:
313:
305:
304:
285:
230:
228:
225:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
111:
106:
76:east–south-west
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:ConocoPhillips
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3223:Birecik Bridge
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Ataköy Housing
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3000:
2980:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2948:External links
2946:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2912:
2894:
2888:
2876:Turab Gurbanov
2872:
2866:
2854:Turab Gurbanov
2848:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2809:
2788:
2761:
2736:
2711:
2671:
2646:
2616:
2598:
2578:
2572:Anadolu Agency
2558:
2540:
2518:
2496:
2471:
2446:
2412:
2403:|journal=
2365:
2359:S&P Global
2345:
2325:
2296:
2257:
2232:
2207:
2181:
2153:
2119:
2097:
2058:
2036:
2010:
1984:
1971:
1950:
1923:
1898:
1873:
1828:
1786:
1750:
1729:
1708:
1683:
1657:
1632:
1609:(2005-05-31).
1598:
1583:
1569:. 2002-09-17.
1554:
1530:
1495:
1464:
1443:
1429:. 2005-05-25.
1411:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1295:
1281:
1267:
1251:
1248:
1229:
1226:
1222:eminent domain
1202:abuses by the
1192:
1189:
1140:
1137:
1081:
1078:
1045:
1042:
1004:South Caucasus
995:
992:
990:
987:
977:
974:
973:
972:
966:
960:
959:(Japan): 2.50%
954:
953:(Japan): 3.40%
948:
942:
941:(Italy): 5.00%
936:
926:
920:
914:
904:
889:
886:
861:
858:
817:
814:
796:
793:
759:
756:
730:
727:
717:
714:
663:
660:
637:
634:
551:
548:
546:
543:
509:. It connects
482:
481:
479:
478:
471:
464:
456:
453:
452:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
398:
396:Related topics
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
384:Land ownership
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
358:Major projects
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
343:
337:
335:Stock exchange
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
320:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
292:
286:
281:
280:
277:
276:
268:
267:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
236:
235:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
201:ConocoPhillips
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
141:
140:
135:
134:Runs alongside
131:
130:
121:
117:
116:
100:
99:Passes through
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3438:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
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3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
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3352:
3349:
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3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3279:Mersin Harbor
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
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3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2923:on 2008-02-27
2919:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2661:on 2008-12-11
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2486:on 2008-08-14
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2461:on 2011-07-21
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2315:on 2011-06-05
2314:
2310:
2309:Today's Zaman
2306:
2300:
2297:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2221:
2220:Seattle Times
2217:
2211:
2208:
2196:on 2008-12-16
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2171:on 2012-10-17
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2123:
2120:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1913:on 2006-05-08
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1888:on 2006-10-14
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1818:on 2008-12-19
1814:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1698:on 2007-10-30
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Dutch disease
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:Energy portal
1301:
1296:
1293:
1282:
1279:
1278:Turkey portal
1268:
1265:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1161:mineral water
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:active faults
1146:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:Controversies
988:
986:
984:
975:
971:(India) 2.36%
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:TotalEnergies
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
908:
905:
902:
899:
898:
897:
895:
887:
885:
883:
880:owned by the
879:
875:
871:
867:
859:
857:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
794:
792:
789:
785:
784:Heydar Aliyev
781:
771:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
728:
722:
715:
713:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
691:Samuel Bodman
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:by President
669:
661:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
615:Islam Karimov
613:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
587:Heydar Aliyev
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
565:
560:
557:
549:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
457:
455:
454:
451:
441:
440:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
393:
392:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
355:
354:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
309:
308:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
279:
278:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:TotalEnergies
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
109:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3294:
3198:Ankara Metro
3029:
3013:
2993:. Retrieved
2977:
2925:. Retrieved
2918:the original
2899:
2879:
2857:
2842:
2831:. Retrieved
2822:
2812:
2801:. Retrieved
2791:
2780:. Retrieved
2778:. 2006-07-10
2773:
2764:
2753:. Retrieved
2749:the original
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:the original
2714:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:Times Online
2684:
2674:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:the original
2649:
2638:. Retrieved
2630:The Guardian
2629:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2590:
2581:
2570:
2561:
2543:
2532:. Retrieved
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2499:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:the original
2474:
2463:. Retrieved
2459:the original
2449:
2438:. Retrieved
2430:The Guardian
2429:
2394:cite journal
2383:. Retrieved
2368:
2357:
2348:
2337:
2328:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:the original
2308:
2299:
2288:. Retrieved
2276:
2249:. Retrieved
2247:. 2007-09-06
2235:
2224:. Retrieved
2222:. 2003-11-27
2219:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2184:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2145:. Retrieved
2134:
2122:
2111:. Retrieved
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2077:
2044:
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1987:
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1901:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1882:"Operations"
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1853:
1820:. Retrieved
1813:the original
1808:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:the original
1742:. Retrieved
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1660:
1649:. Retrieved
1647:. 2005-05-25
1644:
1635:
1624:. Retrieved
1614:
1601:
1586:
1575:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1522:. Retrieved
1517:
1507:Baran, Zeyno
1487:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1426:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1244:Elektra King
1237:
1231:
1217:
1211:
1200:civil rights
1196:Human rights
1194:
1191:Human rights
1178:
1174:
1142:
1129:
1121:cyber attack
1114:
1099:
1083:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1038:
1026:human rights
1019:
997:
979:
965:(USA): 2.50%
891:
863:
841:Central Asia
819:
798:
779:
769:
761:
754:in Turkey.
740:Ceyhan River
732:
709:
703:
672:Ilham Aliyev
665:
662:Inauguration
639:
636:Construction
581:
561:
553:
535:oil pipeline
487:
485:
363:
318:Turkish lira
221:Commissioned
27:Oil pipeline
3351:Caspian Sea
3239:Çubuk-1 Dam
3079:development
3007:Lord Browne
2508:. Bloomberg
1185:Dardanelles
1139:Environment
1050:Middle East
1030:Ilham Aliev
1011: [
976:Archaeology
969:ONGC Videsh
829:Caspian Sea
716:Description
680:Ahmet Sezer
556:Caspian Sea
503:Caspian Sea
3335:Categories
2995:2007-12-30
2927:2007-12-30
2847:References
2833:2007-12-29
2803:2007-12-30
2782:2016-10-24
2755:2008-10-28
2730:2008-10-28
2691:2007-12-29
2665:2008-10-23
2640:2007-12-30
2632:. London.
2534:2016-09-05
2512:2014-12-15
2490:2008-08-25
2465:2008-08-06
2440:2007-12-30
2432:. London.
2385:2007-12-30
2339:Eurasianet
2319:2007-03-01
2290:2007-12-30
2251:2007-12-30
2226:2008-08-12
2175:2012-11-06
2147:2012-11-06
2113:2007-12-30
2091:2007-12-30
2080:: 85–102.
2030:2008-01-19
2004:2008-01-19
1965:2008-11-11
1944:2008-03-07
1917:2007-12-30
1892:2007-03-01
1867:2007-12-30
1822:2008-11-02
1780:2007-12-29
1744:2008-11-02
1723:2007-03-01
1702:2007-12-30
1677:2007-12-30
1651:2007-12-30
1626:2014-09-01
1577:2007-12-30
1548:2007-12-30
1524:2007-12-30
1489:2016-10-24
1458:2007-12-30
1437:2007-12-30
1427:Kommersant
1405:2014-09-01
1234:James Bond
1228:In fiction
1170:oil spills
1034:Azerbaijan
963:ExxonMobil
911:Azerbaijan
802:World Bank
647:Spie Capag
632:, Turkey.
628:(OSCE) in
515:Azerbaijan
290:2000s boom
93:Azerbaijan
59:Azerbaijan
3232:Hydrology
3186:Transport
3110:Buildings
2700:cite news
2553:Bloomberg
2279:: 39–60.
1856:: 61–84.
1669:. RFERL.
1520:: 103–118
1181:Bosphorus
1153:watershed
1115:There is
1066:Bosphorus
1044:Economics
917:MOL Group
913:): 25.00%
909:(SOCAR) (
888:Ownership
825:oil field
699:Gardabani
499:oil field
492:crude oil
3356:Caucasus
3288:Industry
3077:Regional
2989:Archived
2938:Archived
2878:(2007).
2856:(2007).
2827:Archived
2687:. London
2634:Archived
2592:EURACTIV
2434:Archived
2379:Archived
2281:Archived
2141:Archived
2082:Archived
2049:Archived
2024:Archived
1998:Archived
1858:Archived
1671:Archived
1645:BBC News
1571:Archived
1567:BBC News
1509:(2005).
1483:Archived
1431:Archived
1250:See also
1102:Refahiye
1080:Security
1062:Gulf War
994:Politics
935:): 6.53%
931:(TPAO) (
884:(EAPC).
870:Ashkelon
831:via the
630:Istanbul
550:Planning
211:Operator
157:Partners
50:Location
3014:Ingenia
2823:Variety
1155:of the
1094:Kurdish
1086:Armenia
1022:Armenia
923:Equinor
827:in the
788:pigging
752:Erzurum
655:Bechtel
573:Armenia
545:History
531:Georgia
527:Tbilisi
505:to the
501:in the
229: (
173:Statoil
169:Chevron
108:Erzurum
105:Georgia
103:Tbilisi
63:Georgia
55:Country
3366:Ceyhan
2910:
2886:
2864:
2530:. SANS
2200:5 June
1218:Source
1204:Aliyev
1002:. The
951:Itochu
933:Turkey
808:, the
706:Ceyhan
610:, and
569:Ankara
525:, via
523:Turkey
519:Ceyhan
244:Length
193:Itochu
128:Turkey
124:Ceyhan
115:Turkey
110:Turkey
67:Turkey
3010:FREng
2921:(PDF)
2904:(PDF)
2284:(PDF)
2273:(PDF)
2085:(PDF)
2074:(PDF)
1861:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1816:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1514:(PDF)
1375:Notes
1236:film
1213:Zdroj
1208:Czech
1015:]
957:Inpex
874:Eilat
849:Aktau
729:Route
651:BOTAŞ
312:Money
197:Inpex
165:SOCAR
113:Sarız
2908:ISBN
2884:ISBN
2862:ISBN
2706:link
2407:help
2202:2010
1183:and
983:Klde
872:and
866:Asia
853:Iran
554:The
517:and
511:Baku
486:The
231:2006
224:2006
181:TPAO
177:GIOC
149:Type
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81:From
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