5570:
2328:"欽察部去中國三萬餘裏夏夜極短日蹔沒輙出土産良馬富者以萬計俗祍金革勇猛剛烈青目赤髪" en. "The Kipchak tribe is situated at a distance of over 30,000 li from China. In summer, the evening is extremely short; the sun temporarily sets then immediately rises. Their soil produces good horses, that the rich people count by ten thousands. They customarily sleep armed and armored; they are courageous, fierce, firm, and vehement; blue/green-eyed and red-haired". Note: the expression "祍金革" lit. "to lie/to sleep with metal and leather > to sleep armed and armored" is not to be taken literally; it is a Chinese literary trope about the northerners' supposedly rugged and hardy nature; e.g.
887:, as well as occasionally having West Eurasian physiognomy." Lee and Kuang believe it is likely "early and medieval Turkic peoples themselves did not form a homogeneous entity and that some of them, non-Turkic by origin, had become Turkicised at some point in history." The Yenisei Kirghiz are among those suggested to be of turkicised or part non-Turkic origin. According to Lee & Kuang, who cite Chinese historical descriptions as well as genetic data, the turcophone "Qirghiz" may have been of non-Turkic origin, and were later Turkified through inter-tribal marriage.
6353:
6037:
1138:
20:
268:
2325:
511:
5989:
908:, whose men possess a high frequency of haplogroup C2's subclade C2b1b1 (59.7 to 78%). Lee and Kuang also suggest that the high frequency (63.9%) of the Y-DNA haplogroup R-M73 among Karakypshaks (a tribe within the Kipchaks) allows inferrence about the genetics of Karakypshaks' medieval ancestors, thus explaining why some medieval Kipchaks were described as possessing "blue eyes and red hair.
171:
870:
An early description of the physical appearance of
Kipchaks comes from the Great Ming Code (大明律) Article 122, in which they were described as overall 'vile' and having blonde/red hair and blue/green eyes. Han Chinese were not required to marry with Kipchaks. Fair complexion, e.g. red hair and blue or
867:
sources often emphasize a fair complexion the craniometric and genetic data, as well as some historical descriptions, support the image of a people highly heterogenous in appearance. Skulls with East Asian features are often found in burials associated with the
Kipchaks in Central Asia and Europe.
866:
The looks of a typical
Kipchak are a matter of debate. This is because in spite of their Eastern origins, several sources point at them being white, blue-eyed, and blond. It is important to elaborate, however, that the full range of available data sketches a more complex picture. While the written
506:
in 1017–18. It is unknown whether the Cumans conquered the
Kipchaks or were simply the leaders of the confederacy of the Kipchak–Turkic tribes. What is certain is that the two peoples gradually mingled politically and that, from the second half of the 12th century onwards, the names Cumans and
903:
Russian anthropologist
Oshanin (1964: 24, 32) notes that the ‘Mongoloid’ phenotype, characteristic of modern Kipchak-speaking Kazakhs and Qirghiz, prevails among the skulls of the historical Qipchaq and Pecheneg nomads found across Central Asia and Ukraine; Lee & Kuang (2017) propose that
2863:
3288:Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. ДНК-генеалогия башкирских родов из сако-динлинской подветви R1a+Z2123//Суюнов Р.Р. Гены наших предков (2-е издание). Том 3, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, — 250 c., илл., Португалия (Portugal), С.15-77
2737:
WOLF, Robert Lee, “The Latın Empire Of
Constantinople 1204-1261”, A History Of The Crusaders, Volume II Later Crusades (1189-1311), General ed. Kenneth M. Setton, ed. By. Robert Lee Wolf and Harry W. Hazard, The Unıversıty Of Wısconsın Press, Madıson, Milwaukee and London, 1969, s.
952:
is often referred to as the
Kipchak branch. The languages in this branch are mostly considered to be descendants of the Kipchak language, and the people who speak them may likewise be referred to as Kipchak peoples. Some of the groups traditionally included are the
820:
The confederation or tribal union which
Kipchaks entered in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century as one of seven original tribes is known in historiography as that of the Kimek (or Kimäk). Turkic inscriptions do not mention the state with that name. 10th-century
603:), to protect Byzantine from foreign invasions. When the Ottomans conquered the lands they lived in, these Kipchaks intermixed with the Turkmen and were assimilated among Turks. The Kipchaks who settled in Western Anatolia during the reign of Nicea Emperor
2349:, pp. 213, 217–218, 225–226: "Concerning the physiognomy of the Qipchaq tribe, the Zizhi tongjian houbian , a seventeenth-century continuation of Sima Guang’s Zizhi tongjian by Xu Qianxue, states that they had 'blue eyes and red hair (青目赤髪)'."
240:
and formation of the Qara Khitai, and attached themselves to the eastern
Kipchak confederation where they eventually came to form a part of the ruling strata and elite. Golden identifies the Ölberli with the Qay whom are recorded as the
564:
The nomadic
Kipchaks were the main targets of the Mongols when they crossed the Volga in 1236. The defeated Kipchaks mainly entered the Mongol ranks, while others fled westward. Köten led 40,000 families into Hungary, where King
2102:
556:
and scouts. The Mongols, who appeared to retreat, tricked the Ruthenian–Kipchak force into a trap after suddenly emerging behind the hills and surrounding them. The fleeing Kipchaks were closely pursued, and the
3093:
Oshanin, L.V. 1964. Anthropological Composition of the Population of Central Asia, and the Ethnogenesis of its Peoples (trans. V.M. Maurin, ed. H. Field). Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology.
599:, who wanted to prevent Kipchaks invasion of Byzantine lands and to benefit from their military capabilities, invited Kipchaks in Byzantine service. He settled some of them in Anatolia (what is now
2095:
891:
believed the red hair and white skin of the Kipchaks was explained by mixing with the "Saqlabs" (Slavs), while Lee & Kuang note the non-Turkic components to be better explained by historical
852:
indicated that they held autonomy within the Kimek confederation. They entered the Kimek in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century, and were one of the seven original tribes. In the 10th-century's
458:
indicated that they held autonomy within the Kimek confederation. They entered the Kimek in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century, and were one of seven original tribes. In the 10th-century
3168:
Lee, J. Y., & Kuang, S. (2017). A comparative analysis of Chinese historical sources and Y-DNA studies with regard to the early and medieval turkic peoples. Inner Asia, 19(2), 197-239.
232:
extraction were also incorporated into the eastern Kipchak conglomerate. Peter Golden argues that the Ölberli were pushed westwards due to socio-political changes among the para-Mongolic
5680:
2998:"Crimean Tatar proper, called the 'central dialect', belonged to the West Kipchak subbranch as a descendant of Kuman." (Lars Johanson, Turkic, Cambridge University Press, 2021, pg. 62)
5472:
2088:
3861:
3513:
2309:
5960:
765:. Muslim conversion occurred near Islamic centres. Some Kipchaks and Cumans were known to have converted to Christianity around the 11th century, at the suggestion of the
5543:
7359:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
5487:
5534:
2900:
6943:
5569:
1137:
2953:"CİHAN YALVAR, ANADOLU'DA SON TÜRK İSKÂNI: İZNİK İMPARATORLUĞU'NDA KUMAN-KIPÇAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMİYE (YORTAN) İLE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KÖYLERİNDEKİ VARLIKLARI"
7328:
525:
after convincing the Kipchaks to desert them through pointing at their likeness in language and culture. Nonetheless, the Kipchaks were defeated next. Under
280:
2728:ÖZTÜRK, Meriç T., The Provıncıal Arıstocracy In Byzantine Asia Minor (1081-1261), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, 2013.
6310:
5955:
192:, a complex ethnic assimilation and consolidation process took place between the 11th and 13th centuries. The western Kipchak tribes absorbed people of
5317:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
4028:
4065:
692:
also stimulated the compilation of Kipchak/Cuman-Arabic dictionaries and grammars that are important in the study of several old Turkic languages.
7361:
6025:
5350:
2337:
quote: "衽金革，死而不厭，北方之強也，而強者居之。", tr.: "To sleep armed and armored, to die undismayed; those are strengths in the north, the forceful dwell there."
464:
it is said that the Kimek appointed the Kipchak king. The Kimek confederation, probably spearheaded by the Kipchaks, moved into Oghuz lands, and
917:
in May 2018 examined the remains of two Kipchak males buried between c. 1000 AD and 1200 AD. One male was found to be a carrier of the paternal
5752:
5715:
5502:
2752:[The Transfer of Cumans and Alans from Balkans to Anatolia by Byzantine Empire against the Turkish Expansion in the Western Anatolia].
3743:(3). Institute of Humanities and Indigenouse Peoples of the North of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk: 97–101.
2194:
264:'s origin from Kipchak tribe Ölberli, or some information about the Kipchaks' homeland, horses, and the Kipchaks' physiognomy and psychology.
4007:
3988:
3967:
3948:
3803:
3725:
3612:
3589:
3567:
3446:
3342:
3141:
3114:
2372:
1068:
1058:
1051:
1041:
5730:
639:
7406:
7401:
7051:
5950:
5742:
5660:
5559:
5462:
7411:
5492:
3916:
883:
in appearance. It is noted that "Chinese histories also depict the Turkic-speaking peoples as typically possessing East/Inner Asian
591:. This group, which has an estimated population of over 10 thousand, wandered for a long time to find a suitable place to settle in
1779:
70:
7416:
7396:
6652:
5747:
4344:
2822:
2750:"Bati Anadolu'dakı Türk Yayilișina Karși Bızans İmparatorluğu'nun Kuman-Alan Topluluklarini Balkanlardan Anadolu'ya Nakletmesi"
3050:
502:
The early 11th century saw a massive Turkic nomadic migration towards the Islamic world. The first waves were recorded in the
7381:
7104:
5720:
5554:
5529:
3523:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
3187:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
6938:
749:
Mongolian linguistic elements in the Kipchak–Kimek confederation remain "unproven"; though that confederation's constituent
152:. Regardless, Golden notes that the ethnonym's original form and etymology "remain a matter of contention and speculation".
7323:
6352:
5967:
5710:
5514:
5386:
2136:
622:(a city in Anatolia). Hüsameddin Emir Çoban, one of the Seljuk emirs, crossed the Black Sea and made an expedition to the
6986:
5497:
4879:
4058:
2824:
The Image of the Cumans in Medieval Chronicles: Old Russian and Georgian Sources in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
6018:
6003:
5706:
5381:
5343:
3335:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century
1037:
769:, as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. A great number were baptized at the request of Georgian King
572:
After their fall, Kipchaks and Cumans were known to have become mercenaries in Europe and taken as slave warriors. In
569:
granted them refuge in return for their Christianization. The refugee Kipchaks fled Hungary after Köten was murdered.
925:, and displayed "increased East Asian ancestry". The other male was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup
6872:
5524:
5507:
5482:
5371:
4945:
3640:
3604:
777:. From 1120, there was a Kipchak national Christian church and an important clergy. Following the Mongol conquest,
117:
5640:
2935:"Muharrem ÖÇALAN SAKARYA- İZMİT YÖRESİ YERLEŞİK TÜRKMENLERİ MANAV AĞIZLARINDA ÖTÜMSÜZ PATLAYICI ÜNSÜZ DEĞİŞMELERİ"
481:
78:
3980:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century, Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia
2305:
545:
125:
6700:
5766:
5668:
5549:
5539:
5277:
5236:
4404:
2917:
2043:
1689:
1668:
604:
596:
5457:
4038:
2934:
2558:
Schuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words" (PDF).
7391:
6728:
6672:
6419:
6415:
6255:
6073:
6068:
5725:
5645:
5409:
4444:
4369:
4133:
4126:
4051:
1697:
431:(as reconstructed by Schuessler, 2009:314,70). The relationship between the Kipchaks and Cumans is unclear.
336:
229:
62:
6965:
6323:
6300:
6115:
6011:
5913:
5847:
5833:
5336:
5267:
1994:
1859:
1660:
743:
2222:
536:(the Ruthenians), where the Kipchaks had several marriage relations, one of which was Köten's son-in-law
7195:
7149:
6757:
4923:
4218:
3855:
3507:
1573:
141:
2562:. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica
626:
and returned with countless booty and slaves. As a result of the expedition, a few Kipchak families in
2849:
7348:
6411:
6130:
6085:
5867:
5613:
5262:
4599:
4223:
4103:
3371:
1347:
1108:
1012:
926:
922:
537:
533:
3834:
Kadyrbaev, Aleksandr (2005). "Turks (Uighurs, Kipchaks and Kanglis) in the history of the Mongols".
904:
Oshanin's discovery is explainable by assuming that the historical Kipchaks' modern descendants are
267:
249:
in Turkic inscriptions, and were of Mongolic or para-Mongolic background - likely stemming from the
7089:
6708:
6333:
6155:
5877:
5519:
5447:
5126:
4414:
4149:
3786:
Róna-Tas, András (2021-11-04). "The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genealogical question".
2121:
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1841:
1827:
1437:
1020:
815:
770:
724:
503:
488:
439:
435:
420:
356:
116:); according to them, inside a hollow tree, their original human ancestress gave birth to her son.
19:
4023:
2435:
351:) readable. It is unclear if the Kipchaks could be identified with, according to Klyashtorny, the
7084:
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6140:
5942:
5928:
5862:
5802:
5694:
5635:
4807:
4609:
4519:
4419:
3886:
3823:
Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae. Sectio linguistica
3809:
3522:
3495:
3405:
3208:
2771:
2719:
GOLUBOVSKİY, P.V., Peçenegi, Torki i Polovtsı Rus i Step Do Naşestviya Tatar, Veçe, Moskva, 2011.
2254:"Cumanica II: The Ölberli (Ölperli): The Fortunes and Misfortunes of an Inner Asian Nomadic Clan"
1944:
1815:
1102:
739:
615:
476:, while others pushed westwards in the Qun migration. As a result, three Kipchak groups emerged:
339:
for fifty years; even so, this attestation is uncertain as damages on the inscription leave only
225:
3756:
Mukhajanova, T. N.; Asetilla, A. M. (2016). "'Kipchak' Ethnonym and the History of Its Origin".
871:
green eyes, were already noted by the Chinese for some other ancient Turkic tribes, such as the
3869:
Halperin, Charles J. (2000). "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut".
3821:
Bíró, B. Margaret (1973). "The 'Kipchaks' in the Georgian Martyrdom of David and Constantine".
540:
of Galicia. The Ruthenians and Kipchaks forged an alliance against the Mongols, and met at the
7386:
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7144:
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1383:
1338:
1329:
1312:
949:
913:
708:
667:
396:
3687:
Győrfi, Dávid (2014). "Khwarezmian: Mapping the Kipchak component of Pre-Chagatai Turkic".
3559:
The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
2560:
Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text
711:
language, with them. During the 16th and the 17th centuries, the Turkic language among the
707:-Ukrainian borderland, at the end of the 13th century, they brought Kipchak, their adopted
7026:
7003:
6976:
6716:
6688:
6684:
6656:
6625:
6562:
6519:
6502:
6328:
6290:
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6135:
6125:
6105:
6095:
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5972:
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5452:
5414:
5282:
4889:
4800:
4639:
4619:
4524:
4514:
4500:
4429:
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4178:
4032:
3671:
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3054:
2126:
2008:
1980:
1678:
1491:
1482:
1464:
1401:
1374:
1365:
994:
962:
872:
676:
663:
495:
392:
328:
129:
66:
55:
4117:
2952:
3375:
879:(to whom the Qun belonged) were not described as foreign looking, i.e. they were likely
7338:
7235:
7215:
7109:
7094:
7059:
6960:
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6807:
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44:
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5021:
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4894:
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4726:
4614:
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4199:
3890:
3813:
3212:
3186:
2775:
2545:
Gumilev, L. N. (2006). "İklim Değişiklikleri ve Göçebe Göçleri". (A. Batur, trans.),
2068:
2057:
1907:
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1008:
978:
799:
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631:
584:
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176:
106:
94:
3937:
3409:
3353:
2901:"YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi Araştırmaları"
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4833:
4793:
4657:
4529:
4506:
4274:
4210:
4097:
3735:
Ushntskiy, Vasiliy V. (2015-06-01). "Kipchak component in the Sakha ethnogenesis".
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998:
982:
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608:
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237:
69:
region from where they expanded over the following centuries, first as part of the
4317:
510:
7344:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
3978:
3708:
Shanijazov, K. (1978-12-31). "Early Elements in the Ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks".
3066:
2918:"Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav Türkmen Ağızları Üzerine Birkaç Not"
1001:
confederation of the Kazakh people. The name Kipchak also occurs as a surname in
7240:
6892:
6837:
6542:
6472:
5600:
5590:
5477:
5298:
5181:
5176:
5120:
4624:
4540:
4467:
4336:
4140:
3847:
3748:
3700:
3491:
1682:
1168:
1093:
884:
412:
296:
292:
284:
217:
209:
193:
51:
3675:
2766:
7220:
7185:
7041:
7021:
7016:
7011:
6882:
6847:
6220:
5737:
5376:
5166:
4981:
4310:
4228:
3882:
3717:
3539:
3383:
3203:
2505:
2019:
1968:
1895:
1767:
1755:
1002:
558:
324:
315:
3769:
3548:
2497:
753:
tribe possibly had been Mongolic speakers who later underwent Turkification.
7266:
7245:
7210:
7205:
7180:
7154:
7114:
7099:
7069:
6972:
6923:
6594:
6507:
6467:
6388:
6384:
5892:
5605:
5196:
5186:
5133:
5100:
4986:
4772:
4734:
4715:
4695:
4670:
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4110:
3795:
1883:
1731:
1555:
1531:
1303:
1213:
958:
766:
619:
469:
368:
360:
320:
197:
165:
82:
7255:
6832:
3401:
3298:
2334:
1047:
829:(king) who has eleven lieutenants that hold hereditary fiefs. Furthermore,
742:. Cuman in Crimea, however, became the ancestor of the central dialect of
735:
3601:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365
1005:. Some of the descendants of the Kipchaks are the Bashkirian clan Qipsaq.
331:. Kipchaks possibly appeared in the 8th-century Moyun Chur inscription as
7297:
7230:
7175:
7124:
7079:
6928:
6902:
6877:
6802:
6619:
6432:
6396:
6380:
5427:
5306:
5151:
5095:
5066:
5041:
5031:
5001:
4690:
4677:
4663:
4244:
2513:
2492:
2155:
Schuessler (2014) reconstructs 屈射's 200 BCE Old Chinese pronunciation as
1956:
1625:
1545:
1527:
1177:
1064:
970:
762:
553:
529:
201:
3499:
3475:
3392:
2787:
256:
Chinese histories only mentioned the Kipchaks a few times: for example,
7307:
7287:
7200:
6817:
6812:
6792:
6745:
6614:
6532:
6477:
6457:
6437:
6427:
6392:
5432:
5241:
5191:
5141:
5115:
5110:
5071:
5061:
5016:
5011:
4996:
4913:
4859:
4822:
4817:
4710:
4700:
4685:
4534:
4303:
4257:
4168:
1932:
1719:
1294:
1258:
1222:
1195:
1186:
1159:
1087:
974:
905:
888:
712:
700:
689:
647:
623:
577:
566:
541:
514:
473:
465:
408:
305:
288:
250:
233:
213:
205:
189:
181:
90:
86:
3299:"Публикация ННР О языке куманов: По поводу издания куманского словаря"
614:
Another Kipchak migration in Anatolia dates back to the period of the
275:
The Kipchaks were first unambiguously mentioned in Persian geographer
7333:
7292:
7074:
7031:
6981:
6842:
6797:
6787:
6771:
6765:
6750:
6740:
6576:
6537:
6527:
6492:
5780:
5650:
5578:
5359:
5216:
5206:
5156:
5105:
5056:
5046:
5026:
5006:
4991:
4905:
4841:
4827:
4759:
4744:
4739:
4720:
4548:
4462:
3315:. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger, 1996. ISBN 952-9752-08-3. (p. 41)
2973:
An Armeno-Kipchak Chronicle on the Polish-Turkish Wars in 1620-1621,
2517:
2501:
2487:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1112:
990:
704:
643:
627:
600:
592:
588:
443:
74:
3777:
Baski, Imre (2006). "On the ethnic names of the Cumans of Hungary".
2878:
2803:
2440:
2253:
170:
2549:, (pp. 131-151). İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları. p. 140 of pp. 131–151
2284:
507:
Kipchaks became interchangeable to refer to the whole confederacy.
434:
While part of the Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the
411:; however, Golden deems this connection unlikely, considering 屈射's
7302:
6887:
6822:
6557:
5328:
5314:
5211:
5171:
5076:
5036:
4754:
4749:
4581:
4296:
2830:(MA thesis). Budapest: Central European University. Archived from
2500:""自厥越失、拔悉彌、駮馬、結骨、火燖、觸木昆諸國皆臣之" tr. "Many states such as Jueyueshi,
1871:
1559:
1541:
1231:
1011:
believed that among the current languages Cuman is closest to the
778:
774:
685:
681:
635:
573:
522:
509:
454:
rivers. They then appeared in Islamic sources. In the 9th century
451:
266:
169:
105:
The Kipchaks interpreted their name as meaning "hollow tree" (cf.
47:
18:
4043:
2987:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
680:, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak, Cuman, and
7343:
7119:
5310:
5302:
2330:
720:
6007:
5332:
4047:
3260:
3258:
3476:"The Polovcian Problems (II): Qipčaqs, Comans, and Polovcians"
472:
became the Kipchak urban centre. Kipchak remnants remained in
438:
region. When the Khaganate collapsed, they became part of the
3354:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
2989:, p. 85, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
1136:
2881:[The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium].
1023:
have been named as "faithfully close to original Kipchak".
3779:
Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th PIAC
3465:
Golden, Peter B. (2014). Nurettin Demir (ed.). "Qıpčaq".
2600:
2598:
2596:
2418:
2416:
583:
In 1239–1240, a large group of Kipchaks fleeing from the
3898:
Eckmann, János (1963). "The Mamluk-Kipchak Literature".
3737:
Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Istoriya
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2235:
2233:
16:
Medieval Turkic nomadic tribe of Central Asia and Europe
7329:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
3909:
Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages
3871:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3467:
Turcology and Linguistics. Éva Ágnes Csató Festschrift
2324:(17th century) Vol. 141-142. Zhejiang University Copy
2181:
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish
993:. Qypshaq, which is a development of "Kipchak" in the
858:
it is said that the Kimek appointed the Kipchak king.
379:) with toponym Kürüshi in the Ezhim river valley (Ch.
208:
and other origin; the eastern Kipchak merged with the
3019:
3017:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
544:
to locate them. After an eight-day pursuit, they met
220:
and others. They were all identified by the ethnonym
61:
First mentioned in the eighth century as part of the
4002:(in Turkish). Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Kesit Yayınları.
3939:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
3331:"The States of the Oghuz, the Kimek and the Kipchak"
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2196:
Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia
734:
became extinct in the 18th century in the region of
7316:
7280:
7163:
7137:
7050:
7002:
6995:
6916:
6865:
6780:
6360:
6309:
6049:
5941:
5906:
5855:
5846:
5826:
5815:
5779:
5693:
5659:
5577:
5395:
5255:
5229:
4974:
4932:
4878:
4850:
4648:
4590:
4557:
4476:
4453:
4283:
4237:
4192:
4161:
4090:
4081:
3458:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
3009:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
2850:"Latent Turkification of Byzantium (ca. 1071–1461)"
2210:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
642:. In addition, maritime trade intensified with the
3936:
3860:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3512:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1141:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
3486:(3). Szeged, Hungary: Akadémiai Kiadó: 243–248.
3480:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
3441:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–284.
2879:"Bızans'in Anadolu'ya Yerleştırdığı Son Türkler"
3658:Boswell, A. Bruce (1927). "The Kipchak Turks".
3276:
3264:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3109:. University of Washington Press. p. 131.
674:) whose most important surviving record is the
487:Kipchaks of the Syr Darya, associated with the
2864:"Anadolu'ya yerleştirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)"
2359:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine, eds. (2006).
929:and displayed "pronounced European ancestry".
773:, who also married a daughter of Kipchak Khan
607: are the ancestors of a community called
73:and later as part of a confederation with the
6019:
5344:
4059:
3313:Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö
3106:The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code
2096:
1054:1229–1236), Kipchak leader in the Lower Volga
1019:. Especially the regional Mishar dialects of
781:rose in popularity among the Kipchaks of the
580:were in part drawn from Kipchaks and Cumans.
124:"angry, quick-tempered" attested only in the
50:and then a confederation that existed in the
8:
7362:State with limited international recognition
3352:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (May 9, 2018).
2760:(276). Turkish Historical Society: 403–418.
825:mentions the "country of Kīmāk", ruled by a
3428:(in Turkish). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
2463:
989:. There is also a village named Kipchak in
403:) attempted to connect the Kipchaks to the
23:Map of the Cuman-Kipchak state in 1200-1241
6999:
6777:
6306:
6026:
6012:
6004:
5852:
5823:
5819:
5785:
5699:
5583:
5351:
5337:
5329:
4087:
4066:
4052:
4044:
3624:Rannie tyurki: ocherki istorii i ideologii
3521:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (2017-10-18).
3435:"The peoples of the south Russian steppes"
2103:
2089:
1595:
1122:
997:, is one of the constituent tribes of the
3582:L'Asie Centrale, Histoire et Civilization
3538:
3439:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
3391:
3202:
3080:
3078:
2765:
2367:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 475–476.
494:Kipchaks of Siberia, later composing the
3998:Argunşah, Mustafa; Güner, Galip (2015).
2604:
2346:
2239:
1061:1236), Kipchak leader in the Lower Volga
662:The Kipchak–Cuman confederation spoke a
3911:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
3712:. DE GRUYTER MOUTON. pp. 147–156.
3337:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 61–76.
2183:. Oxford University Press. p. 581.
2171:
2148:
2066:
2041:
2029:
2017:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1708:
1648:
1623:
1598:
1125:
1090:, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (r. 1260–1277)
1084:, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (r. 1279–1290)
335:, mentioned as having been part of the
77:. There were groups of Kipchaks in the
5540:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014)
3853:
3505:
3228:, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 20, 105.
2707:
2649:
2637:
2616:
2587:
2575:
2451:
2422:
2387:
2285:"Cumanica V: The Basmils and Qipchaqs"
2224:The Turkic world of Mahmud al-Kashgari
2212:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 271
1096:, chancellor of the Chinese-Mongolian
948:The modern Northwestern branch of the
715:communities of the Kipchak people was
5550:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014)
3790:. London: Routledge. pp. 60–74.
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
2797:
2795:
2475:
841:, 'of which inhabitants resemble the
407:(屈射), a people once conquered by the
148:"good fortune" and adjectival suffix
7:
3035:
2533:
2520:, etc. all submitted themselves (to
611:living in Northwest Anatolia today.
283:as a northernly Turkic tribe, after
3156:
3130:Swope, Kenneth M. (8 August 2019).
3023:
2695:
2676:
367:(厥越失) in Chinese sources; however,
174:Kipchak portrait in a 12th-century
5560:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
5463:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
3962:. Cambridge, Mass: Da Capo Press.
2951:Yalvar, Cihan (19 February 2021).
442:, with which they expanded to the
271:Kipchak-style helmet, 13th century
14:
5555:Council of Ministers (until 2014)
3626:(in Russian). Almaty: Daik Press.
65:, they most likely inhabited the
6351:
6035:
5988:
5987:
5568:
5520:President of Crimea (historical)
5309:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
4035: (archived October 13, 2004)
3556:May, Timothy (7 November 2016).
3279:, Supplementary Table 8, Row 44.
3252:, Supplementary Table 8, Row 75.
3240:, Supplementary Table 9, Row 14.
2883:Eski̇çağ Araştirmalari Dergi̇si̇
2365:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
552:like the Mongols, served as the
224:. Groups and tribes of possible
132:). Klyashtorny links Kipchak to
7334:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
3460:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
3011:. O. Harrassowitz. pp. 184–185.
548:(1223). The Kipchaks, who were
399:and some Soviet scholars (e.g.
5493:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation
3977:Howorth, Henry Hoyle (2008) .
3958:Hildinger, Erik (2001-11-08).
3103:Yonglin, Jiang (1 July 2011).
2889:] (in Turkish) (3): 29–32.
2821:Caroline Gurevich (May 2017).
2808:Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi
727:areas of what is now Ukraine.
236:, such as the collapse of the
1:
7324:Organization of Turkic States
5711:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
5515:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
5387:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
2887:Journal of Ancient Researches
2802:Dimitri Korobeinikov (2015).
2137:History of the central steppe
1127:History of the Turkic peoples
938:Kipchak peoples and languages
911:A genetic study published in
5498:Renaming of Crimean toponyms
3943:. Rutgers University Press.
3930:. İstanbul: Kesit Yayınları.
3653:(Sixth ed.). 2001–2005.
3584:. Librairie Arthème-Fayard.
3474:Klyashtorny, Sergey (2005).
2748:Ayönü, Yusuf (August 2012).
2289:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
2258:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
921:and the maternal haplogroup
140:"unfortunate, unlucky"; yet
5731:2014 parliamentary election
5382:Republic of Crimea (Russia)
3848:10.1556/AOrient.58.2005.5.3
3701:10.1556/AOrient.67.2014.4.1
3562:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 221–.
3492:10.1556/AOrient.58.2005.5.2
2804:"The Cumans in Paphlagonia"
1933:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
1780:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
833:is mentioned as a country (
719:. They were settled in the
97:in the early 13th century.
71:Kimek–Kipchak confederation
7433:
5525:2003 Tuzla Island conflict
5508:Crimean Tatar repatriation
3644:(Academic ed.). 2006.
3605:Cambridge University Press
3603:. Cambridge and New York:
3136:. Routledge. p. 312.
2957:Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları
2767:10.37879/belleten.2012.403
1540:Chief gods and goddesses:
1071:1223–1239), Kipchak leader
941:
813:
797:
281:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
159:
7402:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
7357:
6349:
5985:
5822:
5788:
5702:
5586:
5566:
5535:2014 annexation by Russia
5473:1783 annexation by Russia
5367:
5291:
4410:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
3883:10.1017/S0041977X00007205
3718:10.1515/9783110810233.147
3651:The Columbia Encyclopedia
3540:10.1163/22105018-12340089
3456:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
3437:. In Sinor, Denis (ed.).
3433:Golden, Peter B. (1990).
3384:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
3204:10.1163/22105018-12340089
2208:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
1961:11th century–13th century
730:The literary form of the
605:III. John Doukas Vatatzes
521:The Mongols defeated the
7412:Ethnic groups in Ukraine
6939:Timeline of the Göktürks
5767:Crimean Federal District
5503:1954 transfer to Ukraine
5278:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
4946:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
4039:Murad ADJI, The Kipchaks
3424:Ergin, Muharrem (1980).
3329:Agajanov, S. G. (1992).
3071:. O. Harrassowitz. 1998.
3007:Peter B. Golden (1992).
2179:Clauson, Gerard (1972).
2044:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
1690:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1669:Western Turkic Khaganate
1615:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
640:Western Black Sea region
597:John III Doukas Vatatzes
54:inhabiting parts of the
5410:Crimea in the Roman era
4435:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
4091:Azerbaijani communities
3935:Grousset, René (1970).
3928:Kıpçak Türkçesi Grameri
3900:Central Asiatic Journal
3796:10.4324/9781003243809-4
3749:10.17223/19988613/35/15
3710:The Nomadic Alternative
3641:Encyclopædia Britannica
3599:Vásáry, István (2005).
3494:(inactive 2024-09-17).
3068:Central Asiatic Journal
2436:Moyun Chur inscriptions
1698:Second Turkic Khaganate
761:The Kipchaks practiced
532:, Kipchaks fled to the
303:(either corrupted from
245:in Chinese sources and
144:sees a better match in
120:points to the Siberian
63:Second Turkic Khaganate
7417:Extinct Turkic peoples
7407:History of Kievan Rus'
7397:Turkic peoples of Asia
6653:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5834:Crimean Premier League
5681:Urban-type settlements
5530:2014 status referendum
5488:Crimea in World War II
5268:Crimean Tatar diaspora
4445:Western Thracian Turks
4380:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
3960:Warriors Of The Steppe
3850:(inactive 2024-09-17).
3084:Hudud al-'Alam, ch. 18
2547:Avrasyadan Makaleler I
2322:Zizhi Tongjian Houbian
2283:Golden, Peter (2006).
2252:Golden, Peter (1987).
1860:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
1661:First Turkic Khaganate
1142:
1032:Kipchak confederations
518:
371:(2002) identified 厥越失
272:
185:
126:Siberian Sağay dialect
24:
7382:Turkic nomadic tribes
7150:Proto-Turkic language
6781:Extinct Turkic groups
5961:Ukrainian Catholicism
5641:Pontic–Caspian steppe
4975:Extinct Turkic groups
4933:Turkic minorities in
4880:Turkic minorities in
4851:Turkic minorities in
4649:Turkic minorities in
4127:Georgian Azerbaijanis
3926:Güner, Galip (2013).
3680:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3185:Lee, Joo-Yup (2017).
2877:Yilmaz, Adil (2018).
1969:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
1601:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
1140:
1044:1117), Kipchak leader
618:, which ruled around
513:
482:Pontic–Caspian steppe
270:
173:
93:was conquered by the
79:Pontic–Caspian steppe
22:
7349:World Turks Qurultai
5743:Legislative Assembly
5293:Central Asian (i.e.
5263:Azerbaijani diaspora
4600:Iranian Azerbaijanis
4238:Turkmen communities
4134:Western Azerbaijanis
4104:Iranian Azerbaijanis
3788:The Turkic Languages
3311:Leitzinger, Antero:
3277:Damgaard et al. 2018
3265:Damgaard et al. 2018
3250:Damgaard et al. 2018
3238:Damgaard et al. 2018
3226:Damgaard et al. 2018
3048:Islamic Civilization
2848:Rustam M. Shukurov.
2788:DOI: English version
2347:Lee & Kuang 2017
1109:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
695:When members of the
638:and settled in the
561:camp was massacred.
538:Mstislav Mstislavich
534:Principality of Kiev
327:, Aðkiš, and before
7090:Karachay-Cherkessia
5458:Genoese–Mongol Wars
5448:Empire of Trebizond
4284:Turkish communities
4150:Javanshir Qizilbash
3907:Csáki, Éva (2006).
3660:The Slavonic Review
3622:Zuev, Yury (2002).
3376:2018Natur.557..369D
2619:, pp. 278–279.
2122:Kipchaks in Georgia
1849:Eastern Kara-Khanid
1842:Western Kara-Khanid
1828:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1111:, Mamluk Sultan of
1021:Sergachsky district
862:Physical appearance
848:In the 9th century
816:Kimek confederation
725:Kamianets-Podilskyi
688:of Turkic-speaking
504:Kara-Khanid Khanate
489:Khwarazmian dynasty
440:Kimek confederation
421:Eastern Han Chinese
357:Orkhon inscriptions
7281:Traditional sports
7085:Kabardino-Balkaria
6705:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
5803:Crimean Trolleybus
5707:Republic of Crimea
4808:Siberian Bukharans
4610:Chaharmahali Turks
4591:Turkic minorities
4558:Turkic minorities
4477:Turkic minorities
4193:Kyrgyz communities
4162:Kazakh communities
3053:2008-05-12 at the
1945:Khwarazmian Empire
1816:Karluk Yabgu State
1554:Epics and heroes:
1143:
1103:Faris ad-Din Aktai
845:in some customs'.
684:. The presence in
546:at the Kalka River
519:
273:
186:
25:
7369:
7368:
7145:Old Turkic script
7133:
7132:
6944:Timeline 500–1300
6861:
6860:
6347:
6346:
6206:Kipchak languages
6161:Karamanli Turkish
6001:
6000:
5981:
5980:
5956:Roman Catholicism
5937:
5936:
5842:
5841:
5811:
5810:
5775:
5774:
5689:
5688:
5626:Crimean Mountains
5326:
5325:
5225:
5224:
5136:
5129:
5090:
4966:Tatars of Romania
4939:
4908:
4865:Mongolian Kazakhs
4836:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4543:
4509:
4420:Palestinian Turks
4415:Montenegrin Turks
4339:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4269:
4260:
4253:
4213:
4184:Mongolian Kazakhs
4152:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4009:978-605-9100-59-5
3990:978-1-60520-134-4
3969:978-0-306-81065-7
3950:978-0-8135-1304-1
3805:978-1-003-24380-9
3781:. pp. 43–54.
3727:978-90-279-7520-1
3614:978-0-5218-3756-9
3591:978-2-213-59894-9
3569:978-1-61069-340-0
3448:978-0-521-24304-9
3344:978-81-208-1595-7
3143:978-1-000-13466-7
3116:978-0-295-80166-7
2852:. Dumbarton Oaks.
2478:, p. 33, 52.
2374:978-1-4381-2918-1
2221:Golden, Peter B.
2113:
2112:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2020:Qarlughid Kingdom
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1884:Pecheneg Khanates
1877:
1865:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1804:Oghuz Yabgu State
1797:
1785:
1773:
1768:Türgesh Khaganate
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1702:
1694:
1673:
1665:
1631:
1606:
1581:
1580:
1508:
1507:
1320:
1319:
1131:
1082:Al-Mansur Qalawun
944:Kipchak languages
831:Andar Az Khifchāq
703:peninsula to the
697:Armenian diaspora
35:, also known as
7424:
7191:Tibetan Buddhism
7171:Turkic mythology
7052:Autonomous areas
7004:Sovereign states
7000:
6778:
6760:
6735:
6632:
6609:
6571:
6522:
6487:
6448:Crimean Karaites
6422:
6399:
6355:
6307:
6186:Khorasani Turkic
6040:
6039:
6038:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6005:
5991:
5990:
5853:
5824:
5820:
5786:
5700:
5584:
5572:
5420:Bosporan Kingdom
5372:Political status
5353:
5346:
5339:
5330:
5273:Turkish diaspora
5132:
5125:
5086:
4937:
4919:Karategin Uzbeks
4904:
4832:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4766:Astrakhan Tatars
4764:
4729:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4635:Iranian Turkmens
4567:Crimean Karaites
4539:
4505:
4405:Macedonian Turks
4370:Dodecanese Turks
4335:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4267:Iranian Turkmens
4265:
4256:
4249:
4209:
4148:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4088:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4029:Kipchak dateline
4013:
3994:
3973:
3954:
3942:
3931:
3922:
3903:
3894:
3865:
3859:
3851:
3830:
3817:
3782:
3773:
3752:
3731:
3704:
3683:
3672:Golden, Peter B.
3667:
3654:
3645:
3627:
3618:
3595:
3573:
3552:
3542:
3517:
3511:
3503:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3395:
3348:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3182:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2769:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2680:
2674:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2464:Klyashtorny 2005
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2318:
2312:
2308:et al. Yuanshi,
2303:
2297:
2296:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2193:Julian Baldick,
2191:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2159:
2153:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2072:
2047:
2035:
2023:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1922:Sultanate of Rum
1911:
1899:
1896:Ghaznavid Empire
1887:
1875:
1863:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1792:Uyghur Khaganate
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1720:Khazar Khaganate
1700:
1692:
1671:
1663:
1629:
1604:
1596:
1591:Pre-14th century
1568:Major concepts:
1523:
1522:
1518:Turkic Mythology
1335:
1334:
1330:Turkic Languages
1313:Crimean Karaites
1250:Cherniye Klobuki
1156:
1155:
1130:pre–14th century
1129:
1123:
1076:Kipchak ancestry
1070:
1060:
1053:
1043:
950:Turkic languages
893:Iranian-speaking
668:Kipchak language
630:were brought to
616:Chobanids Beylik
480:Kipchaks of the
397:Bernard Karlgren
377:kiwat-jiwat-siet
337:Turkic Khaganate
309:or representing
7432:
7431:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7353:
7312:
7276:
7159:
7129:
7046:
7027:Northern Cyprus
6991:
6977:Altai Mountains
6912:
6857:
6776:
6756:
6701:North Macedonia
6643:
6624:
6581:
6567:
6563:Siberian Tatars
6518:
6503:Khorasani Turks
6483:
6410:
6379:
6356:
6343:
6305:
6226:Ottoman Turkish
6146:Karachay-Balkar
6045:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6002:
5997:
5977:
5933:
5902:
5838:
5807:
5771:
5762:Black Sea Fleet
5685:
5655:
5636:Perekop Isthmus
5573:
5564:
5468:Crimean Khanate
5415:Cherson (theme)
5391:
5363:
5357:
5327:
5322:
5287:
5283:Kazakh diaspora
5251:
5221:
4970:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4890:Afghan Turkmens
4881:
4874:
4852:
4846:
4801:Siberian Tatars
4725:
4650:
4644:
4640:Iranian Kazakhs
4620:Khorasani Turks
4592:
4586:
4559:
4553:
4496:Chinese Kazakhs
4478:
4472:
4455:
4454:Turkic peoples
4449:
4350:Bulgarian Turks
4326:Abkhazian Turks
4279:
4251:Afghan Turkmens
4233:
4188:
4179:Iranian Kazakhs
4174:Chinese Kazakhs
4157:
4077:
4072:
4033:Wayback Machine
4024:Codex Cumanicus
4020:
4010:
4000:Codex Cumanicus
3997:
3991:
3983:. Cosimo, Inc.
3976:
3970:
3957:
3951:
3934:
3925:
3919:
3906:
3897:
3868:
3852:
3836:Acta Orientalia
3833:
3820:
3806:
3785:
3776:
3755:
3734:
3728:
3707:
3689:Acta Orientalia
3686:
3670:
3657:
3648:
3637:
3634:
3632:Further reading
3621:
3615:
3598:
3592:
3578:Roux, Jean-Paul
3576:
3570:
3555:
3520:
3504:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3432:
3426:Orhun Abideleri
3423:
3414:
3412:
3368:Nature Research
3351:
3345:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3184:
3183:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3055:Wayback Machine
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2780:
2778:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2683:
2675:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2319:
2315:
2310:vol. 128 Tutuha
2304:
2300:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2127:Afghan Kypchaks
2109:
2080:
2079:
2009:Tughlaq dynasty
1981:Delhi Sultanate
1679:Tokhara Yabghus
1640:Tiele (Gaoche)
1605:202 BCE–13th CE
1593:
1583:
1582:
1526:Belief system:
1520:
1510:
1509:
1465:Karachay-Balkar
1332:
1322:
1321:
1153:
1121:
1029:
995:Kazakh language
963:Siberian Tatars
946:
940:
935:
901:
873:Yenisei Kirghiz
864:
818:
812:
807:
802:
796:
791:
759:
699:moved from the
677:Codex Cumanicus
664:Turkic language
660:
648:Kipchak regions
624:Kipchak steppes
496:Siberian Tatars
415:pronunciation *
393:Tuva Depression
363:), or with the
329:Yenisei Kirghiz
168:
158:
130:Khakas language
103:
56:Eurasian Steppe
17:
12:
11:
5:
7430:
7428:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7392:Turkic peoples
7389:
7384:
7374:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7339:Turkic Academy
7336:
7331:
7326:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7236:Khalwati order
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7216:Bektashi Order
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7095:Karakalpakstan
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7060:Altai Republic
7056:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7008:
7006:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6961:Nomadic empire
6958:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6729:Western Thrace
6635:
6634:
6633:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6453:Crimean Tatars
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6256:Siberian Tatar
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6061:
6055:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6008:
5999:
5998:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5947:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5898:Crimea Germans
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5873:Crimean Tatars
5870:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5798:Crimean Bridge
5795:
5789:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5745:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5646:Southern Coast
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5453:Genoese Crimea
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5417:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362: articles
5358:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5333:
5324:
5323:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:Yenisei Kyrgyz
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Finnish Tatars
4948:
4942:
4940:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4572:Crimean Tatars
4569:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4515:Chinese Uzbeks
4512:
4511:
4510:
4501:Chinese Kyrgyz
4498:
4493:
4491:Chinese Tatars
4488:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4440:Tunisian Turks
4437:
4432:
4427:
4425:Romanian Turks
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Lebanese Turks
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:Egyptian Turks
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4355:Croatian Turks
4352:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4331:Algerian Turks
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4205:Chinese Kyrgyz
4202:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4130:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4094:
4092:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4075:Turkic peoples
4073:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4026:
4019:
4018:External links
4016:
4015:
4014:
4008:
3995:
3989:
3974:
3968:
3955:
3949:
3932:
3923:
3917:
3904:
3895:
3877:(2): 229–245.
3866:
3842:(3): 249–253.
3831:
3818:
3804:
3783:
3774:
3753:
3732:
3726:
3705:
3695:(4): 383–406.
3684:
3668:
3655:
3646:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3619:
3613:
3596:
3590:
3574:
3568:
3553:
3533:(2): 197–239.
3518:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3447:
3430:
3421:
3349:
3343:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3304:
3290:
3281:
3269:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3170:
3161:
3149:
3142:
3133:The Ming World
3122:
3115:
3095:
3086:
3074:
3058:
3040:
3038:, p. 242.
3028:
3026:, p. 221.
3013:
3000:
2991:
2979:
2975:Robert Dankoff
2966:
2943:
2926:
2909:
2892:
2869:
2855:
2840:
2837:on 2020-08-23.
2813:
2791:
2756:(in Turkish).
2740:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2700:
2698:, p. 103.
2681:
2654:
2642:
2640:, p. 279.
2621:
2609:
2592:
2590:, p. 185.
2580:
2578:, p. 270.
2568:
2551:
2538:
2536:, p. 236.
2526:
2480:
2468:
2466:, p. 243.
2456:
2454:, p. 271.
2444:
2439:"Note 207" at
2427:
2425:, p. 278.
2392:
2390:, p. 186.
2380:
2373:
2351:
2339:
2313:
2298:
2275:
2244:
2229:
2214:
2201:
2186:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2002:Khalji dynasty
1998:
1995:Mamluk dynasty
1988:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1963:
1957:Kerait Khanate
1952:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1151:Turkic peoples
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1055:
1045:
1028:
1027:Notable people
1025:
1017:Tatar language
1013:Mishar dialect
987:Crimean Tatars
939:
936:
934:
931:
900:
897:
863:
860:
855:Hudud al-'Alam
850:Ibn Khordadbeh
823:Hudud al-'Alam
814:Main article:
811:
808:
806:
805:Confederations
803:
798:Main article:
795:
792:
790:
787:
758:
755:
732:Cuman language
717:Armeno-Kipchak
672:Cuman language
659:
656:
500:
499:
492:
485:
461:Hudud al-'Alam
456:Ibn Khordadbeh
383:< MCh. 阿豔 *
359:(薛延陀; pinyin:
277:ibn Khordadbeh
190:Kipchak steppe
157:
154:
128:(a dialect of
102:
99:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7429:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7363:
7356:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:Organizations
7315:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7272:Vattisen Yaly
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:Bashkortostan
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6954:Turkification
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6570:
6569:Baraba Tatars
6566:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6324:Common Turkic
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6301:Western Yugur
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6116:Crimean Tatar
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6043:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6006:
5996:
5995:
5984:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:Crimean Tatar
5912:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5888:Pontic Greeks
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5754:
5753:2017 election
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5726:State Council
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5483:Soviet period
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Crimean Goths
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5361:
5354:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5321:territories).
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Black Klobuks
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4938:(exc. Russia)
4931:
4925:
4924:Afghan Kyrgyz
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:Mishar Tatars
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:in Uzbekistan
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Serbian Turks
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Kosovan Turks
4388:
4386:
4385:Israeli Turks
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Cypriot Turks
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Bosnian Turks
4343:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:Afghan Kyrgyz
4217:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3918:3-447-05381-X
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3758:World Science
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3159:, p. 207
3158:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2963:(250): 11–36.
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2710:, p. 39.
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:, p. 96.
2678:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2607:, p. 69.
2606:
2605:Agajanov 1992
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2242:, p. 74.
2241:
2240:Agajanov 1992
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2069:Ottoman State
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:Bahri dynasty
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1908:Seljuk Empire
1904:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:Sabiri People
1707:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:, Mamluk emir
1104:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1057:Qačir-üküle (
1056:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
945:
937:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
919:haplogroup C2
916:
915:
909:
907:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
861:
859:
857:
856:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
809:
804:
801:
800:Kurgan stelae
794:Kurgan stelae
793:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
754:
752:
747:
745:
744:Crimean Tatar
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
673:
669:
665:
657:
655:
653:
652:Isfendiyarids
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
570:
568:
562:
560:
555:
551:
550:horse archers
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
516:
512:
508:
505:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
478:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Qūshé ~ Qūshí
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
269:
265:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
239:
235:
231:
230:para-Mongolic
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
179:
178:
172:
167:
163:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
113:
108:
107:Middle Turkic
100:
98:
96:
95:Mongol Empire
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
37:Kipchak Turks
34:
30:
21:
7251:Qalandariyya
7226:Christianity
7037:Turkmenistan
6975: /
6966:Turco-Mongol
6827:
6405:Azerbaijanis
5992:
5951:Christianity
5848:Demographics
5716:Constitution
5673:
5661:Subdivisions
5631:Kerch Strait
5442:
5405:Greek Crimea
5081:
4961:Lipka Tatars
4834:Tozhu Tuvans
4794:Volga Tatars
4507:Akto Turkmen
4400:Libyan Turks
4360:Cretan Turks
4275:Akto Turkmen
4224:Tajik Kyrgyz
4211:Akto Turkmen
4098:Azerbaijanis
3999:
3979:
3959:
3938:
3927:
3908:
3899:
3874:
3870:
3856:cite journal
3839:
3835:
3826:
3822:
3787:
3778:
3764:(12). ROST.
3761:
3757:
3740:
3736:
3709:
3692:
3688:
3679:
3666:(16): 68–85.
3663:
3659:
3650:
3649:"Polovtsi".
3639:
3623:
3600:
3581:
3558:
3530:
3526:
3508:cite journal
3483:
3479:
3466:
3457:
3438:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3393:1887/3202709
3363:
3357:
3334:
3312:
3307:
3293:
3284:
3272:
3267:, p. 4.
3245:
3233:
3221:
3194:
3190:
3164:
3152:
3132:
3125:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3067:
3061:
3043:
3031:
3008:
3003:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2929:
2912:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2858:
2843:
2832:the original
2823:
2816:
2810:(18): 29–44.
2807:
2779:. Retrieved
2757:
2753:
2743:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2703:
2652:, p. 6.
2645:
2612:
2583:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2529:
2522:Duolu Qaghan
2514:Khwarazmians
2491:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2434:
2430:
2383:
2364:
2354:
2342:
2335:"Zhong Yong"
2329:
2326:p. 42 of 124
2321:
2320:Xu Qianxue,
2316:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2261:
2257:
2247:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2156:
2151:
2117:Manav People
2067:
2056:
2042:
2032:Golden Horde
2030:
2018:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1920:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1847:
1840:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1744:Kangar Union
1742:
1730:
1718:
1709:
1676:
1649:
1638:
1624:
1613:
1599:
1240:
1098:Yuan dynasty
1075:
1074:
1031:
1030:
1007:
999:Middle Horde
983:Volga Tatars
947:
912:
910:
902:
875:, while the
869:
865:
853:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
783:Golden Horde
760:
748:
729:
694:
675:
661:
613:
587:crossed the
582:
571:
563:
526:
520:
501:
459:
433:
429:kʰut jak/jɑk
428:
424:
416:
404:
401:Lev Gumilyov
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
352:
348:
344:
340:
333:Türk-Qïbchaq
332:
314:
310:
304:
300:
274:
255:
246:
242:
238:Liao dynasty
221:
187:
175:
149:
145:
137:
133:
121:
111:
110:
104:
60:
40:
36:
32:
28:
26:
7241:Malamatiyya
6893:Pan-Turkism
6873:Grey Wolves
6838:Oghuz Turks
6758:Afghanistan
6543:Qarai Turks
6473:Karakalpaks
6241:Sakha/Yakut
6131:Fuyü Gïrgïs
6086:Azerbaijani
5591:Arabat Spit
5478:Crimean War
5182:Toquz Oghuz
5121:Oghuz Turks
5088:Sir-Kıvchak
4882:Afghanistan
4625:Qarai Turks
4541:Tor Uyghurs
4520:Fuyu Kyrgyz
4468:Karakalpaks
4337:Kouloughlis
4141:Karapapakhs
3638:"Kipchak".
3370:: 369–373.
2781:October 12,
2708:Vásáry 2005
2650:Vásáry 2005
2638:Golden 1990
2617:Golden 1990
2588:Golden 2014
2576:Golden 1992
2452:Golden 1990
2441:Türik Bitig
2423:Golden 1990
2388:Golden 2014
1683:Turk Shahis
1630:71 BC–?? AD
1348:Azerbaijani
1169:Oghuz Turks
885:physiognomy
634:by sea via
517:in c. 1200.
413:Old Chinese
395:. Linguist
387:< OTrk.
285:Toquz Oghuz
218:Kara-Khitai
162:Sir-Kıvchak
101:Terminology
52:Middle Ages
41:Polovtsians
7376:Categories
7221:Burkhanism
7186:Aiyy Faith
7105:Nakhchivan
7042:Uzbekistan
7022:Kyrgyzstan
7017:Kazakhstan
7012:Azerbaijan
6883:Burkhanism
6709:Montenegro
6673:Dodecanese
6334:Old Uyghur
6319:Old Turkic
6221:Old Turkic
6156:Karakalpak
5868:Ukrainians
5738:Sevastopol
5596:Arabat Bay
5377:Sevastopol
4229:Van Kyrgyz
4111:Shahsevans
3902:: 304–319.
3829:: 161–168.
3527:Inner Asia
3197:(2): 213.
3191:Inner Asia
2476:Ergin 1980
2361:"Kipchaks"
2166:References
2157:k(ʰ)ut-źak
1756:Turk Shahi
1438:Karakalpak
1038:Ayyub Khan
1003:Kazakhstan
942:See also:
881:East Asian
417:khut m-lak
375:(< MC *
361:Xuè-Yántuó
200:, ancient
160:See also:
7267:Zahediyeh
7262:Safaviyya
7211:Bayramiye
7206:Batiniyya
7181:Shamanism
7164:Religions
7155:Turkology
7115:Tatarstan
7100:Khakassia
7070:Chuvashia
6996:Locations
6973:Tian Shan
6949:Migration
6924:Turkestan
6907:Hungarian
6898:Turkesism
6595:Kryashens
6583:Astrakhan
6508:Krymchaks
6468:Karachays
6389:Telengits
6385:Kumandins
6311:Alphabets
6141:Ili Turki
6051:Languages
5929:Ukrainian
5907:Languages
5893:Krymchaks
5878:Armenians
5606:Black Sea
5579:Geography
5256:Diasporas
5197:Xueyantuo
5187:Uriankhai
5134:Pechenegs
5127:Turkomans
5101:Kutrigurs
4773:Kryashens
4735:Kumandins
4716:Karachays
4696:Besermyan
4671:Telengits
4577:Krymchaks
4560:in Crimea
4525:Ili Turks
4118:Küresünni
3891:162439703
3814:243781797
3770:2413-1032
3549:2210-5018
3415:April 11,
3213:165623743
3036:Roux 1997
2776:245309166
2534:Zuev 2002
2510:Kirghizes
2073:1299–1922
2048:1250–1517
2036:1242–1502
2024:1224–1266
1985:1206–1526
1973:1136–1225
1949:1077–1231
1937:1067–1239
1912:1037–1194
1732:Xueyantuo
1574:Grey wolf
1556:Ergenekon
1532:Shamanism
1304:Krymchaks
1214:Kutrigurs
959:Karachays
837:) of the
767:Georgians
620:Kastamonu
559:Ruthenian
470:Syr Darya
373:Juéyuèshī
365:Juéyuèshī
343:(𐰲𐰴) (*
321:Pechenegs
166:Xueyantuo
83:Syr Darya
81:, China,
7387:Kipchaks
7231:Hurufism
7176:Tengrism
7125:Xinjiang
7080:Gagauzia
6929:Mongolia
6903:Turanism
6878:Kemalism
6866:Politics
6828:Kipchaks
6808:Göktürks
6803:Dughlats
6657:Bulgaria
6645:Abkhazia
6620:Turkmens
6603:Nağaybäk
6433:Bashkirs
6397:Tubalars
6381:Chelkans
6375:Altaians
6329:Cyrillic
6231:Pecheneg
6196:Krymchak
6101:Chagatai
6074:Southern
6069:Northern
5994:Category
5943:Religion
5919:Krymchak
5883:Karaites
5863:Russians
5748:Governor
5695:Politics
5601:Azov Sea
5544:Chairman
5443:Kipchaks
5428:Akatziri
5307:Turkmens
5295:Turkmeni
5152:Saragurs
5096:Kurykans
5082:Kipchaks
5067:Keraites
5052:Göktürks
5042:Dughlats
5032:Dingling
5002:Berendei
4853:Mongolia
4823:Tofalars
4787:Nağaybäk
4691:Bashkirs
4678:Tubalars
4664:Chelkans
4658:Altaians
4479:in China
4311:Tahtacıs
4304:Muhacirs
4245:Turkmens
3676:"QEPČĀQ"
3674:(2009).
3580:(1997).
3500:23658648
3410:13670282
3402:29743675
3366:(7705).
3157:Lee 2017
3051:Archived
3024:May 2016
2977:, p. 388
2754:Belleten
2738:187-233.
2696:May 2016
2677:May 2016
2566:. p. 273
2518:Chumukun
2498:vol. 199
2493:Tongdian
2295:: 16–17.
2227:. p. 522
2132:Nağaybäk
1900:963–1186
1888:860–1091
1876:856–1335
1864:848–1036
1832:840–1212
1808:750–1055
1784:743–1035
1724:618–1048
1651:Göktürks
1626:Dingling
1528:Tengrism
1501:Krymchak
1241:Kipchaks
1178:Saragurs
1119:See also
1094:El Temür
971:Bashkirs
899:Genetics
895:nomads.
771:David IV
763:Tengrism
757:Religion
713:Armenian
658:Language
654:Beylik.
554:vanguard
260:general
226:Mongolic
198:Pecheneg
33:Qipchaqs
29:Kipchaks
7308:Chovgan
7288:Kyz kuu
7201:Alevism
7138:Studies
6934:History
6917:Origins
6848:Türgesh
6818:Khazars
6813:Karluks
6793:Bulgars
6768:(Sakha)
6746:Uyghurs
6725:Tunisia
6713:Romania
6693:Lebanon
6661:Croatia
6649:Algeria
6638:Turkish
6630:Iranian
6615:Tofalar
6587:Chinese
6548:Qashqai
6533:Naimans
6478:Kazakhs
6458:Dolgans
6443:Chuvash
6438:Chulyms
6428:Balkars
6420:Georgia
6416:Armenia
6393:Teleuts
6370:Afshars
6362:Peoples
6339:Persian
6276:Turkmen
6271:Turkish
6236:Qashqai
6191:Kipchak
6111:Chuvash
6091:Bashkir
5968:Judaism
5924:Russian
5856:Peoples
5816:Society
5793:Tourism
5781:Economy
5619:Vyalova
5433:Khazars
5397:History
5319:Ottoman
5303:Iranian
5299:Afghani
5247:Mughals
5242:Hazaras
5192:Utigurs
5167:Türgesh
5142:Onogurs
5116:Nushibi
5111:Naimans
5072:Khazars
5062:Karluks
5017:Chigils
5012:Bulgars
4997:Barsils
4935:Europe
4914:Ansarlu
4860:Khotons
4818:Teleuts
4711:Dolgans
4706:Chuvash
4701:Chulyms
4686:Balkars
4630:Qashqai
4615:Khalajs
4593:in Iran
4535:Uyghurs
4258:Ansarlu
4169:Kazakhs
4083:Peoples
4031:at the
3372:Bibcode
3323:Sources
2502:Basmyls
2306:Toqto'a
2264:: 16–22
2199:, p.55.
1820:756–940
1796:744–840
1772:699–766
1760:665-850
1748:659–750
1736:628–646
1701:682–744
1693:581–650
1672:581–657
1664:552–581
1429:Qasgqai
1420:Chuvash
1411:Bashkir
1384:Turkmen
1339:Turkish
1295:Dolgans
1259:Uyghurs
1223:Karluks
1196:Bulgars
1187:Utigurs
1160:Onogurs
1088:Baibars
1015:of the
975:Kazakhs
906:Kazakhs
889:Gardizi
835:nāḥiyat
789:Culture
740:Hungary
736:Cumania
701:Crimean
690:Mamluks
650:in the
585:Mongols
578:Mamluks
567:Bela IV
542:Dnieper
515:Cumania
474:Siberia
466:Sighnaq
425:kʰut źa
409:Xiongnu
355:in the
325:Türgesh
289:Karluks
251:Xianbei
234:Khitans
222:Kipchak
202:Bashkir
188:On the
182:Luhansk
156:History
91:Cumania
87:Siberia
43:, were
7298:Kokpar
7293:Jereed
7256:Rifaʽi
7246:Qadiri
7075:Crimea
7032:Turkey
6982:Otuken
6843:Shatuo
6833:K'o-sa
6798:Cumans
6788:Bulaqs
6772:Yugurs
6766:Yakuts
6751:Uzbeks
6741:Tuvans
6717:Serbia
6689:Kosovo
6685:Israel
6669:Cyprus
6626:Afghan
6599:Mishar
6577:Tatars
6538:Nogais
6528:Kumyks
6513:Kyrgyz
6498:Khalaj
6493:Khakas
6463:Gagauz
6291:Uyghur
6211:Kyrgyz
6181:Khazar
6176:Khalaj
6171:Khakas
6166:Kazakh
6151:Karaim
6136:Gagauz
6126:Dolgan
6106:Chulym
6096:Bulgar
6059:Afshar
6044:topics
6042:Turkic
5827:Sports
5675:Raions
5669:Cities
5651:Syvash
5614:Marble
5610:Caves
5360:Crimea
5315:Syrian
5237:Abdals
5230:Others
5217:Yabaku
5207:Yueban
5157:Shatuo
5147:Sabirs
5106:Merkit
5057:Kangly
5047:Esegel
5027:Cumans
5007:Bulaqs
4992:Basmyl
4956:Gagauz
4906:Timuri
4900:Aimaqs
4895:Afshar
4842:Yakuts
4828:Tuvans
4760:Tatars
4755:Soyots
4745:Nogais
4740:Kumyks
4727:Koibal
4721:Khakas
4651:Russia
4605:Afshar
4549:Yugurs
4463:Uzbeks
4318:Yörüks
4200:Kyrgyz
4006:
3987:
3966:
3947:
3915:
3889:
3812:
3802:
3768:
3724:
3611:
3588:
3566:
3547:
3498:
3445:
3408:
3400:
3359:Nature
3341:
3211:
3140:
3113:
2774:
2516:, and
2488:Du You
2371:
1492:Karaim
1483:Gagauz
1402:Kyrgyz
1375:Uyghur
1366:Kazakh
1286:Yakuts
1277:Kumyks
1268:Tatars
1113:Multan
1048:Bačman
1009:Radlov
991:Crimea
985:, and
979:Kyrgyz
967:Nogays
955:Manavs
933:Legacy
914:Nature
827:khagan
709:Turkic
705:Polish
644:Crimea
628:Crimea
601:Turkey
593:Thrace
589:Danube
576:, the
444:Irtysh
353:tï Sir
316:Majğar
311:Majfar
293:Kimeks
262:Tutuha
247:Tatabı
214:Karluk
206:Bulgar
177:balbal
142:Golden
122:qıpčaq
118:Németh
75:Cumans
48:nomads
45:Turkic
7303:Jigit
7196:Islam
7110:Sakha
6888:Jadid
6823:Kimek
6733:Yemen
6721:Syria
6697:Libya
6677:Egypt
6665:Crete
6607:Volga
6591:Lipka
6558:Shors
6553:Salar
6520:China
6485:China
6296:Uzbek
6281:Tuvan
6261:Tatar
6246:Salar
6216:Nogai
6201:Kumyk
6121:Cuman
6064:Altai
5973:Islam
5311:Iraqi
5212:Yagma
5177:Torks
5172:Tuhsi
5162:Tiele
5077:Kimek
5037:Duolu
4870:Dukha
4750:Shors
4582:Urums
4530:Salar
4297:Gajal
4291:Turks
3887:S2CID
3810:S2CID
3496:JSTOR
3406:S2CID
3209:S2CID
2938:(PDF)
2921:(PDF)
2904:(PDF)
2885:[
2835:(PDF)
2828:(PDF)
2772:S2CID
2268:2 May
2143:Notes
1872:Qocho
1570:Sheka
1560:Asena
1546:Ülgen
1542:Kayra
1474:Tuvan
1456:Kumyk
1447:Sakha
1393:Tatar
1357:Uzbek
1232:Kimek
1205:Sabir
1065:Köten
923:F1b1b
877:Tiele
839:Kīmāk
810:Kimek
779:Islam
775:Otrok
751:Tatar
686:Egypt
682:Latin
636:Sudak
632:Sinop
609:Manav
574:Egypt
530:Köten
523:Alans
452:Tobol
448:Ishim
436:Altai
391:) in
385:a-iam
306:Jikil
301:J.f.r
297:Oghuz
210:Kimek
194:Oghuz
138:qovuq
67:Altai
7120:Tuva
6987:Oğuz
6853:Uzes
6681:Iraq
6412:Iran
6286:Urum
6266:Tofa
6251:Shor
6081:Äynu
5721:Head
5313:and
5301:and
4982:Alat
4486:Äynu
4004:ISBN
3985:ISBN
3964:ISBN
3945:ISBN
3913:ISBN
3862:link
3800:ISBN
3766:ISSN
3722:ISBN
3609:ISBN
3586:ISBN
3564:ISBN
3545:ISSN
3514:link
3443:ISBN
3417:2020
3398:PMID
3339:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3111:ISBN
2783:2022
2564:(53)
2506:Boma
2369:ISBN
2331:Liji
2270:2022
1572:and
1558:and
1544:and
1530:and
843:Ghūz
723:and
721:Lviv
646:and
527:khan
450:and
419:and
389:Ayam
381:Ayan
369:Zuev
345:-čaq
313:for
258:Yuan
164:and
150:-čāq
134:qovı
114:ağaç
85:and
27:The
6755:in
6642:in
6517:in
6482:in
6409:in
3879:doi
3844:doi
3792:doi
3745:doi
3714:doi
3697:doi
3535:doi
3488:doi
3388:hdl
3380:doi
3364:557
3199:doi
2961:127
2762:doi
2524:)."
1069:fl.
1059:fl.
1052:fl.
1042:fl.
738:in
468:in
349:čiq
347:or
341:-čq
319:),
279:'s
228:or
180:in
146:qıv
112:kuv
39:or
31:or
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6731:,
6727:,
6723:,
6719:,
6715:,
6711:,
6707:,
6703:,
6699:,
6695:,
6691:,
6687:,
6683:,
6679:,
6675:,
6671:,
6667:,
6663:,
6659:,
6655:,
6651:,
6647:,
6628:,
6605:,
6601:,
6597:,
6593:,
6589:,
6585:,
6418:,
6414:,
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