304:(Barrier Gate) to give alms to an elderly Chinese woman whom Amaral was supporting. The two were only a few hundred yards within the gate when a Chinese coolie frightened Amaral's horse with a bamboo pole and signalled to his comrades in hiding. The one-armed governor held the reins with his teeth in order to draw his pistol. Before he could do so, he was set upon by seven Chinese, led by Shen Zhiliang and armed only with edged weapons, and dragged from his horse. Leite, also armed, was dismounted and fled on foot. Intending to collect the reward in Guangzhou, the assassins cut off Amaral's head and remaining hand as proof. The Portuguese authorities later retrieved the rest of his corpse and traced a trail of blood out of the gate.
97:
110:
285:
37:
484:
475:
351:
307:
The assassination quickly became well known in
Guangzhou, where the evidence was widely seen and the perpetrators openly bragged. When the Portuguese—supported by the Americans, British, French and Spanish—protested the assassins' escape to the Chinese government, the latter claimed complete
362:
In the aftermath of the assassination, sensing
Portuguese weakness, the Chinese moved troops closer to the city. On 25 August, the guns of the imperial fort of Latashi (拉塔石), known to the Portuguese as Passaleão, about one mile north of the city, opened fire on the walls of Macau. The
427:(Goa) and metropolitan Portugal (Lisbon). Following negotiations, the Chinese agreed to return Amaral's head and arm in January 1850, and the governor's entire body was returned to Lisbon for burial. The Portuguese proceeded to assemble a naval flotilla for a
380:. The howitzer got off only one shot before its carriage broke down, but the shell caused a panic among the Chinese troops. Mesquita then led a charge, and the surprised Chinese broke and ran. Now in control of the fort but unable to hold it, Mesquita had the
311:
Since Amaral had earlier dissolved the Senate of Macau (because it had opposed his imposition of taxes), there was a power vacuum after the assassination. Some senior officials requested assistance from
Britain and the United States. The
388:. One Portuguese was wounded and about 15 Chinese were killed. Although Mesquita was treated as a hero in the twentieth century, both in Portugal and in Macau, he was not immediately recognised for the valour of his actions.
457:
for the celebrations, the frigate exploded. The cause was sabotage by the keeper of the magazine with a grudge against the captain. Nearly 200 men died and the expedition was called off. A memorial to the victims of the
371:
of the
Portuguese returned fire, but could do little damage to the Chinese fort. With about 400 men and 20 cannons, the Chinese greatly outnumbered and outgunned the Portuguese garrison. In this situation,
252:). They refused to close them at Amaral's request, so on 5 March he proclaimed them closed. The mandarins still did not budge and, on 13 March, they were forcibly expelled. Amaral informed the mandarins of
259:
By all these moves the mandarins—and the
Chinese state—stood to lose significant revenue. The Chinese inhabitants of Macau were inflamed. Placards offering a reward for the head of Amaral were posted in
225:
to the
Chinese border. This required the relocation of some Chinese graves. Further, he ordered Chinese residents within the walls to pay taxes to the Portuguese authorities and no longer to the
202:
in August 1849. The
Chinese were defeated in the only military confrontation, but the Portuguese called off further punitive measures after a naval explosion killed about 200 sailors.
837:
399:, who also recovered Amaral's head and arm, on 12 September 1849. Although Xu believed that Amaral deserved his fate, he had Shen Zhiliang executed at
822:
832:
695:
211:
817:
171:
749:
376:, an artillery sub-lieutenant, volunteered to lead an attack on Baishaling with a company of about thirty-six men and a
373:
125:
67:
807:
827:
812:
802:
264:(Canton). The governor, however, had achieved his goal of Macanese independence from China: for the legations of
215:
450:
715:
797:
416:
735:
392:
226:
326:
284:
109:
400:
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396:
313:
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36:
691:
395:, ordered the arrest of Shen Zhiliang, the lead conspirator. He was captured by officials in
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516:
432:
424:
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199:
523:. The current name for the hill on which the ruins of the fort are located is Paotaishan (
364:
355:
301:
276:
accredited to China had chosen to stay in Macau while awaiting permission to enter China.
42:
519:"Baishaling". According to Carlos Augusto Montalto, the Portuguese called the battlement
492:
Watercolor painting of
Portuguese soldiers at Baishaling by Alexandrino António de Melo
412:
269:
222:
531:). Actual Baishaling (白沙岭) is a mountain ridge several kilometres north of Paotaishan.
483:
474:
350:
214:
had adopted a confrontational stance towards the
Chinese, as displayed in the earlier
791:
446:
420:
339:
273:
233:
453:
on his birthday. After the salute, and just before the local elites could board the
745:
237:
195:
113:
17:
236:
traffic and tried to stop the mandarins from collecting customary dues from the
256:
that if they ever visited Macau they would be received as foreign dignitaries.
449:
gathered in the harbour on 29 October 1850 to fire a salute in honour of King
381:
758:
512:
368:
261:
253:
241:
555:
The original had the incorrect date "1848", but this was later corrected.
377:
511:"Pak Shan Lan", "Pak-sa-leang" or "Pac-sa-leong" are renderings of the
244:. The mandarins retained two customs houses, one at the Inner Harbour (
462:
tragedy, erected in 1880, still stands by the site of the old fort in
221:(October 1846). In early 1849 he proposed to extend a road from the
542:
463:
411:
After their initial victory, the
Portuguese received support from
349:
283:
265:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
354:
Old map of Macau, showing the Passaleão fort and Barrier Gate (
300:, Lieutenant Jerónimo Pereira Leite, left the town through the
707:
The Defences of Macau: Forts, Ships and Weapons over 450 Years
540:
The Chinese term, commonly encountered, for one of these is
681:. Publishing House of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
296:
Matters came to a head on 22 August, when Amaral and his
342:
to defend Portuguese civilians and British nationals.
240:
who lived on boats in the harbour, since Macau was a
632:
630:
325:took up defensive positions in the harbour, while
660:
575:
29:
621:
781:(2nd ed.). Macau: Tipografia "Soi Sang".
45:) separating Macau and China (published 1842)
8:
757:. Hong Kong University Press. Archived from
232:Amaral also placed stricter controls on the
734:Montalto de Jesus, Carlos Augusto (1902).
714:Montalto de Jesus, Carlos Augusto (1894).
26:
690:. Macau: Instituto Português do Oriente.
729:(3). Hong Kong: China Mail Office: 158.
600:
568:
504:
423:. They brought in reinforcements from
391:To calm the Portuguese, Xu Guangjin,
7:
748:; Ride, May; Wordie, Jason (1999).
648:
636:
838:Battles involving the Qing dynasty
288:Assassination of Amaral, from the
25:
482:
473:
248:) and one at the Outer Harbour (
108:
95:
35:
740:. Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh.
175:
1:
709:. Hong Kong University Press.
212:João Maria Ferreira do Amaral
705:Garrett, Richard J. (2010).
622:Ride, Ride & Wordie 1999
206:Changes in Portuguese policy
779:Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita
374:Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita
126:Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita
854:
833:Battles involving Portugal
751:The Voices of Macao Stones
41:View of the Barrier Gate (
777:Teixeira, Manuel (1958).
528:
190:, was a conflict between
151:
134:
119:
87:
49:
34:
823:China–Portugal relations
308:ignorance of the event.
210:The Portuguese governor
716:"Macao's Deeds of Arms"
677:Fei, Chengkang (1996).
290:Illustrated London News
280:Assassination of Amaral
686:Forjaz, Jorge (1996).
661:Montalto de Jesus 1894
576:Montalto de Jesus 1902
515:pronunciation of 白沙岭,
359:
293:
120:Commanders and leaders
818:19th century in Macau
393:Viceroy of Liangguang
353:
287:
178:), also known as the
152:Casualties and losses
68:Xiangshan, Guangdong
764:on 15 December 2014
429:punitive expedition
346:Battle of August 25
188:Baishaling incident
180:Battle of Passaleão
18:Baishaling Incident
688:Familias Macaenses
360:
294:
292:, 10 November 1849
227:imperial mandarins
168:Passaleão incident
79:Portuguese victory
30:Passaleão incident
808:Conflicts in 1849
624:, pp. 64–73.
603:, pp. 70–74.
403:on 15 September.
384:and exploded the
223:walls of the city
164:
163:
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
845:
828:Portuguese Macau
813:History of Macau
803:1849 in Portugal
782:
773:
771:
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741:
730:
723:The China Review
720:
710:
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679:Macao: 400 years
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437:, the corvettes
425:Portuguese India
386:powder magazines
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445:and some armed
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365:field artillery
356:Portas do Cerco
348:
302:Portas do Cerco
282:
208:
146:
141:
96:
94:
93:
71:
43:Portas do Cerco
40:
23:
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15:
12:
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5:
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737:Historic Macao
731:
711:
702:
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672:
669:
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665:
663:, p. 158.
653:
651:, p. 242.
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578:, p. 292.
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431:. The frigate
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270:United Kingdom
216:revolt of the
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57:25 August 1849
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798:1849 in China
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746:Ride, Lindsay
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460:Dona Maria II
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455:Dona Maria II
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434:Dona Maria II
430:
426:
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421:United States
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397:Shunde County
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340:Royal Marines
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274:United States
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246:Praia Pequena
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768:26 September
766:. Retrieved
759:the original
750:
736:
726:
722:
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687:
678:
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601:Garrett 2010
571:
551:
541:
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520:
507:
459:
454:
451:Ferdinand II
442:
438:
433:
410:
390:
361:
338:landed some
334:
328:
321:
315:
310:
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298:aide-de-camp
297:
295:
289:
258:
250:Praia Grande
249:
245:
238:Tanka people
231:
217:
209:
187:
184:Pak Shan Lan
183:
179:
167:
165:
88:Belligerents
66:Baishaling,
382:guns spiked
130:Xu Guangjin
792:Categories
563:References
443:Dom João I
369:naval guns
147:20 cannons
142:1 howitzer
521:Passaleão
513:Cantonese
407:Aftermath
262:Guangzhou
254:Zhongshan
242:free port
160:15 killed
157:1 wounded
649:Fei 1996
637:Fei 1996
517:Mandarin
419:and the
401:Qianshan
378:howitzer
316:Plymouth
272:and the
218:faitiões
192:Portugal
135:Strength
103:Portugal
62:Location
671:Sources
525:Chinese
447:lorchas
413:Britain
322:Dolphin
172:Chinese
145:400 men
70:, China
694:
527::
417:France
329:Amazon
268:, the
234:lorcha
174::
140:36 men
100:
76:Result
762:(PDF)
755:(PDF)
719:(PDF)
543:hoppo
499:Notes
464:Taipa
335:Medea
266:Spain
200:Macau
198:over
196:China
186:) or
114:China
770:2014
692:ISBN
441:and
439:Irís
367:and
332:and
327:HMS
319:and
314:USS
194:and
182:(or
176:關閘事件
166:The
54:Date
529:炮台山
794::
727:21
725:.
721:.
629:^
608:^
583:^
466:.
415:,
229:.
772:.
700:.
546:.
358:)
170:(
20:)
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