381:, a Portuguese-Belgian cotton plantation company, staged a protest demanding improved working conditions. The protest, which later became known as the Baixa de Cassanje revolt, was led by two previously unknown Angolans, António Mariano and Kulu-Xingu. During the protest, the Angolan workers burned their identification cards and physically attacked Portuguese traders on the company premises. The protest led to a general uprising, which Portuguese authorities responded to with an air raid the following day on twenty villages in the area, killing large numbers of villagers. While the
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151:
413:
in a few days, together with an unknown number of natives. The rioters burned plantations, bridges, government facilities, and police stations, and destroyed several barges and ferries. Graphic images of raped and mutilated settlers inflamed the
Portuguese public, and the Portuguese Army instituted a
385:(MPLA) claimed that the air raid killed some ten thousand people, most estimates range from 400 to as many as 7,000 killed. Colonial Martyrs Repression Day is commemorated each year with a public holiday on 4 January.
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counter-insurgency campaign that destroyed dozens of villages and killed some 20,000 people before the uprising was put down in
September 1961.
1695:
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360:. By the following day, the Portuguese authorities had successfully suppressed the revolt. 4 January is now Colonial Martyrs Repression Day (
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638:(2004), p. 143: Commenting on the incursion, Roberto said, "This time the slaves did not cower. They massacred everything."
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farmers and coffee-plantation workers joined the uprising and, in a frenzy of rage, killed some 1,000
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336:, was a labor strike that is considered the first political movement that would trigger the
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573:. Historical Dictionaries of Africa. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 39–40.
264:
259:
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113:
94:
17:
1525:
1374:
1308:
1051:
978:
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531:(2005) p. 9: Some sources state as many as 7,000 Angolans were killed in the air raids.
398:
628:
A Certain Curve of Horn: The
Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola
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1481:
1023:
992:
965:
794:
406:
1242:
897:
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434:
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150:
31:
500:
The
Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945
648:
902:
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829:
1559:
874:
839:
824:
819:
774:
402:
353:
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Conference of
Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies
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348:. The uprising began on 4 January 1961 in the region of
435:"Angola: "Baixa De Kassanje" Massacre Turns 47 Years"
457:"Angolans celebrate Colonial Martyrs Repression Day"
377:
On 3 January 1961, agricultural workers employed by
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1199:
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1487:United Nations Security Council Resolution 374
1451:United Nations Security Council Resolution 374
1446:United Nations Security Council Resolution 322
1441:United Nations Security Council Resolution 312
1431:United Nations Security Council Resolution 180
1191:Popular Forces of the Liberation of Mozambique
383:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
664:
297:
47:
27:1961 revolt against Portuguese rule of Angola
8:
607:The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991
521:The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991
479:The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991
1204:
735:
671:
657:
649:
304:
290:
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54:
40:
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1186:Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People
1260:(January 23, 1963 – September 10, 1974)
609:, New York: Frank Cass Publishing Co.,
523:, New York: Frank Cass Publishing Co.,
481:, New York: Frank Cass Publishing Co.,
422:
273:
245:
138:
127:
1347:(25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974)
459:. Agênica Angola Press. 4 January 2011
362:Dia dos Mártires da Repressão Colonial
1171:People's Army of Liberation of Angola
7:
1181:Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola
1681:Battles involving Portuguese Angola
1610:Museum of the Armed Forces (Angola)
437:. Angola Press Agency via allAfrica
428:
426:
405:region of northern Angola. Angolan
393:On 15 March, two months later, the
1176:National Liberation Army of Angola
25:
1215:(4 February 1961 – 25 April 1974)
401:, staged a popular revolt in the
364:), a national holiday in Angola.
344:over the next three years in the
1639:
1638:
1565:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
1519:No, or the Vain Glory of Command
340:exactly one month later and the
149:
1711:Massacres committed by Portugal
570:Historical Dictionary of Angola
510:, 9780745310299 (1997), pp. 5–6
542:"Business Practices in Angola"
395:União das Populações de Angola
1:
1696:January 1961 events in Africa
1671:1961 in the Portuguese Empire
1585:Mozambique–Portugal relations
346:Portuguese overseas provinces
1676:Angolan War of Independence
1625:Portuguese Paratroop Nurses
1223:Strike in Baixa do Cassange
942:António de Oliveira Salazar
338:Angolan War of Independence
318:strike in Baixa do Cassange
65:Angolan War of Independence
1727:
326:Greve da Baixa do Cassange
1633:
1575:Angola–Portugal relations
630:, New York: Grove Press,
223:Sovereign socialist state
73:
1701:Labor disputes in Angola
1077:Francisco da Costa Gomes
433:Manuel Jerónimo (2008).
18:Baixa de Cassanje revolt
1144:Portuguese Armed Forces
680:Portuguese Colonial War
646:Portuguese Colonial War
342:Portuguese Colonial War
1590:Portuguese Mozambicans
325:
1706:Portuguese war crimes
1595:Heckler & Koch G3
706:Portuguese Mozambique
1620:League of Combatants
1555:Portuguese Commandos
1533:The Two Faces of War
1497:Mozambican Civil War
1467:Carnation Revolution
1128:João Bernardo Vieira
1116:Filipe Samuel Magaia
567:James, W.M. (2018).
1686:Cold War rebellions
1580:Portuguese Angolans
1268:Pidjiguiti massacre
1200:Military operations
1062:Military commanders
1005:Luis Ranque Franque
626:Walker, Frederick,
213:War of Independence
203:Portuguese province
163:Precolonial history
1605:Dragoons of Angola
1084:António de Spínola
739:Insurgents/aligned
1691:Conflicts in 1961
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1492:Angolan Civil War
1414:
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1348:
1261:
1216:
1091:Kaúlza de Arriaga
1045:Aristides Pereira
921:Political leaders
916:
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723:Annexation of Goa
711:Portuguese Guinea
701:Portuguese Angola
696:Portuguese Empire
580:978-1-5381-1123-9
358:Portuguese Angola
350:Baixa do Cassanje
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246:Post-war Angola’s
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78:Baixa de Cassanje
16:(Redirected from
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1419:Diplomatic front
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183:Dutch occupation
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1472:Alvor Agreement
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1436:Alcora Exercise
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1315:Cheche Disaster
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1137:Order of battle
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617:(2005) pp. 9–10
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548:. December 2022
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502:, Pluto Press,
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95:Alcora Exercise
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397:(UPA), led by
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489:(2005), p. 9
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173:Colonization
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1477:24/20 order
1052:Luís Cabral
718:Estado Novo
546:Lloyds Bank
334:Maria's war
140:History of
1660:Categories
1570:Retornados
1342:Mozambique
1288:Ciclone II
1164:Irregulars
966:Lúcio Lara
688:Background
463:3 February
418:References
322:Portuguese
1460:Aftermath
1391:Abanadela
1383:Nó Górdio
1322:Mar Verde
1236:Esmeralda
1159:Air Force
586:2 January
552:2 January
441:5 January
373:3 January
237:1975–2002
233:Civil War
227:1975–1992
217:1961–1974
207:1951–1961
197:1648–1951
187:1641–1648
177:1575–1641
89:Viriathus
1644:Category
1539:A Guerra
1274:Tridente
903:Rhodesia
892:Portugal
855:Bulgaria
830:Tanzania
389:15 March
379:Cotonang
274:See also
131:a series
129:Part of
108:Savannah
1560:Flechas
1405:Marosca
1295:Vulcano
1229:Viriato
1110:frelimo
1010:frelimo
875:Morocco
865:Romania
840:Senegal
825:Tunisia
820:Algeria
775:FRELIMO
403:Bakongo
368:Revolts
354:Malanje
167:to 1575
101:Emerald
1615:RENAMO
1398:Penada
1255:Guinea
1210:Angola
870:Israel
845:Guinea
835:Zambia
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142:Angola
133:on the
83:Luanda
1548:Other
1368:Marte
1361:Águia
1281:Grifo
1122:paigc
1031:paigc
986:unita
908:Spain
850:Congo
815:Zaire
805:China
789:FLING
782:PAIGC
761:UNITA
407:Bantu
265:2020s
260:2010s
255:2000s
1375:Zeta
1309:Jove
1154:Navy
1149:Army
1098:mpla
1000:flec
972:fnla
953:mpla
810:Cuba
768:FLEC
754:FNLA
747:MPLA
632:ISBN
611:ISBN
588:2023
575:ISBN
554:2023
525:ISBN
504:ISBN
483:ISBN
465:2017
443:2008
332:and
316:The
1662::
1070:pt
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356:,
324::
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