598:
parents, while a daughter's obligations transfer to her in-laws when she marries (Ball, 2009). With traditional gendered roles, a son carries on the family names, and a daughter is part of the in-law's family after marriage, which may have caused the gender ratio in China to become imbalanced. Zhang's (2009) study aims to address this problem and suggests that
Chinese families could revise traditional views on gender roles, starting with a proposed new surname system.
696:. Chinese surnames have been well preserved over centuries, with long-term integration between locals and migrants. However, the scale of these effects on the local population varies from region to region. Using a surname dataset from China's NCIC as its primary data, it used a new index of surname diversity, the coverage ratio of stretched exponential distribution (CRSED) to characterize the significance between the
705:
can be inferred that in prefectures with higher CRSEDs, migratory movements seem to be the dominant force in population dynamics, whereas drift and mutation are the dominant evolutionary forces in prefectures with lower CRSEDs. Although a hypothesis, explaining population dynamics with
Chinese surnames is considered a useful approach by anthropologists, genetics, and physicists.
673:, aimed to "extend the network presentation of surname data to a spatial network and to investigate the Chinese regional hierarchical structure and geographical features behind the geographical distribution of surnames." The researchers obtained surnames and administrative regions at a provincial level of all the Chinese officially registered in China's
719:
612:
496:
377:
27:
681:, which states that the most connected provinces in the spatial Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) are geographically adjacent and that all clusters identified are geographically continuous. The use of Chinese surnames not only helped this study to locate the local and global centers of China but also provided evidence of the historical
549:
traditional belief that families have a preference for having a male child since surnames are passed on to the sons of the families. This study aimed to propose a new surname system so that children would adopt neither of their parents' surnames, but parental surnames could be inferred from their surnames.
704:
term in the distribution (Chen et al., 2019). The 2019 study found that prefectures with higher CRSEDs are more alike to other prefectures, while the ones with lower CRSEDs are more dissimilar. This provided insight into the population dynamics in the different regions. According to Chen et al., it
581:
that do not enforce a one-child policy it found the same gender imbalance as China, which highlights the intensity and pervasiveness of son-preference and attempts to build a model of parental decision-making and attempts to manipulate the birth of children to increase the likelihood of a male. It
548:
have a history of three thousand years. The system of
Chinese surnames was developed to distinguish different families and prevent the marriage of individuals from the same family names. However, a study done by Zhang (2009), found that in the current Chinese surname system, there is a deep-rooted
810:
to communicate with
Westerners and among themselves. The research compares the relative significance of names between Western and Chinese systems, examining the increasingly extensive use of Western-style English names by Hong Kong bilinguals. Li asserts that it can be argued that the motivations
768:
Chinese surnames have also been included in studies to define the various aspects of a
Chinese identity. Leung, noted that the term "Chinese" can refer to an ethnicity, a group of people, or languages, which is an oversimplification of a complex nation, languages, peoples, and cultures The study
597:
enforced in 1979, due to selective determination of the gender of a child. According to Ball (2008), the primary cause of the gender-ratio imbalance is traditional values. The motivation for gender selection is partly welfare, in that a
Chinese son is duty-bound to look after the needs of his
1517:
all, P. (2008). Where have all the flowers gone? At the beginning of the 21st century, at least 117 boys were born for every 100 girls in China. Philip Ball asks whether
Chinese birth rates can be controlled without exacerbating the gender imbalance. Nature (London), 454(7203),
1376:
Hude Quan, William A. Ghali, Stafford Dean, Colleen Norris, Diane
Galbraith, Peter Faris, Michelle M. Graham, & Merril L. Knudtson. (2004). Validity of using surname to define Chinese ethnicity. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 95(4),
1335:
Shah, B., Chiu, M., Amin, S., Ramani, M., Sadry, S., & Tu, J. (2010) Surname lists to identify South Asian and
Chinese ethnicity from secondary data in Ontario, Canada: a validation study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10(1), 42–42.
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has a diverse spread of ethnic
Chinese immigrants of different languages and cultural backgrounds. Leung states that most Chinese Americans can trace their ancestors' arrival back to the ninetieth and mid-twentieth centuries, from a shared
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Borgatti, S., Brass, D., & Halgin, D. (2014). Social Network Research: Confusions, Criticisms, and Controversies. In Contemporary Perspectives on Organizational Social Networks (Vol. 40, pp. 1–29). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
269:) or branch lineage names. Later, the two terms began to be used interchangeably, and now xing refers to the surname, whereas shi may be used to refer to the clan name or maiden name. Historically, only Chinese men possessed xìng (
993:
During the Warring Stares (475 BC–221 BC), feudalism developed and the Huaxia nationality grew out of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou nationalities in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. The Han evolved from the
1583:
Chen, J., Chen, L., Liu, Y., Li, X., Yuan, Y., & Wang, Y. (2019). An index of Chinese surname distribution and its implications for population dynamics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 169(4), 608–618.
478:(1973). The results proved reasonably positive, with high levels of sensitivity, positive predictive value, and positive likelihood ratio for both males and females. The research team did not find a universal set of
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published a paper conducted from the same research in Ontario, Canada by Choi et al. (1993), using the Ontario all-cause mortality database from 1982–1989 to test if the surnames accurately identify individuals of
568:
induced attempts at manipulating the birth process. The move towards a two-child policy which should suggest that the gender imbalance in China would improve substantially required closer examination. Comparing
433:. Secondary data sources used by health research may not include information on race or ethnicity, and surnames are often used as a proxy when researching health care in ethnic populations. A study published by
437:(BMC), an open-access publisher of reliable peer-reviewed journals, asserts that surname lists help to identify cohorts of ethnic minority patients, and it attempted to validate the lists to identify people of
449:
ethnicity through responses to the Canadian Community Health Survey. The conclusion was that surname lists can identify cohorts with South Asian and Chinese origins with a high degree of accuracy.
482:
names that can be applied in epidemiology studies. However, the authors proposed that every location may require ancestral names produced in its period to ensure accuracy and reliability.
472:. The databases were randomly split into two and then compiled against varying cut-offs of positive likelihood ratios; surnames that did not meet the cut-off were then matched against the
445:, reviewed lists of South Asian and Chinese surnames and compared these to the Registered Persons Directory to assign specific ethnicities. The findings were validated against
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Chun, H., & Das Gupta, M. (2009). Gender discrimination in sex-selective abortions and its transition in South Korea. Women's Studies International Forum, 32(2), 89–97.
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on the validity of using surname to define Chinese ethnicity found that using surnames in existing health records and surname lists are reasonably sensitive and comparable.
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Choi, B., Hanley, J., Holowaty, E., & Dale, D. (1993). Use of Surnames to Identify Individuals of Chinese Ancestry. American Journal of Epidemiology, 138(9), 723–734.
1409:
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among individuals to construct complex networks where there are connections to and from individuals through what are considered 'edges' and 'nodes'. A study from
677:(NCIC). By constructing nodes on current networks, it aimed to demonstrate the social relationships between various provinces of China. The results supported the
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Shi, Y., Li, L., Wang, Y., Chen, J., & Stanley, H. (2019). A study of Chinese regional hierarchical structure based on surnames. Physica A, 518(C), 169–176.
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show that even though Chinese surnames may sound similar, intricate details are involved in the naming practices amongst different cultures and ethnicities.
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behind adopting Western names by the Chinese could be the preference for realizing an "involvement strategy" in Western interpersonal address forms.
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Ding, W., Zhang, Y., 2014. When a son is born: the impact of fertility patterns on family finance in rural China. China Econ. Rev. 30, 192–208.
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Xu, B., & Pak, M. (2015). Gender ratio under China's two-child policy. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 119, 289–307.
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Leung, G. (2011). Disambiguating the Term "Chinese": An Analysis of Chinese American Surname Naming Practices. Names, 59(4), 204–213.
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Leung, G. (2011). Disambiguating the Term "Chinese": An Analysis of Chinese American Surname Naming Practices. Names, 59(4), 204–213.
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nonymous. (1973). Standard phonetic of Pai Chia Sing Chien Tzih Wen in English (hundred family names). Hong Kong: World Publishing Co.
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Romanization would "skew Chinese American history" (Louie, 1998). The difference in naming practices between the Hoisan-wa and the
189:, formed an alliance that consisted of roughly 100 tribes. This alliance is the origin of the Baixing, or the "hundred surnames."
463:
692:; their research asserts that surname distribution is an integrative result of evolutionary forces such as drift, mutation, and
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1600:
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Scharping, Thomas (2003). Birth control in China 1949–2000: Population policy and demographic development. London: Routledge.
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Zhang, J. (2009). Design Method of the New Chinese Nation Surname System. Systems Engineering (Amsterdam), 29(10), 188–192.
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Chao, Sheau-yueh J. (2009). 尋根溯源中國人的姓氏: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames. Clearfield. p. 3. ISBN 978-0806349466.
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1216:[The "Hundred Family Surnames" are finally arranged in order. What is the cultural meaning of the surnames?].
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Li, D. (1997). Borrowed identity: Signaling involvement with a Western name. Journal of Pragmatics, 28(4), 489–513.
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Scollon, R. and S. Wong-Scollon, 1995. Intercultural communication: A discourse approach. Oxford: Blackwell.
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was the universal introductory literary text for students, almost exclusively males from elite backgrounds.
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586:, but where an underlying preference for a male child remains, the problem of inequality will not improve.
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American Journal of Epidemiology. (n.d). About | American Journal of Epidemiology | Oxford Academic.
697:
214:
1299:
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Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio; Lai, David (1995). "War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 BC to 722 BC".
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Chen et al. (2019) studied the relationship between Chinese surname distribution and its effects on
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are used by about half of the Han Chinese people. About 87% of the population share 100 surnames.
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798:, Leung has found that third-generation-plus Chinese Americans have attempted to assimilate and
221:, meaning derived from father to children. After marriage, Chinese women typically retain their
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Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non-western cultures
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1105:"A movement to pass mothers' last names to their children is gaining traction in China"
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593:, found that the birth rate per woman had dropped from 5.4 in 1971 to 1.8 in 2001, by
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states that Western-style English names are very commonly used by Chinese people of
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concludes that the move towards a two-child policy may show initial improvements in
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have been proposed to be used as an alternative method of identifying an individual
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Guo, Shirong; Feng, Lisheng (1997). "Chinese Minorities". In Selin, Helaine (ed.).
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Implications of current Chinese surname system; research on a new surname system
336:. The text originally contained 411 surnames and was expanded to 504 over time.
225:. Two distinct types of Chinese surnames existed in ancient China: Namely xing (
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Scientific Reports. (n.d.). About Scientific Reports | Scientific Reports.
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text that lists Chinese surnames. The book was composed in the early
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Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom
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Chinese Schools in Peninsular Malaysia: The Struggle for Survival
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in the Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization by Elsevier
359:(Three, Hundred, Thousand), from the first word in their titles.
297:'clan') and took on their husband's xìng after marriage.
783:
246:
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605:
489:
370:
20:
150:'old') is often added as a prefix before "baixing".
1302:[Taking Stock of Classic Early Childhood Readers].
161:
ethnic group in China. Several large tribes, including the
880:. # Publisher: Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. p. 25.
661:
Chinese surnames are also applied to studies regarding
802:
their surnames. Indeed, an article published in the
283:'family name'), while Chinese women had shì (
1006:
Du, Ruofu (June 1986). "Surnames in China / 中国的姓氏".
786:
ancestral heritage. The Szeyap region is an area in
1407:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116910
602:Deriving social networks based on Chinese surnames
877:250 Essential Chinese Characters for Everyday Use
709:Analysis of Chinese surnames in the United States
126:'old hundred surnames') is a traditional
1620:https://doi.org/10.1179/002777311X13082331190038
1598:https://doi.org/10.1179/002777311X13082331190038
1036:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition
769:looked at Chinese surnames in America, studying
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1558:
1556:
1454:
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1212:Zhang, Jiansong; Shen, Haixiong (Mar 5, 2006).
196:surnames are currently in use, but 19 of these
1643:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(97)00032-5
845:"Old 100 names: Witnesses of China's history"
8:
675:National Citizen Identity Information Centre
157:were the ancestors of what later became the
1566:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.11.059
292:
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153:A confederation of tribes living along the
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1480:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2009.03.008
1460:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.08.008
1331:
1329:
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1298:Wang, Bao; Hong, Zhaojun (June 26, 2014).
1139:"For Chinese Women, a Surname Is Her Name"
1137:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (November 11, 2016).
1132:
1130:
367:Use of surnames to study Chinese ethnicity
1072:"Chinese surname shortage sparks rethink"
777:histories to disambiguate the terms. The
756:Learn how and when to remove this message
649:Learn how and when to remove this message
533:Learn how and when to remove this message
414:Learn how and when to remove this message
339:In the dynasties following the Song, the
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
1388:https://academic.oup.com/aje/pages/About
685:to the Northeast (Alpha History, 2016).
1338:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-10-42
835:
818:views misspelling their names by using
16:Chinese term that refers to "commoners"
855:from the original on December 21, 2021
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1312:from the original on October 12, 2022
1279:from the original on December 8, 2021
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1151:from the original on November 8, 2020
1115:from the original on January 19, 2021
923:from the original on October 12, 2022
913:"Blog: New dawn for Chinese activism"
7:
1178:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
556:investigated the effects of China's
1358:https://www.biomedcentral.com/about
1356:(BioMed Central. (n.d). About BMC.
843:Gracie, Carrie (October 18, 2012).
1586:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23863
1548:https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X
1444:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-8651
1084:from the original on March 2, 2021
1039:. McFarland & Co. p. 35.
981:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. p. 197.
944:The Journal of Conflict Resolution
728:tone or style may not reflect the
621:tone or style may not reflect the
505:tone or style may not reflect the
386:tone or style may not reflect the
36:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
1500:https://www.nature.com/srep/about
455:Canadian Journal of Public Health
441:and Chinese origin. The study in
355:came to be known collectively as
1267:Haines, Lester (June 13, 2007).
738:guide to writing better articles
717:
631:guide to writing better articles
610:
515:guide to writing better articles
494:
464:American Journal of Epidemiology
396:guide to writing better articles
375:
46:guide to writing better articles
25:
1194:from the original on 2022-10-12
1053:from the original on 2022-10-12
894:from the original on 2022-10-12
814:The writer also notes that the
794:. By analyzing the surnames of
679:Tobler's First Law of Geography
564:. It asserts that the previous
130:term, meaning "the people" or "
108:'hundred surnames') or
1246:. University of Hawaii Press.
1240:Tom, K. S. (January 1, 1989).
1008:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
265:
241:
98:
1:
1269:"China runs out of surnames"
475:Book of Hundred Family Names
1103:Li, Jane (April 22, 2020).
956:10.1177/0022002795039003004
1699:
352:Thousand Character Classic
304:
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1678:Chinese words and phrases
1256:– via Google Books.
874:Lee, Philip (June 2003).
671:Beijing Normal University
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790:, a Chinese province in
779:United States of America
595:China's one-child policy
589:An article published in
552:Another study published
1033:Emma Woo Louie (2008).
732:used on Knowledge (XXG)
625:used on Knowledge (XXG)
509:used on Knowledge (XXG)
452:A similar study in the
390:used on Knowledge (XXG)
347:Hundred Family Surnames
342:Three Character Classic
313:Hundred Family Surnames
307:Hundred Family Surnames
40:used on Knowledge (XXG)
1214:""百家姓"排列终有序。姓氏文化有何内涵？"
736:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
629:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
513:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
394:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
44:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
1683:Social class in China
1170:Ting Hui Lee (2011).
804:Journal of Pragmatics
324:), commonly known as
301:Literary compilation
215:Chinese family names
204:Chinese family names
919:. August 26, 2013.
690:population dynamics
134:." The word "lao" (
1648:2022-10-12 at the
1625:2022-10-12 at the
1603:2022-10-12 at the
1571:2022-10-12 at the
1505:2021-06-23 at the
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1465:2022-10-12 at the
1412:2022-10-12 at the
1393:2022-10-12 at the
1363:2021-06-04 at the
1343:2022-10-12 at the
1300:"台灣罕姓 肇是帝冑、胖源自明皇室"
1219:Xinhua News Agency
1550:(2014)0000040001.
1187:978-981-4279-21-5
1180:. pp. 249–.
1080:. June 13, 2007.
887:978-0-8048-3359-2
796:Chinese Americans
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499:
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380:
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663:social systems
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698:exponential
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439:South Asian
223:maiden name
219:patrilineal
194:Han Chinese
185:), and the
110:lao baixing
1672:Categories
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1283:January 2,
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1155:January 2,
1119:January 2,
1057:2021-01-02
927:January 2,
898:2021-04-14
859:January 2,
830:References
964:156043981
824:Cantonese
816:Hoisan-wa
808:Hong Kong
800:Anglicise
788:Guangdong
775:Hoisan-wa
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702:power-law
694:migration
431:ethnicity
187:Yi tribes
132:commoners
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892:Archived
853:Archived
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700:term to
198:surnames
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575:Vietnam
560:on its
330:Chinese
318:Chinese
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