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jetted out into the sea at the point where the
Spanish coast turns Northward, roughly around present-day Cartagena, the ship came across a very strong Easterly headwind. This Easterly headwind forced the bow of the boat to point closer towards the shore, towards Cabo de Palos. Closer to the shore, the boat encountered many obstacles such as shoals and rocks such as Las Horrmigas, Isla Grosa, El Farallón Rock, and Bajo de la Campana.The ship was able to navigate through all of the obstacles and dangers up to Bajo de la Campana by sailing a couple miles off shore. When the ship reached the Easterly part of the Bajo de la Campana Shoal, it encountered bad weather and ran aground, and large boulders on the seabed tore a large hole in the ship. Due to this extensive amount of damage, the ship sunk, along with the over four tons of cargo it was carrying, a short distance away from the shoal.
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353:(INA) initiated an investigation and formalized a cooperation with the Ministry of Culture of Spain in 2007. A survey conducted by INA in 2007 on the eastern side of the Bajo confirmed previous findings and indicated that most of the Phoenician ship wreckage remained buried beneath rocks, sediment, and seagrass. As a result, a full-scale excavation and study were launched in 2008. The surveyed area measured approximately 20 m × 20 m (66 ft × 66 ft); it is bordered along its western edge by the sheer face of the Bajo de la Campana which contains a shallow cave in the northwestern corner, where many of the shipwreck finds were located.
56:
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findings include two small lumps of Baltic amber, logs of chopped wood, thick globs of dark resin, and an earthen material such as potting clay or red ochre. Isotopic analysis conducted on the raw materials found at the shipwreck indicates that the ship’s cargo of metals was mined from many geological sources. Specifically, the lead came from
Southeastern Spain, the tin from the Northwestern Mediterranean, the copper ingots from at least eight different regions in the Mediterranean region, ranging from southern Iberia to Sardinia and Cyprus.
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428:. Additionally, at least 11 of the elephant tusks bear religious Phoenician inscriptions. All of the religious inscriptions on the elephant tusks are votive in nature and include a declaration of piety to a god or a request for a blessing. Phoenician gods that are referenced on these inscriptions include the Phoenician goddess Ashtart and the god Eshmun. Due to their inscriptions, it is likely that these elephant tusks were intended to be deposited into a Phoenician shrine or sanctuary.
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ship's hull where discovered. However, a large amount of smaller remnants of the ship and cargo remained in place at the shipwreck. Many of the smaller remains were trapped in a cave at the base of the shoal. Additionally, many small remains were all trapped between rocks at the base of the shoal and some pottery pieces were scattered around the seabed, held down by sediment. The remains of the ship and cargo were scattered across 4,300 square feet of seabed.
337:, El Farallón rock, and La Laja reef. La Laja, also known as the Bajo de la Campana, is a shallow reef rising from a depth of about 16 m (52 feet) to within 2 m (6.6 feet) of the water’s surface, making it a navigational hazard. Shipwreck debris surrounding the Bajo indicates its historical danger. Other ancient shipwrecks at Bajo de la Campana include a Punic ship from the 2nd century BCE and a Roman ship from the 1st century CE.
281:, Spain. This shipwreck was accidentally discovered in the 1950s. It is the earliest Phoenician shipwreck to date to undergo an archaeological excavation. Over the course of four field seasons, researchers conducted almost 4,000 dives and over 300 hours of exploration. The sunken ship spilled its cargo in and around an underwater cave at the edge of the Bajo reef. Among the artifacts recovered were fragments of the ship's
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specifically their trading networks and their workshops along the coast. Additionally, the remains of the ship's hull allowed archeologist to analyze the structure and engineering of a
Phoenician ship, which was a rare opportunity. On a larger scale this Phoenician ship shows the interconnectedness of the ancient Mediterranean as it carried goods from at least 12 different spread out locations in the Mediterranean.
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corner fittings, and wooden pieces, likely parts of chairs, stools, or beds. The bronze furniture remains suggest that this
Phoenician ship was transporting a set of ornate furniture. The varied array of goods in the cargo, including raw materials, manufactured goods, and luxury items, sourced from various geographical locations, suggest the ship's involvement in long-distance trade networks.
40:
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The
Phoenician ship at Bajo de la Campana was presumed to have been a trading vessel that was traveling from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Western Mediterranean. Due to the remains discovered, it is believed that this ship was carrying luxury items to be gifted or traded with indigenous people in
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Excavations have revealed several exotic objects, including an ivory knife handle, double-ended boxwood combs, decorated ostrich eggs, ivory ring stand, a pin made of antler, a stone pedestal, an alabaster jar, a pale-green stone block, a bronze object, a gaming piece, and various bronze and wooden
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is possibly part of a ceremonial staff or other significant object. A small stone cube was recovered which was thought to be a gaming piece. This gaming piece bears a
Phoenician inscription on its surface which could be the name of the owner of the ship. The bronze furniture elements include legs,
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Little has survived of the
Phoenician ship. The remains of the ship and its cargo were concentrated primarily along the northern edge of the site, including the cave and crevice area. Most of the large fragments of the ship were quickly swept away by ocean currents, as only a few fragments of the
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The presumed voyage of the ship found at the Bajo de la
Campana shipwreck began towards the end of the seventh century BCE. It is believed that the ship set sail from a Phoenician port along the South coast of Spain and headed East. When the ship reached Cabo de Palos, a rocky spit of land that
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used in silver extraction. The relatively small quantity of ingots suggests the shipment may have been tailored for a specific workshop rather than bulk supply. Additionally, various pieces indicating spillage and slag from metal smelting operations have been recovered. Additional raw material
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Archaeological material was first discovered at the site in 1958 by commercial scrap-metal salvaging salvage divers and later by recreational divers. The sport divers took exposed artifacts from the
Phoenician shipwreck as souvenirs but soon after returned significant pieces that they found to
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The
Phoenician shipwreck at Bajo de la Campana was the first potential Phoenician shipwreck between 850 and 600 BCE to be found, excavated and systematically studied in the Mediterranean region. The cargo on this ship has provided important insights into the Phoenician's presence in Spain,
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conducted inspections in 1972 and 1988, leading to the conclusion that the recovered artifacts represented three distinct shipwrecks from different periods: late seventh-century BC Phoenician, second-century BC Punic, and first-century AD Roman. In 2006, the
492:. These bottles were widely distributed across southern Spain and were primarily used in the 8th century BC, with some continuing into the 7th century BC. The bottles discovered at the Bajo de la Campana likely date to the end of the 7th century BC.
476:. Vuillemot type R-1, produced in colonial workshops in Spain and North Africa, was distributed widely from the Atlantic coast of Morocco to Sicily. Fragments of these amphoras from Bajo de la Campana indicate production in the region of
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used to keep the cargo in place, and only one fragment of hull wood, likely softwood, measuring approximately 43 cm (17 inches) long, 11 cm (4.3 inches) wide, and 35 mm (1.4 inches) thick. This fragment preserves part of a
480:. Cintas type 268 amphoras, with an ovoid shape, were produced in Phoenician settlements on central Mediterranean islands and along the North African coast, with limited distribution in the western colonies, mainly
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Polzer, Mark; Pinedo, Juan (November 2012). ""The final season of the Claude and Barbara Duthuit Expedition to Bajo de la Campana, Spain: excavation of a late seventh-century BCE Phoenician shipwreck."".
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Polzer, Mark; Pinedo, Juan (November 2012). ""The final season of the Claude and Barbara Duthuit Expedition to Bajo de la Campana, Spain: excavation of a late seventh-century BCE Phoenician shipwreck."".
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exchange for land access. Additionally, other items recovered were likely intended for Phoenician workshops along the coast of Spain as well as further East.
313:, and various raw materials such as timber and resin. Provisions and personal items of the crew were also recovered from the wreck, such as a gaming piece, a
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that may indicate the individuals’ rank or function. Spanish archaeologist Fernando Lopez advances that the names are of the suppliers of the
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furniture elements. The carved ivory knife handle, though slightly damaged, retains an elegant design and features a long slot for the blade
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nuggets suggests the ship's involvement in long-distance trade networks. The cargo also contained pine cones, double-sided wooden combs,
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899:"Study of the bioerosion of Phoenicianelephant tusks from the shipwreck of Bajo de la Campana: lots of hypotheses, fewcertainties"
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graffiti, and nuts and seeds. The Bajo de la Campana shipwreck belonged to Phoenician traders from the Eastern Mediterranean.
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and is located around 20 miles Northeast of Cartagena, Spain. Bajo de la Campana consists of three geological formations:
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used for sharpening bronze and iron tools. A singular bronze object in the shape of a right forearm holding a stylized
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1029:. Between Continents: Twelfth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology. Vol. 12. pp. 27–36.
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Elephant tusks with Phoenician inscriptions from the Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck on display in Rome
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The Iron Age Phoenician shipwreck excavation at Bajo de la Campana, Spain: preliminary report from the field
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726:"Strategies for Underwater Cultural heritage: The Case for the Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck"
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Antonelli, Federica; Ricci, Sandra; Davidde Petriaggi, Barbara; Buendía Ortuño, Milagros (2019).
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990:"Mogador, 'factoría extrema' y la cuestión del comercio fenicio en la costa atlántica africana"
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mortars, lamos, an oil lamp, and various jugs and pitchers. Among the amphoras found are
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The cargo also contained raw metals, including over a ton of lead ore, 154 plano-convex
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The Bajo de la Campana, located approximately 2.5 km (1.6 mi) offshore from
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1985:
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The ship's cargo, predominantly consisting of raw materials includes 64 elephant
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and the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Also found were small ceramic bottles, or
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108:
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Polzer, Mark E. (2014). Aruz, Joan; Sarah B., Graff; Rakic, Yelena (eds.).
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1036:"The Bajo de la Campana shipwreck and colonial trade in Phoenician Spain"
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and thirteen of copper (mostly small and circular), along with 10,000
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stands 72 cm (28 inches) tall when assembled, with a column, a
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and decorated with simple linear patterns. The tripartite limestone
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trade ship found at Bajo de la Campana, a submerged rock reef near
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The ship carried a diverse range of Phoenician pottery, including
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Elephant tusks from the Phoenician wreck of the Bajo de la Campana
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Readings of the ivory inscriptions identified at least two male
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504:. The wooden combs, broken and poorly preserved, are made from
62:
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524:. Another stone object is a pale-green stone block, likely a
865:
863:
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Archaeology, Institute of Nautical (23 February 2020).
695:
Archaeology, Institute of Nautical (23 February 2020).
27:
Phoenician shipwreck near the coast of Cartagena, Spain
755:
753:
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554: – Phoenician shipwreck near the coast of Malta
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940:"History's 10 greatest wrecks - Bajo de la Campana"
566: – Wood joinery technique used in shipbuilding
293:, bowls, and plates. Among the cargo were elephant
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1040:Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of the Classical Age
965:"Bajo de la Campana Iron Age Shipwreck Excavation"
791:"Bajo de la Campana Iron Age Shipwreck Excavation"
697:"Bajo de la Campana Iron Age Shipwreck Excavation"
382:used as weights to provide stability to the ship,
1042:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art: 230–242.
1080:
8:
251:Conservation, sampling and study are ongoing
243:Mark Polzer and Juan Piñedo Reyes, directors
32:
842:
560: – 3rd century BC shipwreck off Sicily
3678:
3622:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
3569:International Congress of Maritime Museums
3549:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
2855:
2848:
2837:
2770:
2639:
2346:
2035:
2022:
1635:
1624:
1116:
1103:
1087:
1073:
1065:
963:Institute of Nautical Archaeology (2020).
38:
31:
3637:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1005:
3607:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
587:
580:
267:Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck
33:Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck
3559:European Association of Archaeologists
881:
869:
854:
771:
759:
636:"Masters of the Ancient Mediterranean"
603:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 2020
2815:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
818:The Institute of Nautical Archaeology
784:
782:
780:
673:The Institute of Nautical Archaeology
7:
975:from the original on 7 December 2023
719:
717:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
665:
663:
661:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
18:Bajo la Campana Phoenician shipwreck
3834:Archaeological discoveries in Spain
3829:Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
3554:Archaeological Institute of America
448:Manufactured goods and luxury items
25:
3564:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
2954:Coastal defence and fortification
2329:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
1629:Navigation, and ports and harbors
969:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
950:from the original on 20 June 2023
795:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
701:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
351:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
3798:
3664:
3589:Society for American Archaeology
2823:
2756:
2625:
2008:
1610:
61:
54:
3021:Phoenician discovery of America
988:López Pardo, Fernando (2015) .
2713:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
3632:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
2307:Phoenician maritime expansion
235:Excavation dives 2007 to 2011
3574:Nautical Archaeology Society
3627:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
3004:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
2810:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
2667:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
1007:10.5209/rev_GERI.2015.49050
346:Spanish Ministry of Culture
214:Crew of the merchant vessel
3870:
3483:Phoenician Ship Expedition
2324:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
2317:Circumnavigation of Africa
938:Delgado, James P. (2013).
3796:
3688:
3677:
3662:
3009:Samothrace temple complex
2847:
2836:
2821:
2780:
2769:
2754:
2652:
2638:
2623:
2529:
2034:
2021:
2006:
1634:
1623:
1608:
1115:
1102:
923:10.1007/s10347-019-0553-8
552:Gozo Phoenician shipwreck
395:, with a tenon peg hole.
378:Excavations have yielded
49:
37:
2297:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
1023:Polzer, Mark E. (2009).
414:Phoenician inscriptions.
269:is a seventh-century BC
196:Sank late 7th century BC
141:−16 m (−52 ft)
3579:RPM Nautical Foundation
3316:Surviving ancient ships
3235:Marsala Punic shipwreck
634:Urbanus, Jason (2016).
558:Marsala Punic shipwreck
464:, plates, pots, bowls,
356:
3612:Giza Solar boat museum
3066:Underwater exploration
3061:Underwater archaeology
3026:Pre-Columbian theories
2881:John Sinclair Morrison
2842:Research and education
2292:Austronesian Expansion
457:
341:authorities in 1979.
331:La Manga del Mar Menor
325:Location and discovery
165:20 m (66 ft)
157:20 m (66 ft)
84:La Manga del Mar Menor
3844:Phoenician shipwrecks
3683:Legend and literature
3641:Viking ship museums:
3617:Grand Egyptian Museum
3377:Austronesian replicas
3352:Heyerdahl expeditions
3262:Caligula's Giant Ship
3122:Dover Bronze Age Boat
1784:Berenice Troglodytica
831:Antonelli et al. 2019
724:Polzer, Mark (2012).
455:
301:, copper ingots, and
232:Excavation dates
149:Site of a sunken ship
3584:Sea Research Society
2986:Maritime archaeology
2795:Ameinias the Phocian
2790:Mediterranean piracy
412:, with many bearing
211:Associated with
122:37.73639°N 0.69250°W
3839:Shipwrecks of Spain
2677:Maritime Jade Route
1830:Kaveri Poompattinam
944:www.archaeology.org
915:2019Faci...65...10A
289:vessels, including
118: /
34:
3854:Trade in Phoenicia
3849:Phoenician pottery
3824:Ancient shipwrecks
3225:Bajo de la Campana
2927:Peter Throckmorton
2912:Jean-Yves Empereur
2886:William L. Rodgers
2707:Maritime Silk Road
470:Vuillemot type R-1
458:
357:The Ship's Journey
127:37.73639; -0.69250
70:Shown within Spain
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3673:
3672:
3660:
3659:
3280:Madrague de Giens
2999:Temple of Isthmia
2995:Maritime temples
2981:Marine navigation
2940:
2939:
2932:Shelley Wachsmann
2922:J. Richard Steffy
2832:
2831:
2765:
2764:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2572:
2571:
2302:Ocean exploration
2017:
2016:
2004:
2003:
1663:Rutter (nautical)
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1462:Mortise and tenon
1096:Ancient seafaring
884:, pp. 31–33.
857:, pp. 30–31.
845:, pp. 67–68.
774:, pp. 27–28.
564:Phoenician joints
263:
262:
82:Off the coast of
16:(Redirected from
3861:
3802:
3801:
3696:Ark of bulrushes
3679:
3668:
3667:
3306:Oldest surviving
3016:Nusantao network
2891:Chester G. Starr
2856:
2849:
2838:
2827:
2826:
2800:Cilician pirates
2771:
2760:
2759:
2697:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
2692:Iron Age Britain
2640:
2629:
2628:
2347:
2036:
2023:
2012:
2011:
1926:Ptolemais Theron
1636:
1625:
1614:
1613:
1206:Single-outrigger
1117:
1104:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1030:
1019:
1009:
984:
982:
980:
959:
957:
955:
934:
885:
879:
873:
867:
858:
852:
846:
843:López Pardo 2015
840:
834:
833:, pp. 9–10.
828:
822:
821:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
786:
775:
769:
763:
757:
740:
739:
737:
735:
730:
721:
712:
711:
709:
707:
692:
677:
676:
667:
656:
655:
631:
606:
600:
591:
585:
490:Phoenicia proper
391:and most of one
384:dunnage material
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
65:
64:
58:
42:
35:
21:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3684:
3669:
3665:
3656:
3599:
3593:
3541:
3540:Institutes and
3535:
3490:Viking replicas
3431:Balangay Voyage
3344:
3338:
3322:
3077:
3070:
2946:
2936:
2895:
2843:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2776:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2648:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2568:
2525:
2378:
2338:
2283:
2276:
2077:
2030:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1876:Mueang Phra Rot
1730:
1721:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1556:
1530:Triangular sail
1491:
1428:
1402:Sail components
1313:
1282:
1256:Tessarakonteres
1111:
1098:
1093:
1050:
1033:
1022:
987:
978:
976:
962:
953:
951:
937:
896:
893:
888:
880:
876:
868:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
814:
813:
809:
799:
797:
788:
787:
778:
770:
766:
758:
743:
733:
731:
728:
723:
722:
715:
705:
703:
694:
693:
680:
669:
668:
659:
633:
632:
609:
601:
594:
586:
582:
578:
573:
548:
539:
474:Cintas type 268
450:
406:
401:
372:
359:
327:
126:
124:
120:
117:
112:
109:
107:
105:
104:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
66:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3465:Mediterranean
3463:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3421:
3418:Alingano Maisu
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3361:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3267:De Meern ships
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Cape Gelidonya
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2900:Archaeologists
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:David Blackman
2862:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:Jewish pirates
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:Lake Trasimene
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:Mediterranean:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:Maritime pilot
1692:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1658:Portolan chart
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1231:Oared warships
1228:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1048:
1031:
1020:
996:(in Spanish).
985:
960:
935:
892:
889:
887:
886:
874:
859:
847:
835:
823:
807:
776:
764:
741:
713:
678:
657:
607:
592:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
561:
555:
547:
544:
538:
535:
449:
446:
441:galena nuggets
418:personal names
405:
402:
400:
397:
380:ballast stones
371:
368:
358:
355:
326:
323:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:
240:Archaeologists
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
188:7th century BC
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
80:
76:
75:
69:
60:
59:
53:
52:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3866:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:Metamorphoses
3763:
3761:
3759:
3758:The Histories
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3736:The Histories
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3680:
3676:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:Marumaru Atua
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:Samudra Raksa
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:Te Au o Tonga
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Blackfriars I
3255:
3253:
3252:Arles Rhône 3
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Thalassocracy
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Shell middens
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2991:Naval warfare
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Lionel Casson
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Incense trade
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:South America
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Sailing ships
2552:
2550:
2549:Oared vessels
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Cape Hermaeum
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2282:Migration and
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:Ancient Egypt
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:Civilizations
2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
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1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Clinker built
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Boat building
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Navis lusoria
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:9781588395382
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1000:(33): 55–76.
999:
995:
991:
986:
974:
970:
966:
961:
949:
945:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
894:
890:
883:
878:
875:
872:, p. 33.
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
848:
844:
839:
836:
832:
827:
824:
819:
811:
808:
796:
792:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
765:
762:, p. 28.
761:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
742:
727:
720:
718:
714:
702:
698:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
679:
674:
666:
664:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
584:
581:
575:
570:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
549:
545:
543:
536:
534:
531:
530:lotus blossom
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
454:
447:
445:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
420:, as well as
419:
415:
411:
404:Raw materials
403:
398:
396:
394:
390:
385:
381:
376:
369:
367:
363:
354:
352:
347:
342:
338:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:amber nodules
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:, along with
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
57:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3787:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3744:On the Ocean
3742:
3735:
3727:
3724:Literature:
3512:
3494:
3475:
3468:
3458:Aotearoa One
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3343:Experimental
3311:Museum ships
3278:
3271:
3244:
3224:
3216:Phoenician:
3207:
3202:Leontophoros
3200:
3164:Butuan boats
3159:Pontian boat
3097:Dufuna canoe
3036:Shipbuilding
2947:and theories
2917:Boris Rankov
2711:
2644:Economy and
2544:Incendiaries
2391:
2178:Indus Valley
2146:Tarumanagara
2073:Ubaid period
1991:Wadi al-Jarf
1906:Ostia Antica
1510:Fore-and-aft
1477:Shipbuilding
1452:Carvel built
1434:Construction
1392:Steering oar
1273:Sailing ship
1196:Obelisk ship
1154:Dugout canoe
1039:
1025:
997:
993:
977:. Retrieved
968:
952:. Retrieved
943:
906:
902:
877:
850:
838:
826:
817:
810:
798:. Retrieved
794:
767:
732:. Retrieved
704:. Retrieved
700:
672:
646:(3): 38–43.
643:
639:
588:Delgado 2013
583:
540:
494:
459:
430:
407:
377:
373:
370:Ship remains
364:
360:
343:
339:
328:
266:
264:
29:
3751:Argonautica
3738:(Herodotus)
3701:Flood myths
3598:Museums and
3542:conferences
3507:Vital Alsar
3345:archaeology
3154:Austronesia
3147:Hjortspring
3142:Rochelongue
3092:Pesse canoe
3046:Ship burial
3031:Sea Peoples
2964:Lighthouses
2959:Grave goods
2907:George Bass
2687:Spice trade
2284:exploration
2106:Philippines
2101:Austronesia
2094:Old Kingdom
1971:Trincomalee
1921:Prosphorion
1866:Myos Hormos
1710:Micronesian
1701:By region:
1673:Lighthouses
1481:By region:
1246:Quinquereme
1171:Kunlun ship
1164:Penteconter
1149:Dragon boat
882:Polzer 2009
870:Polzer 2009
855:Polzer 2009
772:Polzer 2009
760:Polzer 2009
640:Archaeology
486:unguentaria
389:scarf joint
295:ivory tusks
179:Phoenicians
125: /
101:Coordinates
3818:Categories
3760:(Polybius)
3404:Hawaiʻiloa
3286:Nemi ships
3171:Black Sea
3117:Khufu ship
3078:and relics
2976:Marine art
2969:Alexandria
2876:Fik Meijer
2859:Historians
2746:Indo-Roman
2559:Greek navy
2461:Salamis II
2451:Hellespont
2411:Artemisium
2401:Nile Delta
2364:Achaemenid
2257:Achaemenid
2126:Langkasuka
2121:Micronesia
2039:Prehistory
1966:Sounagoura
1794:Chittagong
1769:Barbarikon
1748:Alexandria
1690:Pilot boat
1640:Navigation
1472:Sewn-plank
1467:Lashed-lug
1345:Figurehead
1318:Components
1287:Propulsion
1241:Quadrireme
1222:Polyremes
1201:Outriggers
571:References
537:Importance
335:Isla Grosa
319:Phoenician
287:terracotta
275:Phoenician
224:Discovered
219:Site notes
110:37°44′11″N
3773:Geography
3711:Gilgamesh
3600:memorials
3524:Viracocha
3437:Faʻafaite
3390:Sarimanok
3296:Yassi Ada
3209:Syracusia
3132:Canaanite
3107:Moor Sand
2577:By region
2539:Grappling
2511:Naulochus
2501:Myonessus
2456:Echinades
2441:Arginusae
2436:Cynossema
2421:Naupactus
2416:Eurymedon
2250:Classical
2225:Phoenicia
2220:Mycenaean
2183:Tamilakam
2166:Polynesia
2156:Srivijaya
1951:Satingpra
1911:Palembang
1895:Cattigara
1837:(Kadaram)
1820:Jambukola
1814:Guangzhou
1755:(Podouke)
1753:Arikamedu
1715:Polynesia
1648:Celestial
1561:Armaments
1547:Spritsail
1505:Crab claw
1447:Careening
1414:Sternpost
1268:Reed boat
1211:Catamaran
1186:Multihull
1058:881612507
1016:0213-0181
931:1612-4820
909:(2): 10.
652:0003-8113
576:Citations
526:whetstone
422:morphemes
315:whetstone
309:from the
279:Cartagena
271:shipwreck
256:Ownership
248:Condition
193:Abandoned
113:0°41′33″W
3789:Tākitimu
3692:Legend:
3650:Roskilde
3529:Tangaroa
3470:Olympias
3444:Gaualofa
3383:Hōkūleʻa
3358:Kon-Tiki
3191:Ashkelon
3127:Uluburun
3086:Earliest
2852:Scholars
2734:shipping
2534:Boarding
2446:Mytilene
2431:Syracuse
2396:Alashiya
2359:Egyptian
2343:Military
2334:Timeline
2312:Sardinia
2235:Carthage
2151:Kalingga
2111:Sa Huỳnh
2046:Timeline
1996:Zanzibar
1946:Sarapion
1941:Rhacotis
1871:Martaban
1816:(Canton)
1809:Godavaya
1804:Giao Chỉ
1774:Barygaza
1764:Avalites
1685:Piloting
1573:Catapult
1568:Ballista
1542:Mast-aft
1355:Planking
1294:Paddling
1251:Hexareme
1216:Trimaran
1181:Longship
1129:Balangay
979:13 March
973:Archived
954:14 March
948:Archived
546:See also
510:pedestal
462:amphoras
291:amphoras
205:Iron Age
138:Altitude
79:Location
3729:Odyssey
3706:Genesis
3503:Others
3302:Lists:
3291:Marausa
3241:Roman:
3231:Punic:
3196:Kyrenia
3187:Greek:
3183:Marsala
3176:Sinop D
3051:Tacking
2785:History
2672:Meluhha
2662:Fishing
2657:Whaling
2564:Ramming
2486:Aegates
2481:Drepana
2476:Ecnomus
2406:Salamis
2394:
2384:Battles
2262:Nabatea
2245:Archaic
2215:Nuragic
2205:Somalia
2056:Oceania
2051:Britain
2028:History
1961:Socotra
1931:Qandala
1916:Piraeus
1886:Muziris
1856:Madurai
1851:Manthai
1789:Canopus
1759:Arsinoe
1731:harbors
1680:History
1668:Coastal
1598:Sambuca
1583:Dolphin
1497:Rigging
1309:Poling
1299:Sailing
1236:Trireme
1176:Liburna
1139:Coracle
1109:Vessels
911:Bibcode
891:Sources
820:: 6–13.
675:: 6–13.
518:volutes
514:capital
506:boxwood
393:mortise
201:Periods
185:Founded
175:Builder
170:History
96:, Spain
3780:Aeneid
3496:Viking
3477:Regina
3246:Alkedo
3102:Abydos
3076:Wrecks
2945:Topics
2775:Piracy
2729:Greece
2589:Odisha
2521:Actium
2516:Mycale
2351:Navies
2240:Greece
2230:Olmecs
2198:Pandya
2173:Minoan
2136:Champa
2116:Lapita
2061:Remote
1981:Tyndis
1936:Quilon
1881:Muscat
1846:Lothal
1841:Korkai
1825:Jeddah
1799:Essina
1743:Adulis
1653:Charts
1588:Harpax
1578:Corvus
1552:Square
1520:Settee
1515:Lateen
1424:Tiller
1419:Strake
1387:Rudder
1377:Paddle
1325:Anchor
1304:Towing
1226:Bireme
1159:Galley
1134:Bangka
1056:
1046:
1014:
994:Gerión
929:
903:Facies
800:15 May
734:15 May
706:15 May
650:
522:abacus
520:, and
502:rivets
478:Málaga
466:tripod
433:ingots
311:Baltic
303:galena
299:ingots
154:Length
94:Murcia
90:Region
3716:Greek
3519:Abora
3513:Ivlia
3425:Saina
3369:Ra II
3327:Sites
3112:Dokos
2724:Egypt
2646:trade
2611:Rafts
2596:Japan
2584:India
2496:Chios
2466:Mylae
2426:Olpae
2374:Roman
2369:Greek
2267:Aksum
2193:Chera
2188:Chola
2161:Sunda
2141:Kutai
2131:Kedah
1976:Tulum
1956:Sidon
1901:Opone
1891:Óc Eo
1861:Malao
1835:Kedah
1779:Basra
1727:Ports
1705:Inuit
1525:Tanja
1485:Egypt
1335:Cabin
1278:Tomol
1121:Types
729:(PDF)
516:with
482:Ibiza
426:ivory
410:tusks
399:Cargo
317:with
273:of a
259:Spain
162:Width
3645:Oslo
3367:and
3273:Isis
3220:Gozo
2741:Rome
2719:Maya
2601:Rome
2506:Nile
2272:Rome
2210:Maya
2066:Near
1986:Tyre
1738:Aden
1537:Junk
1409:Stem
1397:Sail
1382:Rope
1367:Mast
1362:Keel
1350:Hull
1340:Deck
1263:Raft
1144:Dhow
1054:OCLC
1044:ISBN
1012:ISSN
981:2024
956:2024
927:ISSN
802:2024
736:2024
708:2024
648:ISSN
500:and
498:tang
472:and
344:The
283:hull
265:The
227:1958
146:Type
2682:Tin
1729:and
1593:Ram
1372:Oar
1330:Bow
1002:doi
919:doi
437:tin
435:of
3820::
3365:Ra
3334:H3
3088::
1052:.
1038:.
1010:.
998:33
992:.
971:.
967:.
946:.
942:.
925:.
917:.
907:65
905:.
901:.
862:^
793:.
779:^
744:^
716:^
699:.
681:^
660:^
644:69
642:.
638:.
610:^
595:^
1897:)
1893:(
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
1060:.
1018:.
1004::
983:.
958:.
933:.
921::
913::
804:.
738:.
710:.
654:.
605:.
590:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
