140:
506:
Office (CBO) were required to report to the
Comptroller General regarding their recommendations for how much must be cut. The Comptroller General then evaluated these reports, made his own conclusion, and gave a recommendation to the President, who was then required to issue an order effecting the reductions recommended by the Comptroller General unless Congress made the cuts in other ways within a specified amount of time.
36:
556: (1986)) as an unconstitutional usurpation of executive power by Congress because the Comptroller General's function under the Act is the "very essence" of execution of the laws, which is beyond the power of a legislative body. It was noted: "Once Congress passes legislation, it can influence only its execution by passing new laws or through impeachment."
529:
introduced the
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act. The Senate passed the bill with two amendments by a vote of 36–35, and the House approved the Senate's first amendment by voice vote but rejected the second amendment. The Senate rescinded that amendment by voice vote and
509:
The
Comptroller General is nominated by the President from a list of three people recommended by the presiding officers of the House and Senate. He is removable only by impeachment or a joint resolution of Congress, which requires majority votes in both houses and is subject to a Presidential veto.
501:
increasing the budget amount, an across-the-board spending cut in discretionary expenditure is automatically triggered in these categories, affecting all departments and programs by an equal percentage. The amount exceeding the limit is held back by the
Treasury and not transferred to the agencies
492:
deficit. This deficit is the amount by which expenditures by the federal government exceed its revenues each year and was at the time the largest in history in dollar terms. The Acts provided for automatic spending cuts ("cancellation of budgetary resources", called "sequestration") if the total
505:
Under the 1985 Act, allowable deficit levels were calculated in consideration of the eventual elimination of the federal deficit. If the budget exceeded the allowable deficit, across-the-board cuts were required. Directors of the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) and the Congressional Budget
959:
53:
245:
546:
954:
100:
72:
671:
79:
86:
921:
856:
Deficit
Control and the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Act: The Legislative History of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-177)
339:
68:
834:
949:
494:
493:
discretionary appropriations in various categories exceed in a fiscal year the budget spending thresholds. That is, if
Congress enacts
93:
842:
690:
654:
410:
265:
255:
119:
437:
After enactment, these Acts were often referred to as "Gramm-Rudman-Hollings I" and Gramm-Rudman-Hollings II) after U.S. Senators
466:
454:
442:
325:
313:
301:
559:
Congress enacted a reworked version of the law in the 1987 Act. Gramm–Rudman failed, however, to prevent large budget deficits.
646:
618:
226:
218:
563:
57:
577:) emerged. The budgets quickly fell out of balance after 2000 and have run consistent and substantial deficits since then.
573:
Balanced budgets did not actually emerge until the late 1990s when budget surpluses (not accounting for liabilities to the
944:
939:
402:
17:
847:
489:
431:
510:
Congress can give a number of reasons for this removal, including "inefficiency," "neglect of duty," or "malfeasance".
497:
providing for discretionary outlays in each fiscal year that exceed the budget totals, unless
Congress passes another
188:
633:
605:
574:
406:
46:
139:
862:
293:
550:
909:
538:
The process for determining the amount of the automatic cuts was found unconstitutional in the case of
913:
482:
211:
872:
820:
676:
485:" was first used to describe a section of the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Deficit Reduction Act of 1985.
891:
838:
730:"Bill Summary & Status, 99th Congress (1985–1986), H.J.RES.372, All Congressional Actions"
498:
781:
755:
729:
540:
526:
278:
518:
The House passed the 1985 bill by a vote of 271–154 and the Senate by 61–31, and
President
881:"Compliance Report For FY 1986: Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985"
863:"H.J.RES.372 – CRS Summary of Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985"
586:
553:
470:
462:
329:
321:
269:
810:
376:
368:
354:
933:
707:
519:
458:
450:
386:
317:
309:
642:
917:
614:
829:
694:
658:
35:
420:
Gramm–Rudman–Hollings
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985
438:
297:
895:
880:
566:
supplanted the fixed deficit targets, which replaced sequestration with a
672:"Warren Rudman's legacy laid groundwork for 'fiscal cliff' negotiations"
650:
622:
230:
424:
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987
163:
924:
867:
815:
158:
A joint resolution increasing the statutory limit on the public debt.
811:"S.1702 – Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985"
697:– Statement of budget enforcement through sequestration; definitions
567:
446:
305:
27:
United States federal law concerning austerity and sequestration
29:
960:
United States federal government administration legislation
710:. Department of Political Science, Auburn University. 2005
910:
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985
890:. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 31, 1986.
133:
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985
18:
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985
246:
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
430:) were the first binding spending constraints on the
396:
276:
261:
251:
241:
236:
217:
207:
202:
194:
183:
175:
162:
154:
150:
Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Deficit Reduction Act of 1985
146:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
634:
606:
530:President Reagan signed the bill on August 21.
473:), who were credited as their chief authors.
8:
854:Margaret H. McDermott and Bernard D. Reams,
132:
69:"Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act"
830:Budget Process Law Annotated: 1993 Edition
361:Reported by the joint conference committee
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
955:Government finances in the United States
570:system, which was in effect until 2002.
782:"H.J.RES.324 All Congressional Actions"
708:"A Glossary of Political Economy Terms"
617:, title II, December 12, 1985, 99
597:
522:signed the bill on December 12, 1985.
502:specified in the appropriation bills.
131:
756:"H.R.5395, All Congressional Actions"
7:
645:, title I, Sept. 29, 1987, 101
58:adding citations to reliable sources
525:On August 12, 1986, Representative
639:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
611:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
670:O'Keefe, Ed (November 20, 2012).
411:Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023
138:
34:
925:Statute Compilations collection
347:on August 1, 1985 (passed)
45:needs additional citations for
564:Budget Enforcement Act of 1990
1:
888:gao.gov/products/GAO/OCG-86-2
403:Deficit Reduction Act of 2005
490:United States federal budget
950:99th United States Congress
375:on December 11, 1985 (
367:on December 11, 1985 (
189:99th United States Congress
976:
835:Government Printing Office
575:Social Security Trust Fund
488:The Acts aimed to cut the
407:Budget Control Act of 2011
353:on October 10, 1985 (
401:
285:
137:
604:99th Congress, S.1702,
336:Committee consideration
262:U.S.C. sections amended
848:"(BPLA (1993) Online)"
365:agreed to by the House
363:on December 10, 1985;
823:. September 25, 1985.
788:. Library of Congress
762:. Library of Congress
736:. Library of Congress
426:(both often known as
945:1987 in American law
940:1985 in American law
875:. December 10, 1985.
833:. Washington, D.C.:
827:William G. Dauster,
483:budget sequestration
389:on December 12, 1985
54:improve this article
912:part C as amended (
873:Library of Congress
858:(W. S. Hein, 1986).
850:. 22 November 2016.
821:Library of Congress
677:The Washington Post
495:appropriation bills
332:) on August 1, 1985
279:Legislative history
179:Deficit Control Act
134:
477:Provisions of Acts
256:2 U.S.C.: Congress
147:Other short titles
499:budget resolution
416:
415:
351:Passed the Senate
294:H.J.Res. 372
220:Statutes at Large
198:December 12, 1985
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
967:
899:
885:
876:
851:
824:
798:
797:
795:
793:
778:
772:
771:
769:
767:
752:
746:
745:
743:
741:
726:
720:
719:
717:
715:
704:
698:
688:
682:
681:
667:
661:
640:
636:
631:
625:
612:
608:
602:
541:Bowsher v. Synar
527:Dan Rostenkowski
397:Major amendments
345:Passed the House
292:in the House as
281:
221:
168:
142:
135:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
975:
974:
970:
969:
968:
966:
965:
964:
930:
929:
906:
883:
879:
861:
846:
809:
806:
804:Further reading
801:
791:
789:
780:
779:
775:
765:
763:
754:
753:
749:
739:
737:
728:
727:
723:
713:
711:
706:
705:
701:
689:
685:
669:
668:
664:
638:
632:
628:
610:
603:
599:
595:
583:
536:
516:
479:
409:
405:
392:
383:Signed into law
277:
219:
184:Enacted by
166:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
973:
971:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
932:
931:
928:
927:
905:
904:External links
902:
901:
900:
877:
859:
852:
825:
805:
802:
800:
799:
773:
747:
721:
699:
683:
662:
626:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
587:Budget deficit
582:
579:
535:
532:
515:
514:Passage of law
512:
478:
475:
471:South Carolina
463:Fritz Hollings
432:federal budget
414:
413:
399:
398:
394:
393:
391:
390:
380:
358:
348:
342:
340:Senate Finance
333:
322:Fritz Hollings
286:
283:
282:
274:
273:
263:
259:
258:
253:
252:Titles amended
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
234:
233:
223:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
972:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
926:
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
907:
903:
897:
893:
889:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
860:
857:
853:
849:
844:
843:0-16-041726-0
840:
836:
832:
831:
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
807:
803:
787:
783:
777:
774:
761:
757:
751:
748:
735:
731:
725:
722:
709:
703:
700:
696:
692:
691:2 U.S.C.
687:
684:
679:
678:
673:
666:
663:
660:
656:
655:2 U.S.C.
652:
648:
644:
637:
630:
627:
624:
620:
616:
609:
601:
598:
592:
588:
585:
584:
580:
578:
576:
571:
569:
565:
560:
557:
555:
552:
548:
544:
542:
533:
531:
528:
523:
521:
520:Ronald Reagan
513:
511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
491:
486:
484:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:New Hampshire
456:
452:
451:Warren Rudman
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
388:
387:Ronald Reagan
385:by President
384:
381:
378:
374:
371:) and by the
370:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
349:
346:
343:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Warren Rudman
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
287:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
235:
232:
228:
224:
222:
216:
213:
210:
206:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
887:
866:
855:
828:
814:
792:December 17,
790:. Retrieved
785:
776:
766:December 17,
764:. Retrieved
759:
750:
740:December 17,
738:. Retrieved
733:
724:
712:. Retrieved
702:
686:
675:
665:
629:
600:
572:
561:
558:
539:
537:
524:
517:
508:
504:
487:
480:
436:
428:Gramm–Rudman
427:
423:
419:
417:
382:
372:
364:
360:
350:
344:
335:
289:
242:Acts amended
237:Codification
167:(colloquial)
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
714:November 6,
934:Categories
695:§ 900
659:§ 900
593:References
481:The term "
439:Phil Gramm
298:Phil Gramm
290:Introduced
208:Public law
155:Long title
110:April 2007
80:newspapers
920:) in the
203:Citations
195:Effective
176:Nicknames
896:13492627
837:, 1993.
581:See also
422:and the
266:2 U.S.C.
225:99
164:Acronyms
918:details
643:100–119
635:Pub. L.
607:Pub. L.
461:), and
369:271-154
94:scholar
894:
868:THOMAS
841:
816:THOMAS
786:THOMAS
760:THOMAS
734:THOMAS
693:
657:
649:
641:
621:
615:99–177
613:
534:Legacy
373:Senate
270:ch. 20
229:
212:99-177
171:BBEDCA
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
884:(PDF)
647:Stat.
619:Stat.
568:PAYGO
549:
447:Texas
377:61-31
355:51-37
272:§ 901
268:
227:Stat.
101:JSTOR
87:books
892:OCLC
839:ISBN
794:2010
768:2010
742:2010
716:2012
623:1038
562:The
551:U.S.
418:The
231:1037
187:the
73:news
922:GPO
914:PDF
651:754
554:714
547:478
449:),
338:by
320:),
308:),
296:by
56:by
936::
886:.
871:.
865:.
845:;
819:.
813:.
784:.
758:.
732:.
674:.
653:,
434:.
330:SC
318:NH
306:TX
916:/
898:.
796:.
770:.
744:.
718:.
680:.
545:(
543:,
469:-
467:D
465:(
457:-
455:R
453:(
445:-
443:R
441:(
379:)
357:)
328:–
326:D
324:(
316:–
314:R
312:(
304:–
302:R
300:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
