77:
179:
36:
287:
442:, UK. Besides tetrahedral, trigonal and octahedral holes, there were all-purpose balls with 24 holes. These models allowed rotation about the single rod bonds, which could be both an advantage (showing molecular flexibility) and a disadvantage (models are floppy). The approximate scale was 5 cm per
405:
360:
In a ball-and-stick model, the radius of the spheres is usually much smaller than the rod lengths, in order to provide a clearer view of the atoms and bonds throughout the model. As a consequence, the model does not provide a clear insight about the space occupied by the model. In this aspect,
461:
rods. In these models, the use of individually drilled balls with precise bond angles and bond lengths enabled large crystal structures to be accurately created in a light and rigid form.
601:
373:
189:
594:
542:
94:
49:
428:
722:
273:
160:
63:
247:
141:
587:
219:
113:
204:
98:
226:
120:
349:, and the distances between the centers of the spheres should be proportional to the distances between the corresponding
337:
are usually represented by two or three curved rods, respectively, or alternately by correctly positioned sticks for the
743:
392:
or plastic or wood sticks, and a number of plastic balls with pre-drilled holes. The sphere colors commonly follow the
233:
127:
424:
408:
454:
215:
109:
55:
87:
434:
Specialist companies manufacture kits and models to order. One of the earlier companies was
Woosters at
404:
499:
366:
691:
362:
369:
in the same scale as the atom distances, and therefore show the occupied space but not the bonds.
240:
134:
646:
396:. Some university courses on chemistry require students to buy such models as learning material.
385:
314:
310:
534:
527:
372:
659:
636:
631:
558:
538:
326:
427:
was the first to make ball-and-stick molecular models. He used such models in lecture at the
664:
616:
507:
354:
712:
678:
654:
458:
306:
503:
443:
439:
388:. The former are usually built from molecular modeling kits, consisting of a number of
350:
322:
737:
17:
696:
470:
393:
196:
389:
377:
334:
330:
178:
76:
346:
338:
450:
446:(0.5 m/nm or 500,000,000:1), but was not consistent over all elements.
435:
298:
453:(now operating as Miramodus) produced small models beginning in 1961 using
286:
579:
345:. In a good model, the angles between the rods should be the same as the
412:
342:
291:
511:
717:
403:
285:
490:
Turner M (1971). "Ball and stick models for organic chemistry".
318:
583:
172:
70:
29:
384:
Ball-and-stick models can be physical artifacts or virtual
357:
of each atom is often indicated by the sphere's color.
200:
325:
between them. The atoms are typically represented by
27:
Representation of a molecule's bonds and 3D structure
705:
677:
645:
624:
615:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
526:
365:, where the sphere radii are proportional to the
329:, connected by rods which represent the bonds.
595:
419:). Later discoveries disproved this geometry.
8:
205:introducing citations to additional sources
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
621:
602:
588:
580:
449:The Beeverses Miniature Models company in
533:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p.
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
371:
361:ball-and-stick models are distinct from
195:Relevant discussion may be found on the
482:
7:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
429:Royal Institution of Great Britain
290:A plastic ball-and-stick model of
25:
376:Computer ball-and-stick model of
45:This article has multiple issues.
529:Chemistry: The Molecular Science
411:'s 1865 ball-and-stick model of
188:relies largely or entirely on a
177:
75:
34:
525:Olmsted J, Williams GM (1997).
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
363:space-filling (calotte) models
1:
492:Journal of Chemical Education
760:
425:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
367:Van der Waals atomic radii
315:three-dimensional position
559:"(Cecil) Arnold Beevers"
423:In 1865, German chemist
347:angles between the bonds
313:which displays both the
625:Non-structural formulas
610:Molecular visualization
563:Gazetteer for Scotland
420:
381:
294:
216:"Ball-and-stick model"
110:"Ball-and-stick model"
407:
375:
289:
687:Ball-and-stick model
303:ball-and-stick model
201:improve this article
95:improve this article
18:Ball and stick model
744:Molecular modelling
692:Space-filling model
647:Structural formulas
504:1971JChEd..48..407T
421:
382:
311:chemical substance
295:
731:
730:
673:
672:
660:Condensed formula
637:Molecular formula
632:Empirical formula
617:Chemical formulas
544:978-0-8151-8450-8
512:10.1021/ed048p407
284:
283:
276:
266:
265:
251:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
751:
679:Molecular models
665:Skeletal formula
622:
604:
597:
590:
581:
574:
573:
571:
569:
555:
549:
548:
532:
522:
516:
515:
487:
355:chemical element
279:
272:
261:
258:
252:
250:
209:
181:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
759:
758:
754:
753:
752:
750:
749:
748:
734:
733:
732:
727:
713:Molecular graph
701:
669:
655:Lewis structure
641:
611:
608:
578:
577:
567:
565:
557:
556:
552:
545:
524:
523:
519:
489:
488:
484:
479:
467:
459:stainless steel
418:
402:
386:computer models
307:molecular model
280:
269:
268:
267:
262:
256:
253:
210:
208:
194:
182:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
757:
755:
747:
746:
736:
735:
729:
728:
726:
725:
720:
715:
709:
707:
703:
702:
700:
699:
694:
689:
683:
681:
675:
674:
671:
670:
668:
667:
662:
657:
651:
649:
643:
642:
640:
639:
634:
628:
626:
619:
613:
612:
609:
607:
606:
599:
592:
584:
576:
575:
550:
543:
517:
481:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
466:
463:
440:Cambridgeshire
416:
401:
398:
282:
281:
264:
263:
199:. Please help
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
756:
745:
742:
741:
739:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
708:
704:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
680:
676:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
650:
648:
644:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
627:
623:
620:
618:
614:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
585:
582:
564:
560:
554:
551:
546:
540:
536:
531:
530:
521:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
483:
476:
472:
469:
468:
464:
462:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
414:
410:
406:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
379:
374:
370:
368:
364:
358:
356:
352:
351:atomic nuclei
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:
288:
278:
275:
260:
249:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218: –
217:
213:
212:Find sources:
206:
202:
198:
192:
191:
190:single source
186:This article
184:
180:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
697:CPK coloring
686:
566:. Retrieved
562:
553:
528:
520:
495:
491:
485:
471:VSEPR theory
448:
433:
422:
394:CPK coloring
390:coil springs
383:
359:
335:triple bonds
302:
296:
270:
254:
244:
237:
230:
223:
211:
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
568:29 November
378:cyclohexane
706:Other ways
498:(6): 407.
477:References
457:balls and
257:April 2021
227:newspapers
151:April 2021
121:newspapers
50:improve it
451:Edinburgh
436:Bottisham
299:chemistry
197:talk page
56:talk page
738:Category
465:See also
444:ångström
343:pi bonds
321:and the
500:Bibcode
413:methane
409:Hofmann
400:History
327:spheres
317:of the
292:proline
241:scholar
135:scholar
718:SMILES
541:
353:. The
331:Double
301:, the
243:
236:
229:
222:
214:
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
723:InChl
339:sigma
323:bonds
319:atoms
309:of a
305:is a
248:JSTOR
234:books
142:JSTOR
128:books
570:2017
539:ISBN
455:PMMA
341:and
333:and
220:news
114:news
508:doi
415:(CH
297:In
203:by
97:by
740::
561:.
537:.
535:87
506:.
496:48
494:.
438:,
431:.
59:.
603:e
596:t
589:v
572:.
547:.
514:.
510::
502::
417:4
380:.
277:)
271:(
259:)
255:(
245:·
238:·
231:·
224:·
207:.
193:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
