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785:, also known as full frame, half frame, New England braced frame, combination frame, is an early form of light framing developed from the heavier timber framing which preceded it. It is defined by the continued use of girts, corner posts, and braces. The pieces are mortised, tenoned, and pegged with the studs nailed to the girts and sills. Due to the early introduction of sawmills (as early as 1635 in New Hampshire), as early as 1637 timber frames in the northeastern English colonies in North America made use of light studs between the heavier corners.
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45:
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such as spruce, pine and fir. Light frame material dimensions range from 38 by 89 mm (1.5 by 3.5 in); i.e., a
Dimensional number two-by-four to 5 cm by 30 cm (two-by-twelve inches) at the cross-section, and lengths ranging from 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) for walls to 7 metres (23 ft) or more for joists and rafters. Recently, architects have begun experimenting with pre-cut modular aluminum framing to reduce on-site construction costs.
1010:
4005:
1006:, also called jacks. Areas around windows are defined by a sill beneath the window, and cripples, which are shorter studs that span the area from the bottom plate to the sill and sometimes from the top of the window to a header, or from a header to a top plate. Diagonal bracings made of wood or steel provide shear (horizontal strength) as do panels of sheeting nailed to studs, sills and headers.
1285:
4015:
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33:
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280:), support the weight of whatever is above, including the next wall up and the roof above the top story. The platform also provides lateral support against wind and holds the stick walls true and square. Any lower platform supports the weight of the platforms and walls above the level of its component headers and joists.
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single unit. Lintels are predominately nailed together without spacers to form a solid beam and allow the remaining cavity to be filled with insulation from the inside. The preferable spacer material is rigid insulation. The depth of a lintel is determined by the width of the opening and vertical loads supported.
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wrote, "sometimes the frame was covered with vertical boarding applied to the sills, plates, and girts without any intermediate framing, but in a greater number of houses the spaces between the heavier timbers are filled with lighter vertical sticks called studs." The growth of a nail-making industry
950:
It has been said that balloon framing populated the western United States and the western provinces of Canada. Without it, western boomtowns certainly could not have blossomed overnight. It is also likely that, by radically reducing construction costs, balloon framing improved the shelter options of
927:
Solon
Robinson published articles about a revolutionary new framing system, called "balloon framing" by later builders. Robinson's system called for standard 2×4 lumber, nailed together to form a sturdy, light skeleton. Builders were reluctant to adopt the new technology; however, by the 1880s, some
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A second top plate, with joints offset at least one stud space away from the joints in the plate beneath, is then added. This second top plate usually laps the first plate at the corners and partition intersections and, when nailed in place, provides an additional tie to the framed walls. Where the
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Lintels (or, headers) are the horizontal members placed over window, door and other openings to carry loads to the adjoining studs. Lintels are usually constructed of two pieces of 2 in (nominal) (38 mm) lumber separated with spacers to the width of the studs and nailed together to form a
304:
Braced frame construction, also known as full frame, half frame, New
England braced frame, combination frame an early form of light framing which survived into the 1940s in the northeastern United States, defined by the continued use of girts, corner posts, and braces, most often mortised, tenoned,
990:
Light-frame materials are most often wood or rectangular steel, tubes or C-channels. Wood pieces are typically connected with nail fasteners, nails, or screws; steel pieces are connected with pan-head framing screws, or nuts and bolts. Preferred species for linear structural members are softwoods
207:
superseded balloon framing and is the standard wooden framing method today. The name comes from each floor level being framed as a separate unit or platform. The use of factory-made walls and floors has shown an increase in popularity due to the time-saving and cost-efficiency. (Pre-fabrication)
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are usually built to provide a sloping surface intended to shed rain or snow, with slopes ranging from 1:15 (less than an inch per linear foot of horizontal span), to steep slopes of more than 2:1. A light-frame structure built mostly inside sloping walls which also serve as a roof is called an
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around the perimeter of a system of floor joists, and often include bridging material near the center of a span to prevent lateral buckling of the spanning members. In two-story construction, openings are left in the floor system for a stairwell, in which stair risers and treads are most often
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The complete wall sections are then raised and put in place, temporary braces added and the bottom plates nailed through the subfloor to the floor framing members. The braces should have their larger dimension on the vertical and should permit adjustment of the vertical position of the wall.
211:
Framed construction was rarely used in
Scandinavia before the 20th century because of the abundant availability of wood, an abundance of cheap labour, and the superiority of the thermal insulation of logs; hence timber framing did not take off there first for unheated buildings such as farm
934:
Although lumber was plentiful in 19th-century
America, skilled labor was not. The advent of cheap machine-made nails, along with water-powered sawmills in the early 19th century made balloon framing highly attractive, because it did not require highly skilled carpenters, as did the
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second top plate does not lap the plate immediately underneath at corner and partition intersections, these may be tied with 0.036 in (0.91 mm) galvanized steel plates at least 3 in (76 mm) wide and 6 in (150 mm) long, nailed with at least three
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to the wall. This is usually done only for partitions enclosing clothes closets or cupboards to save space. Since there is no vertical load to be supported by partitions, single studs may be used at door openings. The top of the opening may be bridged with a single piece of
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Light-frame methods allow easy construction of unique roof designs; hip roofs, for example, slope toward walls on all sides and are joined at hip rafters that span from corners to a ridge. Valleys are formed when two sloping roof sections drain toward each other.
311:
Platform framing often forms wall sections horizontally on the sub-floor prior to erection, easing positioning of studs and increasing accuracy while cutting the necessary manpower. The top and bottom plates are end-nailed to each stud with two nails at least
1360:
Townsend, Gilbert. Carpentry and joinery: a practical treatise on simple building construction, including framing, roof construction, general carpentry work, and exterior and interior finish of buildings. Chicago: American
Technical Society, 1913. Print.
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are formed by an interruption along the slope of a roof where a short vertical wall connects it to another roof section. Flat roofs, which usually include at least a nominal slope to shed water, are often surrounded by parapet walls with openings (called
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in the open framing cavities, and a fire can spread vertically in a short time. Since the floor framing and wall framing cavities interconnect, fire can rapidly spread throughout the structure. Many balloon-framed buildings predate the introduction of
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Wall sections usually include a bottom plate which is secured to the structure of a floor, and one, or more often two top plates that tie walls together and provide a bearing for structures above the wall. Wood or steel floor frames usually include a
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includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions. These members, referred to as studs, wall plates and lintels, serve as a nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floors, ceiling and roof.
617: in (38 mm × 89 mm) lumber spaced at 16 in (410 mm) on center. This spacing may be changed to 12 or 24 in (300 or 610 mm) depending on the loads supported and the type and thickness of the wall finish used.
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to credit Snow as 'inventor of the balloon frame method'. In 1833, Taylor constructed the first
Catholic church in Chicago, St. Mary's, using the balloon framing method; this building was moved and rehabbed multiple times before burning in the
160:
employed various forms of diagonal bracing to stabilize walls. Diagonal bracing remains a vital interior part of many roof systems, and in-wall wind braces are required by building codes in many municipalities or by individual
393:
A multiple-stud post of at least 3 three studs, is generally used at exterior corners and intersections to secure a good tie between adjoining walls. It provides nailing support for interior finishes and exterior sheathing.
369:, will provide adequate bracing to resist lateral loads and keep the wall square (construction codes in most jurisdictions require a stiff plywood sheathing). Others, such as rigid glass-fiber, asphalt-coated fiberboard,
676: in (38 mm × 89 mm) studs spaced at 16 or 24 in (410 or 610 mm) on center depending on the type and thickness of the wall finish used. Where a partition does not contain a swinging door,
481:-inch (38 mm × 140 mm) lumber and are commonly spaced at 16 inches (410 mm) on center. This spacing may be changed to 12 or 24 inches (300 or 610 mm) on center depending on the
589:, ceiling or roof loads are called loadbearing walls; others are called non-loadbearing or simply partitions. Interior loadbearing walls are framed in the same way as exterior walls. Studs are usually
377:
board, will not. In this latter case, the wall should be reinforced with a diagonal wood or metal bracing inset into the studs. In jurisdictions subject to strong wind storms (hurricane countries,
208:
Walls are made usually in facilities and then shipped to the different job sites. This process of framing has improved the speed of framing on site moving the framing of buildings to speed up.
308:
Balloon framing using a technique suspending floors from the walls was common until the late 1940s, but since that time, platform framing has become the predominant form of house construction.
903:, Illinois, by George Washington Snow or Augustine Deodat Taylor. Both men arrived in Chicago from New England, where the use of light framing timber was already common. Architectural critic
401:
Nailing support for the edges of the ceiling is required at the junction of the wall and ceiling where partitions run parallel to the ceiling joists. This material is commonly referred to as
888:
to the top plate, with intermediate floor structures let into and nailed to them. Here the heights of window sills, headers and next floor height would be marked out on the studs with a
252:), serve as a nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floor platforms, which provide the lateral strength along a wall. The platforms may be the boxed structure of a
1145:
An early step in framing a roof in the United States c. 1955. The carpenter is carrying two roof rafters joined to a ridge pole to set them in place on the far end of the structure.
133:(light-framing) if the supports are more numerous and smaller, such as balloon, platform, light-steel framing or, even pre-built framing. Light-frame construction using standardized
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is often placed between the interior walls and the exterior wall, and above the first top plate of interior walls before the second top plate is applied to attain continuity of the
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due to the economy of the method; use of minimal structural material allows builders to enclose a large area at minimal cost while achieving a wide variety of architectural styles.
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nails). Studs are at least doubled (creating posts) at openings, the jack stud being cut to receive the lintels (headers) that are placed and end-nailed through the outer studs.
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Platform framing was traditionally limited to four floors but some jurisdictions have modified their building codes to allow up to six floors with added fire protection.
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It is not certain who introduced balloon framing in the United States. However, the first building using balloon framing was possibly a warehouse constructed in 1832 in
1116:
Pressure-treated wood (Green
Treated wood) is a type of wood that is used when a bottom plate is exposed to outside moisture, while even when in contact with concrete.
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poorer North
Americans. However, balloon framing did require very long studs, and as tall trees were exhausted in the 1920s, platform framing became prevalent.
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Historically, people fitted naturally shaped wooden poles together as framework and then began using joints to connect the timbers, a method today called
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Culture and
Democracy: The Struggle for Form in Society and Architecture in Chicago and the Middle West during the Life and Times of Louis H. Sullivan
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concrete-slab foundations that serve both as a floor and as a support for the structure. Other light-frame buildings are built over a crawlspace or a
1002:. Openings are typically spanned by a header or lintel that bears the weight of the structure above the opening. Headers are usually built to rest on
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in the early 19th century made the frame even faster to assemble, with some of the first machines developed in the late 1700s in Massachusetts.
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563:, or rigid or semi-rigid insulation sheathing to the outside of the studs. The studs are attached to horizontal top and bottom wall plates of
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1900:
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272:, as the sticks (studs) give the structure its vertical support, and the box-shaped floor sections with joists contained within length-long
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Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009. Frame, Framing, Framer, Framework, Frame-house.
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The part of a structural building that goes diagonally across a wall is called a T-bar. It stops the walls from collapsing in gusty winds.
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1244:), to span distances of as much as 9 m (30 ft). Open web trussed joists and rafters are often formed of 4 cm by 9 cm (
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wood, in panels as thin as 1 cm (0.39 in), glued between horizontally laminated members of less than 4 cm by 4 cm (
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Wall sheathing, usually a plywood or other laminate, is usually applied to the framing prior to erection, thus eliminating the need to
704: in (38 mm × 89 mm) studs at 16 in (410 mm) on center are sometimes used with the wide face of the stud
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are built into roofs to direct water away from areas of poor drainage, such as behind a chimney at the bottom of a sloping section.
353:, and again increasing speed and cutting manpower needs and expenses. Some types of exterior sheathing, such as asphalt-impregnated
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723: in (38 mm) lumber the same width as the studs. These members provide a nailing support for wall finish, door frames and
228:
Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions, both of
2010:
Roots of contemporary American architecture: a series of thirty-seven essays dating from the mid-nineteenth century to the present
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are attached. They are supported on a bottom plate or foundation sill and in turn support the top plate. Studs usually consist of
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being a French term for a horizontal scaffolding support. It was also known as "Chicago construction" in the 19th century.
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Alternatively, a precursor to the balloon frame may have been used by the French in Missouri as much as 31 years earlier.
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rather than fewer, heavier supports called posts; balloon framing components are nailed together rather than fitted using
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Its use survived into the 1940s in the northeastern United States, when it was gradually replaced by the platform frame.
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1667:. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022
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1947:"The Specification Desk – A Department for Specification Writers – What the Specification Writer Wants to Know"
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Once the assembled sections are plumbed, they are nailed together at the corners and intersections. A strip of
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finishes. Cavities between studs, usually placed 40–60 cm (16–24 in) apart, are usually filled with
531:-inch stud space can also be provided by other means, such as rigid or semi-rigid insulation or batts between
1396:
1225:, with wood or steel joists used to span between foundation walls, usually constructed of poured concrete or
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are small areas in which vertical walls interrupt a roof line, and which are topped off by slopes at usually
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Engineered components are commonly used to form floor, ceiling and roof structures in place of solid wood.
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were commonly constructed with this form, which is noted on period building permits as "mortised frame."
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is often used to waterproof flatter roofs, but newer materials include rubber and synthetic materials.
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and the stiff exterior sheathing regardless of the type and kind of outer weather resistant coverings.
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made of asphalt, fiberglass and small gravel coating, but a wide range of materials are used. Molten
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Balloon framing presents challenges in firefighting, since many older balloon-framed buildings lack
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buildings, outbuildings and summer villas, and for houses until the development of wall insulation.
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1763:"Influence of Architectural Details on the Overall Thermal Performance of Residential Wall Systems"
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of the second story. The platform-framed wall, on the other hand, is independent for each floor.
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The main difference between platform and balloon framing is at the floor lines. The balloon wall
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1423:"An Integrated Methodology to Develop Moisture Management Strategies for Exterior Wall Systems"
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are formed when a length-wise section of sloping roof ends to form a triangular wall section.
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Light-frame buildings in areas with shallow or nonexistent frost depths are often erected on
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2007:
Gideon, Sigried (1952). "The Balloon Frame and Industrialization". In Mumford, Lewis (ed.).
1946:
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892:. Once popular when long lumber was plentiful, balloon framing has been largely replaced by
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beginning in the 1830s. Balloon framing makes use of many lightweight wall members called
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An unusual example of balloon framing: The Jim Kaney Round Barn, Adeline, Illinois, U.S.
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Wall panels built of studs are interrupted by sections that provide rough openings for
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and the limitations imposed by the type and thickness of the wall covering used. Wider
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of the story above. In the building trades, the technique is variously referred to as
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that mandate fire blocking, and a fire can spread from basement to attic in minutes.
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1248:) wood members to provide support for floors, roofing systems and ceiling finishes.
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panels are popular roof coverings in some areas, preferred for their durability.
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Transactions of the American Institute of the City of New-York, for the Year ...
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1236:(closed-web trusses) are often made from laminated woods, most often chipped
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Exterior wall studs are the vertical members to which the wall sheathing and
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Framing floors, walls, and ceilings. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2005. 118.
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1389:"Wood products used in new single-family house construction: 1950 to 1992"
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or log framing. In the United States, timber framing was superseded by
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Modern light-frame structures usually gain strength from rigid panels (
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1827:
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Interior wall coverings in light-frame construction typically include
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that require a grade-stamp, and a moisture content not exceeding 19%.
203:. The studs in a balloon frame extend two stories from sill to plate.
117:(heavy framing) if the vertical supports are few and heavy such as in
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Harri Hautajärvi, "Houses in Finland", Helsinki: Rakennustieto, 2011.
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156:(OSB) used to form all or part of wall sections), but until recently
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and intersections, however, must be framed with at least two studs.
381:) local codes or state law will generally require both the diagonal
169:
are becoming more common to help buildings meet the requirements of
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1974:
City of the Century – The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America
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construction, where horizontal layers of stacked materials such as
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Exterior finishes for walls and ceilings often include plywood or
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Who invented your house (text only) | Ted Cavanagh - Academia.edu
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There are four historically common methods of framing a house.
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Indiana DNR, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology
1716:"Joining and fixing structure for ceiling boards and paneling"
1503:. Chicago, Il.: The Radford Architectural Company. p. 54.
1428:. 9th Conference on Building Science and Technology, Vancouver
1165:
862:. The name comes from a French Missouri type of construction,
798:, invented a machine which could produce 10,000 nails a day.
90:. The alternative to framed construction is generally called
1023:
attached to squared faces cut into sloping stair stringers.
517:. Insulation beyond that which can be accommodated within a
1800:
Journal of the American Society of Architectural Historians
1180:
roofs offer more historic coverings for light-frame roofs.
974:
extend from the sill of the first story all the way to the
1796:"A Reexamination into the Invention of the Balloon Frame"
1870:. American Heritage of Invention and Technology Magazine
1525:. London: American School of Correspondence. p. 71.
1421:
Kumaran, M.K.; Mukhopadhyaya, P.; Cornick, S.M. (2003).
59:
The construction frames of a residential subdivision in
2241:
Associated Roofing Contractors of the Bay Area Counties
1857:
1855:
1501:
Radford's Portfolio of Details of Building Construction
301:, which is now used predominantly in barn construction.
113:
Building framing is divided into two broad categories,
2145:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 554.
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Balloon framing uses long continuous framing members (
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International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
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911:'s 1880s attribution, as well as A. T. Andreas' 1885
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3552:
3440:
3327:
3269:
3079:
3022:
2693:
2612:
2603:
2427:
2396:
577:-inch lumber that are the same width as the studs.
2355: – wood as an engineering material
2030:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1971:
1485:. New York: American Book Company. pp. 24–26.
1110:may be used for both exterior and interior walls.
513:-inch studs may be used to provide space for more
1523:Cyclopedia of Architecture Carpentry and Building
78:support and shape. Framing materials are usually
1160:In North America, roofs are often covered with
137:has become the dominant construction method in
2196:"Fighting the balloon-frame construction fire"
74:, is the fitting together of pieces to give a
2374:
1848:. Mineola, NY: Dover Publication. p. 24.
1699:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
838:construction used primarily in areas rich in
8:
2268:"Six-storey wood buildings 'a game-changer'"
872:
863:
756:when polyethylene is serving this function.
1272:garage connected to traditional frame house
648: in (38 mm × 64 mm) or
3556:
3085:
2609:
2381:
2367:
2359:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1521:American School of Correspondence (1912).
774: in (64 mm) nails to each wall.
152:and other plywood-like composites such as
3889:Building and Wood Workers' International
2266:Lewington, Jennifer (December 1, 2014).
1892:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
1541:Light and Heavy Timber Framing Made Easy
453:-inch (38 mm × 89 mm) or
2292:Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
1655:
1653:
1651:
1562:
1560:
1344:
1205:) to allow water to drain out. Sloping
2296:Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction
1756:
1754:
1740:
1729:
1689:
1678:
1603:
1592:
1450:
1439:
1416:
1414:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
2096:"Historic Building Research Handbook"
2024:Sprague, Paul E. (December 1, 1981).
1839:
1837:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1569:"Advanced Framing Construction Guide"
1543:. FB&C Limited. pp. 2, 197.
1387:McKeever, D.B.; Phelps, R.B. (1994).
165:in the United States. Special framed
7:
4024:
1895:. Ballantine Books USA. p. 17.
1889:James M. McPherson (June 16, 1988).
1761:Kosny, J.; Desjarlais, A.O. (1994).
1662:"Light-Frame Wall and Floor Systems"
1534:
1532:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1494:
1492:
1476:
1474:
191:
4014:
3874:American Association of Woodturners
1918:A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
854:up until the mid-1950s, and around
256:and roof, or the ceiling and floor
2194:Bowker, Gary (February 11, 2015).
928:form of 2×4 framing was standard.
48:The erection of a wooden frame in
25:
3904:National Wood Carvers Association
1309:Light timber construction schools
326: in (83 mm) in length (
110:, etc. are used without framing.
4023:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3879:Architectural Woodwork Institute
1283:
342:Moisture barrier sheathing with
2166:Wagner, Kate (August 6, 2018).
2026:"The Origin of Balloon Framing"
1631:Wood – Frame House Construction
585:Interior partitions supporting
3884:British Woodworking Federation
1945:Holske, Louis R. (June 1921).
1628:Anderson, LeRoy Oscar (1992).
1013:Light-gauge metal stud framing
1:
3894:Caricature Carvers of America
2139:Duncan, Hugh Dalziel (1989).
2013:. Reinhold. pp. 201–205.
1922:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
1916:Ching, Francis D. K. (1995).
1574:. apawood.org. Archived from
620:Partitions can be built with
305:and pegged with nailed studs.
232:and non-bearing walls. These
2320:The Engines of Our Ingenuity
2243:. arcbac.org. Archived from
1499:Radford, William A. (1911).
1768:Journal of Building Physics
283:In some countries, framing
219:Elements of a balloon frame
4081:
2317:Lienhard, John H. (1993).
2237:"Common Roofing Materials"
1970:Miller, Donald L. (1996).
1864:"Who Invented Your House?"
1660:Sherwood, G.; Moody, R.C.
1258:
1123:
1072:filling sometimes made of
945:post-and-beam construction
801:Three-decker buildings in
796:Newburyport, Massachusetts
187:traditional timber framing
3999:
3909:Society of Wood Engravers
3088:
1539:Hodgson, Fred A. (1909).
1481:King, Charles A. (1912).
783:Braced frame construction
1192:to a main roof section.
907:cited Chicago architect
131:light-frame construction
115:heavy-frame construction
2351:March 15, 2007, at the
1397:Forest Products Journal
1261:Post-frame construction
3986:Frameless construction
3067:Wood-plastic composite
2333:"Balloon Frame Houses"
2075:Old St. Mary's Chicago
1862:Cavanagh, Ted (1999).
1844:Isham, Norman (2007).
1794:Field, Walker (1942).
1739:Cite journal requires
1688:Cite journal requires
1634:. Books for Business.
1602:Cite journal requires
1483:Constructive Carpentry
1465:March 6, 2018, at the
1449:Cite journal requires
1273:
1146:
1138:
1014:
873:
864:
828:
820:
413:Wall framing in house
346:
276:(more commonly called
220:
171:earthquake engineering
64:
52:
41:
27:Construction technique
2340:Canadian Wood Council
1846:Early American Houses
1718:. US Patent 4,057,947
1268:
1144:
1133:
1012:
826:
819:
363:oriented strand board
341:
218:
154:oriented strand board
123:pole building framing
58:
47:
35:
3914:Timber Framers Guild
2768:Australian Blackwood
2168:"The Case for Rooms"
1980:Simon & Schuster
884:) that run from the
3634:Hammer-headed tenon
3153:Janka hardness test
1291:Architecture portal
1255:Post frame building
1137:lying on the ground
1064:materials, such as
941:mortises and tenons
913:History of Chicago,
581:Interior partitions
409:Exterior wall studs
289:regulated standards
2495:Japanese carpentry
2273:The Globe and Mail
1274:
1147:
1139:
1015:
918:Great Chicago Fire
829:
821:
347:
266:stick and platform
248:(sometimes called
221:
135:dimensional lumber
65:
53:
42:
4050:Structural system
4037:
4036:
3991:Green woodworking
3848:Wood preservation
3776:
3775:
3679:Tongue and groove
3659:Mortise and tenon
3548:
3547:
3246:Warrington hammer
3075:
3074:
2763:African Blackwood
2555:Segmented turning
1978:. New York City:
1902:978-0-19-503863-7
1714:Oide, K. (1977).
1581:on April 11, 2019
1550:978-1-332-58682-0
909:John M. Van Osdel
731:Lintels (headers)
559:-inch horizontal
236:, referred to as
61:Rogers, Minnesota
16:(Redirected from
4072:
4027:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4007:
4006:
3557:
3226:Thickness planer
3086:
2880:(lime, basswood)
2610:
2470:Chainsaw carving
2383:
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2256:
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2247:on April 9, 2020
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1329:Tessellated roof
1293:
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1287:
1096:natural building
1032:lath and plaster
905:Sigfried Giedion
894:platform framing
876:
870:
860:Norfolk, England
842:forests such as
773:
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274:post and lintels
205:Platform framing
175:wind engineering
88:structural steel
21:
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3981:Frame and panel
3969:
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3772:
3731:Surface piecing
3726:
3683:
3604:Crown of thorns
3544:
3530:Smoothing plane
3436:
3323:
3265:
3168:Milling machine
3071:
3032:Cross-laminated
3018:
2689:
2599:
2570:Spindle turning
2560:Shingle weaving
2530:Pallet crafting
2423:
2392:
2387:
2353:Wayback Machine
2346:"Wood Handbook"
2323:. Episode 779.
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1924:. p. 267.
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1467:Wayback Machine
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1227:concrete blocks
1215:
1128:
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1087:prevention and
988:
937:dovetail joints
856:Thetford Forest
834:is a method of
832:Balloon framing
814:
812:Balloon framing
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183:
84:engineered wood
50:Sabah, Malaysia
28:
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18:Balloon framing
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3960:Quarter sawing
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3950:Wood splitting
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3818:Paint stripper
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3258:
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3251:Winding sticks
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3231:Timber-framing
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2311:External links
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2151:
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2036:(4): 311–319.
2016:
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1334:Timber framing
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1299:Concrete frame
1295:
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1124:Main article:
1121:
1118:
1083:additives for
1056:, and various
1034:or decorative
987:
984:
965:building codes
923:In the 1830s,
813:
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561:furring strips
410:
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379:tornado alleys
336:
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119:timber framing
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3872:
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3869:
3867:Organizations
3865:
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3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Steam bending
3821:
3819:
3816:
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3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:French polish
3791:
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3664:Rabbet/Rebate
3662:
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3650:
3649:Mason's mitre
3647:
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3501:
3498:
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3495:Jointer plane
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Compass plane
3463:
3461:
3460:Chamfer plane
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Bedrock plane
3448:
3447:
3445:
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3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Veneer hammer
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
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3154:
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3149:
3148:Impact driver
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
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3129:
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3119:
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2992:
2990:
2987:
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2977:
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2965:
2964:Red Quebracho
2962:
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2448:
2446:
2443:
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2440:Bow and arrow
2438:
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2435:Boat building
2433:
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2304:0-660-19535-6
2301:
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2175:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2159:
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2152:0-88738-746-2
2148:
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2104:
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2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1993:0-684-83138-4
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1963:
1959:(6): 228–229.
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:Pencil Points
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1931:0-442-02462-2
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1898:
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1641:9780894991677
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1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
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1082:
1079:treated with
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:wood paneling
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
961:
960:fire blocking
957:
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
932:
929:
926:
921:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
875:
869:
868:
861:
857:
853:
852:United States
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
825:
818:
811:
809:
806:
804:
799:
797:
793:
792:Jacob Perkins
788:
784:
777:
775:
757:
755:
751:
746:
740:Wall sections
739:
737:
730:
728:
726:
707:
618:
588:
580:
578:
562:
516:
484:
424:
419:
416:
408:
406:
404:
399:
397:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
345:
344:flashing tape
340:
333:
329:
310:
307:
303:
300:
299:Post and beam
297:
296:
295:
292:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
270:stick and box
267:
263:
262:stick framing
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:stick members
231:
230:bearing walls
223:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
188:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
139:North America
136:
132:
128:
127:steel framing
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
62:
57:
51:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4060:Construction
3798:Heat bending
3743:Edge banding
3515:Router plane
3510:Rebate plane
3470:Finger plane
3201:
2905:
2899:
2879:
2873:Lignum vitae
2631:
2625:
2590:Wood carving
2565:Shipbuilding
2550:Root carving
2510:Log building
2475:Chip carving
2319:
2295:
2277:. Retrieved
2271:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:the original
2240:
2231:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2171:
2161:
2141:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
2090:
2080:November 13,
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2055:November 13,
2053:. Retrieved
2033:
2029:
2019:
2009:
2002:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1940:
1917:
1911:
1891:
1884:
1874:February 23,
1872:. Retrieved
1867:
1845:
1803:
1799:
1772:. Retrieved
1766:
1732:cite journal
1720:. Retrieved
1709:
1681:cite journal
1669:. Retrieved
1630:
1595:cite journal
1585:September 1,
1583:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1540:
1522:
1500:
1482:
1442:cite journal
1430:. Retrieved
1401:. Retrieved
1395:
1366:
1356:
1347:
1314:Log building
1250:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1216:
1198:Clerestories
1190:right angles
1182:
1159:
1148:
1115:
1112:
1093:
1068:batting, or
1040:
1025:
1016:
993:
989:
969:
953:
949:
943:required by
933:
930:
922:
912:
898:
893:
879:
831:
830:
807:
800:
787:Norman Isham
782:
781:
778:Braced frame
758:
750:polyethylene
747:
743:
734:
619:
584:
420:
415:construction
412:
405:or backing.
402:
400:
392:
375:polyurethane
348:
331:
327:
293:
282:
277:
269:
265:
261:
249:
233:
227:
210:
204:
190:
186:
184:
147:
130:
114:
112:
104:rammed earth
96:log building
91:
72:construction
67:
66:
38:side by side
29:
4055:Woodworking
4019:WikiProject
3965:Rift sawing
3955:Flat sawing
3843:Wood drying
3520:Scrub plane
3505:Razee plane
3455:Block plane
3309:Mitre clamp
3256:Wood scribe
3207:Combination
2949:Purpleheart
2645:Douglas fir
2595:Woodturning
2428:Occupations
2390:Woodworking
2251:February 9,
2205:January 16,
2200:FireRescue1
1806:(4): 3–29.
1319:Steel frame
1246:two-by-four
1242:two-by-twos
1100:straw bales
1045:sheathing,
844:Scandinavia
803:New England
754:air barrier
383:wind braces
371:polystyrene
242:wall plates
167:shear walls
4044:Categories
3974:Techniques
3923:Conversion
3853:Wood stain
3781:Treatments
3569:Birdsmouth
3535:Spokeshave
3485:Jack plane
3475:Fore plane
3314:Pipe clamp
3279:Band clamp
3203:Carpenters
3024:Engineered
2974:Rubberwood
2823:Eucalyptus
2627:Calocedrus
2540:Pyrography
2505:Kohlrosing
2225:1561587583
2179:August 13,
1982:. p.
1340:References
1270:Post frame
1219:monolithic
1091:control.
1066:fiberglass
1062:insulation
980:end rafter
890:story pole
886:sill plate
882:wall studs
865:maison en
515:insulation
367:waferboard
355:fiberboard
163:state laws
158:carpenters
4065:Carpentry
3763:Parquetry
3758:Oystering
3753:Marquetry
3594:Butterfly
3261:Workbench
3193:Sandpaper
3173:Mitre box
3118:Drawknife
3108:Burnisher
3093:Abrasives
3042:Hardboard
2703:Afromosia
2585:Whittling
2535:Parquetry
2520:Marquetry
2465:Certosina
2460:Carpentry
2450:Cabinetry
2397:Overviews
2331:Houston.
2071:"History"
1820:1544-9890
1722:March 13,
1213:Structure
1077:newsprint
1070:cellulose
1043:composite
1028:wallboard
1020:rim joist
986:Materials
976:top plate
956:firestops
403:dead wood
143:Australia
92:mass wall
76:structure
4009:Category
3788:Adhesive
3768:Purfling
3748:Intarsia
3689:Profiles
3614:Dovetail
3553:Geometry
3392:Hand saw
3377:Crosscut
3362:Circular
3357:Chainsaw
3304:Holdfast
2969:Rosewood
2901:American
2896:Mahogany
2868:Jelutong
2838:Hornbeam
2803:Cocobolo
2798:Chestnut
2713:Andiroba
2525:Millwork
2490:Intarsia
2485:Fretwork
2480:Ébéniste
2409:Glossary
2349:Archived
2294:(2005).
2108:June 13,
1774:March 3,
1671:March 8,
1463:Archived
1432:March 3,
1403:March 3,
1277:See also
1234:I-joists
1223:basement
1207:crickets
1203:scuppers
1162:shingles
1074:recycled
1004:trimmers
840:softwood
706:parallel
423:cladding
351:scaffold
332:16-penny
36:Framing
4029:Commons
3945:Whipsaw
3940:Sawmill
3833:Varnish
3828:Thermal
3803:Lacquer
3738:Binding
3707:Chamfer
3574:Biscuit
3540:Surform
3432:Whipsaw
3402:Keyhole
3387:Fretsaw
3367:Compass
3352:Bucksaw
3342:Bandsaw
3337:Backsaw
3319:Sawbuck
3289:F-clamp
3284:C-clamp
3158:Jointer
3062:Plywood
3014:Zebrano
2954:Ovankol
2919:Meranti
2907:African
2878:Linden
2833:Hickory
2788:Cedrela
2783:Camphor
2778:Bubinga
2773:Boxwood
2753:Bilinga
2738:Avodire
2655:Juniper
2640:Cypress
2515:Luthier
2404:History
2329:KUHF-FM
2173:CityLab
1460:Alt URL
1186:Dormers
1155:A-frame
1135:Trusses
1054:veneers
1000:windows
925:Hoosier
901:Chicago
769:⁄
718:⁄
699:⁄
685:⁄
671:⁄
657:⁄
643:⁄
629:⁄
612:⁄
598:⁄
572:⁄
554:⁄
540:⁄
526:⁄
508:⁄
494:⁄
476:⁄
462:⁄
448:⁄
434:⁄
396:Corners
389:Corners
359:plywood
321:⁄
278:headers
254:ceiling
250:headers
246:lintels
201:joinery
181:History
150:plywood
100:masonry
68:Framing
63:in 2023
3935:Hewing
3674:Splice
3629:Halved
3624:Groove
3619:Finger
3599:Coping
3584:Bridle
3561:Joints
3442:Planes
3427:Veneer
3417:Scroll
3412:Ripsaw
3397:Jigsaw
3372:Coping
3271:Clamps
3198:Square
3188:Shaper
3183:Router
3163:Mallet
3138:Gimlet
3113:Chisel
3009:Willow
2999:Walnut
2989:Totara
2979:Sapele
2944:Poplar
2929:Padauk
2891:Merbau
2863:Jarrah
2848:Imbuia
2843:Idigbo
2808:Cumaru
2793:Cherry
2718:Anigre
2680:Spruce
2633:Cedrus
2500:Khatam
2455:Caning
2418:lumber
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1194:Gables
1089:vermin
1058:stucco
874:boulin
867:boulin
850:, the
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285:lumber
258:joists
3813:Paint
3722:Ovolo
3717:Ogive
3702:Bevel
3669:Scarf
3654:Miter
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3407:Miter
3382:Frame
3299:Gripe
3215:Speed
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3143:Gauge
3133:Float
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3081:Tools
3004:Wenge
2994:Utile
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2914:Maple
2886:Lovoa
2858:Iroko
2828:Hazel
2813:Ebony
2758:Birch
2748:Beech
2743:Balsa
2733:Aspen
2728:Apple
2708:Alder
2665:Kauri
2660:Larch
2622:Cedar
2605:Woods
2580:Treen
2128:1855.
2099:(PDF)
2046:JSTOR
1824:JSTOR
1665:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
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1567:APA.
1426:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1174:Slate
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1150:Roofs
1120:Roofs
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1081:boron
1051:stone
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3103:Adze
2984:Teak
2939:Plum
2934:Pear
2695:Hard
2675:Rimu
2670:Pine
2614:Soft
2414:Wood
2300:ISBN
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2253:2018
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2207:2024
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