454:
914:
37:
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330:
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1530:
414:
Since King
Balthazar, in traditional pictorial representations from the Late Middle Ages, is often represented as a black person (as an integrating or cosmopolitan graphic symbol, in the tradition that the "wise men" or "magi" who worshipped Jesus in Bethlehem represented the peoples of the whole
258:
The Gospel of
Matthew does not give the names of the Magi (or even how many there were), but their traditional names are ascribed to a Greek manuscript from 500 AD translated into Latin and commonly accepted as the source of the names. In this original manuscript, Balthazar is called Bithisarea,
453:
437:
415:
world), fitting in with this traditional icon motivated his representation in the cavalcades of Three Wise Men by a person made up in black. In many
Spanish towns that custom continues, while others now ask a prominent
329:
270:, he is described as being "a dark, fully bearded king”. From the 13th century onwards, he was occasionally depicted with black African servants. Balthazar was first depicted as a black African himself in the
301:
of a king, as myrrh was an expensive item at the time. Following his return to his own country, avoiding King Herod, it is purported that
Balthazar celebrated Christmas with the other members of the Magi in
411:
population, a number of campaigns in Spain pushed for an actual black person to play
Balthazar, which potentially goes against the tradition that local city councillors play the role.
740:
1579:
1506:
765:
610:
571:
803:
1584:
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425:
36:
1574:
384:
42:
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297:. When they arrived at the house, the Magi worshipped him and presented their gifts. Balthazar gave the gift of myrrh, which symbolised the
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with the other members of the Magi but in
Catholicism, Balthazar's feast day is on 6 January because it was the day that he died.
403:
that include roles for the three wise men. In some
European countries it is customary for Balthazar to be portrayed by a man in
796:
306:
in 54 AD but later died on 6 January 55 AD, aged 112. The feast day of
Balthazar is also 6 January, as the date of his death.
554:
303:
278:. The increase in depictions of Balthazar as a black man from the 15th century onwards coincided with the development of the
1559:
1059:
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242:. Balthazar is traditionally referred to as the King of Arabia and gave the gift of
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611:"Exhibition Explores Balthazar, an African King, in Medieval and Renaissance Art"
572:"Exhibition Explores Balthazar, an African King, in Medieval and Renaissance Art"
827:
294:
267:
263:
73:
1420:
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In early artistic depictions, Balthazar was represented as a white man. In an
719:
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1398:
1192:
981:
928:
404:
183:
163:
143:
447:
in 2019. Balthazar and his servant are played by white people in blackface.
1425:
1127:
167:
155:
547:
New
Testament Studies: Philological, Versional, and Patristic, Volume 10
360:
Balthazar, along with the other Magi, are purported to be buried in the
766:"El rey Baltasar de Pamplona seguirá siendo un blanco pintado de negro"
347:
191:
187:
159:
1430:
1299:
1187:
1159:
1079:
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195:
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94:
781:
956:
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243:
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135:
23:
946:
1217:
785:
293:, who instructed them to return to him when they had found the
259:
which later developed into
Balthazar in Western Christianity.
678:
The story of the Three Kings: Melchior, Balthasar and Jaspar
1213:
407:. In the 21st century, as modern immigration increased the
395:
Blackface controversy and traditional iconic representation
16:
King of Arabia and youngest of three Magi who visited Jesus
743:(in Spanish). GuinGuinBali.com. 2012-02-13. Archived from
250:, he is regarded as a saint (as are the other two Magi).
313:, another of the Magi, are characters in the 1880 novel
431:
A black man parading as Balthazar in Zaragoza in 2009
387:
moved them to Cologne. Balthazar is commemorated on
1499:
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1180:
1108:
1072:
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709:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), xvi.
149:
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79:
61:
56:
21:
707:The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History
1229:
797:
399:Many traditionally Christian countries stage
8:
285:As part of the Magi, Balthazar followed the
460:Adorazione dei Magi (Adoration of the Magi)
350:, Italy. Balthazar is depicted on the left.
1236:
1222:
1214:
969:
823:
804:
790:
782:
18:
1507:Church cantatas for the Feast of Epiphany
768:(in Spanish). elperiodico.com. 2015-12-30
419:to take on this role in the cavalcades.
1580:Christian saints from the New Testament
488:
462:by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, c. 1655 (
421:
368:following his remains being moved from
325:
321:the various film adaptions of the novel
57:Three Magi, Three Kings, Three Wise Men
681:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p.
650:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
1288:Great Blessing of Waters at Theophany
494:
492:
7:
1492:(How Lovely Shines the Morning Star)
566:
564:
562:
323:, which chronicles his later years.
1283:Presentation of Jesus at the Temple
722:. Catholic Encyclopedia. 1910-10-01
1490:Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern
1278:Week of Prayer for Christian Unity
14:
1585:Black people in European folklore
344:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
1529:
1528:
912:
741:"¡¡Guerra al Baltasar pintado!!"
452:
436:
424:
328:
35:
1575:1st-century BC Christian saints
280:Portuguese Atlantic slave trade
500:"Excerpta Latina Barbari: 51B"
134:King bearing gifts, king on a
1:
1060:Annunciation to the shepherds
593:"The Blackening of Balthazar"
316:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
124:6 January (date of his death)
1485:We Three Kings of Orient Are
1312:Feast of the Transfiguration
646:All Things in the Bible: M-Z
282:in the late 15th century.
222:tradition, one of the three
1565:Unnamed people of the Bible
1464:As with Gladness Men of Old
1302:(Ethiopian Orthodox Church)
417:resident of African descent
1613:
675:Freeman, Margaret (1978).
613:. Getty Museum. 2010-09-05
574:. Getty Museum. 2010-09-05
464:Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio
172:playing card manufacturers
1590:Paintings of black people
1570:Saints from the Holy Land
1524:
910:
362:Shrine of the Three Kings
102:Shrine of the Three Kings
34:
1421:Pilgrimage to Al-Maghtas
642:Tischler, Nancy (2010).
524:Encyclopedia Britannica
289:first to the palace of
234:who visited the infant
70:Eastern Orthodox Church
41:Detail of Balthazar in
1516:§ Epiphany BWV 616–617
1476:(Star above Bethlehem)
1198:Church of the Nativity
44:Adoration of the Kings
1349:Adoration of the Magi
1314:(Certain Protestants)
1095:Saint Joseph's dreams
1090:Virgin birth of Jesus
1032:Adoration of the Magi
1560:Christmas characters
1474:Stern ĂĽber Bethlehem
218:, was, according to
184:travelling merchants
1378:Baptism of the Lord
1294:Epiphany feast days
409:Sub-Saharan African
385:Fredrick Barbarossa
342:mosaic, c. 565 AD,
266:text by the author
1469:Brightest and Best
1296:(East Syriac Rite)
1290:(Eastern Orthodox)
443:The three magi in
382:Holy Roman Emperor
246:to Jesus. In the
1542:
1541:
1416:Chalking the door
1409:Cavalcade of Magi
1339:Star of Bethlehem
1334:Flight into Egypt
1308:(Julian Calendar)
1211:
1210:
1143:Nativity displays
1133:Christmas village
1100:Flight into Egypt
1085:Star of Bethlehem
1068:
1067:
974:Gospel of Matthew
939:Gifts of the Magi
908:
907:
813:Nativity of Jesus
705:David Lowenthal,
366:Cologne Cathedral
287:Star of Bethlehem
220:Western Christian
201:
200:
107:Cologne Cathedral
62:Venerated in
1602:
1532:
1531:
1441:Saint Knut's Day
1383:Marriage at Cana
1306:Little Christmas
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86:Pre-Congregation
39:
19:
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1605:
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1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1520:
1509:(and following)
1495:
1480:The Three Kings
1456:
1450:
1387:
1329:Herod the Great
1317:
1264:Epiphany season
1247:
1242:
1212:
1207:
1176:
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1064:
1041:
961:
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900:Herod the Great
883:
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291:Herod the Great
276:Renaissance art
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248:Catholic Church
206:, also called
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66:Catholic Church
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1047:Gospel of Luke
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370:Constantinople
357:
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336:The Three Magi
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309:Balthasar and
274:, in European
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1555:Biblical Magi
1553:
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1514:OrgelbĂĽchlein
1511:
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1436:Moravian star
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1344:Biblical Magi
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1269:Ordinary Time
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1203:Nativity Fast
1201:
1199:
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1155:Nativity play
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747:on 2016-01-08
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376:in 344 AD to
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356:Commemoration
355:
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38:
33:
25:
20:
1513:
1446:Star singers
1404:Epiphany Eve
1359:San Baltasar
1353:
1181:Remembrances
1027:Matthew 2:11
1022:Matthew 1:25
1017:Matthew 1:24
1012:Matthew 1:23
1007:Matthew 1:22
1002:Matthew 1:21
997:Matthew 1:20
992:Matthew 1:19
987:Matthew 1:18
952:Frankincense
878:
836:Christ Child
770:. Retrieved
760:
749:. Retrieved
745:the original
735:
724:. Retrieved
714:
706:
701:
677:
670:
645:
637:
631:Matthew 2:11
626:
615:. Retrieved
605:
596:
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576:. Retrieved
546:
538:
527:. Retrieved
523:
514:
503:. Retrieved
478:San Baltasar
459:
445:Massalfassar
413:
398:
374:Eustorgius I
359:
335:
314:
308:
299:future death
284:
272:15th century
261:
257:
215:
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207:
203:
202:
100:
49:Gerard David
43:
1500:Noted works
828:Holy Family
520:"Balthasar"
380:. In 1164,
295:Child Jesus
268:Pseudo-Bede
264:8th century
226:along with
118:6 January (
74:Lutheranism
1549:Categories
1457:and carols
1392:Traditions
1110:In culture
966:Narratives
772:2018-12-15
751:2016-01-01
726:2016-01-01
617:2023-01-01
578:2024-01-01
555:9004061630
529:2023-01-20
505:2016-01-01
484:References
216:Bithisarea
212:Balthassar
180:travellers
174:, sawmen,
130:Attributes
1431:La Befana
1399:King cake
1354:Balthazar
1193:Christmas
982:Matthew 1
929:Bethlehem
895:Shepherds
879:Balthazar
405:blackface
340:Byzantine
254:Tradition
208:Balthasar
204:Balthazar
164:motorists
151:Patronage
144:dark skin
81:Canonized
51:, c. 1515
29:Balthazar
1534:Category
1426:Badalisc
1371:Melchior
1259:Epiphany
1252:Calendar
1245:Epiphany
1128:Batlejka
869:Melchior
472:See also
401:pageants
389:Epiphany
232:Melchior
168:pilgrims
156:Epilepsy
138:, three
120:Epiphany
1165:Serbian
1123:In film
1073:Related
599:. 2023.
348:Ravenna
304:Armenia
192:Germany
188:Cologne
176:sawyers
160:thunder
1366:Caspar
1322:Topics
1300:Timkat
1188:Advent
1172:Others
1160:Vertep
1138:Szopka
1118:In art
1080:Manger
1055:Luke 2
1036:In art
888:Others
874:Caspar
851:Joseph
820:People
720:"Magi"
689:
658:
553:
311:Gaspar
228:Caspar
214:, and
196:Saxony
140:crowns
95:shrine
93:Major
1595:Myrrh
1455:Hymns
1148:theft
957:Myrrh
922:Place
840:Jesus
378:Milan
244:myrrh
236:Jesus
136:camel
114:Feast
24:Saint
947:Gold
861:Magi
846:Mary
687:ISBN
656:ISBN
551:ISBN
319:and
240:born
230:and
652:476
372:by
364:in
47:by
1551::
685:.
683:67
654:.
595:.
561:^
545:,
522:.
491:^
346:,
338:,
210:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
158:,
142:,
105:,
1237:e
1230:t
1223:v
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1034:(
842:)
838:(
805:e
798:t
791:v
775:.
754:.
729:.
695:.
664:.
620:.
581:.
532:.
508:.
466:)
122:)
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