244:
who was his father amongst the people who were taking guards behind him. His court led by Ngouoh became doubtful and thought the boy may eventually learn that they are the people who killed his father. Mfon
Mbienkuo was carried away and killed in a place called "Mfe shut Mfon mbwere." The throne remained vacant for some time and Ngouoh, the leader of the court ultimately became Mfon. He unfortunately was not a descendant of king Mbuembue. He was a Bamileke slave. Ngouoh was not welcome by his subjects and decided to move the palace to his own location. Mfon Ngouoh was later chased away after a fierce fight between him and the followers of Mbuembue. Nsangou, a grandson of Mbuembue became king.
240:. By the end of the conflict, the king was killed, and his head was carried off by the Nso. Immediately after, one of the king's wives, Njapdunke, took over the kingdom's government with her lover Gbetnkom Ndo`mbue. (Gbetnkom was not the mfon as there was another Gbetnkom who was the son of Mfon Mbuembue the great conqueror.) After the death of Mfon Mbuembue, there was no male heir to inherit his throne. Njapdunke took over for some time but failed to represent the king. She was removed and it was thought that one of the king's sons Mbetnkom was at a village called Massagham for treatment. He was brought back and became Mfon Mbetnkom.
310:. Fumban was captured by the British under Colonel Gorges in December 1915, and Gorges included a first-hand account of the people and their capital in his book. Gorges described Njoya as being understandably "a trifle nervous" when they first met but accepted British rule once he was reassured that no harm would come to him or his people. In 1918, Germany's colonial possessions including Kamerun were divided between Great Britain and France, and the kingdom of Bamoun thus fell under French rule. In 1923 Njoya was deposed, and his script was banned by the French.
357:
332:
253:
286:
response, Njoya cut back on royal excesses. Nobles were allowed to marry slaves and those of the non-landed servile class. The king, however, remained unconverted to
Christianity. He merged some of the tenets of Christianity and Islam with traditional beliefs to create a new religion more palatable to his subjects.
347:
Little is known about the kingdom's material and social culture during this time. Originally, the language of state in the Bamum kingdom was that of the Tikar. This apparently did not last long, and the language of the conquered Mben was adopted. The economy was largely agricultural, and slave owning
227:
leader Hamman Sambo in the 1820s, fortifying the capital with a trench that stopped the Fulani horsemen. He was the founder of the emblem of the Bamun people, characteristic of their capabilities to fight in two fronts and win both at the same time. He represented the Bamun people by a snake with two
277:
at the capital of and construction was undertaken to build a temple. A school was built, staffed by missionaries who taught in German and the native language. The
Germans introduced new housing construction techniques while settling among the kingdom's inhabitants as farmers, traders and educators.
243:
Mbetnkom was a short man, a dictator who had the legs of those who were taller than him chopped off. This was a practice that cost his life during a hunting training session. After his death, his little son, Mbienkuo succeeded him. He was too young to rule. It became a habit for him to want to know
215:
and Chamba warriors. By the end of the century, Bamum had perhaps 10,000-12,000 within its domain. The history and customs of the Bamum list ten kings between the founder and Kuotu. The nine kings who followed Nchare are not remembered for anything special. They were not conquerors, and territorial
285:
and other new foods, which helped the kingdom become more prosperous. The Mbum were able to trade outside their traditional borders, and the income greatly improved the standard of living. King Njoya was much influenced by the missionaries who denounced idols, human sacrifice and polygamy. In
266:, son of the slain king, came to power. He was one of Bamum's most prolific rulers and ruled from approximately 1883 to 1931. He voluntarily put his kingdom under the protection of German colonial power and was responsible for modernizing certain elements of Mbum society.
318:
The Bamum kingdom's population used secret societies. One society, the ngiri, was for princes. Another, the mitngu, was for the general populace regardless of social status. The mfon recruited most of his retainers from twins and the sons of princesses.
322:
The king of Bamum was known as the mfon, a title shared by Tikar rulers. The mfon engaged in large-scale polygamy giving rise to a proliferation of royal lineages. This led to the palace nobility growing rapidly.
293:
backed up by King Njoya's warriors. After the victory, the force reclaimed the head of Njoya's father, which was crucial for legitimizing the king. From then on, the bond between Bamum and
Germany was strong.
195:, then called Mfomben. This first group of Tikar emigrants conquerors absorbed the language and customs of their new subjects and were from then on known as Mbum. It is believed that
712:
707:
223:
was the first ruler to expand the Bamun
Kingdom, famously claiming that he would mark his borders "with blood and black iron". He repelled an attack by the
191:
royal dynasty. The founding king (called a "fon" or "mfon") was Nchare, a conqueror reputed to have crushed some 18 rulers. King Nchare founded the capital
348:
was practiced on a small scale. The Bamum kingdom traded with neighboring populations. They imported salt, iron, beads, cotton goods and copper objects.
273:
so that his people could record Bamum's history. In 1910, Njoya had a school constructed where the script was taught. Germans were allowed to set up the
722:
372:
as royal cloth. This royal cloth was called Ntieya, and Hausa craftsmen were kept at palace workshops to supply nobles and teach the art of dyeing.
236:
The Bamun kingdom voluntarily became part of German
Kamerun in 1884 during the reign of Mfon Nsangou. During his reign, Bamum fought a war with the
717:
307:
269:
In 1897, Njoya and his court converted to Islam, a decision that would affect Bamun culture long after Njoyua's death. He invented the
683:
664:
645:
626:
607:
592:
574:
555:
536:
364:
The Bamun developed an extensive artistic culture at their capital of
Foumban at the beginning of the 20th century. During
278:
King Njoya remained loyal to his German overlords who respected his rights as king and consulted him on colonial business.
702:
281:
Another important element in the kingdom's history during German protection was the introduction of sweet potatoes,
356:
368:’s reign six color dye pits were maintained. The Mbum imported indigo-dyed raffia-sewn cloth from the
331:
216:
expansion did not occur until the reign of the tenth Mbum, Mbum
Mbuembue, in the early 19th century.
386:
381:
176:
679:
660:
641:
622:
603:
588:
570:
551:
532:
220:
200:
252:
75:
171:, an ethnic group from northeast Cameroon. Its capital was the ancient walled city of
696:
365:
274:
263:
256:
224:
196:
211:
During the 18th century, the kingdom faced the threat of invasion from the north by
391:
369:
270:
168:
527:
Bisson, Michael S; S. Terry Childs; Philip de Barros; Augustin F. C. Holl (2001).
439:
587:. Hutchinson & Co. Ltd., London; Naval & Military Press, Uckfield, 2004:
600:
General
History of Africa V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
548:
African
Crossroads: Intersections Between History and Anthropology in Cameroon
290:
237:
17:
619:
Crosscurrents: African Americans, Africa, and Germany in the Modern World
164:
55:
303:
192:
163:) (1394–c. 1916) was a Central African state in what is now northwest
282:
212:
187:
The Bamum kingdom was originally founded by the older brother of the
172:
65:
569:. Budapest: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 1288 Pages.
199:
migrations from the Tikar Plain in the southern part of the western
355:
330:
251:
188:
85:
617:
McBride, David; Leroy Hopkins; C. Aisha Blackshire-Belay (1998).
602:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 512 Pages.
336:
289:
In 1906, Germany sent an expeditionary force against the
621:. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 260 Pages.
441:
THE RISE AND FALL OF FULANI RULE IN ADAMAWA 1809 - 1901
678:. Edison: Transaction Publishers. pp. 847 Pages.
567:
European-language Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa Vol. 1
529:
Ancient African Metallurgy: The Sociocultural Context
119:
107:
99:
91:
81:
71:
61:
51:
29:
531:. Stuttgart: Alta Mira Press. pp. 550 Pages.
456:
454:
412:
410:
408:
406:
659:. Garden City: Routledge. pp. 256 Pages.
550:. Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 250 Pages.
713:States and territories disestablished in 1884
8:
708:States and territories established in 1394
26:
676:Almanac of African Peoples & Nations
640:. Oxford: Berg Publishers. p. 217.
638:Cloth, Dress and Art Patronage in Africa
433:
431:
360:Bamoun cultural regalia and dance moves
636:Perani, Judith; Norma H. Wolff (1999).
402:
140:Kingdom in Northwest Region of Cameroon
203:resulted in the kingdom's foundation.
657:African Textiles and Dying Techniques
118:
114:
98:
7:
175:. The kingdom came under control of
546:Fowler, Ian; David Zeitlyn (1996).
302:In 1914, the Allies invaded German
25:
723:Countries in precolonial Africa
438:Njeuma, Martin Zachary (1969).
298:World War I and French invasion
228:heads known as "Ngnwe peh tu."
1:
125:
42:
585:The Great War in West Africa
718:Former monarchies of Africa
521:Sources and further reading
382:List of rulers of the Bamum
335:MomaMfon Rabiatou Njoya in
739:
674:Yakan, Mohamad Z. (1999).
598:Ogot, Bethwell A. (1999).
565:Gérard, Albert S. (1986).
655:Polakoff, Claire (1982).
134:
115:
41:
167:. It was founded by the
447:. University of London.
361:
339:
259:
359:
334:
308:West African campaign
255:
72:Common languages
583:Gorges E.H. (1930).
703:History of Cameroon
387:History of Cameroon
121:• Established
362:
340:
260:
177:German West Africa
514:Polakoff, page 42
505:Polakoff, page 41
469:Polakoff, page 51
145:Kingdom of Bamoun
138:
137:
16:(Redirected from
730:
689:
670:
651:
632:
613:
580:
561:
542:
515:
512:
506:
503:
497:
494:
488:
487:Gérard, page 153
485:
479:
478:Fowler, page 165
476:
470:
467:
461:
458:
449:
448:
446:
435:
426:
423:
417:
414:
130:
127:
47:
44:
31:Kingdom of Bamum
27:
21:
738:
737:
733:
732:
731:
729:
728:
727:
693:
692:
686:
673:
667:
654:
648:
635:
629:
616:
610:
597:
577:
564:
558:
545:
539:
526:
523:
518:
513:
509:
504:
500:
495:
491:
486:
482:
477:
473:
468:
464:
460:Yakan, page 207
459:
452:
444:
437:
436:
429:
425:Bisson, page 76
424:
420:
415:
404:
400:
378:
354:
345:
329:
316:
306:as part of the
300:
250:
248:Njoya the Great
234:
232:German invasion
209:
201:Adamawa Plateau
185:
141:
128:
122:
45:
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
736:
734:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
695:
694:
691:
690:
684:
671:
665:
652:
646:
633:
627:
614:
608:
595:
581:
575:
562:
556:
543:
537:
522:
519:
517:
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
471:
462:
450:
427:
418:
416:Ogot, page 261
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
392:Bamum (people)
389:
384:
377:
374:
353:
350:
344:
341:
328:
325:
315:
312:
299:
296:
249:
246:
233:
230:
208:
205:
184:
181:
147:(also spelled
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
76:Bamum language
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
39:
38:
33:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
735:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
698:
687:
685:0-87855-496-3
681:
677:
672:
668:
666:0-7100-0908-9
662:
658:
653:
649:
647:1-85973-295-X
643:
639:
634:
630:
628:1-57113-098-5
624:
620:
615:
611:
609:0-520-06700-2
605:
601:
596:
594:
593:1-84574-115-3
590:
586:
582:
578:
576:963-05-3832-6
572:
568:
563:
559:
557:1-57181-926-6
553:
549:
544:
540:
538:3-515-08704-4
534:
530:
525:
524:
520:
511:
508:
502:
499:
496:Gorges (1930)
493:
490:
484:
481:
475:
472:
466:
463:
457:
455:
451:
443:
442:
434:
432:
428:
422:
419:
413:
411:
409:
407:
403:
397:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
373:
371:
367:
358:
351:
349:
342:
338:
333:
326:
324:
320:
313:
311:
309:
305:
297:
295:
292:
287:
284:
279:
276:
275:Basel Mission
272:
267:
265:
258:
254:
247:
245:
241:
239:
231:
229:
226:
222:
217:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
133:
124:
110:
106:
102:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
40:
36:
28:
19:
18:Bamum kingdom
675:
656:
637:
618:
599:
584:
566:
547:
528:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
465:
440:
421:
363:
346:
321:
317:
314:Organization
301:
288:
280:
271:Bamum script
268:
261:
242:
235:
218:
210:
186:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:
34:
262:Eventually
129: 1394
46: 1394
697:Categories
398:References
264:King Njoya
257:King Njoya
92:Government
179:in 1916.
82:Religion
376:See also
352:Artistry
221:Mbuembue
165:Cameroon
95:Monarchy
343:Society
327:Culture
304:Kamerun
207:History
193:Foumban
183:Origins
108:History
62:Capital
56:Kingdom
682:
663:
644:
625:
606:
591:
573:
554:
535:
283:macabo
225:Fulani
213:Fulani
197:Chamba
173:Fumban
157:Bamoun
149:Bamoum
111:
103:
66:Fumban
52:Status
445:(PDF)
370:Hausa
366:Njoya
219:King
189:Tikar
169:Bamun
159:, or
153:Bamun
86:Islam
35:Bamum
680:ISBN
661:ISBN
642:ISBN
623:ISBN
604:ISBN
589:ISBN
571:ISBN
552:ISBN
533:ISBN
337:Baku
143:The
100:Mfon
291:Nso
238:Nso
161:Mum
699::
453:^
430:^
405:^
155:,
151:,
126:c.
43:c.
688:.
669:.
650:.
631:.
612:.
579:.
560:.
541:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.