606:"Long ago, King Njoya built behind the palace a more beautiful dwelling than any that existed. It looked like a white house; however the king had not yet seen any of their houses when he built them. He himself had imagined the way to build it. The terracing was high. It was built with bricks, the ceiling was covered with earth and on this ceiling another room was built. The roof was of mats. This dwelling was named Nkue-yam. The ladder that allowed access to the upper room was so well made that you didn't feel like you were climbing a ladder when going to the upper floor. An outside staircase gave access to the first room and from this one went to the upper floor. The floor on the ground floor was so well done that you would have thought it was not made of earth. It was in the upper room that the king spent the night. It was beautifully decorated. The walls were covered with fabrics, the floor was covered with mats; the hearth was coated with a kind of varnish, the veranda which surrounded this room was also covered with mats. Two metal pipes connected the first floor and the ground floor, one was for the water, the other for the wine; a long string ran from top to bottom. Every morning water was poured into one of these pipes and the servants who spent the night on the ground floor came there to take the water necessary for their toilet. When the king wanted to give wine to the servants, he had it poured into the other pipe, and they came to fill their ndut (drinking vessel) without seeing the one doing the service."
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Njoya's historical written testimony was an
Egyptian. Genealogical analysis shows that Essedi the patriarch of Bamum was the great grandson of Ajara who is the founder of the Mandara lineage. Numerous scholars have interpreted this literary narrative as a historical inference speaking to the roots of the Bamum and Tikar along the Nile River in what is now Sudan. Njoya also detailed a long history of political skirmishes between the Bamileke and Bamum. As a result of the military expeditions of Njoya's ancestor Ncharé, the founder of the Bamum, the majority of modern Bamiléké people have paternal ancestors who are Bamum. A study by Bird et al which analyzed Central African populations shows that the Bamun and the Bamileke have the lowest inferred within-group IBD sharing. This indicates a lack of endogamy. The Kingdom of Bamun was reported to be the largest in the Grassfields and known for both fighting and trading with neighboring groups. These interactions may have acted to reduce genetic isolation in the Bamun.
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witnessed the effects of colonization and illegal human trafficking in Africa. Understanding this existential threat, at the turn of the 20th century he embarked on a mission to modernize the Lerewa picto phonographic glyphs into a syllabary to preserve the history of the Bamum. The evolution of the glyphs went from 700 signs to 510 signs with 10 arithmetic digits and punctuation. This stage was called Lerewa. Lerewa is a logographic system of which 80% is composed pictograms representing everyday objects in nature, plants and parts of the human body and the other 20% composed of ideograms and phonograms, representing abstract ideas and sounds respectively. This early form of writing was written from left to right, right to left, top to bottom and bottom to top on clay and wooden tabs as well as animal skins using charcoal. Both hieroglyphs and Lerewa contain two basic elements picto ideograms and phonograms. Most words feature a combination of the 2 signs.
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as well as the Ssola Somolo and
Batammaliba Tata Somba building systems of northern Togo and Burkina Faso. A combination of these unique structural forms contributed to the development of the new Foumban Palace. Many of the German ethnographers were quite impressed with the new Palace and thought that Njoya must have copied the building style of the europeans. The problem with this assumption is that prominent indigenous elements are identified in the new structure such as encircling verandahs, deep eaves, carved wood posts, raffia palm formwork, and laterite clay bricks.
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Njoya was exposed to a variety of architectural and building traditions during his childhood and early years of reign from his own travels, encounters with external merchants as well as his reading of Ajami texts. He encountered Hausa traditional homes, the
Mousgoum teleuk in Northern Cameroon,
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Though the
Germans were at the center of Njoya's diplomatic and political efforts from 1904-1909, Before and after he oriented himself towards the Fulbe and Islam. Njoya abandoned the german style abruptly in 1909 due to some disappointing political results of engagement with them. By 1912 the Bamum
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The maintenance Bamum political autonomy and independence was a quintessential element of the dealings between Njoya and the
Germans. Njoya did this by using poses, symbols, and styles that he had come to know in the contact zone and that he had applied to his Bamum regalia. Here all of the highest
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According to historian
Stephanie Michel the relationship between the Bamum and the Germans is complex and does not neatly fit into a simplistic Afrika-Europe, metropolis-periphery dichotomy. Njoya was not a subordinate in his dealings with the Germans. According to History and Customs of the Bamum:
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in all. In two other sources such as Images from Bamum German
Colonial Photography at the Court of King Njoya, Cameroon, West Africa, 1902-1915 by Christraud M. Geary as well as a text by Kristian Kristiansen and Michael Rowlands cite that he had 1200 wives and concubines and 350 children in total.
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Njoya came to power in a tumultuous time. His father Mfon Nsangu had recently been assassinated in a war with the Nso and his mother
Njapdunke served as a regent until he was prepared for the position of mfon. During his early days as a ruler he had encountered many neighboring African peoples and
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Njoya descended from a very long dynastic line that goes back to Mfon Ncharé who founded Bamum in the year 1394. Ncharé was the son of the Tikar royals princess Yen and
Mforifum also called Mvétam. Yen was a direct descendant of Prince Mbum of Ngan Ha as well as Essedi, a merchant who according to
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The next phase of writing developed between 1899 and 1901 was called mbima which means mixture in Bamum. It included 439 characters including 10 arithmetic one punctuation, elimination of 116 signs that didn't satisfy Njoya and the introduction of 45 characters to overcome phonetic short comings.
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In the beginning of 1902 the third iteration of the Bamum script Nyi Nyi Fa Fu (which means God has given grace) was created. Nyi Nyi Fa Fu is reduced by 56 characters down to 381, including 10 arithmetic digits and 2 punctuation marks. Here
Ideograms are made primary over pictograms and Left to
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When Njoya was born, the Kingdom of Bamum was in external conflict with the Fulani and internal division amongst the royal family. His father, King Nsangu, was known in the region as a war wager and ultimately died in a battle against the Nso in 1888. Njoya's mother acted as regent and ruled the
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German legal scholar Christian Bommarius has refuted the claim that Mfon Njoya betrayed Rudolph Manga Bell's resistance proposal against the Germans. This claim originated from German colonial officials who sought to incriminate Manga Bell for resisting their attempts to seize Duala land.
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Bird, Nancy; Ormond, Louise; Awah, Paschal; Caldwell, Elizabeth F.; Connell, Bruce; Elamin, Mohamed; Fadlelmola, Faisal M.; Matthew Fomine, Forka Leypey; López, Saioa; MacEachern, Scott; Moñino, Yves; Morris, Sam; Näsänen-Gilmore, Pieta; Nketsia V, Nana Kobina; Veeramah, Krishna (2023).
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The 5th iteration of the script Ri Nyi Fu Fen began a year after the development of the last stage and represents the last logographic step of the alphabet. It contains 81 characters less with 205 symbols. This stage totally eliminated pictograms in favor of ideograms and syllables.
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symbols reserved by whites were taken over by Afrikans. This represented an insecurity in the colonial objectives of the germans. The usage of military uniforms by Africans was a common practice that can also be seen among the Herero of Namibia and the Beni Ngoma of Tanzania.
598:"The way in which the brown wood walls of the upper floor rise out of the white plaster of the stone wall bellow attests to a natural instinct that the negro could never ever learn form whites, an instinct that lies in his blood through the inheritance of generations."
467:. (By tradition the head or skull of an ancestor is of ceremonial importance to the Bamum.) The Germans helped him in recovering the head and this, along with their allowing him relative independence, caused him to have generally good relations with them.
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In about 15 years through and 5 successive stages the end result was Akauku Mfemfe and this allowed the Bamum to produce maps, birth certificates, construction blue prints, administration documents, court acts, accountings and historical archives.
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The architectural systems of the Bamun feature many of the prominent elements of Afrikan architecture in their vaulted roofs with ventilation, framed opening molding, projecting sills, adobe bricks, bioenvironmental mimicry, and fractal proxemics.
537:"The Germans did good to him Njoya. They leave him all the power to govern all the country of Bamum. As long as he governed the country, there was no disorder either among the whites or among the Bamum."
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in Cameroon and the latest ruler in the Bamoun Dynasty, has continued the transition of the palace into a museum, in which schoolchildren are learning the Bamum script developed by Ibrahim Njoya.
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daily outside the gatehouse for the dispensing of justice and receipt of tribute, and that all his people had access to him. There was a very well-defined code of court etiquette observed:
494:, director of the Berlin Museum of Ethnology, to exhibit the throne, which had been imprinted with dyed pearls in great skill. To this day the throne can still be seen in the
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The 4th phase of the Bamum script came in 1907 with Ri Nyi Fa Fu. This script had only 286 characters, 10 numbers and 2 punctuations with the logograms simplified.
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dating back to the fourteenth century. He succeeded his father Nsangu, and ruled from 1886 or 1887 until his death in 1933, when he was succeeded by his son,
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Mfon Njoya affirmed that the design of the Foumban Palace had been the result of his own ingenuity and structural engineering expertise. According to Njoya:
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In February 1910 Njoya completed the process of going from a picto-syllabic system to the syllabo-graphemic system in the development of Akauku.
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Akauku Mfemfe has 91 characters, 70 syllabo graphemic characters, 10 arithmetic figures, 3 diacritics, 3 punctuation marks, 5 arithmetic marks.
463:, acted as regent until he reached majority. His official rule was further delayed because his father's head was held by an old adversary, the
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King Njoya of Bamum receiving an oil painting of Kaiser Wilhelm II. The gift was in return for his support in the German campaign against the
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right writing was mandated, resulting in an expansion of literary activity, numerous correspondences and property transactions.
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After the original Foumban palace was burned down in 1913, Njoya embarked on the design and construction of the current one.
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Colonel Gorges of the British Army, who met Njoya in 1914, described him thus as "a fine upstanding man." He practised
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1226:"A Concise Historical Survey of the Bamum Dynasty and the Influence of Islam in Foumban, Cameroon, 1390 – Present"
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482:. King Njoya tried to maintain a good relationship with the German Empire during his lifetime. On the birthday of
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Njoya set up schools in which the Bamun children extended their knowledge of their mother tongue, learned the
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Peoples of the Central Cameroons (Tikar. Bamum and Bamileke. Banen, Bafia and Balom): Western Africa Part IX
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Osayimwese, Itohan (2013). "Architecture and the Myth of Authenticity During the German Colonial Period".
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In 1903 Njoya built schools to teach the writing and also began translating scriptural texts.
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Njoya may have also invented a hand-powered mill for grinding corn and other cereals.
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Like Lerewa, Mbima is a logographic system where pictograms dominate over ideograms.
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Les Bangangté de l'ouest-Cameroun: Histoire et ethnologie d'un royaume africain
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Le roi Njoya Créateur de civilisation et précurseur de la renaissance africaine
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Akauku has 83 characters, 70 graphemes, 10 arithmetic digits, 3 diacritics.
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sense, still had assumed the role as the king. Also in 1931, he was sent to
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Les Descendants des pharaons à travers l'Afrique Dika Akwa nya Bonambela
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along with much of his court in 1916. He accepted the authority of the
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turned away from the Germans and aligned themselves with the Fulbe.
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He greeted the Germans with great celebrations in his residence in
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Mcculloch, Merran; Littlewood, Margaret; Dugast, I. (2017-02-10).
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kingdom until he came of age and could ascend the throne in 1895.
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After initially starting the project in the 1980s, his grandson,
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until 1931, despite his formal abolition by France, he had, in a
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introduced by Njoya, and also passed on basic knowledge of the
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Under the influence of a German missionary, Njoya converted to
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Kunstwerke aus deutschen Kolonien im Ethnologischen Museum.
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Mark Dike DeLancey, Rebecca Neh Mbuh and Mark W. Delancey,
1326:"Njimoluh determined what is beautiful enough to be Bamum"
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The Bamum School of King Njoya taken by a photograph in
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1062:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
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557:lost its partial autonomy. Since Njoya resided in
1019:Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon
892:de Hapy, John Feyou & Alexis (5 March 2015).
520:Col. Gorges noted in 1914 that he held court or
1145:Gorges, E. Howard (Brigadier-General) (2012) .
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1135:2nd Edition. Verlag C.H. Beck, 2003, 301 pp.
1109:Kolonialmetropole Berlin - Eine Spurensuche.
1056:Mark D. Delancey (2012), "The Spread of the
1107:In: Joachim Zeller, Ulrich Van der Heyden:
1060:Symbols of Power in the Sokoto Caliphate",
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359:. He ruled from the ancient walled city of
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1279:Anthologie de l'art africain du XXe siècle
1033:"Njoya Ibrahim: Cameroon's inventive king"
631:Palace built by King Ibrahim Njoya in 1917
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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390:A painting of King Njoya and his wives
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1224:Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew (2012).
1192:"Bamum Scripts and Archives Project"
1021:, 4th ed. (Scarecrow, 2010), p. 286.
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
1264:"A King of Great Accomplishments,"
1151:. Andrews UK Limited. p. 250.
1196:Bamum Scripts and Archives Project
1078:"SMB-digital | Ngwuo "Mandu Yenu""
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1198:. August 12, 2007. Archived from
1031:Fotso, Henri (12 December 2021).
16:King of Bamum from 1886/7 to 1933
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1270:, December, 2007, pp. 26–27
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1405:19th-century monarchs in Africa
34:needs additional citations for
1395:Cameroonian traditional rulers
879:Histoire et Coutumes des Bamum
752:10.4000/etudesafricaines.18002
594:According to Marie Thorbecke:
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1273:Alexandra Loumpet-Galitzine,
1111:Berlin-Edition, Berlin 2002,
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153:A photograph of Ibrahim Njoya
1331:"Kings of Africa - Cameroun"
1252:The Great War in West Africa
1148:The Great War in West Africa
343:, was seventeenth in a long
1400:Creators of writing systems
915:Tchatchoua, Thomas (2009).
744:Cahiers d'études africaines
701:List of Cameroonian artists
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1230:The African Anthropologist
894:People from the Land of Ka
738:Orosz, Kenneth J. (2015).
496:Berlin Ethnological Museum
480:German colonial government
450:The throne of King Njoya,
351:and its people in western
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877:Njoya, Ibrahim (2006).
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675:Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya
284:Sultan Ibrahim Njoya
43:improve this article
1250:Gorges E.H. (1930)
1133:Geschichte Afrikas.
959:2023SciA....9.2616B
1082:www.smb-digital.de
810:. Publisud. 1985.
740:"Njoya's Alphabet"
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32:This article
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1385:1860s births
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1204:. Retrieved
1200:the original
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1180:(II): 11–22.
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366:Njoya was a
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313:Germanicized
295:
292:ꚩꚫꛑꚩꚳ ꚳ꛰ꛀꚧꚩꛂ
283:
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201:Succeeded by
172:
136:ꚩꚫꛑꚩꚳ ꚳ꛰ꛀꚧꚩꛂ
105:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1390:1933 deaths
1129:John Iliffe
337: 1933
324: 1860
241: 1933
228: 1860
189:Preceded by
181: 1886
1379:Categories
1361:1886-1933
1087:2022-03-20
1042:31 October
902:B00UCFYM4S
823:2023-02-23
817:2866000536
707:References
553:, and the
465:Nso people
453:Mandu Yenu
368:neographer
268:Allegiance
69:newspapers
1119:, 281 pp.
975:2375-2548
623:from 1910
461:Njapdunke
173:In office
163:17th
993:36989356
984:10058250
723:Archived
685:See also
564:de facto
404:polygamy
353:Cameroon
255:Children
1355:of the
1342:Nsangou
1300:Scholia
1206:July 2,
1037:DW News
955:Bibcode
720:Cornell
621:Foumban
569:Yaoundé
559:Foumban
476:Foumban
345:dynasty
341:Yaoundé
194:Nsangou
83:scholar
1302:has a
1267:Awake!
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522:durbar
361:Fumban
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311:, and
309:𖦊𖧏𖣙
247:Spouse
140:𖦊𖧏𖣙
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1357:Bamun
1304:topic
1058:Sooro
420:Islam
349:Bamum
317:Njoja
300:Bamum
288:Bamum
90:JSTOR
76:books
1353:Mfon
1256:ISBN
1208:2017
1178:XXIV
1174:TDSR
1153:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1044:2022
989:PMID
971:ISSN
921:ISBN
898:ASIN
853:ISBN
812:ISBN
783:ISBN
759:2024
488:Buea
440:Nso'
430:Rule
374:and
258:~350
234:Died
221:Born
125:King
62:news
1277:in
979:PMC
963:doi
748:doi
339:in
315:as
302:as
45:by
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