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compared to females. Younger birds have no bands, and are often speckled brown on top, with less white parts. These shorebirds have relatively long legs to allow them to easily wade around shallow waters and move efficiently around sandy beaches. Their long pointed wings aid in traveling long distances as they allow the bird to be very agile. The double-banded plover's head is prominent with large, dark-brown eyes and a sturdy black bill. Due to similar colors within the plovers ideal habitat, spotting these birds can be difficult to achieve, however the "chirp-chirp" call is easily heard and their habit of running quickly then pausing to feed on food can catch the eye of observers.
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time, the male grows colored bands on his chest prior to the beginning of the breeding season and later females are attracted by the loud calls of the male where they are then presented with several nests which they can choose between while the male puts on a defensive display, protecting his territory, where it flies towards any possible intruder in a fast butterfly-like circular motion flight. This species usually constructs nests upon slightly elevated, open patches on the sand, shells or sometimes hollows in cushion plants or between rocks which are broadly padded with various materials such as tussock tillers, smaller stones and shells, grass,
352:
49:
451:, which usually fly on a north–south axis. Birds that breed in the South Island lowlands, the northern South Island and the southern two-thirds of the North Island mostly stay on the New Zealand coast, throughout the country, with some moving to harbours and estuaries in the northern North Island. Dotterels that nest near coastal wintering grounds may move only a few kilometres. Populations in the Chatham and Auckland Islands generally move only locally throughout the year, although a few from Auckland Island venture to
522:
their head stretched out firmly against the ground in front of them, camouflaging into the coastal terrain around them. They remain stationed without moving until the parents decide the surrounding environment is clear and safe to move again. Unlike the young of most bird species, these chicks will be reliant to feed themselves with parents guarding close by for five to six weeks until they fledge. The parents will then stay close by for several days until the chicks join flocks and become fully independent.
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The birds forage both in daytime and at night, using different techniques for each. During the day, plovers were seen spending greater amounts of time flying and more time standing alert and watchful. The birds were observed to walk, peck, run, forage, and groom both day and night, however during the
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During the night, double-banded plovers were noted to have a repeated pecking techniques and spent a lot more time waiting in one area, suggesting that they were trying to use the nearby vicinity to catch prey in, due to the fact that prey detection distances would have been significantly reduced in
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Both of the parents continue to tend their young for another two weeks when birds have grown their contour feathers and the birds all part ways. Some of these birds migrate to southern
Australia. Other dotterels fly to the northern areas of New Zealand in groups alongside many other adults and newly
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Chicks leave their nest within a day of hatching and accompany their parents in the hunt for food. At the slimmest indication of potential danger, watchful adult birds sound the alarm causing the chicks to run a few feet in a scattered motion then squat with their legs doubled over beneath them and
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Banded dotterels start returning to North Island breeding areas in June–July and to inland
Canterbury areas in August–September. They form seasonal monogamous pairs where once a partner is found, they remain with that one bird for the rest of the breeding season to help raise the young. During this
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Northern populations of banded dotterel commonly inhabit sandy beaches and sandpits, as well as a few pairs accustoming to shell banks in harbours, with a few found on gravel beaches, with nesting sites generally clustered around stream-mouths. In the breeding period, males construct numerous nests
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There can be several hundred birds in one area during this season. From August to
September, the dotterels lay two to four eggs and can re-lay up to three times if there is a failure or predation. Incubation of these eggs generally takes 28–30 days where the young fledging period extends to around
359:
Distribution of the banded dotterel varies seasonally. They are at their breeding grounds, which are entirely in New
Zealand, from roughly August to November. Many move to coastal locations in New Zealand in the immediate post-breeding season (roughly December to March). A large proportion of the
342:
The double-banded plover is distinguished by a dark, grey-brown back with a distinctive white chest and a thin band of black situated just below the neck running across the chest along with a larger brown band underneath. During breeding season, these bands are more dominantly shown on the males
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which are all mostly padded with various materials retrieved from close by. Birds in the southern parts of New
Zealand, such as Stewart Island, prefer to breed on unprotected subalpine and stony areas, but become coastal during off-breeding months where they feed around the beach areas.
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Prior to 1908, banded dotterels in New
Zealand were shot in large numbers by market gunners upon the return of migrating birds for breeding. In 1908, the species was placed on the protected list, prohibiting further shooting, to the point where they are now moderately common.
644:) can pose a threat to the health of these birds as they feed predominantly on the blood of the bird along with feathers, skin or scales taking up to two hours. This can lead to increased levels of stress resulting in anemia, decreased egg production and in some cases, death.
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In the summer months of
December to March the birds disperse somewhat from their breeding grounds, with many that nest in inland locations moving to estuaries and other coastal wetlands. In autumn and winter many move further, with most that nest in the riverbeds and
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lack of light. This reduction of paces during the night causes prey to find it more difficult to detect the stilled birds, which increases the ability of the plovers to detect their prey and decreases the chance that prey could be unnoticed.
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As a ground-nesting bird, many dangers arise through predation by mammalian predators that were introduced to New
Zealand, human impacts that can cause habitat loss and various parasites that can target these birds.
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Double-banded plovers are predominantly opportunistic carnivores, feeding on aquatic invertebrates and other insects along coastlines or rivers. They have been known to also consume berries off nearby shrubs such as
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in the North Island. Some nest on sandy coasts, especially near the mouths of streams or rivers in the North and South islands. Small numbers breed in higher altitude areas such as
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day the number of paces walked was much greater than movement at night as the birds would spot insect movement and move at a fast pace to the area to peck before moving off again.
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fledged chicks. A high percentage of offspring return to the breeding grounds for mating within their first year, with the rest of the generation returning in their second year.
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Other animals such as farm stock and uncontrolled dogs moving through nesting areas pose a threat to the nesting birds by crushing eggs and disturbing nesting birds.
1258:
Hughey, K. (1997). "The diet of the
Wrybill (Anarhynchus frontalis) and the Banded Dotterel (Charadrius bicinctus) on two braided rivers in Canterbury, New Zealand".
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Sanders, M.; Maloney, R. (2002). "Causes of mortality at nests of ground-nesting birds in the Upper
Waitaki Basin, South Island, New Zealand: a 5-year video study".
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582:. The contents of various fecal samples from plovers included flies, adult beetles and bugs. Birds on Canterbury riverbeds consume large amounts of fruits of
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on the area, to protect 20 pairs of banded dotterel from dogs and cars. This species has the conservation status of "Regionally Vulnerable" in the
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Rohweder, D.; Lewis, B. (2002). "Night-day habitat use by banded dotterels (Charadrius bicinctus) in the Richmond River Estuary, northern NSW".
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447:, remaining there until mid-winter. This more or less west–east flight is uncommon for migratory birds and unique among migratory
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Hydrological factors influencing the ecology of riverbed breeding birds on the plains' reaches of Canterbury's braided rivers
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too and when high rabbit numbers are reduced by human control or disease, predation of dotterel nests increases due to
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Dann, P. (1991). "Feeding behaviour and diet of banded dotterels Charadrius bicinctus in Western Port, Victoria".
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1320:"The impact of predation by introduced mammals on endemic shorebirds in New Zealand: a conservation perspective"
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Birds located on breeding grounds were commonly found to have a more varied diet containing insect larvae,
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862:"North or south? Phylogenetic and biogeographic origins of a globally distributed avian clade"
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A 2015 study found its closest relatives to be two other plovers found in New Zealand, the
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Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds: Volume 2: Raptors to Lapwings
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in the 1990s found that predation, mainly of eggs, occurred at about half the nests.
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A baseline survey of the indigenous bird values of the Wellington region coastline
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Pierce, R. (1999). "Regional patterns of migration in the banded dotterel (
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on open patches of slightly elevated sand or on shells and occasionally in
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McArthur, Nikki; Ray, Samantha; Crowe, Patrick; Bell, Mike (August 2019).
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migrating 1,600 kilometres or more to south-eastern Australia, including
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Pierce, R. (1989). "Breeding and social patterns of banded dotterels (
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1190:(Ph.D. thesis). New Zealand: University of Canterbury. p. 225.
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Double-banded plover in Tasmania transitioning to breeding plumage
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1119:) on braided riverbeds in the central South Island, New Zealand"
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in the South Island. Many others breed on shingle riverbeds in
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1115:"Breeding success and predation at nests of banded dotterel (
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Rebergen, A.; Keedwell, R.; Moller, H.; Maloney, R. (1998).
1031:(Revised and updated ed.). Penguin. pp. 341–342.
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Banded dotterel chick (mounted), Auckland Museum collection
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The Behavior of the Banded Dotterel, Charadrius bicinctus
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were the most common predator of eggs there, followed by
1172:(MSc thesis). Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.
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Habitat networks of indigenous shorebirds in New Zealand
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784:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22693845A180230226.en
606:A study of nesting sites in braided rivers in the
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1392:Stephen Marchant; P. J. Higgins (eds.) (1994).
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1027:Heather, Barrie & Robertson, Hugh (2015).
371:Banded dotterels breed throughout much of the
368:in autumn and winter (roughly April to July).
320:, also called the New Zealand plover) and the
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993:
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972:Pierce, R. J. (2013). Miskelly, C. M. (ed.).
809:"Specimens of Charadrius bicinctus bicinctus"
300:, which breeds in New Zealand's subantarctic
8:
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656:In 2013 local Maori in the Pencarrow Coast,
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1029:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
860:dos Remedios, Natalie; et al. (2015).
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1360:Restrictions in place to protect rare bird
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841:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
835:"Holotype of Charadrius bicinctus exilis"
815:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
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917:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
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705:
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1318:Dowding, J. E.; Murphy, E. C. (2001).
1009:New Zealand Department of Conservation
1799:IUCN Red List near threatened species
998:Dowding, J. E.; Moore, S. J. (2006).
910:Hutching, Gerard (17 February 2015).
328:, which the study found to be in the
7:
1698:4f9c96af-9d14-47c5-af04-f2c0b1a6eb5d
770:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
25:
1824:Taxa named by Prideaux John Selby
1819:Taxa named by Sir William Jardine
1483:Charadrius_(Charadrius)_bicinctus
598:Predators, parasites and diseases
391:. The largest number nest on the
379:and their offshore islands, plus
1396:. Oxford University Press, USA.
1007:. Science for Conservation 261.
725:
720:August, SE Queensland, Australia
708:
689:
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110:
1148:"Pohowera, the banded dotterel"
759:BirdLife International (2020).
737:April, SE Queensland, Australia
668:. The species is classified as
1126:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1080:Fleming, C.; Bull, P. (1940).
938:Charadrius bicinctus bicinctus
290:Charadrius bicinctus bicinctus
280:, is a species of bird in the
1:
1347:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00187-7
1302:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00248-8
622:, and to much lesser extent,
288:are recognised: the nominate
889:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.010
869:Phylogenetics and Evolution
684:A double-banded plover nest
298:Charadrius bicinctus exilis
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912:"Wading birds – Dotterels"
566:, aquatic insects such as
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777:: e.T22693845A180230226.
696:Double-banded plover eggs
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107:Scientific classification
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978:New Zealand Birds Online
648:Hunting and conservation
642:Brephosceles constrictus
347:Distribution and habitat
30:Not to be confused with
1814:Birds described in 1827
1327:Biological Conservation
1282:Biological Conservation
591:Mueblenbeckia axillaris
427:and subalpine areas of
425:Tongariro National Park
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498:
455:. Vagrant birds reach
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1732:Paleobiology Database
1456:Anarhynchus bicinctus
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493:Banded dotterel egg,
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326:Anarhynchus frontalis
265:Anarhynchus bicinctus
216:Anarhynchus bicinctus
70:Non-breeding plumage
42:Double-banded plover
1809:Birds of New Zealand
1776:Charadrius-bicinctus
1535:double-banded-plover
1496:charadrius-bicinctus
1470:Charadrius_bicinctus
1426:Charadrius bicinctus
1383:(Report). p. 9.
1168:Bomford, M. (1978).
1117:Charadrius bicinctus
1084:Charadrius bicinctus
1054:Charadrius bicinctus
763:Charadrius bicinctus
439:of the South Island
318:Anarhynchus obscurus
314:New Zealand dotterel
260:double-banded plover
245:Charadrius bicinctus
1339:2001BCons..99...47D
1294:2002BCons.106..225S
1186:Hughey, K. (1985).
881:2015MolPE..89..151D
514:, moss, twigs etc.
77:Conservation status
1530:BirdLife-Australia
1082:"Banded dotterel (
1056:) at Cass River".
839:Collections Online
813:Collections Online
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1719:Open Tree of Life
1418:Taxon identifiers
1402:978-0-19-553069-8
1366:. 3 October 2013.
1245:10.1071/mu9910179
1152:New Zealand Birds
1146:Olliver, Narena.
1038:978-0-143-57092-9
1011:. pp. 36–42.
974:"Banded dotterel"
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666:Wellington region
660:region, placed a
580:terrestrial flies
393:braided riverbeds
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198:A. bicinctus
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56:Breeding plumage
32:two-banded plover
16:(Redirected from
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449:wading birds
441:high country
437:outwash fans
433:
370:
358:
341:
329:
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297:
289:
284:family. Two
273:
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264:
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244:
243:
215:
213:
197:
196:
184:
174:Charadriidae
36:
1804:Anarhynchus
1745:SeaLifeBase
1621:iNaturalist
1450:Wikispecies
1099:(1): 27–30.
875:: 151–159.
790:19 November
578:along with
568:caddisflies
518:six weeks.
413:Hawke's Bay
397:Marlborough
360:population
338:Description
278:New Zealand
185:Anarhynchus
1793:Categories
1771:Xeno-canto
1196:10182/1639
948:: 101–122.
743:References
658:Wellington
612:Feral cats
572:stoneflies
497:collection
401:Canterbury
331:Charadrius
286:subspecies
1364:3 News NZ
1266:: 785–19.
616:hedgehogs
480:Behaviour
421:Wairarapa
409:Southland
366:Australia
192:Species:
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
1665:22693845
1639:11401100
1522:22693845
1517:BirdLife
1441:Q1242812
1435:Wikidata
1260:Notornis
1214:Notornis
1132:: 33–41.
1093:Notornis
1064:: 13–23.
1058:Notornis
942:Notornis
897:25916188
576:mayflies
538:Coprosma
485:Breeding
445:Tasmania
419:and the
417:Manawatu
387:and the
362:migrates
334:clade).
308:Taxonomy
274:pohowera
249:protonym
237:Synonyms
170:Family:
144:Chordata
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
97:IUCN 3.1
1613:2480294
1600:1049093
1587:dobplo1
1561:dobplo1
1504:Avibase
1335:Bibcode
1290:Bibcode
877:Bibcode
845:16 July
819:16 July
628:rabbits
620:ferrets
564:beetles
560:spiders
530:Feeding
461:Vanuatu
322:wrybill
230:, 1827)
224:Jardine
180:Genus:
160:Order:
150:Class:
95: (
1763:366848
1750:172447
1737:143801
1724:112941
1711:366848
1695:NZOR:
1685:NZBO:
1652:176525
1491:ARKive
1400:
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702:Videos
624:stoats
512:lichen
415:, the
383:, the
296:, and
282:plover
226:&
1758:WoRMS
1678:50394
1634:IRMNG
1582:eBird
1548:92615
1381:(PDF)
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1122:(PDF)
1089:(PDF)
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662:rahui
405:Otago
373:North
228:Selby
1706:OBIS
1673:NCBI
1660:IUCN
1647:ITIS
1626:4826
1608:GBIF
1574:TMWP
1543:BOLD
1398:ISBN
1033:ISBN
940:)".
893:PMID
847:2010
821:2010
792:2021
775:2020
618:and
588:and
574:and
541:and
465:Fiji
463:and
407:and
375:and
258:The
154:Aves
1595:EoL
1569:CoL
1556:BOW
1478:AFD
1465:ADW
1343:doi
1298:doi
1286:106
1241:doi
1233:Emu
1192:hdl
885:doi
779:doi
395:of
364:to
276:in
272:or
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