594:
703:
52:
632:
663:
617:
3208:
2890:
212:
338:. In 1840, the remaining riksdaler banknotes in Finland were withdrawn from circulation and substituted by rubles, and the withdrawn riksdaler notes were exchanged for silver at the Riksbank in Stockholm. This allowed the Bank of Finland (which took that name in 1840) to accumulate a significant metallic reserve, start discounting bills of exchange, and generally become much larger and more liquid in the 1840s, in contrast to the Russian
647:
253:
1222:
688:
242:
2900:
2678:
43:
220:
346:. From then on, Russian currency-denominated notes became the dominant means of payment in the Grand Duchy, and the Bank of Finland's banknotes represented less than one percent of all banknotes circulating in the Russian Empire, thus Finland had effectively no monetary autonomy. Consequently, Finland suffered from the Russian monetary disorder associated with the
307:. It started operations in August 1812. It was owned and controlled by the Grand Duchy's government, but from the start had its own capital and balance sheet. The Grand Duchy government was usually in surplus and did not use the Office to finance itself, allowing it to extend credit to the Finnish economy instead. It issued
741:
through the
Parliamentary Supervisory Council and the Board of the bank. The Board is responsible for the administration of the bank, and the Parliamentary Supervisory Council for supervising the administration and activities of the bank and for other statutory tasks. The bank is governed under the
797:
of the Bank of
Finland, which has historically been driven by the imperative for Finland to gain a granular understanding of the economic situation of Russia. It was created in 1991 and drives its name from the Finnish name of the department from which it originated, namely BOF for Bank of Finland
424:
had again plunged Russia into monetary turmoil, and the ruble remained only partly convertible into markka (coins in small quantities). Even after Russia joined the gold standard in 1897, an imperial decree issued in 1904 restored the legal tender status of
Russian ruble gold coins in Finland, but
449:
occupied the Bank of
Finland's head office together with other strategic points of Helsinki in late January 1918 and secured control of the printing presses. The bank's professional staff refused to obey them, however, and the gold reserves had been precautionarily removed to the branch in
804:
or research in bilateral trade. The full name has changed over the years, until 2021 as "Bank of
Finland Institute for Economies in Transition" and since November 2021 as "Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies". Since 2009, BOFIT has been led by
480:. The White side remained in control of the gold reserves, half of the branch network in Finland, and foreign assets, but suffered from a cash shortage as it had no capacity to print banknotes. The German troops fighting the
397:), thus strengthening its independence and accountability along the lines adopted by Sweden. To reflect the Bank's new institutional position, plans were made to move it away from its location in the southern wing of the
377:
obtained from
Alexander the right to keep the markka linked to the silver standard irrespective of the ruble's situation, which was implemented in March 1866. From then on, the Bank of Finland effectively set its own
593:
487:
After these dramatic events, the Bank of
Finland kept facing high inflation, but eventually managed to stabilize the markka in 1923 at about ten percent of its prewar gold value. It returned to the
2659:
1635:
2568:
1541:
382:, making the Grand Duchy a separate currency zone from the rest of the Russian Empire, with the markka fluctuating in the range of 2.79 to 3.60 to the ruble between 1866 and 1875.
2563:
2936:
353:
Requests for greater protection from
Russian monetary vagaries developed in parallel with the Russian efforts at monetary stabilization, including the establishment of the
788:
2652:
576:
2637:
1523:
1469:
2616:
1290:
2645:
2626:
2611:
1929:
584:
339:
2111:
1639:
1505:
702:
3237:
334:. Its efforts to displace the Swedish currency were only partly successful, however, until both Sweden (in 1834) and Russia (in 1839) returned to the
401:
in central
Helsinki. The bank purchased a nearby plot of land in 1875 and held a design competition in 1876, which was won by Balto-German architect
2583:
1737:
1487:
769:
3257:
2428:
2348:
1240:
569:
295:
as currency. To that effect, the Office of
Exchange, Lending, and Deposits was chartered on 12 December 1811 and established on 1 March 1812 in
3016:
2621:
2606:
2456:
2100:
1686:
1845:
2573:
1786:
568:(Rata) in 1993, an independent banking supervisor which is part of the Bank of Finland albeit with its own separate governance. In 2009, the
1678:
3267:
2049:
758:
2922:
1987:
1872:
1672:
1401:
454:
in Northern Finland; The Reds tried to seize the reserves in Kuopio by force in early February, but withdrew after a weeklong battle.
3252:
2857:
2451:
783:
421:
2578:
1902:
1877:
1331:
662:
646:
2870:
723:
631:
354:
287:
with its own administrative structure. One aim of the new authorities was to sever Finland's previous economic integration with
2975:
492:
484:
eventually retook control of the head office on 13 April 1918, and the Bank of Finland reopened for business on 22 April 1918.
2929:
1451:
350:
and its financially disastrous aftermath. The convertibility of its banknotes to silver was again restricted from April 1854.
2482:
2374:
1750:
203:) before taking its current name in 1840. Unlike many other longstanding central banks, it has always been government-owned.
534:, then liberalization in the 1980s. The markka was devalued on multiple occasions until finally floating in September 1992.
616:
3117:
2779:
2306:
2141:
730:. It is Finland's monetary authority, and is responsible for the country's currency supply and foreign exchange reserves.
1355:
977:
2985:
2487:
2002:
1730:
668:
561:
537:
New practices and technologies led the Bank of Finland to phase out its local branch network, starting with closing the
3193:
2553:
2421:
2165:
1850:
972:
398:
245:
2037:
1298:
748:
The highest official in the bank is the Governor who also chairs the board. Members of the Board in August 2018 were
557:
in operation. The Turku branch was closed in 2007, those in Tampere and Kuopio in 2012, and the Oulu branch in 2019.
3102:
2764:
2331:
2326:
2027:
2017:
1887:
1771:
1070:
580:
3232:
3188:
3127:
2965:
2789:
2461:
2187:
2059:
1924:
1897:
1803:
673:
508:
324:
1182:
3167:
3037:
2875:
2840:
2704:
2321:
2121:
1892:
687:
530:
and a renewed inflationary episode until the early 1950s, the Bank of Finland managed the country's regime of
503:, the Bank acquired great prestige in the new country, linked to the leadership of its longstanding governor
319:
and provided credit to local landowners and merchants. Its design was inspired by Russian Secretary of State
3162:
3157:
3142:
3082:
2835:
2830:
2815:
2744:
2272:
2257:
2192:
2012:
1992:
1818:
1808:
1723:
438:
830:
51:
3247:
3211:
3047:
3042:
2893:
2714:
2709:
2414:
2085:
2032:
1798:
374:
362:
284:
257:
933:
914:
373:
at the time). In 1865, the Bank of Finland finally secured monetary policy autonomy when Finnish Senator
3152:
3112:
3107:
3032:
2903:
2865:
2825:
2774:
2769:
2601:
2533:
2528:
2207:
2126:
2044:
1365:
1361:
1245:
1022:
872:
843:
835:
738:
394:
300:
119:
1146:
1559:
901:
885:
856:
600:
3262:
2543:
2212:
2197:
2151:
2054:
1997:
1907:
1860:
1170:
1134:
991:
959:
764:
531:
512:
462:
446:
413:
223:
806:
476:
during the civil war, and the other Executive Board members who stayed with the White government in
3242:
3147:
3052:
2820:
2719:
2477:
2287:
2229:
2177:
2136:
2106:
1975:
1961:
1766:
946:
753:
734:
358:
2899:
2367:
2292:
2244:
2234:
2146:
2073:
2007:
1912:
1882:
1781:
1758:
1235:
1101:
1040:
481:
426:
342:
and other Russian public banks of the time. The Bank soon opened its first branches in Turku and
168:
938:
919:
3172:
3122:
3097:
2845:
2784:
2759:
2316:
2267:
2095:
1813:
1327:
1152:
565:
541:
branch in 1963. In the years 1991–1994, eight other branches were closed, leaving only Turku,
442:
386:
320:
304:
292:
1615:"Remarks - Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies' (BOFIT) 30th Anniversary Dinner"
1587:
877:
848:
215:
Bank of Finland strong box which moved to Helsinki with the bank when it relocated from Turku
3132:
3072:
2794:
2734:
2558:
2390:
2343:
2311:
2217:
2182:
1828:
1164:
1058:
985:
964:
523:
402:
261:
211:
196:
156:
148:
369:, defined as a quarter of the Russian paper ruble (and thus nearly equal in value with the
179:. It views itself as the fourth oldest surviving central bank in the world, after Sweden's
3062:
3057:
2960:
2724:
2513:
2508:
2282:
2277:
2222:
2131:
1034:
500:
390:
385:
In 1868, the ownership and oversight of the Bank was transferred from Finland's executive
379:
335:
252:
184:
81:
1954:
906:
890:
861:
605:
228:
3092:
3077:
3006:
2980:
2970:
2754:
2739:
2677:
2672:
2523:
2395:
2022:
1840:
1206:
1200:
1176:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1082:
1052:
996:
538:
496:
467:
366:
280:
248:
in Helsinki, the Bank's home from 1824 until relocation to its current building in 1883
188:
176:
412:. This was implemented in July 1878, when the Bank of Finland unilaterally joined the
241:
3226:
3137:
3087:
3011:
3001:
2799:
2749:
2518:
2492:
2338:
1194:
1158:
1122:
1076:
1064:
1010:
1004:
811:
516:
488:
458:
409:
323:, whose plans to create a similar institution for Russia itself were thwarted by the
137:
The Bank of Finland still exists but many functions have been taken over by the ECB.
2945:
2668:
2437:
2116:
1227:
951:
527:
370:
42:
1321:
2262:
1833:
1793:
1046:
461:
became the chair of the Executive Board in Helsinki, in competition to governor
417:
347:
274:
1371:
219:
2694:
1823:
1776:
1347:
1217:
1188:
1028:
1016:
794:
727:
572:
was formed by merging Rata with the previously separate insurance supervisor.
504:
164:
2914:
1701:
1688:
405:. The new building's construction started in 1878 and was completed in 1883.
1088:
749:
653:
564:, financial supervision was reorganized in Finland with the creation of the
473:
91:
1350:[Exchange, Loan and Deposit Office in the Grand Duchy of Finland].
1614:
1431:
2688:
2297:
1934:
1917:
522:
The Bank's head office building was damaged by Soviet bombing during the
331:
308:
234:
180:
62:
1673:
Postage stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Bank of Finland
2381:
1939:
1746:
1542:"Reopening of the head office and the subsequent fate of the occupiers"
679:
542:
193:
Office of Exchange, Lending, and Deposits of the Grand Duchy of Finland
172:
101:
201:
Waihetus-, Laina- ja Depositioni-Contori Suomen Suuren-ruhtinaanmaassa
2252:
709:
554:
546:
451:
408:
In 1876, Alexander II assented to Finland's shift from silver to the
316:
288:
1715:
1679:
All the Finnish BIC-codes and an IBAN counter for all Finnish banks
1348:"Wäxel- Låne och Depositions-Contoiret i Stor-Furstendömet Finland"
2202:
1944:
1403:
The Evolution of the Monetary System of the Grand Duchy of Finland
1269:
722:
The Bank of Finland is Finland's central bank and a member of the
694:
623:
477:
365:
authorized the Bank of Finland to issue its own denomination, the
343:
312:
296:
251:
240:
218:
210:
256:
The Bank's current head office completed in 1883, with statue of
2406:
1949:
1323:
The Emergence of Modern Central Banking from 1918 to the Present
638:
550:
2918:
2641:
2410:
1719:
742:
provisions of the Act on the Bank of Finland, passed in 1998.
357:
in 1860 and subsequent reforms initiated by finance minister
2569:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
1667:
2564:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1636:"Board Members in the history of the Bank of Finland"
1320:
Holtfrerich, Carl-L.; Reis, Jaime (5 December 2016).
495:. In the spring of 1933, it pegged the markka to the
191:, having been originally created in 1811-1812 as the
130:
3181:
3025:
2994:
2953:
2854:
2808:
2686:
2594:
2542:
2501:
2470:
2444:
2243:
2164:
2072:
1974:
1859:
1757:
1524:"The Whites' financial organisation during the war"
745:The bank had a staff of about 380 persons in 2017.
126:
115:
107:
97:
87:
76:
68:
58:
587:on 1 June 1998, becoming its first female member.
1470:"Occupation of the Bank of Finland's head office"
1270:"The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks"
784:Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies
778:Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies
1096:Chairs of the Parliamentary Supervisory Council
2930:
2653:
2617:Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
2422:
1731:
799:
8:
2627:Central banks and currencies of the Americas
2612:Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific
585:Executive Board of the European Central Bank
21:
599:Helsinki head office extension designed by
491:in 1926, but floated again in the wake the
2937:
2923:
2915:
2660:
2646:
2638:
2429:
2415:
2407:
2170:
2078:
1980:
1865:
1738:
1724:
1716:
1452:"The main building of the Bank of Finland"
50:
41:
20:
1263:
1261:
416:, a stance it kept until the outbreak of
2584:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
1506:"Organisation of the Red administration"
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1277:Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
1079:1998–2004 (retired early due to illness)
1446:
1444:
1442:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1358:from the original on 13 September 2017.
1257:
1241:Finnish Financial Supervisory Authority
589:
570:Finnish Financial Supervisory Authority
2622:Central banks and currencies of Europe
2607:Central banks and currencies of Africa
2457:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
1582:
1580:
2574:International Development Association
425:was never implemented because of the
330:In 1819 the institution relocated to
7:
1488:"Events around the branches: Kuopio"
1430:Seppo Honkapohja (23 October 2014),
733:The Bank of Finland is owned by the
389:to its recently revived legislative
718:Mandate, ownership and organization
237:, the Bank's seat from 1819 to 1824
2452:Bank for International Settlements
1665:(in Finnish, Swedish, and English)
1622:Bank for International Settlements
14:
2579:International Finance Corporation
1638:. Bank of Finland. Archived from
515:a year later in the midst of the
3238:European System of Central Banks
3207:
3206:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2871:European System of Central Banks
2676:
1220:
973:Gustaf Robert Alfred Charpentier
724:European System of Central Banks
701:
686:
661:
645:
630:
615:
592:
355:State Bank of the Russian Empire
57:
2976:Bank of the Republic (Colombia)
493:European banking crisis of 1931
175:from 1865 to 1998, issuing the
163:) is the Finnish member of the
3258:1812 establishments in Finland
2483:Contractionary monetary policy
1846:History of independent Finland
708:Former branch in Viipuri, now
283:annexed Finland and made it a
1:
3118:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
2780:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
1668:Bank of Finland official site
1613:Olli Rehn (9 November 2021).
869:Johan Gustaf Winter 1827–1841
2986:Central Reserve Bank of Peru
2488:Expansionary monetary policy
930:Carl Isak Björkman 1862–1866
562:1990s Finnish banking crisis
3268:Banks of the Russian Empire
3194:Reserve Bank of New Zealand
2554:International Monetary Fund
1433:Bank of Finland's 200 years
1406:, Helsinki: Bank of Finland
579:, Bank of Finland Governor
577:Economic and Monetary Union
291:, including the use of the
3284:
3103:Central Bank of Luxembourg
2765:Central Bank of Luxembourg
2101:Government-owned companies
1772:Finland under Swedish rule
927:Wilhelm Blidberg 1858–1861
816:, who joined it in 1995.
272:
3253:Banks established in 1812
3202:
3189:Reserve Bank of Australia
3128:National Bank of Slovakia
2966:Central Bank of Argentina
2884:
2790:National Bank of Slovakia
2462:Financial Stability Board
2361:
2173:
2112:National income agreement
2081:
1983:
1868:
1804:Golden Age of Finnish Art
1336:– via Google Books.
526:air raids of 1944. After
509:Prime Minister of Finland
325:French invasion of Russia
136:
98:Central bank of
49:
40:
3168:National Bank of Romania
3038:National Bank of Belgium
2876:European Investment Bank
2841:National Bank of Romania
2705:National Bank of Belgium
1988:Administrative divisions
1590:[Organization].
303:, partly modeled on the
3163:National Bank of Poland
3158:Hungarian National Bank
3143:Bulgarian National Bank
3083:Central Bank of Ireland
2836:National Bank of Poland
2831:Hungarian National Bank
2816:Bulgarian National Bank
2745:Central Bank of Ireland
1819:Finland in World War II
1809:Independence of Finland
898:Alex Federley 1853–1854
793:(BOFIT) is an internal
439:independence of Finland
16:Central Bank of Finland
3048:Central Bank of Cyprus
3043:Croatian National Bank
3017:Central Bank of Turkey
2715:Central Bank of Cyprus
2710:Croatian National Bank
800:
763:(Deputy Governor) and
737:, and governed by the
375:Johan Vilhelm Snellman
265:
249:
238:
216:
200:
160:
152:
3153:Danmarks Nationalbank
3113:De Nederlandsche Bank
3108:Central Bank of Malta
3033:European Central Bank
2866:European Central Bank
2826:Danmarks Nationalbank
2775:De Nederlandsche Bank
2770:Central Bank of Malta
2602:List of central banks
2534:Sovereign wealth fund
2529:Open market operation
1702:60.17121°N 24.95246°E
1560:"Eurosystem and ESCB"
1366:Alexander I of Russia
1268:Weidner, Jan (2017).
1246:List of central banks
1023:Johan Wilhelm Rangell
831:Claes Johan Edelsköld
583:joined the inaugural
511:in December 1939 and
395:Parliament of Finland
340:State Commercial Bank
301:Alexander I of Russia
255:
244:
222:
214:
120:European Central Bank
2349:World Heritage Sites
1400:Juha Tarkka (2010),
532:financial repression
414:Latin Monetary Union
3148:Czech National Bank
3053:Deutsche Bundesbank
2821:Czech National Bank
2720:Deutsche Bundesbank
2478:Capital requirement
1698: /
1368:, 20 November 1811
934:Victor von Haartman
915:Frans Ivar Edelheim
735:Republic of Finland
433:Independent Finland
361:. On 4 April 1860,
359:Michael von Reutern
37:
2142:Telecommunications
1782:Great Northern War
1707:60.17121; 24.95246
1362:Imperial ordinance
1301:on 28 October 2014
1236:Economy of Finland
1147:Pentti Mäki-Hakola
1102:Erik von Frenckell
1041:Rainer von Fieandt
873:Carl Wilhelm Trapp
844:Carl Johan Idestam
739:Finnish Parliament
482:Battle of Helsinki
472:, who remained in
441:in late 1917, the
437:Shortly after the
427:Russo-Japanese War
266:
250:
239:
217:
169:monetary authority
3220:
3219:
3173:Sveriges Riksbank
3123:Banco de Portugal
3098:Bank of Lithuania
2912:
2911:
2846:Sveriges Riksbank
2785:Banco de Portugal
2760:Bank of Lithuania
2698:
2635:
2634:
2404:
2403:
2357:
2356:
2160:
2159:
2068:
2067:
2050:Political parties
2003:Foreign relations
1970:
1969:
1171:Olavi Ala-Nissilä
1071:Sirkka Hämäläinen
693:Former branch in
652:Former branch in
637:Former branch in
622:Former branch in
610:in the late 1950s
581:Sirkka Hämäläinen
566:Rahoitustarkastus
422:Russo-Turkish War
420:. Meanwhile, the
321:Mikhail Speransky
293:Swedish riksdaler
246:Government Palace
167:and has been the
141:
140:
111:6 230 million USD
36:
29:
3275:
3233:Banks of Finland
3210:
3209:
3133:Bank of Slovenia
3073:Banque de France
2939:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2809:Outside Eurozone
2795:Bank of Slovenia
2735:Banque de France
2693:(Members of the
2692:
2681:
2680:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2559:World Bank Group
2431:
2424:
2417:
2408:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2332:Independence Day
2322:National symbols
2171:
2079:
1981:
1873:Cities and towns
1866:
1851:Military history
1829:Continuation War
1740:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1666:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1642:on 7 August 2017
1632:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1376:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1297:. Archived from
1287:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1183:Seppo Kääriäinen
1165:Mauri Pekkarinen
1059:Ahti Karjalainen
1000:
986:Theodor Wegelius
981:
968:
955:
942:
923:
910:
902:Robert von Trapp
894:
886:Axel Ludvig Born
881:
865:
857:Otto Herman Lode
852:
839:
815:
803:
792:
773:
762:
705:
690:
677:
665:
649:
634:
619:
609:
601:Harry W. Schreck
596:
575:At the start of
524:Continuation War
471:
403:Ludwig Bohnstedt
393:(from 1906, the
232:
54:
45:
38:
35:
32:
28:
25:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3198:
3177:
3068:Bank of Finland
3063:Bank of England
3058:Bank of Estonia
3021:
2990:
2961:Federal Reserve
2949:
2943:
2913:
2908:
2880:
2858:EU institutions
2856:
2855:Banking-related
2850:
2804:
2730:Bank of Finland
2725:Bank of Estonia
2691:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2636:
2631:
2590:
2545:
2538:
2509:Capital control
2497:
2466:
2440:
2435:
2405:
2400:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2353:
2327:Public holidays
2239:
2156:
2064:
2028:Law enforcement
1966:
1855:
1787:The Great Wrath
1753:
1744:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1592:Bank of Finland
1586:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1564:Bank of Finland
1558:
1557:
1553:
1546:Bank of Finland
1540:
1539:
1535:
1528:Bank of Finland
1522:
1521:
1517:
1510:Bank of Finland
1504:
1503:
1499:
1492:Bank of Finland
1486:
1485:
1481:
1474:Bank of Finland
1468:
1467:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1379:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1295:Bank of Finland
1289:
1288:
1284:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1135:Mauri Miettinen
1098:
1035:Sakari Tuomioja
994:
992:Clas von Collan
975:
962:
960:Gösta von Troil
949:
936:
917:
904:
888:
875:
859:
846:
833:
827:
822:
809:
786:
780:
767:
765:Tuomas Välimäki
756:
720:
713:
706:
697:
691:
682:
671:
666:
657:
656:, now in Russia
650:
641:
635:
626:
620:
611:
603:
597:
501:interwar period
465:
463:Clas von Collan
435:
399:Senate Building
380:monetary policy
336:silver standard
311:denominated in
277:
271:
226:
224:Sederholm House
209:
185:Bank of England
145:Bank of Finland
82:state ownership
33:
30:
26:
23:
22:Bank of Finland
17:
12:
11:
5:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Bank of Latvia
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:Bank of Greece
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Bank of Israel
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2981:Bank of Mexico
2978:
2973:
2971:Bank of Canada
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2904:European Union
2896:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Bank of Latvia
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Bank of Greece
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2683:
2673:European Union
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Money creation
2521:
2519:Interest rates
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2502:Implementation
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2235:Welfare system
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:Climate change
2185:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Stock exchange
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2060:Prime Minister
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1903:National parks
1900:
1898:Municipalities
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Extreme points
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Finlandization
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1660:
1659:External links
1657:
1654:
1653:
1627:
1605:
1588:"Organisaatio"
1576:
1551:
1533:
1515:
1497:
1479:
1461:
1438:
1409:
1377:
1354:(in Swedish).
1339:
1332:
1312:
1282:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:(2019–present)
1207:Antti Lindtman
1204:
1201:Matti Vanhanen
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1177:Mari Kiviniemi
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1153:Sauli Niinistö
1150:
1144:
1141:Erkki Pystynen
1138:
1132:
1129:Matti Jaatinen
1126:
1120:
1117:Juha Rihtniemi
1114:
1112:Veikko Kokkola
1109:
1107:Juho Niukkanen
1104:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1083:Erkki Liikanen
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1053:Mauno Koivisto
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
989:
983:
970:
957:
944:
931:
928:
925:
912:
899:
896:
883:
870:
867:
854:
841:
826:
823:
821:
818:
807:Iikka Korhonen
779:
776:
719:
716:
715:
714:
707:
700:
698:
692:
685:
683:
667:
660:
658:
651:
644:
642:
636:
629:
627:
621:
614:
612:
598:
591:
560:Following the
497:pound sterling
434:
431:
367:Finnish markka
305:Bank of Sweden
281:Russian Empire
270:
269:Russian Empire
267:
208:
205:
189:Bank of France
177:Finnish markka
139:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
31:Finlands Bank
24:Suomen Pankki
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3280:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Central banks
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3213:
3212:Central banks
3205:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Bank of Spain
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Bank of Italy
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Bank of Korea
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Bank of Japan
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2946:Central Banks
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:Central banks
2887:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2800:Bank of Spain
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Bank of Italy
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2669:Central banks
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2544:Bretton Woods
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Discount rate
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2493:Basel Accords
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:Central banks
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Ship-building
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1333:9781351890779
1329:
1326:. Routledge.
1325:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:Ben Zyskowicz
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:Ilkka Kanerva
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:Harri Holkeri
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:Matti Vanhala
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:Rolf Kullberg
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:August Ramsay
1009:
1006:
1005:Otto Stenroth
1003:
998:
993:
990:
987:
984:
979:
974:
971:
966:
961:
958:
953:
948:
947:August Florin
945:
940:
935:
932:
929:
926:
921:
916:
913:
908:
903:
900:
897:
892:
887:
884:
879:
874:
871:
868:
863:
858:
855:
850:
845:
842:
837:
832:
829:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
808:
802:
796:
790:
785:
777:
775:
771:
766:
760:
755:
754:Marja Nykänen
751:
746:
743:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
717:
711:
704:
699:
696:
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1993:Constitution
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1930:Urban areas
1834:Lapland War
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1352:histdoc.net
1203:(2015–2019)
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2293:Literature
2208:Healthcare
2045:Parliament
2008:Government
1824:Winter War
1777:Cudgel War
1767:Prehistory
1693:24°57′09″E
1690:60°10′16″N
1372:in Russian
1305:28 October
1252:References
1189:Timo Kalli
1029:Risto Ryti
1017:Risto Ryti
820:Leadership
795:think tank
728:Eurosystem
505:Risto Ryti
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273:See also:
187:, and the
165:Eurosystem
131:www.bof.fi
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2213:Languages
2198:Education
2152:Transport
2055:President
2018:Judiciary
1998:Elections
1955:Jyväskylä
1908:Provinces
1861:Geography
1814:Civil War
1675:1811–1961
1456:Taide.Art
1291:"History"
1089:Olli Rehn
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1976:Politics
1962:Wildlife
1935:Helsinki
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1883:Geology
1759:History
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207:History
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122:(1999)
2595:Lists
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2344:Sport
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1945:Turku
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