351:
140:
487:. These loans allowed merchants to restock their goods more quickly and it allowed them to purchase more goods. They were often essential, as it was almost impossible for many people to live in ancient Rome without debt. Usually Roman loans were given to young nobles, and they generally had high interest rates. Another common option was to give loans to close family or friends as a method of averting risk.
533:
498:. Usually, loans were made and credits were extended on risky terms, because the available capital typically exceeded the amount needed by borrowers. The senatorial elite were heavily involved in private lending, as both creditors and borrowers, and made loans from their personal fortunes on the basis of social connections.
471:. People who provided credit might also have sold their right to collect the debt to another party. In ancient Rome, credit transactions relied on trust. It was common for people to lose trust in their creditors, often resulting in a significant negative impact on the economy and the credit industry.
341:
They ran a bank and put new currency into circulation, and they removed foreign or old coins from circulation. Alongside this, they could hold money, sell goods, work at auctions, maintain records, exchange currency, and make payments on behalf of their clients. By the 3rd century, they were the last
426:
than the full amount of their clients deposits. They were not required to insure their customers' deposits. There was very little regulation of Roman bankers, with most banks and bankers relying on trust. This meant that the clients lacked any protection or safety net in the event of a bank run or a
417:
was common in ancient Rome: the debtor was questioned by the creditor in the presence of witnesses, about their willingness to pay back the debt. Written contracts were used to document the transfer of the creditor's loan to the debtor. These contracts were usually simple, due to the illiteracy of
3671:
Adams, Samuel L.; Bradbury, Carlee; Bühler, Axel; Cheong, John; Chryssides, George D.; Chung-Kim, Esther; Gvaryahu, Amit; Hudnut-Beumler, James; Llewellyn Ihssen, Brenda; Mell, Julie; Sanders, Theresa; Stenschke, Christoph; Swindell, Anthony; Thompson, Trevor W.; Timani, Hussam. "Moneylending".
2542:
Ligt, L. De (1 January 1991). "J. Andreau, La Vie
Financière dans le Monde Romain. Les Métiers de Manieurs d'Argent (IVe Siècle av. J.C.-IIIe Siècle ap. J.C.) (Bibliothèque des Ecoles Françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 265). Rome, Ecole Française de Rome, 1987. VIII, 792 p., 20 pl. Pr. FF. 570".
1482:
466:
Although these financial services were necessary for starting a business, almost all Romans would have engaged in credit. Most credit arrangements lasted a month, with an interest rate of 1%, per month. The Romans believed that anyone involved in trade should use
92:
of ancient Rome trusted these places to protect and hold their wealth. Typically, their money was stored in multiple temples. This practice was designed to protect their wealth in case an individual temple was destroyed or attacked in some way.
311:, who were responsible for depositing money and collecting debts at auctions. Neither of these groups provided credit to companies, nor did they grant loans to finance consumption, although they granted short-term commercial loans.
2897:"J. Andreau, Banking and Business in the Roman World (Key Themes in Ancient History).. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xix + 176, ISBN 0-521-38031-6(bound); 0-521-38932-1(paper). £37.50 (bound); £13.95 (paper)"
1591:
206:. Despite this, their primary goal was to exchange foreign currency for Roman currency. Typically the clients of this group were not wealthy, as the upper class of ancient Rome had more secure methods of storing wealth.
329:
and test new currency. To do this, they examined the metal which was used to make the coins using their senses and the patterns of the coins. They first appeared in the historical record in the 2nd century BCE as
2377:
Westgate, Ruth (November 2001). "K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1999. Pp. xxii + 357, 40 pls, 318 figs, 8 maps. ISBN 0-521-46143-X. £75.00".
701:
455:. Aristocratic financers were another source of credit. They used their own wealth to fund their loans to other members of the upper class or to foreign cities and nobles. Following auctions the
396:
classes rather than the aristocracy. They sometimes became very wealthy. Typically they organized themselves into groups of two or three members. Many children of these bankers achieved
1009:
3234:
1623:
381:. If this base was irregular or open then the banker was permitted to reinvest or reuse the client's money. Their activities were concluded and recorded with written agreements.
2980:
1563:
1375:
1188:
804:
596:
2116:
1140:
505:, was made without interest. Under this kind of loan, the property rights passed to the banker. They were returned when the debt was paid off. Loans with interest were known as
3010:
270:
in 216 BCE. This was a commission of only three people, but performed the same duties as the previous organization. These two groups could perform similar functions to the
2857:
1253:
3571:
167:
in ancient Rome supervised by the government. This group was organized into a guild with a limited number of members. They were commonly located at stalls, shops,
3610:
3141:
411:, an agreement that involved three people: the banker, the client, and the third party. The banker would pay the money the client owned to the third party.
407:, they were required to create these accounts. This was because these accounts were considered reliable proof in lawsuit cases. Bankers participated in the
64:
and loans. Between 260 and the fourth century CE, Roman bankers disappear from the historical record, likely because of economic difficulties caused by the
1665:
912:
300:
for this function since the 1st century BCE. They disappeared from the historical record after the 2nd century CE. This organization was distinct from the
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2590:
1459:
1413:
873:
3759:
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2255:
1836:
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and their abilities were likely limited to money-handling. By the 1st century BCE they were capable of providing credit. They disappeared from the
1291:
221:
were likely founded around the 4th century BCE. When they were established, they likely only functioned as a replacement for the previous Greek
521:. It was contracted between two individuals with the aid of an intermediary. It was common for the banks to play the role of the intermediary.
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3753:
3714:
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2001:
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1407:
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Abramova, Marianna G.; Vasilieva, Oxana N.; Milovanova, Marina M.; Popova, Anna V.; Yudenkov, Yuri N.; Safonov, Maxim S. (1 November 2016).
3208:
2954:
1537:
1483:"A Fictive Membership Rush and Curatorial Fraud in the Lex of the Collegivm of Ivory and Citrus-Wood Merchants (Cil 6.3885 = Ils 7214)"
1349:
1162:
774:
570:
2823:
2090:
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1114:
285:
3390:
3357:
1911:
1687:
3532:
384:
In early Roman history most contracts were conducted orally, with witnesses used to confirm the legitimacy of the agreement. Later
3002:
1073:
3887:
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the Roman population. Since Roman banks lacked any incentive to ensure that their client's deposits would remain safe during a
463:
would impose on the buyers a time-limit for their payment, and they would pay the vendors the money which was owed to them.
243:
were state-appointed public bankers. Usually they were appointed during periods of poverty or war. Their goal was to prevent
2738:
139:
1629:
403:
Roman bankers were allowed to open bank accounts. These accounts were entered in a register. If a Roman was involved in a
88:, and track their finances through written records. Due to the piety of the officials and employees of these temples, the
112:. Roman bankers disappear from the historical record between 260 CE and the fourth century. Likely because the continued
3555:
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89:
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1245:
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350:
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of the currency hurt the economy, creating difficulties for the banking profession. By the mid-fourth century CE, the
1219:
2627:
1671:
1603:
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423:
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also gave credit to buyers at auctions. Credit services may also have been provided by entrepreneurs known as the
896:
3257:
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1439:
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973:
857:
3743:
3704:
2339:
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1820:
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2018:
3639:
3295:
Schwei, David (2020). "An
Explanation for the Addition of the Aureus to the Roman Imperial Coinage System".
2863:
782:
631:
484:
251:
overcome debt and economic hardships. This organization was established in 352 BCE to combat high levels of
187:
202:. They were also entrusted with paying off debts. Their powers would expand to include almost all forms of
3440:
393:
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2411:
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1966:
1789:
1632:
1514:
751:
203:
81:
1283:
2795:
3849:
Collins, Andrew; Walsh, John (2014). "Fractional
Reserve Banking in the Roman Republic and Empire".
1894:
Develin, Robert (2005). "The
Integration of the Plebeians into the Political Order After 366 B.C.".
2483:
538:
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2219:
2214:Ñaco Del Hoyo, Toni (2011). "Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War".
2186:
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1989:
1940:
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85:
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790:
582:
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326:
3647:
2896:
3520:
2799:
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668:"The Acceptance and Value of Roman Silver Coinage in the Second and Third Centuries AD"
374:
260:
244:
199:
105:
57:
2190:
1592:"Freedmen and Slaves in the Light of Legal Documents from First-Century A.D. Campania"
3876:
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3033:
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2306:
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1962:
1510:
1099:
1005:
958:
934:
747:
546:
388:
were used to keep public written records of contracts. Roman bankers belonged to the
378:
366:
331:
191:
172:
164:
109:
41:
2621:
569:
Depeyrot, Georges; Porter, Catherine; Stahl, Alan M. StahlAlan M. (1 January 2005),
3312:
3204:
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2942:
2845:
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1661:
480:
335:
334:. By the 2nd century CE they began to provide loans, deposit currency, and operate
176:
77:
17:
3745:
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offered a rudimentary credit system and they provided moneylending services. The
3557:
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1744:
1725:
1708:
1445:
389:
248:
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501:
There were a variety of types of ancient Roman loans. One kind, known as a
284:
124:
are mentioned again in ancient sources. They had acquired different roles.
3308:
1611:
342:
banking profession in ancient Rome, and they handled all banking affairs.
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683:
667:
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739:
404:
362:
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168:
3316:
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2507:
2314:
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there were a variety of officials tasked with banking. These were the
3782:
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3633:
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186:
provided numerous services, such as providing loans, holding money,
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3163:
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2499:
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296:
collected and gave money to their employers. They were used by the
213:
were tasked with keeping financial records, including those of the
52:
were hired to collect money and give it to their employer, and the
2176:
2174:
1334:
370:
283:
195:
3523:[Transactions Performed by Roman Bankers (argentarii)].
2809:
252:
1745:"Nummularii – государственные и частные банкиры в древнем Риме"
483:, mutilated, or sued. Most ancient Roman loans were linked to
259:
They accomplished this by providing the population access to
229:
for around 70 to 80 years after 250 CE, for unknown reasons.
3521:"Operacje wykonywane przez bankierów rzymskich (argentarii)"
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2579:. Princeton University Press. pp. 32, 35.
494:. However, ancient loans required some form of
274:, such as money holding and assaying currency.
96:Another banking group in ancient Rome were the
1582:
1580:
3784:The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans
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1074:Springer Science+Business Media
706:The Journal of Economic History
513:. Another kind of loan was the
157:negotiatores stipis argentariae
3593:Toner, J. P. (25 April 2013).
2770:10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0312
2062:Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
1749:Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
143:Arch of the Argentarii in Rome
100:They were predecessors of the
1:
3560:. Routledge. pp. 84–88.
2216:A Companion to the Punic Wars
1680:10.1017/CHOL9780521263351.027
1667:The Cambridge Ancient History
1218:. DigiCat. pp. 254–255.
1163:"Severus, (Lucius) Septimius"
1064:Mayumi, Kozo Torasan (2020).
3003:"Banking in the Roman World"
2434:The Journal of Roman Studies
2341:Money in Classical Antiquity
1284:"Banking in the Roman World"
939:Journal of Roman Archaeology
266:This group evolved into the
153:argenteae mensae exercitores
3442:A History of Interest Rates
3124:Moshenskyi, Sergii (2008).
3040:. Brill. pp. 275–297.
2961:, Oxford University Press,
2804:. Vol. 3. De Gruyter.
2737:(in Polish) (14): 145–161.
2299:10.7834/phoenix.70.3-4.0317
2291:10.7834/phoenix.70.3-4.0317
2097:, Oxford University Press,
2023:Routledge. pp. 86–89.
1825:. Oxford University Press.
1544:, Oxford University Press,
1396:Moshenskyi, Sergii (2008).
1356:, Oxford University Press,
1169:, Oxford University Press,
1121:, Oxford University Press,
1082:10.1007/978-3-030-43225-6_4
577:, Oxford University Press,
346:Privileges and organization
209:Another group known as the
3909:
3519:Niczyporuk, Piotr (2013).
3488:10.1002/9781118300664.ch21
3408:Rome's Economic Revolution
2762:Banking in the Roman World
2729:Niczyporuk, Piotr (2014).
2628:Cambridge University Press
2446:10.3815/000000006784016215
2224:10.1002/9781444393712.ch21
2056:Niczyporuk, Piotr (2012).
1994:10.1002/9781118339015.ch26
1904:10.1002/9780470752753.ch12
1871:10.1002/9781118339015.ch29
1743:Niczyporuk, Piotr (2014).
1672:Cambridge University Press
1604:Cambridge University Press
1495:Cambridge University Press
1481:Last, Richard (May 2021).
1313:Rauh, Nicholas K. (1989).
1288:World History Encyclopedia
1050:10.1007/s00191-021-00729-4
714:Cambridge University Press
666:Elliott, Colin P. (2014).
627:Rome's Economic Revolution
3599:. John Wiley & Sons.
3350:10.1515/9781474478168-009
3046:10.1163/9789004401655_016
2147:10.1163/9789004355552_002
2089:Potter, David S. (2010),
1946:10.1017/S0075435818000497
1503:10.1017/S0009838821000392
1161:Campbell, Gordon (2007),
951:10.1017/S1047759400007224
895:Aicher, Peter J. (2004).
722:10.1017/S0022050704002943
622:"After the Credit Crunch"
325:were a group designed to
3682:10.1515/ebr.moneylending
2901:Journal of Roman Studies
2488:Journal of Roman Studies
2380:Journal of Roman Studies
2058:"Mensarii – как банкиры"
1933:Journal of Roman Studies
672:The Numismatic Chronicle
179:and owned by the state.
3888:Economy of ancient Rome
3640:Oxford University Press
3064:10.1163/j.ctv2gjwxqd.20
2864:Oxford University Press
2557:10.1163/156852591X00378
2075:10.15290/mhi.2012.11.03
1762:10.15290/mhi.2013.12.03
1726:10.7206/kp.2080-1084.54
1596:The Classical Quarterly
1487:The Classical Quarterly
825:Silver, Morris (2011).
783:Oxford University Press
632:Oxford University Press
358:
289:
204:financial transactions
144:
3309:10.1353/tcj.2020.0030
2949:; Spawforth, Antony;
2852:; Spawforth, Antony;
2796:Spieckermann, Hermann
978:Renaissance Quarterly
353:
287:
257:quinqueviri mensarii.
142:
82:Etruscan civilization
3482:. pp. 443–458.
3406:Kay, Philip (2014).
3207:(22 December 2015).
3175:. pp. 174–207.
2945:(20 December 2012),
2848:(2012). "Banks". In
2626:. Internet Archive.
2484:Howgego, Christopher
2338:(18 November 2010).
2218:. pp. 376–392.
1988:. pp. 342–366.
1898:. pp. 293–311.
1865:. pp. 394–406.
1674:. pp. 769–786.
972:Nauta, Lodi (2018).
775:"Banking and Credit"
634:. pp. 235–265.
620:Kay, Philip (2014).
422:, they usually kept
309:coactores argentarii
161:argenti distractores
1986:A Companion to Livy
1863:A Companion to Livy
1612:10.1093/cq/52.2.555
539:Ancient Rome portal
519:pecunia traiecticia
409:receptum argentarii
192:exchanging currency
3893:History of banking
3883:Banking by country
3344:. pp. 57–76.
2786:; Leppin, Volker;
2784:Klauck, Hans-Josef
2185:. pp. 31–58.
1076:. pp. 79–97.
700:(September 2004).
359:
290:
268:triumviri mensarii
145:
56:minted and tested
44:. The role of the
3835:978-1-4443-3838-6
3802:978-0-19-923335-9
3755:978-0-19-162641-8
3716:978-0-19-109099-8
3657:978-0-19-250797-6
3606:978-0-7456-5490-4
3567:978-1-136-60351-8
3497:978-1-118-30066-4
3452:978-1-118-04622-7
3425:978-0-19-968154-9
3338:Marzano, Annalisa
3313:Project MUSE
3297:Classical Journal
3269:978-0-19-257896-9
3230:978-0-19-938113-5
3190:978-0-19-923335-9
3137:978-1-4363-0694-2
3099:978-1-4051-7935-5
3080:(2020). "Banks".
3055:978-90-04-40165-5
2976:978-0-19-954556-8
2947:Hornblower, Simon
2881:978-0-19-954556-8
2850:Hornblower, Simon
2819:978-3-11-018371-9
2792:Seow, Choon-Leong
2703:978-1-315-39104-5
2664:978-1-84731-843-5
2637:978-0-521-38932-7
2586:978-0-691-20278-5
2351:978-1-139-78863-2
2311:Project MUSE
2233:978-1-4443-9371-2
2200:978-90-474-1912-9
2156:978-90-04-35555-2
2141:. pp. 1–13.
2112:978-0-19-517072-6
2030:978-1-135-09371-6
2003:978-1-118-33901-5
1880:978-1-118-33901-5
1832:978-0-19-087880-1
1559:978-0-19-866277-8
1455:978-1-351-53532-8
1409:978-1-4363-0694-2
1371:978-0-19-510507-0
1242:Schmitz, Leonhard
1184:978-0-19-530082-6
1136:978-0-19-866277-8
1091:978-3-030-43224-9
908:978-0-86516-507-6
869:978-1-5275-3752-1
800:978-0-19-513075-1
649:978-0-19-968154-9
592:978-0-19-510507-0
227:historical record
188:circulating money
151:, also known as
68:of the currency.
3900:
3867:
3866:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3778:
3772:
3771:
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3327:
3292:
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3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3205:Millett, Paul C.
3201:
3195:
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3165:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3084:. pp. 1–3.
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3067:
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3020:
3018:
2998:
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2990:
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2943:Millett, Paul C.
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2614:
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2600:
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2570:
2561:
2560:
2551:(3–4): 490–497.
2539:
2528:
2527:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
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2336:von Reden, Sitta
2332:
2326:
2325:
2285:(3/4): 317–338.
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2252:Oxford Reference
2244:
2238:
2237:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2178:
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2128:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2086:
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2053:
2047:
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2014:
2008:
2007:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1948:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1859:Bringmann, Klaus
1855:
1849:
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1467:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1350:"Exchange Rates"
1345:
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764:
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733:
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663:
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617:
608:
607:
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571:"Money-changing"
566:
541:
536:
535:
534:
492:security deposit
429:financial crisis
424:less in reserves
3908:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3901:
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3851:Ancient Society
3848:
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3000:
2999:
2995:
2986:
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2951:Eidinow, Esther
2941:
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2894:
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2889:
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2854:Eidinow, Esther
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2788:McGinn, Bernard
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1588:Lintott, Andrew
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477:
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348:
319:
282:
261:public services
237:
163:, were private
137:
130:
106:counting houses
74:
60:. They offered
12:
11:
5:
3906:
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3896:
3895:
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3885:
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3869:
3868:
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3808:
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3787:. OUP Oxford.
3773:
3754:
3734:
3715:
3695:
3663:
3656:
3624:
3605:
3585:
3566:
3546:
3531:(1): 481–506.
3511:
3496:
3470:
3451:
3431:
3424:
3398:
3391:
3365:
3358:
3329:
3303:(2): 199–214.
3287:
3268:
3248:
3229:
3196:
3189:
3155:
3136:
3113:
3098:
3069:
3054:
3032:De Vries, T.;
3024:
2993:
2975:
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2887:
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2721:
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2682:
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2500:10.2307/301282
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2350:
2327:
2269:
2239:
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2206:
2199:
2170:
2155:
2129:
2111:
2081:
2064:(in Russian).
2048:
2029:
2009:
2002:
1976:
1919:
1912:
1886:
1879:
1850:
1831:
1811:
1768:
1751:(in Russian).
1732:
1699:
1694:Cambridge Core
1688:
1646:
1641:Cambridge Core
1576:
1558:
1528:
1523:Cambridge Core
1473:
1454:
1427:
1408:
1388:
1370:
1340:
1305:
1267:
1233:
1201:
1183:
1153:
1135:
1105:
1090:
1056:
1043:(1): 175–203.
1023:
990:10.1086/696885
964:
926:
907:
887:
868:
848:
837:(3): 301–327.
817:
799:
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760:Cambridge Core
689:
655:
648:
609:
591:
557:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
543:
542:
526:
523:
515:fenus nauticum
476:
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436:
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367:money changers
354:Ancient Roman
347:
344:
332:money-changers
318:
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165:money changers
136:
131:
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86:exchange money
73:
70:
62:credit systems
42:money changers
13:
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6:
4:
3:
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3527:(in Polish).
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3525:Krytyka Prawa
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3392:9781444338386
3388:
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3359:9781474478168
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3169:Harris, W. V.
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3139:
3133:
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3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:Andreau, Jean
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:Zwalve, W. J.
3028:
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2699:
2696:. Routledge.
2695:
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1714:
1713:Krytyka Prawa
1710:
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1689:9781139054393
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1116:
1115:"argentarius"
1109:
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623:
616:
614:
610:
598:
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584:
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572:
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563:
559:
552:
548:
547:Roman finance
545:
544:
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529:
524:
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516:
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508:
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336:bank accounts
333:
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312:
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299:
295:
286:
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277:
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
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246:
245:social unrest
242:
235:
232:
230:
228:
224:
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216:
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178:
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170:
166:
162:
158:
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3744:
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3705:
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3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3595:
3588:
3576:. Retrieved
3556:
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3528:
3524:
3514:
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3441:
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3212:
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3172:
3146:. Retrieved
3126:
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3015:. Retrieved
3006:
2996:
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2958:
2937:
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2846:Millet, Paul
2840:
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2800:
2778:
2761:
2755:
2743:. Retrieved
2734:
2724:
2712:. Retrieved
2692:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2653:
2646:
2622:
2618:Jean Andreau
2595:. Retrieved
2575:
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2478:
2437:
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2340:
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2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2251:
2242:
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2209:
2182:
2138:
2132:
2121:, retrieved
2094:
2084:
2068:(1): 61–76.
2065:
2061:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2019:
2012:
1985:
1979:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1895:
1889:
1862:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1821:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1788:(8): 84–89.
1785:
1781:
1771:
1755:(1): 57–74.
1752:
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1716:
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1666:
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1599:
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1568:, retrieved
1541:
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1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1440:
1418:. Retrieved
1398:
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1380:, retrieved
1353:
1343:
1333:– via
1325:(1): 45–76.
1322:
1318:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1287:
1258:. Retrieved
1249:
1246:"Argentarii"
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1214:
1193:, retrieved
1166:
1156:
1145:, retrieved
1118:
1108:
1069:
1059:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
981:
977:
967:
942:
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929:
917:. Retrieved
897:
890:
878:. Retrieved
858:
851:
834:
830:
820:
809:, retrieved
778:
768:
758:– via
731:1721.1/63609
709:
705:
698:Temin, Peter
692:
675:
671:
626:
601:, retrieved
574:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
500:
489:
478:
465:
460:
456:
453:faeneratores
452:
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444:
440:
438:
413:
408:
402:
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360:
340:
322:
320:
315:
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306:
301:
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293:
291:
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271:
267:
265:
256:
240:
238:
233:
222:
218:
214:
210:
208:
183:
181:
160:
156:
152:
148:
146:
133:
121:
117:
101:
97:
95:
80:, as in the
75:
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
18:ancient Rome
15:
3857:: 179–212.
2810:10.1515/ebr
2386:: 200–201.
2248:"triumviri"
1662:Andreau, J.
1606:: 555–565.
1497:: 347–358.
984:(1): 1–32.
935:Elsner, Jaś
716:: 705–733.
678:: 129–152.
485:consumption
461:argentarii
449:argentarii
415:Stipulation
379:money bases
98:trapezites.
90:upper class
3877:Categories
3324:2466060172
2524:2212059771
2470:2212083681
2416:2212074666
2322:1937846677
1971:2193724986
1794:1846293526
1519:2548800396
553:References
441:nummularii
398:equestrian
323:nummularii
316:Nummularii
302:argentarii
298:argentarii
272:argentarii
223:trapezitai
219:argentarii
215:argentarii
211:expectores
184:argentarii
149:argentarii
134:Argentarii
118:argentarii
114:debasement
102:argentarii
66:debasement
38:argentarii
22:argentarii
3690:245054874
3506:165360045
3241:22 August
3108:241493769
2929:164103856
2830:23 August
2745:22 August
2545:Mnemosyne
2516:162512195
2462:163134314
2408:129788295
2307:164545996
2165:239585025
1963:165504116
1804:22 August
1637:201672538
1538:"finance"
1511:235747647
1446:Routledge
1260:22 August
1100:216414842
1016:22 August
1006:165408104
959:188993120
945:: 83–98.
756:216404189
748:154894486
457:coactores
445:coactores
294:coactores
279:Coactores
249:plebeians
122:numularii
108:near the
54:nummulari
50:coactores
34:nummulari
30:coactores
3863:44079991
3766:5 August
3760:Archived
3727:5 August
3721:Archived
3617:5 August
3611:Archived
3578:5 August
3572:Archived
3539:3 August
3533:Archived
3463:5 August
3457:Archived
3320:ProQuest
3280:5 August
3274:Archived
3235:Archived
3209:"credit"
3148:5 August
3142:Archived
3017:1 August
3011:Archived
2987:3 August
2981:archived
2953:(eds.),
2856:(eds.).
2824:Archived
2739:Archived
2714:5 August
2708:Archived
2675:5 August
2669:Archived
2620:(1999).
2597:5 August
2591:Archived
2520:ProQuest
2494:: 1–31.
2466:ProQuest
2454:20430486
2440:: 1–24.
2412:ProQuest
2362:5 August
2356:Archived
2318:ProQuest
2262:2 August
2256:Archived
2123:2 August
2117:archived
2041:5 August
2035:Archived
1967:ProQuest
1955:26817562
1939:: 1–26.
1843:5 August
1837:Archived
1798:Archived
1790:ProQuest
1633:ProQuest
1630:14564960
1590:(2002).
1570:1 August
1564:archived
1515:ProQuest
1466:5 August
1460:Archived
1420:5 August
1414:Archived
1382:2 August
1376:archived
1331:20858375
1292:Archived
1254:Archived
1244:(1875).
1226:3 August
1220:Archived
1195:2 August
1189:archived
1147:1 August
1141:archived
1010:Archived
998:26560745
919:5 August
913:Archived
880:5 August
874:Archived
843:41342853
811:3 August
805:archived
752:ProQuest
684:44710189
603:3 August
597:archived
525:See also
496:security
481:enslaved
459:and the
447:and the
420:bank run
394:freedmen
390:plebeian
386:notaries
377:or open
375:currency
363:cashiers
356:denarius
241:mensarii
234:Mensarii
200:currency
169:tabernae
58:currency
46:mensarii
26:mensarii
2955:"banks"
2921:3184783
2907:: 201.
2400:3184782
2279:Phoenix
1620:3556419
1298:30 July
740:3874817
405:lawsuit
177:censors
78:temples
72:History
3861:
3832:
3799:
3752:
3713:
3688:
3654:
3603:
3564:
3504:
3494:
3449:
3422:
3389:
3356:
3322:
3317:801278
3315:
3266:
3227:
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3096:
3062:
3052:
2973:
2927:
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2508:301282
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2468:
2460:
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2348:
2320:
2315:808005
2313:
2305:
2297:
2230:
2197:
2163:
2153:
2109:
2027:
2000:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1910:
1877:
1829:
1792:
1686:
1635:
1627:
1618:
1556:
1517:
1509:
1452:
1406:
1368:
1329:
1181:
1133:
1098:
1088:
1004:
996:
957:
905:
866:
841:
797:
754:
746:
738:
682:
646:
589:
503:mutuum
469:credit
435:Credit
400:rank.
217:. The
159:, and
36:. The
32:, and
3859:JSTOR
3686:S2CID
3502:S2CID
3104:S2CID
3060:JSTOR
2925:S2CID
2917:JSTOR
2512:S2CID
2504:JSTOR
2458:S2CID
2450:JSTOR
2404:S2CID
2396:JSTOR
2303:S2CID
2295:JSTOR
2161:S2CID
1959:S2CID
1951:JSTOR
1719:(1).
1624:INIST
1616:JSTOR
1602:(2).
1507:S2CID
1493:(1).
1335:JSTOR
1327:JSTOR
1319:Aevum
1096:S2CID
1002:S2CID
994:JSTOR
955:S2CID
839:JSTOR
744:S2CID
736:JSTOR
712:(3).
680:JSTOR
511:usura
507:fenus
475:Loans
173:forum
128:Types
110:Forum
40:were
3830:ISBN
3797:ISBN
3768:2022
3750:ISBN
3729:2022
3711:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3619:2022
3601:ISBN
3580:2022
3562:ISBN
3541:2022
3492:ISBN
3465:2022
3447:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3354:ISBN
3282:2022
3264:ISBN
3243:2022
3225:ISBN
3185:ISBN
3150:2022
3132:ISBN
3094:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3019:2022
2989:2022
2971:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2832:2022
2814:ISBN
2747:2022
2716:2022
2698:ISBN
2677:2022
2659:ISBN
2632:ISBN
2599:2022
2581:ISBN
2364:2022
2346:ISBN
2264:2022
2228:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2125:2022
2107:ISBN
2043:2022
2025:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1845:2022
1827:ISBN
1806:2022
1717:2014
1684:ISBN
1572:2022
1554:ISBN
1468:2022
1450:ISBN
1422:2022
1404:ISBN
1384:2022
1366:ISBN
1300:2022
1262:2022
1228:2022
1197:2022
1179:ISBN
1149:2022
1131:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1018:2022
921:2022
903:ISBN
882:2022
864:ISBN
813:2022
795:ISBN
644:ISBN
605:2022
587:ISBN
439:The
365:and
327:mint
321:The
292:The
253:debt
239:The
182:The
147:The
120:and
3822:doi
3789:doi
3678:doi
3644:doi
3484:doi
3412:doi
3379:doi
3346:doi
3305:doi
3301:116
3217:doi
3177:doi
3086:doi
3042:doi
3007:obo
2963:doi
2909:doi
2868:doi
2806:doi
2766:doi
2553:doi
2496:doi
2442:doi
2388:doi
2287:doi
2220:doi
2187:doi
2143:doi
2099:doi
2070:doi
1990:doi
1941:doi
1937:108
1900:doi
1867:doi
1757:doi
1721:doi
1676:doi
1608:doi
1546:doi
1499:doi
1358:doi
1171:doi
1123:doi
1078:doi
1045:doi
986:doi
947:doi
787:doi
726:hdl
718:doi
676:174
636:doi
579:doi
517:or
509:or
392:or
373:of
198:of
16:In
3879::
3855:44
3853:.
3828:.
3820:.
3795:.
3758:.
3719:.
3684:.
3676:.
3650:.
3642:.
3638:.
3609:.
3570:.
3500:.
3490:.
3455:.
3418:.
3410:.
3385:.
3377:.
3352:.
3311:.
3299:.
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