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the mob, may influence the behavior of the law enforcement agent. Like the mob, these conditions make law enforcement actors more likely to imitate the behavior of each other, which can result in a chain of biased, excessive, or otherwise, dangerous, behavior in which law enforcement agents act upon mob agents as impersonal threats and not as human beings. Such action is heightened in which law enforcement agents are monolithic, across race and ethnicity, as law enforcement will become more susceptible to framing the disorder as a confrontation between "them" and "us."
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667:, or technique capable of causing injury or death to persons, knowing or having reason to know or intending that the same will be unlawfully employed for use in, or in furtherance of, a civil disorder which may in any way or degree obstruct, delay, or adversely affect commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function; or...
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Like mob members, law enforcement agents, acting as a group, can also lose their sense of individuality and develop a feeling of anonymity. Under emotional instability, individual prejudices, that any individual law enforcement agent may harbor against the mob, or against individual participants of
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to distracting law enforcers to building barricades. The more well-planned tactics occur, the more purposeful the disorder. For example, crowds may form human blockades to shut down roads, they may trespass on government property, they may try to force mass arrests, they may handcuff themselves to
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When emotional contagion prevails, raw emotion is high while self-discipline is low. Personal prejudices and unsatisfied desires – usually restrained – are unabashedly released. This incentivizes crowd membership, as the crowd provides cover for individuals to do things they want to do, but would
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plays a significant role in crowd behaviour by fostering a sense of unity among its members. This unity can lead the crowd to adopt a mob mentality and engage in mob behaviour. Crowd members amplify each other's emotions, creating a heightened state of collective emotion. Ideas rapidly spread among
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A goal of violent demonstrators is to spur law enforcers to take action that can be exploited as acts of brutality in order to generate sympathy for their cause, and/or to anger and demoralize the opposition. Crowds can use a range of tactics to evade law enforcement or to promote disorder, from
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Like mob participants, law enforcers are also susceptible to crowd behavior. Such tense confrontation can emotionally stimulate them, creating a highly emotional atmosphere all around. This emotional stimulation can become infectious throughout law enforcement agents, conflicting with their
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is the emotional needs, fears, and prejudices of the crowd members. It is driven by social factors such as the strength, or weakness, of leadership, moral perspective, or community uniformity, and also by psychological factors of suggestion e.g. imitation, anonymity, impersonality, emotional
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During civil disorder, any crowd can be a threat to law enforcers because it is open to manipulation. This is because the behavior of a crowd is under the direction of the majority of its members. While its members are usually inclined to obey the law, emotional stimuli, and the feeling of
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not dare try to do alone. This incentive can become greater for the crowd than its concern for law and authority, leading to unlawful and disruptive acts. Once the crowd engages in such acts, it effectively becomes a mob – a highly emotional, unreasonable, potentially violent crowd.
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Mobs often implore the use of fire or hidden explosive devices e.g. strapped to animals, masked in cigarette lighters or toys, rigged to directed vehicles, etc. Not only can they be used to create confusion or diversion, but they can also be used destroy property, and mask
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of mob participants, or provide cover for mob participants firing weapons at law enforcement. If law enforcement engages with the mob, in returning fire, any innocent casualties resulting from the chaos usually make law enforcement look undisciplined and oppressive.
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Civil disorder arising from political grievances can include a range of events, from a simple protest to a mass civil disobedience. These events can be spontaneous, but can also be planned. These events can turn violent when agitators and law enforcers overreact.
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When emotional tension is high among law enforcement agents, they may breach their feeling of restraint and commit acts, against people in the mob, that they normally would suppress. The emotional atmosphere can also make them highly susceptible to
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Civil disorder has in history arisen from economic disputes, political reasons (such as in opposition to oppressive or tyrannical government forces), religious opposition, racial oppression and social discord among various cases throughout history.
673:...transports or manufactures for transportation in commerce any firearm, or explosive or incendiary device, knowing or having reason to know or intending that the same will be used unlawfully in furtherance of a civil disorder; or...
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Actions by law enforcement agents, motivated by emotion and prejudice, is often used as evidence against their ill will toward a crowd, or a mob, with their behavior only further inflaming confrontation rather than reducing it.
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Crowds want to be directed, and can become frustrated by confusion and uncertainty; therefore, leadership can have a profound influence on the intensity and conduct of a crowd's behavior. The first person to
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vehicles to impede troops advancing to engage them, or vandalize law enforcement vehicles to try to spark over-reaction from law enforcement, or to incite further lawlessness from the mob.
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543:, bricks, bottles, etc. If violence is pre-arranged, the crowd can hide their weapons, or vandalism tools, well before the crowd formation, catching law enforcement by surprise.
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things or to each other, or they may lock arms, making it more difficult to separate them, or they might create confusion or diversions through the use of
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If a crowd turns violent, effectively becoming a "mob," it may execute physical attacks on people and property, such as by throwing homemade weapons like
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Any number of things may cause civil disorder, whether it is a single cause or a combination of causes; however, most are born from political grievances,
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Panic, which is extremely and quickly contagious, also affects crowd behavior by influencing their ability to reason, lending to frantic,
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Participants have been known to use scanners to monitor police frequencies, or transmitters to sabotage law enforcement communications.
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behavior that cannot only endanger the crowd, but also others. During civil disorder, panic can set in when a crowd member realizes –
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When they have not dispersed the scene quickly enough, that their life, or freedom, is at risk from encroaching law enforcement agents
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acts, giving leeway to law enforcers to be forceful or excessive while trying to remove them. Also, sometimes, terrorist elements.
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fearlessness that arises from being in a crowd, can cause crowd members to indulge in impulses, act on aggressions, and unleash
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to take charge of a group to emerge when no authoritative voice emerges, and the crowd becomes frustrated without direction.
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Most participants of civil disorder engage on foot. However, organized efforts, often implore the use vehicles and
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A mob may erect barricades to impede, or prevent, the effectiveness of law enforcement. For example, they may use
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Under such situations, law enforcement agents are rarely held accountable for all their actions against a crowd.
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663:"...teaches or demonstrates to any other person the use, application, or making of any firearm or explosive or
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924:"18 U.S.C. § 231 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 18. Crimes and Criminal Procedure § 231. Civil disorders"
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977:- Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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Firemen dousing a building burnt down by rioters during the
947:"What Can the U.S. Do to Improve Police Accountability?"
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direct a crowd will likely be followed. Opportunity for
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Protesters with
Molotov cocktails in Kyiv, Ukraine 2014
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Exploiting a crowd's mood, radicals can manipulate and
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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Brazil uprising points to rise of leaderless networks
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
926:. the Code of Laws of the United States of America
375:Tactical agitators can leverage media, including
455:The few escape routes are congested with traffic
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360:Tear gas used on students in Altamira, Caracas.
236:The examples and perspective in this article
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885:"Field Manual No. 19-15: Civil Disturbances"
711:2008 Republican National Convention Protests
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
16:Forms of unrest caused by a group of people
418:release, emotional contagion, panic, etc.
191:. Please do not remove this message until
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150:Learn how and when to remove this message
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912:. Federal Emergency Management Agency.
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187:Relevant discussion may be found on
88:adding citations to reliable sources
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485:Protesters occupy the roof of the
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34:This article has multiple issues.
945:David A. Graham (8 March 2016).
546:Crowds may arm themselves with:
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75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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537:improvised explosive devices
968:Revolution '67 Film website
910:Glossary: Civil Disturbance
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193:conditions to do so are met
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890:. United States Army
747:Contentious politics
333:economic disparities
256:create a new article
248:improve this article
84:improve this article
635:A protester with a
383:Emotional contagion
189:Talk:Civil disorder
180:of this article is
973:2020-05-29 at the
797:Sectarian violence
752:Civil disobedience
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408:G-20 Toronto
406:Riot during
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777:Martial law
702:Riot police
609:billy clubs
583:Paint bombs
571:Improvised
410:, June 2010
930:3 February
894:3 February
804:References
792:Revolution
762:Insurgency
725:and fear.
443:irrational
388:mass media
178:neutrality
110:newspapers
39:improve it
787:Rebellion
655:U.S. Code
565:Homemade
551:Gas masks
516:terrorist
366:weaponize
352:Formation
252:talk page
201:July 2019
140:June 2019
45:talk page
990:Category
971:Archived
740:See also
617:civilian
613:bayonets
436:radicals
398:Behavior
246:You may
182:disputed
625:looting
567:shields
561:Helmets
466:Tactics
321:turmoil
124:scholar
782:Pogrom
723:rumors
327:Causes
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888:(PDF)
588:Pipes
556:Rocks
514:, or
512:arson
347:Crowd
319:, or
254:, or
131:JSTOR
117:books
932:2018
896:2018
611:and
424:rage
175:The
103:news
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86:by
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