739:
has been cast that it must have been created during the
Warring States period because the specimen only has a single sprue and would have been cast using a two-piece mould. The sprue of this specimen is 17 millimeters and is located at the bottom of the coin, meaning that it must have been one of the two cash coins located at the top of the casting mould. Another reason why this silver Ban Liang is likely to have been cast by the State of Qin is that both its shape and its appearance are consistent with the Ban Liang cash coins from the time period, for example its centre hole is shaped like a rectangle as opposed to square as was the rule during the Han period, and the top and bottom horizontal lines of this specimen have bent corners also typical for Qin Ban Liang.
163:
771:. However, no known historical records have ever mentioned that Emperor Qin Shi Huang had ordered the casting of any type of special commemorative Ban Liang cash coin to mark this occasion. Because of the unlikeliness that it was cast to commemorate the establishment of the Qin dynasty and the fact that Ma Dingxiang during all the years that he had owned this silver Ban Liang cash coin had never personally suggested or proposed that it may have been made cast as a commemorative issue, Guan Hanheng assumes that it is more likely to have been issued in 336 BC. It is furthermore worthy to note that throughout
1622:
31:
255:. In order to consolidate central power of the new Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang proceeded to standardise the various scripts, weights, and measures that existed among the various states. In order to centralise and standardise the Chinese monetary system, Qin Shi Huang had abolished the existing forms of money. He then stipulated that the new monetary system of the Qin dynasty would consist of a two tier system with a "higher" form of currency (上幣) made of
842:, it is likely that these Ban Liang cash coins could have been used as burial objects, since coins were associated with wealth in traditional Chinese culture. Furthermore, Gary Ashkenazy hypothesises that these drilled holes might have been a precursor to the "stars" (星, dots), "moons" (月, crescents), and "suns" (日, circles) found on some Ban Liang cash coins during the Western Han dynasty, which were a primitive form of
935:
749:
it might have been closer to 100 grams in weight when it was cast, but the coin may have lost some of its weight due to wear and oxidation. This proposed original weight would have been the equivalent of 14 government minted cash coins of standard weight. It is entirely possible that an official coin weight like this could very well have been cast in silver in order to signify its importance.
775:, when a new imperial reign had started or a new dynasty was founded, or a new government mint was established, a special cash commemorative coin (開爐錢) would frequently be produced to mark the occasion. These commemorative cash coins tended to be bigger in size than normal issue cash coins and they were often very well-crafted and tended to be made of very good metal alloys.
243:. The characters on the State of Qin Ban Liang cash coins are vertically elongated and the top horizontal stroke of the "Liang" (兩) character is short. A seal script evolved further over the centuries, the top horizontal line became longer as is seen in Ban Liang cash coins produced during the time of the Han dynasty.
631:), a person notable for being one of the most famous 20th-century Chinese coin collectors. Ma Dingxiang had acquired this specimen from a friend and fellow numismatist in the city of Xi'an. This is the only known specimen of this type of coin and it was sold at auction in the year 2011 for the equivalent of
826:
According to the author of the article, these "drilled hole" Ban Liang cash coins were produced by the State of Qin somewhere around the middle to the end of the
Warring States period. These "drilled holes" are mostly found outside of the areas where the Chinese characters are located and the authors
437:
generally had 8 gram Ban Liang coins from between 32 and 34 millimeters in diameter, while during the Qin dynasty all Ban Liang coins generally had a weight of 6 grams and were about 31.7 millimeters in diameters. Han dynasty era Ban Liang coins are generally smaller than Qin Ban Liang coins, this is
872:
of the Han dynasty. During a period of 3 years, Emperor Wen had allowed Deng Tong to privately produce Ban Liang cash coins. In order to differentiate his cash coins from those that were officially cast by the imperial government, Deng Tong added extra metal above and below the square centre hole of
748:
It may be possible that this silver Ban Liang cash coin was cast to serve as an official weight to be used with a scale to confirm that indeed 14 regular Ban Liang cash coins would meet the required weight of about 100 grams (100/14 = 7.14). While today this silver coin has a weight of 96.15 grams,
738:
and present on the cash coin as well as some minor cracks on its reverse which he claims cannot have been artificially added. Furthermore, Guan
Henheng adds that despite the production of the Ban Liang cash coins having persisted into the early Han dynasty, he notes that because of the way that it
861:
Some privately produced Ban Liang cash coins had the
Chinese characters for "twenty" (二十) incused or engraved above the square centre hole. Current speculation on this variant is that numbers like this did not in fact refer to the "value" (or denomination) of the cash coin, but that these numbers
857:
During the early Han dynasty period (200–180 BC), the emperor had ordered the rich and powerful to privately cast Ban Liang cash coins. These privately produced cash coins tended to be diminutive in size and light in weight, they are referred to as "Elm Seed Ban Liang cash coins" (榆荚半兩錢). Some of
811:), which has an article entitled "Zhangjiachuan Prefecture Excavates 'Drilled Hole' Ban Liang". In this article the author explains that in the summer of the year 2006 he had purchased about two-hundred recently discovered and unearthed Ban Liang cash coins. These cash coins were excavated in the
198:
The Ban Liang cash coins of the
Warring States period typically have a diameter between 32 and 34 millimeters and weight of 8 grams. The Ban Liang cash coins produced by the State of Qin have rectangular centre holes, as opposed to later cash coins which have square holes and many earlier
348:. These cash coins had a diameter that was only about 20 millimeters, and they were distinguished by a large square centre hole. Because in reality they were only worth one-fifth of an earlier Ban Liang coin, they are usually referred to as "5 parts Ban Liang cash coins" (五分半兩錢).
187:; these coins circulated alongside cloth money. Qin State coins were inscribed with the Chinese characters "Zhu zhong yi liang" (珠重一兩, "pearls (round coins) heavy one liang"), which might have been kind of lot numbers, while other early State of Qin weighed half a tael or one
366:
Eventually the private production of coinage led to a major disruption in the economy forcing the government to produce larger Ban Liang; eventually, the Han government continue to change the size and weight of the Ban Liang weighing as light as 2.4 Zhu to 4 Zhu. In 119 BC
758:. Guan claims that there were two important events that took place during the early Qin era that could have resulted in the issuance of a commemorative coin. The first event proposed by Guan Hanheng occurred in the year 336 BC which was the second year of the reign of
319:), which made a single Jin-denominated gold coin worth around 10.000 Ban Liang coins. As the general populace found inconvenience in using the heavy Ban Liang coins the Han government allowed for the private production of smaller Ban Liang coins known as "elm seed" (
830:
According to the author of the 2010 article these Ban Liang cash coins were not meant to be used as an ornament or as a pendant because the inconvenient off-centre placement of these additionally drilled holes would not allow the cash coin to be hung correctly.
784:
Some Ban Liang cash coins have been discovered that have drilled holes, some of these cash coins have only one additional holes drilled into them while others have two. These cash coins were first documented in the Volume One 2010 edition of "China
Numismatics"
1499:"The second page of Shinpan kaisei, Kosen nedantsuke, Narabi ni bantsuki (Improved New Edition: Price List of Old Coins, Together with Rarity Ranking), printed in the city of Nagoya in 1799. This book belongs to the collector Sam Leung"
401:
During their period of production many types of Ban Liang coins were cast, ranging largely in weight and size, some had extra holes, while other were written in different fonts such as the Han dynasty coins cast under
762:
and the first year that Ban Liang cash coins were ever issued. And the second event proposed by Guan
Hanheng that could have inspired the issuance of commemorative coinage was the unification of China under Emperor
274:(equivalent to about 14.4 grams). A "Ban Liang" cash coin, which means "half liang" or "half tael", would therefore be about 7.2 grams in weight. The Ban Liang cash coins further introduced the tradition of
923:
community, but as many of them were excavated and exported from China in the 1990s they have become extremely common today with their prices having been dramatically decreased as a result.
594:
specimen, this cash coin notably has a diameter of 66 millimeters, a thickness of 7 millimeters, and a weight of 96.15 grams, compared to most State of Qin Ban Liang cash coins made from
846:, as these symbols gradually developed to become more and more complex until they would finally developed into true Chinese numismatic charms and amulets during the Han dynasty period.
734:), after carefully examining the known photographs and rubbings of this unique silver Ban Liang cash coin, that this specimen has clearly been buried for around two millennia due to the
642:
Among those who had the chance to admire this silver Ban Liang cash coin during the life of Ma
Dingxiang were some other famous and notable Chinese numismatists of the time, including
132:
The standardization of currency with this round coinage was part of a broader plan to unify weights and measures during the Qin empire. Ban Liang coins continued to be used under the
2001:
363:
Ban Liang cash coins have an outer rim, while a far fewer number of this type of Ban Liang have both an outside rim as well as an inside rim located around the square centre hole.
827:
of the 2010 article assumes that they have been drilled into them after they have already been cast, meaning that these holes were not the result of a poor manufacturing process.
873:
these Ban Liang cash coins. Since there was "more" metal (or value), these privately produced Ban Liang cash coins by Deng Tong were believed to bring more "happiness" (多福).
326:) Ban Liang coins. The design of the Ban Liang coins would also change as Han dynasty Ban Liangs would later add rims while all Qin dynasty versions were rimless.
2458:
1070:
393:) series of coins in 118 BC. Despite being superseded by cash coinages with other inscriptions, the Ban Liang would continue to circulate in the Han dynasty.
102:
prior to unification). It was round with a square hole in the middle. Before that date, a variety of coins were used in China, usually in the form of blades (
293:. Early Ban Liang cash coins tended to not be well finished, furthermore these coins tended to not be quite round as their rims were often not filed smooth.
1587:
422:
in the Han dynasty. A variant with a reverse inscription known as “Liang Ban” (兩半) coins were also cast, cash coins with reverse inscriptions are known as
1994:
1891:
2027:
1611:
195:. 1 tael coins tended to have a round centre hole, and half tael coins a square hole. The reverse side of all of these early round coins were blank.
2513:
1504:
1695:
1987:
983:
344:
In the year 182 BC, or the sixth year of
Empress Lü, the government of the Han dynasty began cast Ban Liang cash coins with a weight of 2.4
2415:
2236:
1835:
275:
2090:
278:; this was because of its round shape with a square hole, something future Chinese coins would continue to do until the early days of the
812:
467:
2566:
270:, though a silver Ban Liang variant is known to exist. According to the standard "weights and measures" (度量衡) of Qin, one tael was 24
823:. These Ban Liang cash coins were quite notable because they have never been documented in any prior Chinese numismatic literature.
359:. These cash coins typically have a diameter between 23 and 25 millimeters and they tend to have a weight of 3 grams or less. Some 4
279:
1426:
162:
2561:
2117:
1580:
91:
1543:
1335:
1095:
794:
614:
207:
1413:
1403:(福建). Quote: "最近，笔者从安徽泉友处交换得一枚未见载录的铅质半两钱，该钱直径28.5毫米，穿径8.5毫米，厚度0.8毫米，重1.57克，钱币正面篆书“半两”二字，分列钱穿右左，钱背无文，通体灰黑色兼有蓝黄色锈，上还留有薄层土锈。".
849:
The "drilled hole" Ban Liang cash coins range in diameter from 23 to 33 millimeters and in weight from 1 gram to 8 grams.
2493:
2483:
2080:
1881:
786:
606:
215:
438:
due to the Han dynasty government constantly changing weight standards for the coins many variants from that era exist.
2581:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2342:
2170:
2042:
1828:
989:
958:
2022:
1969:
87:
907:
between the years 1955 and 1959. Other specimens of iron Ban Liang cash coins were also unearthed in the province of
1067:
1573:
2433:
2138:
1886:
1621:
895:, this was concluded after a number of iron Ban Liang cash coins were unearthed in Western Han era tombs in the
232:) and these moulds could produce 6 cash coins at a time. This casting method left only one sprue on the coins.
98:
as China's first unified currency around 210 BC (although coins with this inscription already circulated in the
2390:
2293:
2288:
1779:
843:
1498:
251:
Emperor Qin Shi Huang conquered the various "warring states" and unified China in the year 221 BC forming the
2032:
1876:
489:
403:
330:
263:
157:
41:
1172:
290:
1943:
1810:
858:
these "Elm Seed" cash coins were as small as 10 millimeters in diamer and weighing only about 0.4 gram.
315:
currency established under the Qin would switch from being measured in taels to being measured in "Jin" (
2065:
430:
180:
582:
During the 1950s, a number of Ban Liang cash coins were unearthed at a site somewhere near the city of
125:, about 0.68 grams). It typically weighs between ten and six grams, roughly corresponding to the Greek
1370:
2576:
2571:
2400:
2303:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2070:
2050:
1949:
948:
632:
153:
835:
266:
and its name reflected this as it would always weigh half a tael; these coins were mostly made from
2231:
2122:
2085:
2060:
2055:
1596:
953:
892:
446:
302:
149:
133:
68:
699:
602:
30:
869:
759:
755:
548:
352:
167:
679:
865:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2425:
2273:
2268:
1871:
1539:
1331:
1091:
661:
368:
240:
236:
200:
1013:
372:
2540:
2521:
2503:
2278:
2223:
2180:
1768:
1714:
1087:
1064:
772:
57:
1198:
2526:
2374:
2251:
1787:
1684:
1453:
1074:
963:
820:
338:
35:
598:
which typically have a diameter between 32 and 34 millimeters and weigh only 8 grams.
2158:
2153:
2148:
2075:
1762:
1743:
1737:
1555:
1535:
1204:
407:
45:
1275:
1039:
984:"China: Ancient Tomb of First Emperor Qin Shi Huang's Grandmother Discovered in Xi'an"
235:
State of Qin era Ban Liang cash coins generally have inscriptions that are written in
2555:
2405:
2324:
2298:
2198:
2143:
2095:
1804:
1665:
1301:
764:
111:
95:
49:
1565:
355:, the government of the Han dynasty set the weight of the Ban Liang cash coins at 4
2410:
1919:
1754:
1729:
1676:
940:
434:
285:
The inscription written on Qin dynasty era Ban Liang cash coins are all written in
184:
179:
The Ban Liang coins predate the
Chinese Empire and were originally cast during the
99:
1476:
1399:(铅质半两钱) - "China Collection", Issue 11, 2006 (《中国收藏》2006年 第11期: 132-132页 共1页). -
2358:
2319:
2263:
2213:
2203:
2188:
1854:
1634:
1630:
768:
308:
286:
252:
107:
103:
2395:
1706:
1416:
Written on December 9, 2012 • Last edit: June 13, 2013 Retrieved: 16 June 2017
930:
920:
643:
259:
and a "lower" form of currency (下幣) made of bronze, which was the Ban Liang.
1431:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
1375:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
1280:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
1177:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
1044:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
262:
The Qin dynasty's Ban Liang cash coin was introduced as a way to standardise
110:) or other implements, though round coins with square holes were used by the
2350:
2208:
735:
1560:
868:(鄧通) was a wealthy businessman who had a close personal relationship with
2469:
2283:
2193:
2163:
1931:
1925:
1907:
1531:
904:
900:
636:
583:
419:
1276:"Emergence of Chinese Charms - Symbols Begin to Appear on Chinese Coins"
17:
1955:
1937:
908:
887:
587:
415:
94:, first minted as early as 378 BCE and introduced by the first emperor
1979:
390:
387:
379:
376:
323:
320:
316:
122:
75:
72:
2246:
1913:
1659:
1400:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
802:
622:
595:
591:
411:
383:
267:
223:
137:
126:
79:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1199:"huanqian 圜錢, round coins of the Warring States and the Qin Periods"
206:
Ban Liang cash coins during this era were cast in two-piece moulds (
862:
would rather refer to some still unknown "quantity" or "measure".
2258:
896:
816:
161:
53:
29:
1505:
Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara
1365:
1363:
333:, the government officially set the weight of the Ban Liang at 8
2366:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
882:
312:
256:
118:
1983:
1569:
1427:"12,000 Song Dynasty Iron Coins Unearthed in Shanxi Province"
1414:
A reference list of 5000 years of Chinese coinage. (Numista)
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
754:
Guan Hanheng proposes that this silver coin may have been a
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
371:
ordered the Ban Liang coins to be deprecated in favour of "
1561:
Ban Liang coinage section from Chinese Cast Coins homepage
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
48:
period (475-221 BC), State of Qin, from an excavation in
1014:
Qin & Han Money - Ban Liang Qian & Wu Zhu Qian.
289:
with long and narrow characters that were written in a
1328:
One Thousand Years of Wu Zhu Coinage 118 BC - AD 958
276:
stringing coins together with a rope for convenience
2512:
2468:
2424:
2383:
2335:
2312:
2222:
2179:
2131:
2041:
2015:
1900:
1864:
1845:
1820:
1797:
1778:
1753:
1728:
1705:
1694:
1675:
1652:
1629:
1604:
1330:(Ancient Cast Chinese Coins Series - Lidai Guqian)
919:Historically Ban Liang coins were very rare in the
311:Ban Liang coins continued to be produced, but the
590:. Among the excavated cash coins was one notable
1086:Wei, Song Jun. Chinese Qin cloth coins catalog (
1068:Warring States Period 战国 Ban Liang Coins 半两钱 货币。
601:This silver Ban Liang cash coin was acquired by
1302:"Ancient Chinese Coins: Western Han Ban Liang"
166:A Ban Liang cash coin cast under the reign of
114:before it was extinguished by Qin in 249 BCE.
1995:
1581:
1479:. Ancient Chinese Coins (Chinesecoins.lyq.dk)
8:
881:It is possible that China first began using
1530:Hartill, David (2005). Cast Chinese Coins.
1477:"Coins made of other materials than bronze"
1456:(in Chinese (China)). M.CHINANEWS.COM (中新网)
2002:
1988:
1980:
1892:Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine
1702:
1588:
1574:
1566:
1306:James Peirce & Adrian Loder (Kongming)
2028:List of Chinese cash coins by inscription
1612:List of Chinese cash coins by inscription
382:), which in turn were superseded by the "
351:In the year 175 BC, or the fifth year of
743:Possible functions of the silver variant
451:
136:until they were finally replaced by the
975:
337:and the inscription was now written in
329:In the year 186 BC, or the 5th year of
1326:Heinz Gratzer & A. M. Fishman. -
117:The Ban Liang corresponds to a "half
7:
1452:Taiyuan News (太原晚报) (9 March 2015).
1077:March 2010. Retrieved: 14 June 2017.
780:"Drilled holes" Ban Liang cash coins
767:in the year 221 BC establishing the
1173:"State of Qin Silver Banliang Coin"
853:Privately cast Ban Liang cash coins
813:Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County
25:
2313:Manufacturing and casting process
1620:
1412:Numis' Numismatic Encyclopedia.
1371:""Drilled Hole" Ban Liang Coins"
933:
410:, or a rare Ban Liang made from
2118:Paper money of the Qing dynasty
2091:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
170:during the Western Han dynasty.
2514:Special administrative regions
807:
798:
790:
730:
725:
721:
712:
707:
703:
692:
687:
683:
674:
669:
665:
656:
651:
647:
627:
618:
610:
228:
219:
211:
1:
2391:Charms and amulets (Yansheng)
2081:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1882:Cash coins in fortune telling
2171:Yuan of the Red Army Command
1475:Lars Bo Christensen (2016).
990:International Business Times
959:Chinese cash (currency unit)
442:Western Han dynasty variants
191:{中冖田} (甾, 錙), which was six
2023:History of Chinese currency
1970:History of Chinese currency
724:; traditional Chinese:
706:; traditional Chinese:
686:; traditional Chinese:
668:; traditional Chinese:
650:; traditional Chinese:
578:Silver Ban Liang cash coins
2598:
1618:
517:Snake eye Ban Liang (蛇目半兩)
300:
147:
2567:Cash coins by inscription
2535:
2139:Historical money of Tibet
1965:
1887:Cash coins as grave goods
877:Iron Ban Liang cash coins
844:Chinese numismatic charms
720:(simplified Chinese:
702:(simplified Chinese:
682:(simplified Chinese:
664:(simplified Chinese:
646:(simplified Chinese:
461:Diameter (in millimeters)
433:Ban Liang coins from the
239:, with a small number in
2294:Great Qing Treasure Note
2289:Great Ming Treasure Note
1397:Lead Ban Liang cash coin
1016:Retrieved: 14 June 2017.
731:bàn liǎng huò bì tú shuō
203:which had round holes.
86:) was the first unified
2043:By period (before 1912)
2033:Ancient Chinese coinage
1877:Cash coins in feng shui
819:Province in located in
718:Ban Liang Huobi Tu Shuo
498:5 Part Ban Liang (五分半兩)
414:in the Qin dynasty, an
158:Ancient Chinese coinage
121:" (半兩), or twelve zhu (
2562:Coins of ancient China
1944:Turtle shell hole coin
1811:Hong Kong one-mil coin
1040:"Chinese coins – 中國錢幣"
635:334,103 (or 2,070,000
557:4 Zhu Ban Liang (四銖半兩)
536:4 Zhu Ban Liang (四銖半兩)
477:8 Zhu Ban Liang (八銖半兩)
171:
140:cash coins in 118 BC.
60:
2066:Southern Tang coinage
431:Warring states period
291:primal freehand style
264:all forms of currency
181:Warring states period
165:
33:
2401:Vault protector coin
2113:Qing dynasty coinage
2108:Ming dynasty coinage
2103:Yuan dynasty coinage
2071:Liao dynasty coinage
2051:Zhou dynasty coinage
1950:Vault protector coin
1836:String of cash coins
1503:Luke Roberts at the
1203:By Ulrich Theobald (
949:Zhou dynasty coinage
716:) wrote in his book
154:Zhou dynasty coinage
2582:Chinese numismatics
2384:Historical exonumia
2086:Western Xia coinage
2061:Xin dynasty coinage
2056:Han dynasty coinage
2010:Currencies of China
1838:(貫 / 索 / 緡 / 吊 / 串)
1780:Fakes and fantasies
1698:Ten Kingdoms period
1012:Travel China Guide
994:. 11 September 2014
954:Cash (Chinese coin)
893:Western Han dynasty
795:traditional Chinese
756:commemorative issue
615:traditional Chinese
449:variants include:
447:Western Han dynasty
303:Han dynasty coinage
208:traditional Chinese
150:Cash (Chinese coin)
134:Western Han dynasty
69:Traditional Chinese
1696:Five Dynasties and
1597:Chinese cash coins
1454:"山西绛州州署遗址发现万枚北宋铁钱"
1282:. 16 November 2016
1073:2017-10-25 at the
1046:. 16 November 2016
787:simplified Chinese
760:King Huiwen of Qin
607:simplified Chinese
282:in the 1910s AD.
216:simplified Chinese
172:
61:
2549:
2548:
2455:New Taiwan dollar
2447:Chinese gold yuan
2442:Old Taiwan dollar
2434:Customs gold unit
2426:Republic of China
2132:Other territories
1977:
1976:
1972:
1872:Cash coins in art
1865:Non-currency uses
1846:Manufacturing and
1724:
1723:
1508:. 24 October 2003
1395:Ye Weiqi (叶伟奇) -
992:– United Kingdom)
988:Mary-Ann Russon (
808:zhōng guó qián bì
575:
574:
458:Weight (in grams)
280:Republic of China
241:large seal script
237:small seal script
27:Chinese cash coin
16:(Redirected from
2589:
2541:Economy of China
2522:Hong Kong dollar
2004:
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1920:Flower hole coin
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1715:Zhouyuan Tongbao
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1179:. 29 April 2015
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1433:. 29 June 2015
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1209:. 24 June 2016
1205:Chinaknowledge
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1377:. 15 May 2011
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2411:Bamboo tally
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2189:Cowrie shell
1827:
1755:Qing dynasty
1730:Ming dynasty
1677:Tang dynasty
1666:Kucha Wu Zhu
1653:Wu Zhu coins
1642:
1510:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1430:
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1379:. Retrieved
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1048:. Retrieved
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996:. Retrieved
987:
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941:Money portal
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603:Ma Dingxiang
600:
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435:State of Qin
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420:lead variant
416:iron variant
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185:State of Qin
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175:State of Qin
131:
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100:State of Qin
83:
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62:
38:
2577:Han dynasty
2572:Qin dynasty
2336:Near modern
2320:Mother coin
2264:Flying cash
2214:Spade money
2204:Knife money
1855:Mother coin
1286:19 February
1213:19 February
915:Numismatics
870:Emperor Wen
769:Qin dynasty
693:lǐ wěi xiān
657:luó bó zhāo
569:Emperor Wen
549:Emperor Wen
429:During the
406:written in
353:Emperor Wen
309:Han dynasty
307:During the
297:Han dynasty
287:seal script
253:Qin dynasty
247:Qin dynasty
168:Empress Gao
108:spade money
104:knife money
2556:Categories
2539:See also:
2396:Horse coin
2351:Candareen
2232:Cash coins
1968:See also:
1707:Later Zhou
1544:1412054664
1336:1539677141
1096:7504472824
970:References
921:numismatic
899:cities of
840:Primaltrek
680:Li Weixian
644:Luo Bozhao
529:Empress Lü
510:Empress Lü
490:Empress Lü
424:chuan xing
404:Empress Lü
369:Emperor Wu
331:Empress Lü
148:See also:
65:Ban Liang
2242:Ban Liang
2209:Ying Yuan
1643:Ban Liang
1090:Edition)
866:Deng Tong
736:oxidation
84:bàn liǎng
39:Ban Liang
2470:Renminbi
2284:Jiaochao
2224:Imperial
2194:Tong Bei
2164:Hongqian
2123:Shengbao
2016:Overview
1932:Qianqian
1926:Hongqian
1908:Bingqian
1901:Concepts
1605:Overview
1532:Trafford
1483:21 April
1071:Archived
927:See also
905:Changsha
901:Hengyang
897:Hunanese
675:sūn dǐng
662:Sun Ding
418:, and a
397:Variants
229:qián fàn
201:Huanqian
88:currency
78: ;
18:Banliang
2504:Digital
2369:(liǎng)
2237:Strings
2181:Ancient
1956:Zhiqian
1938:Tieqian
1525:Sources
1512:14 June
1460:7 April
1437:6 April
1381:14 June
1312:15 June
1183:15 June
1088:Chinese
1050:14 June
998:16 June
909:Sichuan
888:tieqian
815:of the
678:), and
588:Shaanxi
480:4.8-5.3
468:Emperor
373:San Zhu
183:by the
144:History
90:of the
36:minting
2472:series
2361:(qián)
2274:Guanzi
2269:Jiaozi
2247:Wu Zhu
1946:(龜甲穿錢)
1914:Daqian
1813:(香港一文)
1807:(招納信寶)
1798:Others
1790:(正德通寳)
1771:(乾隆通寳)
1765:(康熙通寳)
1746:(永樂通寳)
1740:(洪武通寳)
1717:(周元通寳)
1687:(開元通寳)
1660:Wu Zhu
1542:
1401:Fujian
1334:
1308:. 2017
1094:
805::
803:pinyin
797::
789::
726:半兩貨幣圖說
722:半两货币图说
625::
623:pinyin
617::
609::
596:bronze
592:silver
545:Bronze
526:Bronze
507:Bronze
486:Bronze
472:Image
426:(傳形).
412:silver
384:Wu Zhu
313:golden
268:bronze
226::
224:pinyin
218::
210::
156:, and
138:Wu Zhu
127:stater
80:Pinyin
2416:Token
2367:Tael
2359:Mace
2353:(fēn)
2345:(wén)
2343:Cash
2279:Huizi
2259:Sycee
1952:(鎮庫錢)
1922:(花穿錢)
817:Gansu
584:Xi'an
542:23-25
483:26-30
464:Metal
54:Baoji
42:coins
2438:Fabi
2375:Yuan
1958:(制錢)
1940:(鐡錢)
1934:(鉛錢)
1928:(紅錢)
1916:(大錢)
1910:(餅錢)
1857:(母錢)
1668:(五銖)
1662:(五銖)
1645:(半兩)
1633:and
1540:ISBN
1514:2017
1485:2020
1462:2020
1439:2020
1383:2017
1332:ISBN
1314:2017
1288:2020
1215:2020
1185:2017
1092:ISBN
1052:2017
1000:2017
903:and
883:iron
799:中國錢幣
791:中国钱币
696:).
639:).
637:yuan
566:Lead
563:23.5
523:23.4
455:Type
257:gold
119:tael
63:The
2499:5th
2494:4th
2489:3rd
2484:2nd
2479:1st
2459:5th
1832:(文)
1829:wén
1631:Qin
708:關漢亨
704:关汉亨
688:李偉先
684:李伟先
660:),
652:羅伯昭
648:罗伯昭
619:馬定祥
611:马定祥
560:3.5
520:2.7
501:1.5
386:" (
361:zhu
357:zhu
346:zhu
341:.
335:zhu
272:zhu
193:zhu
2558::
1538:.
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1501:.
1429:.
1373:.
1342:^
1304:.
1278:.
1223:^
1201:.
1175:.
1102:^
1042:.
1021:^
986:.
911:.
801:;
793:;
670:孫鼎
666:孙鼎
633:$
621:;
613:;
586:,
539:≤3
504:20
222:;
220:钱范
214:;
212:錢范
189:zi
152:,
129:.
106:,
82::
71::
56:,
52:,
44:,
2461:)
2457:(
2003:e
1996:t
1989:v
1589:e
1582:t
1575:v
1516:.
1487:.
1464:.
1441:.
1385:.
1316:.
1290:.
1217:.
1207:)
1187:.
1054:.
1002:.
785:(
605:(
391:銖
388:五
380:銖
377:三
324:莢
321:榆
317:斤
123:銖
76:兩
73:半
67:(
20:)
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