310:
194:
331:. In 1716, Law was given a charter for the Banque Royale under which the national debt was assigned to the bank in return for extraordinary privileges. The key to the Banque Royale agreement was that the national debt would be paid from revenues derived from opening the Mississippi Valley. The Bank was tied to other ventures of Law – the Company of the West and the Companies of the Indies. All were known as the Mississippi Company. The Mississippi Company had a monopoly on trade and mineral wealth. The Company boomed on paper. Law was given the title Duc d'Arkansas.
120:
1817:
473:
306:"Perpetual Company of the Indies"), on 23 May 1719 with a monopoly of French commerce on all the seas. Simultaneously, the bank began issuing more notes than it could represent in coinage; this led to a currency devaluation, which was eventually followed by a bank run when the value of the new paper currency was halved.
406:
Law exaggerated the wealth of
Louisiana with an effective marketing scheme, which led to wild speculation on the shares of the company in 1719. The scheme promised success for the Mississippi Company by combining investor fervor and the wealth of its Louisiana prospects into a sustainable joint-stock
397:
Prisoners were set free in Paris from
September 1719 onwards, and encouraged by Law to marry young women recruited in hospitals. In May 1720, after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants, the French government prohibited such deportations.
160:
who was then the
Controller General of Finances of France. Though the company itself started to become profitable and remained solvent until the collapse of the bubble, when speculation in French financial circles and land development in the region became frenzied and detached from economic reality,
952:
Law devalued shares in the company in several stages during 1720, and the value of bank notes was reduced to 50 percent of their face value. ... The fall in the price of stock allowed Law's enemies to take control of the company by confiscating the shares of investors who could not prove they had
155:
in French colonies in North
America and the West Indies. In 1717, the Mississippi Company received a royal grant with exclusive trading rights for 25 years. The rise and fall of the company is connected with the activities of the Scottish financier and economist
452:
explained why Law's scheme failed: "He forgot that there might be no bounds to the demand for paper; that the increasing quantity would contribute to the rise of commodities: and the price of commodities require, and seem to justify, a still further increase."
407:
trading company. The popularity of company shares was such that they sparked a need for more paper bank notes, and when shares generated profits the investors were paid out in paper bank notes. In 1720, the bank and company were merged and Law was appointed by
313:
Satirical cartoon from 1720, the text in the centre reads: "Representation of the very famous island of Mad-head, lying in the sea of shares, discovered by Mr. Law-rens, and inhabited by a collection of all kinds of people, to whom are given the general name
430:
The market price of company shares eventually reached the peak of 10,000 livres. As the shareholders were selling their shares, the money supply in France suddenly doubled, and inflation burgeoned. Inflation reached a monthly rate of 23% in
January 1720.
216:
who sailed in that year from France with a large expedition with the intention of founding a colony at the mouth of the
Mississippi. The expedition did not succeed in this goal; they actually founded a settlement in the vicinity of present-day
445:
The "bubble" burst at the end of 1720. By
September 1720 the price of shares in the company had fallen to 2,000 livres and to 1,000 by December. By September 1721 share prices had dropped to 500 livres, where they had been at the beginning.
180:
was exaggerated in a marketing scheme for the newly formed
Mississippi Company, and its value temporarily soared to the equivalent of $ 6.5 trillion today, which would make it the second most valuable company in history behind the
830:
From p. 919: "Since he controlled the colonial empire of France in the right of his company, he distributed colonial patents of nobility like a monarch, selecting for himself the title of Duke of
Arkansas."
456:
By the end of 1720 Philippe d'Orléans had dismissed Law from his positions. Law then fled France for
Brussels, eventually moving on to Venice, where his livelihood was gambling. He was buried in the church
376:
The Mississippi Company arranged ships to bring in 800 more settlers, who landed in Louisiana in 1718, doubling the European population. Law encouraged some German-speaking people, including
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373:. In 1721, he explored the Arkansas River. At the Yazoo settlements in Mississippi he was joined by Jean Benjamin who became the scientist for the expedition.
561:
262:(The Mississippi Company, or, literally, "Company of West"). Law was named the Chief Director of this new company, which was granted a trade monopoly of the
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1969:
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Law's pioneering note-issuing bank thrived until the French government was forced to admit that the number of paper notes being issued by the
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actually paid for their shares with real assets rather than credit. This reduced investor shares, or shares outstanding, by two-thirds.
736:
http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2014/01/crisis-chronicles-the-mississippi-bubble-of-1720-and-the-european-debt-crisis.html
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2014:
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1293:
978:
Henry Thornton (1802): An enquiry into the nature and effects of the paper credit of Great Britain ('Paper credit')
31:
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and government-accepted notes. In August 1717, Law bought the Mississippi Company to help the French colony in
182:
2044:
204:(possibly his brother), who bore much of the blame for the financial panic known as the "Mississippi Bubble".
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1415:
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Louis XIV's long reign and wars had nearly bankrupted the French monarchy. Rather than reduce spending, the
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1947:
1936:
1908:
1883:
1666:
1651:
1053:
238:("General Private Bank"). It was one of the first European financial institutions to develop the use of
1755:
650:
The Mississippi Bubble, or How the French Eliminated All Their Government Debt (So Why Can’t Bernanke?)
575:
234:
966:"A Comparative Chronology of Money: Monetary History from Ancient Times to the Present Day: 1700–1749"
3946:
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2008:
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2020:
1985:
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1075:
1005:
255:
58:
48:
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1963:
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1529:
965:
609:
2871:
2854:
2755:
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1974:
1930:
1802:
1745:
1263:
1220:
1154:
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913:
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2178:
1888:
1792:
1671:
1621:
1561:
1361:
1351:
1210:
498:
492:
478:
820:
Lande, Lawrence; Congdon, Tim (January 1991). "John Law and the invention of paper money".
3796:
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3182:
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2527:
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2279:
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903:. New York: Noonday Press, 1932, p. 25. First edition published 1841, second edition 1852
359:
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119:
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2939:
2778:
2771:
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2581:
2002:
1551:
1371:
1346:
502:, an 1864 novel by William Henry Ainsworth depicting the rise and fall of the company
344:
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267:
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1878:
1873:
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1215:
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458:
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3264:
2863:
2720:
2690:
2368:
1957:
1918:
1777:
263:
1052:
1704:
1656:
1366:
1098:
1002:
Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance
468:
239:
197:
101:
749:
Anglo-American Securities Regulation: Cultural and Political Roots, 1690–1860
587:
17:
1714:
1709:
1616:
1566:
1535:
1498:
327:, Regent for Louis XV, endorsed the monetary theories of Scottish financier
228:, who had been appointed Controller General of Finances of France under the
76:
2655:
1641:
1631:
925:
923:
247:
152:
701:
538:. Cultural Center of the Inter-American Development Bank. Archived from
200:'s map (1721), with a dedication to William Law, probably a relative of
1523:
857:
841:
610:"How the Mississippi Company Became the World's Most Powerful Monopoly"
302:("Company of China"), and other rival trading companies and became the
1180:
688:
Nevin, Seamus (2013). "Richard cantillon – The Father of Economics".
377:
339:
In 1699 the French formed the first permanent European settlement in
286:(Royal Bank) in 1718, meaning the notes were guaranteed by the king,
173:
1831:
2612:
358:, after which the capital was relocated to the site of present-day
873:
Cat Island: The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island
308:
192:
118:
434:
Opponents of the financier attempted to convert their notes into
435:
243:
27:
Monopoly in French colonies in North America and the West Indies
2616:
1835:
1071:
1067:
511:
European chartered companies founded around the 17th century
246:, but three-quarters of the capital consisted of government
822:
RSA (The Royal Society for Arts, Manufactures and Commerce)
716:
Economists and the economy: the evolution of economic ideas
427:
exceeded the value of the amount of metal coinage it held.
398:
However, there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721.
270:
by the French government. The company was involved in the
900:
Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
800:
The international political economy of investment bubbles
354:
The first capital of New France from 1702 until 1711 was
442:, forcing the bank to stop payment on its paper notes.
842:"The Transportation of Convicts to Colonial Louisiana"
369:
and his party left New Orleans in 1719 to explore the
2961:
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
365:
In 1718, there were only 700 Europeans in Louisiana.
3795:
3645:
3345:
3263:
3234:
3181:
3056:
2992:
2890:
2817:
2795:
2526:
2405:
2367:
2334:
2278:
2132:
1995:
1946:
1907:
1728:
1692:
1597:
1544:
1476:
1400:
1324:
1234:
1173:
1105:
992:Pollard, S. "John Law and the Mississippi Bubble."
846:
The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
212:was originally chartered in 1684 by the request of
107:
97:
82:
72:
64:
54:
44:
489:– banker who made an early profit from the company
4186:Trading companies established in the 17th century
932:"John Law and the Mississippi Bubble: 1718–1720"
632:"MARKETSThe Most Valuable Companies of All-Time"
151:from 1719) was a corporation holding a business
738:NY Federal Reserve: Mississippi Bubble of 1720
4089:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
2628:
1847:
1083:
8:
562:Cat Island, History of the Mississippi Coast
384:, to emigrate. They gave their names to the
39:
2635:
2621:
2613:
1854:
1840:
1832:
1090:
1076:
1068:
794:
792:
772:Witchcraft in Illinois: A Cultural History
652:globalfinancialdata.com -- October 9, 2013
165:became one of the earliest examples of an
38:
3910:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
274:, importing African slaves to Louisiana.
523:
3815:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
3585:South American economic crisis of 2002
3482:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
1030:"Learning from past investment manias"
996:(September 1953) 3#9 pp. 622–630.
3866:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
3822:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
3298:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
1332:List of French forts in North America
662:Association, Texas State Historical.
7:
4151:1770 disestablishments in New France
3896:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
3749:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
3742:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
3707:2000s U.S. housing market correction
3547:1998–2002 Argentine great depression
886:"What burst the Mississippi Bubble?"
751:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
296:("Company of the East Indies"), the
4053:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis
3888:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
3881:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis
3254:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
3157:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
2846:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
1113:French colonization of the Americas
347:. They were under the direction of
254:. In the same year Law conceived a
4176:Pre-statehood history of Louisiana
3859:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
3763:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
3735:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis
3728:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
3423:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
2918:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
888:on Investopedia.com (17 June 2009)
802:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004,
668:Texas State Historical Association
536:Jewell's Crescent City Illustrated
411:, then Regent for Louis XV, to be
214:René-Robert Cavelier (de La Salle)
25:
4141:1684 establishments in New France
4046:2023 United States banking crisis
3852:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
3540:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
3504:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
3430:Japanese asset price bubble crash
3371:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
3121:Australian banking crisis of 1893
2925:Dutch Republic financial collapse
574:Lanchester, John (29 July 2019).
221:, but even this was short-lived.
4161:18th century in economic history
4146:1770 disestablishments in France
2903:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
1981:1830s Chicago real estate bubble
1970:1810s Alabama real estate bubble
1816:
1815:
1741:Military history of the Acadians
1489:Seigneurial system of New France
798:Sheeran, Paul and Spain, Amber.
718:, Transaction Publishers, 1994,
471:
224:In May 1716, Scottish economist
3628:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
2954:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
1165:History of the French-Americans
413:Comptroller General of Finances
304:Compagnie Perpétuelle des Indes
4009:Chinese property sector crisis
3917:2015–2016 stock market selloff
3845:August 2011 stock markets fall
3756:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
3453:1990s Swedish financial crisis
3202:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
2173:Western Australian gold rushes
1494:Criminal justice in New France
1123:Timeline of New France history
1060:New International Encyclopedia
964:Davies, Roy and Davies, Glyn.
608:Roos, Dave (23 October 2020).
293:Compagnie des Indes Orientales
1:
4136:1684 establishments in France
4131:Companies established in 1684
4082:List of sovereign debt crises
4024:2022 Russian financial crisis
3721:2008 Latvian financial crisis
3714:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
3592:Stock market downturn of 2002
3533:1998 Russian financial crisis
3386:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
1484:Custom of Paris in New France
664:"La Salle's Texas Settlement"
3784:Greek government-debt crisis
3621:2004 Argentine energy crisis
3578:2001 Turkish economic crisis
3467:1990s Armenian energy crisis
3460:1990s Finnish banking crisis
3321:1976 British currency crisis
3291:1973–1974 stock market crash
2602:U.S. higher education bubble
2513:Chinese stock bubble of 2007
2475:United States housing bubble
2469:2000s Danish property bubble
2451:Baltic states housing bubble
2227:Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush
840:Hardy, James D. Jr. (1966).
409:Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
4171:18th century in New Orleans
4156:Defunct companies of France
4126:Trading companies of France
3940:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
3606:2003 Myanmar banking crisis
3599:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
3519:1997 Asian financial crisis
3446:1991 Indian economic crisis
3438:Rhode Island banking crisis
3408:Cameroonian economic crisis
3194:Early Soviet hyperinflation
2807:Crisis of the Third Century
2439:Japanese asset price bubble
2427:New Zealand property bubble
2396:New Zealand property bubble
2325:Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush
2093:First Nova Scotia Gold Rush
349:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
290:. The company absorbed the
258:trading company called the
4217:
3971:Sri Lankan economic crisis
3829:Energy crisis in Venezuela
3808:2009 Dubai debt standstill
3658:2007–2008 financial crisis
3313:Latin American debt crisis
3076:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
2556:Australian property bubble
2191:Tierra del Fuego gold rush
2075:Colorado River mining boom
2015:Queen Charlottes Gold Rush
1431:Governor of Trois-Rivières
1054:"Mississippi Scheme"
1044:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1038:"Mississippi Scheme"
930:Moen, Jon (October 2001).
143:; founded 1684, named the
29:
4062:
4039:2022 stock market decline
4031:Pakistani economic crisis
4017:2021–2023 inflation surge
3963:Lebanese liquidity crisis
3932:Venezuelan hyperinflation
3924:Brexit stock market crash
3873:Venezuela economic crisis
3635:Zimbabwean hyperinflation
3218:Wall Street Crash of 1929
3058:2nd Industrial Revolution
2892:1st Industrial Revolution
2650:
2592:Social media stock bubble
2577:
2134:2nd Industrial Revolution
2027:New South Wales gold rush
1948:1st Industrial Revolution
1869:
1811:
1783:Expulsion of the Acadians
1574:Company of 100 Associates
1387:Fort St. Louis (Illinois)
506:List of trading companies
3700:Subprime mortgage crisis
3363:Brazilian hyperinflation
3335:Brazilian hyperinflation
3172:Financial crisis of 1914
2880:Mississippi bubble crash
2493:Canadian property bubble
2481:Romanian property bubble
2320:1930s Kakamega gold rush
2111:Vermilion Lake gold rush
1778:French and Iroquois Wars
576:"The Invention of Money"
210:Compagnie du Mississippi
183:Dutch East India Company
141:Compagnie du Mississippi
127:at Biloxi, December 1720
30:Not to be confused with
4075:List of economic crises
3993:2020 stock market crash
3986:Financial market impact
3955:Turkish economic crisis
3570:9/11 stock market crash
3526:October 1997 mini-crash
3497:1994 bond market crisis
3489:Yugoslav hyperinflation
3400:Savings and loan crisis
3001:European potato failure
2544:Lebanese housing bubble
2505:Lebanese housing bubble
2499:Chinese property bubble
2433:Spanish property bubble
2290:1920s Florida land boom
2215:Cripple Creek Gold Rush
2203:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2144:1870s Lapland gold rush
2039:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
1788:Great Peace of Montreal
1589:Compagnie de l'Occident
1160:History of the Acadians
1000:Gleeson, Janet (2001).
936:Mississippi History Now
769:Kleen, Michael (2017).
32:Compagnie de l'Occident
4116:Louisiana (New France)
4068:List of banking crises
3837:Syrian economic crisis
3770:Blue Monday Crash 2009
3379:Chilean crisis of 1982
3210:ShĹŤwa financial crisis
3016:Highland Potato Famine
2872:South Sea bubble crash
2663:Commodity price shocks
2538:2000s commodities boom
2518:Uranium bubble of 2007
2487:Polish property bubble
2463:2000s commodities boom
2379:1970s commodities boom
2149:Coromandel Gold Rushes
2033:Australian gold rushes
1736:Military of New France
1662:Gens de couleur libres
1392:Fort St. Louis (Texas)
1377:Fortress of Louisbourg
1201:(1682–1763, 1801–1803)
1118:French colonial empire
341:Louisiana (New France)
315:
235:Banque Générale Privée
205:
140:
128:
4191:18th-century scandals
3393:Black Saturday (1983)
3247:Kennedy Slide of 1962
2819:Commercial revolution
2562:Cryptocurrency bubble
2550:Corporate debt bubble
2457:Irish property bubble
2239:Mount Baker gold rush
2161:Black Hills gold rush
2063:Similkameen Gold Rush
2057:Pennsylvania oil rush
2045:Pike's Peak gold rush
1937:Bengal Bubble of 1769
1909:Commercial revolution
1884:Irrational exuberance
914:"Mississippi Company"
312:
196:
149:Company of the Indies
122:
4181:Stock market crashes
3947:Ghana banking crisis
3777:European debt crisis
3562:Dot-com bubble crash
3474:Cuban Special Period
2933:Copper Panic of 1789
2838:The Great Debasement
2830:Great Bullion Famine
2233:Kobuk River Stampede
2167:Colorado Silver Boom
2099:West Coast gold rush
2051:Rock Creek Gold Rush
2009:California gold rush
1436:Governor of Montreal
1342:Fort Michilimackinac
1150:1763 Treaty of Paris
1006:Simon & Schuster
638:. 26 September 2023.
415:to attract capital.
282:The bank became the
272:Atlantic slave trade
260:Compagnie d'Occident
123:View of the camp of
4121:Chartered companies
3903:2015 Nepal blockade
3613:2000s energy crisis
3511:Mexican peso crisis
3416:Black Monday (1987)
3276:1970s energy crisis
3236:Post–WWII expansion
2910:Bengal bubble crash
2705:Financial contagion
2369:The Great Inflation
2352:Porcupine Gold Rush
2336:Post–WWII expansion
2314:Porcupine Gold Rush
2296:Fairbanks Gold Rush
2269:Porcupine Gold Rush
2251:Fairbanks Gold Rush
2021:Victorian gold rush
1986:Chilean silver rush
1899:Stock market bubble
1584:Mississippi Company
532:"The French Period"
335:Early French colony
242:. It was a private
147:from 1717, and the
145:Company of the West
133:Mississippi Company
59:International trade
41:
40:Mississippi Company
4201:French slave trade
4196:Corporate scandals
3165:Panic of 1910–1911
3009:Great Irish Famine
2947:Panic of 1796–1797
2786:Stock market crash
2308:Cobalt silver rush
2263:Cobalt silver rush
2221:Klondike Gold Rush
2117:Kildonan Gold Rush
2105:Big Bend Gold Rush
1964:Carolina gold rush
1925:Mississippi bubble
1894:Real-estate bubble
1756:King William's War
1751:Intercolonial Wars
884:Beattie, Andrew.
714:Backhosue, Roger.
438:(gold and silver)
367:BĂ©nard de la Harpe
319:Mississippi bubble
316:
299:Compagnie de Chine
288:Louis XV of France
206:
163:Mississippi bubble
129:
4098:
4097:
3979:COVID-19 pandemic
2864:Tulip mania crash
2855:Kipper und Wipper
2832:(c. 1400–c. 1500)
2610:
2609:
2568:Everything bubble
2217:(c. 1890–c. 1910)
2197:Cayoosh Gold Rush
2187:(c. 1880–c. 1930)
2175:(c. 1880–c. 1900)
2157:(c. 1870–c. 1890)
2155:Cassiar Gold Rush
2151:(c. 1870–c. 1890)
2123:Omineca Gold Rush
2087:Cariboo Gold Rush
2069:Stikine Gold Rush
2005:(c. 1840–c. 1850)
1975:Georgia Gold Rush
1960:(c. 1790–c. 1810)
1863:Financial bubbles
1829:
1828:
1766:King George's War
1746:Acadian Civil War
1693:Missionary groups
1684:Intellectual life
1421:Sovereign Council
1155:History of Quebec
808:978-0-7546-1997-0
757:978-0-521-52113-0
724:978-1-56000-715-9
542:on 9 October 2012
487:Richard Cantillon
391:Lac des Allemands
117:
116:
16:(Redirected from
4208:
4166:Economic bubbles
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3638:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3352:Great Regression
3347:Great Moderation
3338:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3256:
3249:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2810:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2735:Liquidity crisis
2730:
2723:
2714:
2712:Social contagion
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2644:Financial crises
2637:
2630:
2623:
2614:
2412:Great Regression
2407:Great Moderation
2384:Mexican oil boom
2179:Indiana gas boom
1931:South Sea bubble
1889:Social contagion
1856:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1819:
1818:
1798:Schenectady Raid
1771:Seven Years' War
1761:Queen Anne's War
1627:King's Daughters
1579:Crozat's Company
1562:Coureur des bois
1504:Superior Council
1426:Bishop of Quebec
1411:Governor General
1352:Fort de Chartres
1211:Illinois Country
1092:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1019:
980:
975:
969:
962:
956:
955:
949:
947:
938:. Archived from
927:
918:
917:
910:
904:
897:Mckay, Charles.
895:
889:
882:
876:
875:, by John Cuevas
868:
862:
861:
837:
831:
829:
828:(5414): 916–928.
817:
811:
796:
787:
786:
766:
760:
747:Bammer, Stuart.
745:
739:
733:
727:
712:
706:
705:
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
659:
653:
646:
640:
639:
636:VisualCapitalist
628:
622:
621:
619:
617:
605:
599:
598:
596:
594:
571:
565:
558:
552:
551:
549:
547:
528:
493:South Sea Bubble
481:
479:Companies portal
476:
475:
474:
176:, the wealth of
93:
91:
42:
21:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3797:Information Age
3791:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3647:Great Recession
3641:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3333:
3328:1979 oil crisis
3326:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3284:1973 oil crisis
3282:
3274:
3267:
3265:Great Inflation
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3185:
3183:Interwar period
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2684:Currency crisis
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2611:
2606:
2573:
2530:
2528:Information Age
2522:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2390:Silver Thursday
2371:
2363:
2358:Poseidon bubble
2338:
2330:
2282:
2280:Interwar period
2274:
2136:
2128:
2081:Otago gold rush
1991:
1950:
1942:
1911:
1903:
1865:
1860:
1830:
1825:
1807:
1724:
1700:Jesuit missions
1688:
1637:Casquette girls
1593:
1540:
1509:Admiralty court
1472:
1396:
1320:
1237:
1230:
1169:
1128:Beginnings–1533
1101:
1096:
1051:
1035:
1026:
1016:
999:
989:
987:Further reading
984:
983:
976:
972:
968:(1996 and 1999)
963:
959:
945:
943:
942:on 1 March 2016
929:
928:
921:
912:
911:
907:
896:
892:
883:
879:
869:
865:
839:
838:
834:
819:
818:
814:
797:
790:
783:
768:
767:
763:
746:
742:
734:
730:
713:
709:
690:History Ireland
687:
686:
682:
672:
670:
661:
660:
656:
647:
643:
630:
629:
625:
615:
613:
607:
606:
602:
592:
590:
573:
572:
568:
559:
555:
545:
543:
530:
529:
525:
520:
477:
472:
470:
467:
421:
404:
360:Mobile, Alabama
337:
325:Duke of Orléans
321:
280:
230:Duke of Orléans
219:Victoria, Texas
191:
167:economic bubble
113:
89:
87:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4033:(2022–present)
4027:
4020:
4013:
4011:(2020–present)
4005:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3975:
3973:(2019–present)
3967:
3965:(2019–present)
3959:
3957:(2018–present)
3951:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3877:
3875:(2013–present)
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3839:(2011–present)
3833:
3831:(2010–present)
3825:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3801:
3800:(2009–present)
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3665:September 2008
3653:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3637:(2007–present)
3631:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3358:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3012:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2927:(c. 1780–1795)
2921:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2850:
2848:(c. 1600–1760)
2842:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2731:
2728:Hyperinflation
2724:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2597:Unicorn bubble
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2531:(2007–present)
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2459:(c. 2000–2007)
2454:
2448:
2445:Dot-com bubble
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2422:1980s oil glut
2418:
2416:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2398:(c. 1980–1982)
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2354:(1945–c. 1960)
2349:
2348:(1945–c. 1950)
2346:Texas oil boom
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2310:(1918–c. 1930)
2305:
2302:Texas oil boom
2299:
2298:(1918–c. 1930)
2293:
2292:(c. 1920–1925)
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2257:Texas oil boom
2254:
2253:(c. 1900–1918)
2248:
2245:Nome Gold Rush
2242:
2241:(1897–c. 1925)
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2181:(c. 1880–1903)
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2023:(1851–c. 1870)
2018:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1977:(1828–c. 1840)
1972:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1803:Deerfield Raid
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:Trois-Rivières
1261:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1226:Domaine du roy
1223:
1221:Pays d'en Haut
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1033:
1032:(AME Info FN).
1025:
1024:External links
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:978-0684872957
1014:
997:
988:
985:
982:
981:
970:
957:
919:
905:
890:
877:
863:
852:(3): 207–220.
832:
812:
788:
781:
761:
740:
728:
707:
680:
654:
648:Bryan Taylor,
641:
623:
600:
580:The New Yorker
566:
553:
522:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
508:
503:
495:
490:
483:
482:
466:
463:
420:
417:
403:
400:
394:in Louisiana.
336:
333:
320:
317:
314:shareholders".
279:
276:
232:, created the
190:
187:
115:
114:
111:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4213:
4202:
4199:
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4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
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4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
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4149:
4147:
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4139:
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4129:
4127:
4124:
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4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
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4106:
4090:
4086:
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4079:
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4054:
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4047:
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4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
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4006:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
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3925:
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3907:
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3897:
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3798:
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3778:
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3746:
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3739:
3736:
3732:
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3725:
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3718:
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3701:
3697:
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3687:
3686:December 2008
3683:
3680:
3679:November 2008
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
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3648:
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3636:
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3629:
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3622:
3618:
3614:
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3607:
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3596:
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3589:
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3582:
3579:
3575:
3571:
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3563:
3559:
3555:
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3534:
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3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3475:
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3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
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3435:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3225:Panic of 1930
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:Panic of 1907
3147:
3144:
3143:Panic of 1901
3140:
3137:
3136:Panic of 1896
3133:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:Panic of 1893
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:Baring crisis
3095:
3091:
3090:Arendal crash
3087:
3084:
3083:Panic of 1884
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:Panic of 1873
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:Panic of 1866
3036:
3033:
3032:Panic of 1857
3029:
3026:
3025:Panic of 1847
3022:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2983:Panic of 1837
2980:
2977:
2976:Panic of 1825
2973:
2970:
2969:Panic of 1819
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:Panic of 1792
2937:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
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2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:Social crisis
2776:
2773:
2772:Minsky moment
2769:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:Energy crisis
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:Credit crunch
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Carbon bubble
2580:
2579:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
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2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
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2500:
2497:
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2255:
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2240:
2237:
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2231:
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2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:Ohio oil rush
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:Railway Mania
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
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1892:
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1887:
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1552:Chemin du Roy
1550:
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1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Fort Duquesne
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Fort Carillon
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Fort de Buade
1345:
1343:
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1338:
1335:
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1330:
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1312:
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994:History Today
991:
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782:9781625858764
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642:
637:
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627:
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611:
604:
601:
589:
585:
581:
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570:
567:
563:
560:John Ceuvas,
557:
554:
541:
537:
533:
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512:
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469:
464:
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460:
454:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
432:
428:
426:
425:Banque Royale
418:
416:
414:
410:
401:
399:
395:
393:
392:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
363:
361:
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352:
350:
346:
345:Fort Maurepas
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
318:
311:
307:
305:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:Banque Royale
278:Banque Royale
277:
275:
273:
269:
268:North America
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
222:
220:
215:
211:
203:
199:
195:
188:
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179:
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100:
96:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
18:Banque Royale
3672:October 2008
3554:Samba effect
3410:(1987–2000s)
3305:Steel crisis
3128:Black Monday
3106:Encilhamento
3046:Black Friday
2879:
2853:
2809:(235–284 CE)
2677:Credit cycle
2587:Green bubble
2209:Encilhamento
1924:
1879:Credit cycle
1874:Market trend
1793:Lachine Raid
1583:
1530:Maréchaussée
1528:
1452:Terre-Neuve
1357:Fort Detroit
1337:Fort Rouillé
1310:Terre-Neuve
1216:Ohio Country
1058:
1042:
1004:. New York:
1001:
993:
973:
960:
951:
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
935:
908:
898:
893:
880:
872:
866:
849:
845:
835:
825:
821:
815:
799:
771:
764:
748:
743:
731:
715:
710:
696:(2): 20–23.
693:
689:
683:
671:. Retrieved
667:
657:
644:
635:
626:
614:. Retrieved
603:
591:. Retrieved
579:
569:
556:
544:. Retrieved
540:the original
535:
526:
497:
455:
448:
444:
439:
433:
429:
424:
422:
405:
396:
389:
386:German Coast
375:
364:
353:
338:
322:
303:
297:
291:
281:
259:
233:
223:
209:
207:
171:
162:
148:
144:
132:
130:
108:Headquarters
45:Company type
36:
3949:(2017–2018)
3934:(2016–2022)
3890:(2014–2022)
3650:(2007–2009)
3615:(2003–2008)
3564:(2000–2004)
3513:(1994–1996)
3491:(1992–1994)
3476:(1991–2000)
3440:(1990–1992)
3432:(1990–1992)
3402:(1986–1995)
3365:(1982–1994)
3355:(1982–2007)
3337:(1980–1982)
3315:(1975–1982)
3307:(1973–1982)
3278:(1973–1980)
3268:(1973–1982)
3239:(1945–1973)
3204:(1921–1923)
3196:(1917–1924)
3186:(1918–1939)
3108:(1890–1893)
3061:(1870–1914)
3003:(1845–1856)
2963:(1815–1816)
2912:(1769–1784)
2895:(1760–1840)
2858:(1621–1623)
2840:(1544–1551)
2822:(1000–1760)
2721:Flash crash
2691:Debt crisis
2540:(2008–2014)
2507:(2005–2008)
2501:(2005–2011)
2489:(2002–2008)
2483:(2002–2007)
2477:(2002–2006)
2471:(2001–2006)
2465:(2000–2008)
2453:(2000–2006)
2447:(1995–2000)
2441:(1986–1990)
2435:(1985–2008)
2415:(1982–2007)
2386:(1977–1981)
2372:(1973–1982)
2360:(1969–1970)
2339:(1945–1973)
2327:(1932–1942)
2316:(1918–1945)
2304:(1918–1945)
2283:(1918–1939)
2271:(1909–1918)
2265:(1903–1918)
2259:(1901–1918)
2247:(1899–1909)
2235:(1897–1899)
2229:(1896–1903)
2223:(1896–1899)
2211:(1886–1890)
2193:(1883–1906)
2169:(1879–1893)
2163:(1874–1880)
2137:(1870–1914)
2113:(1865–1867)
2101:(1864–1867)
2095:(1861–1874)
2089:(1861–1867)
2083:(1861–1864)
2077:(1861–1864)
2059:(1859–1891)
2047:(1858–1861)
2035:(1851–1914)
2029:(1851–1880)
2011:(1848–1855)
1988:(1830–1850)
1966:(1802–1825)
1958:Canal Mania
1951:(1760–1840)
1939:(1757–1769)
1933:(1711–1720)
1927:(1684–1720)
1921:(1634–1637)
1919:Tulip mania
1912:(1000–1760)
1647:Amerindians
1610:1666 census
1519:Officiality
1514:Provostship
1401:Governments
1382:Castle Hill
1304:New Orleans
1280:ĂŽle Royale
1259:Quebec City
1207:(1713–1763)
1195:(1662–1713)
1193:Terre-Neuve
1189:(1608–1763)
1183:(1604–1713)
775:. Arcadia.
513:(in French)
461:in Venice.
402:Speculation
264:West Indies
256:joint-stock
240:paper money
4111:New France
4105:Categories
2742:Accounting
1720:Sulpicians
1677:card money
1605:Population
1499:Intendancy
1462:Louisiane
1367:Fort Condé
1290:Louisiane
1284:Louisbourg
1249:Port Royal
1205:ĂŽle Royale
1099:New France
518:References
198:John Senex
4000:Recession
2993:1840–1870
2570:(2020–21)
2107:(c. 1865)
1996:1840–1870
1715:Ursulines
1710:Grey Nuns
1705:RĂ©collets
1622:Canadiens
1617:Habitants
1567:Voyageurs
1557:Fur trade
1536:Code Noir
1416:Intendant
1314:Plaisance
1236:Towns and
1199:Louisiana
1143:1663–1759
1138:1608–1662
1133:1534–1607
612:. History
588:0028-792X
459:San Moisè
378:Alsatians
371:Red River
356:La Mobile
252:Louisiana
178:Louisiana
77:Louis XIV
2656:Bank run
1821:Category
1672:Currency
1632:Acadians
1466:Governor
1456:Governor
1446:Governor
1269:Montreal
1238:villages
1174:Colonies
946:26 April
726:, p. 118
702:41827152
673:31 March
616:29 April
499:John Law
465:See also
450:Thornton
440:en masse
419:Downfall
388:and the
329:John Law
226:John Law
202:John Law
158:John Law
153:monopoly
125:John Law
102:Bankrupt
73:Founders
55:Industry
2756:Funding
2749:Capital
2564:(2011–)
2558:(2010–)
2552:(2008–)
2546:(2008–)
2495:(2002–)
2429:(1982–)
1667:Alcohol
1657:Plaçage
1652:Slavery
1598:Society
1545:Economy
1524:Bailiff
1442:Acadie
1407:Canada
1274:DĂ©troit
1255:Canada
1245:Acadie
1106:History
1063:. 1905.
1047:. 1921.
858:4230908
810:, p. 95
759:, p. 42
593:12 June
564:Page 11
189:History
88: (
83:Defunct
65:Founded
3926:(2016)
3572:(2001)
3556:(1999)
3373:(1982)
3212:(1927)
3159:(1910)
3130:(1894)
3100:(1890)
3092:(1886)
3048:(1869)
2882:(1720)
2874:(1720)
2866:(1637)
2763:Market
2392:(1980)
2205:(1886)
2199:(1884)
2125:(1869)
2119:(1869)
2071:(1861)
2065:(1860)
2053:(1859)
2041:(1858)
2017:(1851)
1299:Biloxi
1294:Mobile
1187:Canada
1181:Acadia
1012:
856:
806:
779:
755:
722:
700:
586:
546:1 July
436:specie
174:France
137:French
112:France
49:Public
1642:MĂ©tis
1325:Forts
854:JSTOR
698:JSTOR
382:Swiss
343:, at
248:bills
3693:2009
2798:1000
2796:Pre-
1729:Wars
1477:Laws
1010:ISBN
948:2021
804:ISBN
777:ISBN
753:ISBN
720:ISBN
675:2024
618:2022
595:2023
584:ISSN
548:2013
380:and
266:and
244:bank
208:The
161:the
131:The
98:Fate
90:1721
86:1721
68:1684
826:139
172:In
4107::
1057:.
1041:.
1008:.
950:.
934:.
922:^
848:.
844:.
824:.
791:^
694:21
692:.
666:.
634:.
582:.
578:.
534:.
362:.
351:.
185:.
169:.
139::
3349:/
2636:e
2629:t
2622:v
2409:/
1855:e
1848:t
1841:v
1091:e
1084:t
1077:v
1018:.
916:.
860:.
850:7
785:.
704:.
677:.
620:.
597:.
550:.
135:(
92:)
34:.
20:)
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