85:, base32 and base64 encodings. It includes two schemes for base32, but recommends one over the other. It further recommends that regardless of precedent, only the alphabet it defines in its section 6 actually be called base32, and that the other similar alphabet in its section 7 instead be called base32hex. Agreement with those recommendations is not universal. Care needs to be taken when using systems that are called base32, as those systems could be base32 per RFC 4648 §6, or per §7 (possibly disregarding that RFC's deprecation of the simpler name for the latter), or they could be yet another encoding variant, see further below.
2332:
as quality typewriters, hence typewriter-like fonts kept these letters looking alike. Many years on, it is no longer necessary to use fonts that don't clearly distinguish some letters, but the tradition persists. It is also not just typewriter-style fonts that have similar problems – many influential
2165:, Base32 is much less used. Hexadecimal can easily be mapped to bytes because two hexadecimal digits is a byte. Base32 does not map to individual bytes. However, two Base32 digits correspond to ten bits, which can encode (32 × 32 =) 1,024 values, with obvious applications for orders of magnitude of
515:
it is possible to visually distinguish between 0, O and 1, I, but other fonts may be unsuitable, as those letters could be hard for humans to tell apart, especially when the context
English usually provides is not present in a notation system that is only expressing numbers. The choice of font is
164:
In some circumstances padding is not required or used (the padding can be inferred from the length of the string modulo 8). RFC 4648 states that padding must be used unless the specification of the standard (referring to the RFC) explicitly states otherwise. Excluding padding is useful when using
2188:
Base32 implementations use a symbol set made up of at least 32 different characters (sometimes a 33rd for padding), as well as an algorithm for encoding arbitrary sequences of 8-bit bytes into the Base32 alphabet. Because more than one 5-bit Base32 symbol is needed to represent each 8-bit input
2102:. Also, because it encodes five 8-bit bytes (40 bits) to eight 5-bit base32 characters rather than three 8-bit bytes (24 bits) to four 6-bit base64 characters, padding to an 8-character boundary is a greater burden on short messages (which may be a reason to elide padding, which is an option in
2306:
For context, the proposed standard also documents two base64 encodings, and here too expresses a preference for one, though for different reasons. Only one base16 encoding is documented – long universally adopted even prior to the publication of RFC 4648 or its predecessor RFC
1486:, used to represent latitude and longitude values in one (bit-interlaced) positive integer. The base32 representation of Geohash uses all decimal digits (0–9) and almost all of the lower case alphabet, except letters "a", "i", "l", "o", as shown by the following character map:
827:. It also permutes the alphabet so that the easier characters are the ones that occur more frequently. It compactly encodes bitstrings whose length in bits is not a multiple of 8 and omits trailing padding characters. z-base-32 was used in the
2172:
Hexadecimal is easier to learn and remember, since that only entails memorising the numerical values of six additional symbols (A–F), and even if those are not instantly recalled, it is easier to count through just over a handful of values.
2088:
Featuring the complete alphabet, the RFC 4648 §6 Base32 scheme and similar allow encoding two more characters per 32-bit integer (for a total of 6 instead of 4, with 2 bits to spare), saving bandwidth in constrained domains such as
2346:
The design of many base32 variants is driven by the view that it is risky to assume a distinguishable font will be used. On the other hand, the logic of a scheme not trying to compensate for quirks outside its remit may be more
1731:
password. Thus, the characters are generally some minor variation of the following set: 0–9, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z, and some punctuation marks. Games known to use such a system include
1102:, who proposes using additional characters for a mod-37 checksum. It excludes the letters I, L, and O to avoid confusion with digits. It also excludes the letter U to reduce the likelihood of accidental obscenity.
507:
constructor when a base larger than 10 (such as 16 or 32) is specified. It also retains hexadecimal's property of preserving bitwise sort order of the represented data, unlike RFC 4648's §6 base32, or base64.
2189:
byte, it also specifies requirements on the allowed lengths of Base32 strings (which must be multiples of 40 bits; hence padding). The closely related Base64 system, in contrast, uses a set of 64 symbols.
1772:
alphabet. That alphabet uses 8 numeric digits and 12 case-sensitive letter digits chosen to avoid accidentally forming words. Treating the alphabet as case-sensitive produces a 32 (8+12+12) digit set.
38:(2). Since base32 is not very widely adopted, the question of notation—which characters to use to represent the 32 digits—is not as settled as in the case of more well-known numeral systems (such as
511:
Unlike many other base 32 notation systems, base32hex digits beyond 9 are contiguous. However, its set of digits includes characters that may visually conflict. With the right
2042:
The alphabet can be selected to avoid similar-looking pairs of different symbols, so the strings can be accurately transcribed by hand. (For example, the
2185:
are suitable for encoding arbitrary byte data using a restricted set of symbols that can both be conveniently used by humans and processed by computers.
50:
form is using digits 0–9 followed by the twenty-two upper-case letters A–V. However, many other variations are used in different contexts. Historically,
461:
in a more natural way: Its lower half is identical with hexadecimal, and beyond that, base32hex simply continues the alphabet through to the letter V.
2991:
2972:
106:
2760:
2996:
2876:
2628:
1716:
2478:
61:
This article focuses on the use of Base32 for representing byte strings rather than unsigned integer numbers, similar to the way
2324:
for the numbers 0 and 1, thus reducing mechanical complexity. When computers were introduced, it was felt desirable for early
2828:
2778:
516:
not controlled by notation or encoding, yet base32hex makes no attempt to compensate for the shortcomings of affected fonts.
2460:
501:
2951:
2526:
493:
Since this notation uses digits 0-9 followed by consecutive letters of the alphabet, it matches the digits used by the
2753:
2053:
symbol set omits the digits for one, eight and zero, since they could be confused with the letters 'I', 'B', and 'O'.)
1751:
2084:
Compared with 8-bit-based encodings, 5-bit systems might also have advantages when used for character transmission:
432:
2057:
55:
1466:
to represent machine addresses. The "digits" were represented as decimal numbers from 0 to 31. For example,
828:
2507:
2267:
1740:
796:
2080:
Base32 representation takes 20% less space. (1000 bits takes 200 characters, compared with 250 for Base16.)
787:
Changing the Base32 alphabet, all alternative standards have similar combinations of alphanumeric symbols.
2791:
2746:
2329:
1724:
2866:
470:
2382:
2032:
The result can be used as a file name because it cannot possibly contain the '/' symbol, which is the
2511:
43:
2806:
165:
Base32 encoded data in URL tokens or file names where the padding character could pose a problem.
2816:
2061:
2026:
1766:
1105:
Libraries to encode binary data in
Crockford's Base32 are available in a variety of languages.
431:
This is an example of a Base32 representation using the previously described 32-character set (
1734:
1099:
2935:
2729:
2417:
2325:
2182:
2103:
2043:
2036:
2019:
1463:
479:
98:
74:
2192:
Base32 implementations in C/C++, Perl, Java, JavaScript Python, Go and Ruby are available.
2786:
832:
454:
94:
31:
486:
under the name "Base-32". RFC 4648, while acknowledging existing use of this version in
2910:
2811:
2486:
1727:. These systems omit vowels (except Y) to prevent the game from accidentally giving a
47:
27:
2985:
2940:
2930:
2823:
2769:
2015:
512:
478:. Lanctot referred to it as "Double Hex". The same alphabet was described in 2000 in
465:
46:
and unofficial and de-facto standards exist. One way to represent Base32 numbers in
1746:
2586:
2925:
2920:
2883:
2858:
2733:
2714:
2664:
2162:
2107:
2069:
2047:
483:
458:
158:
102:
78:
51:
39:
2956:
2568:
2317:
2022:
840:
824:
808:
804:
800:
494:
490:, refers to it as base32hex and discourages referring to it as only "base32".
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
464:
This scheme was first proposed by
Christian Lanctot, a programmer working at
2530:
2409:
2334:
1769:
1728:
2604:
2587:"Gnulib - GNU Portability Library - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
2438:
1462:
An earlier form of base 32 notation was used by programmers working on the
2682:
2316:
The similarity used to be a feature, not a bug, because it allowed early
1720:
114:
2738:
2796:
2646:
2367:
2273:
2249:
1483:
475:
2945:
2903:
2893:
2422:
2321:
2278:
2244:
2239:
2226:
2221:
2099:
2073:
2007:
110:
105:(2003). The scheme was originally designed in 2000 by John Myers for
82:
62:
2544:
2696:
2871:
2833:
2216:
2211:
2206:
487:
23:
2961:
2915:
2898:
2848:
2838:
2801:
2166:
2033:
836:
2742:
474:
magazine in March 1999 as part of a suggested solution for the
2843:
35:
2018:
is all one case, which can often be beneficial when using a
2697:"base32 | RubyGems.org | your community gem host"
437:
BAFYBEICZSSCDSBS7FFQZ55ASQDF3SMV6KLCW3GOFSZVWLYARCI47BGF354
820:
816:
812:
799:
to be easier for human use and more compact. It includes
154:
150:
146:
122:
118:
2665:"base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings"
2368:"Official Internet Protocol Standards » RFC Editor"
2098:
Base32 representation takes roughly 20% more space than
34:, each of which represents a different combination of 5
2414:
RFC 4648: The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings
93:
The most widely used base32 alphabet is defined in RFC
1765:
The word-safe Base32 alphabet is an extension of the
145:
are skipped due to their similarity with the letters
1098:
Another alternative design for Base32 is created by
2857:
2777:
436:
442:Base 32 Encoding with Extended Hex Alphabet per §7
2161:Even if Base32 takes roughly 20% less space than
2114:Length of notations as percentage of binary data
2410:"7. Base 32 Encoding with Extended Hex Alphabet"
2056:A result excluding padding can be included in a
2683:"Base32 package - encoding/Base32 - PKG.go.dev"
2270:for a comparison of various encoding algorithms
16:Binary-to-text encoding scheme using 32 symbols
831:open source project, and is currently used in
2754:
8:
2485:. Python Software Foundation. Archived from
2050:
73:The October 2006 proposed Internet standard
2403:
2401:
795:z-base-32 is a Base32 encoding designed by
2761:
2747:
2739:
2605:"MIME-Base32 - Base32 encoder and decoder"
1719:became universal, several video games for
2421:
2973:Comparison of data-serialization formats
2629:"Base32 (Apache Commons Codec 1.15 API)"
2112:
2029:names, spoken language, or human memory.
1774:
1488:
1107:
845:
518:
167:
2359:
2299:
2006:Base32 has a number of advantages over
435:CIDv1 in Base32 upper-case encoding):
453:, another scheme for base 32 per RFC
7:
2113:
1470:would represent the machine address
520:The "Extended Hex" Base 32 Alphabet
2387:. I-D draft-ietf-cat-sasl-gssapi-01
1723:platforms used base 31 numbers for
22:is an encoding method based on the
2441:(second letter under that heading)
14:
2545:"Tips & Tricks - geohash.org"
2512:"Human-oriented base-32 encoding"
2437:Lanctot, Christian (1999-03-01).
157:(thus "2" has a decimal value of
54:could be considered a modified (
2992:Binary-to-text encoding formats
1997:Comparisons with other systems
846:
519:
168:
1:
2203:"Powers of 2" related bases:
2169:in terms of powers of 1,024.
169:The RFC 4648 Base32 alphabet
2997:Power-of-two numeral systems
2467:. Mozilla. 29 December 2023.
1109:Crockford's Base32 alphabet
783:Alternative encoding schemes
30:. It uses an alphabet of 32
2068:Base32 has advantages over
3013:
2381:Myers, J. (May 23, 2000).
1883:
1597:
1122:
546:
538:
530:
195:
187:
179:
2970:
2715:"String To Hex Converter"
2461:"parseInt() - JavaScript"
2408:Josefsson, Simon (2006).
2261:
2233:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
878:
875:
873:
870:
867:
865:
862:
859:
857:
854:
851:
768:
766:
764:
551:
548:
543:
540:
535:
532:
527:
524:
417:
415:
413:
200:
197:
192:
189:
184:
181:
176:
173:
2264:Applications of base32:
2177:Software implementations
2268:Binary-to-text encoding
89:Base 32 Encoding per §6
2384:SASL GSSAPI mechanisms
2328:to be able to produce
1093:
447:"Extended hex" base 32
1753:The Lord of the Rings
843:open source project.
839:protocol, and in the
2669:Python documentation
2653:. 27 September 2022.
2508:O'Whielacronx, Zooko
2483:Python documentation
2479:"Built-in Functions"
2252:(also called Base85)
1741:Mario's Time Machine
797:Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn
2525:Douglas Crockford.
2167:multiple-byte units
2115:
1110:
848:
847:z-base-32 alphabet
521:
170:
2633:commons.apache.org
1767:Open Location Code
1761:Word-safe alphabet
1474:(= 12 × 32 + 16).
1108:
1094:Crockford's Base32
69:RFC 4648 encodings
2979:
2978:
2326:computer printers
2291:
2290:
2159:
2158:
1994:
1993:
1735:Mario Is Missing!
1708:
1707:
1484:Geohash algorithm
1455:
1454:
1100:Douglas Crockford
1091:
1090:
780:
779:
500:function and the
468:, in a letter to
429:
428:
3004:
2936:Protocol Buffers
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2529:. Archived from
2522:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2439:"A Better Date?
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:10.17487/RFC4648
2405:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2348:
2347:straightforward.
2344:
2338:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2200:
2199:
2116:
2020:case-insensitive
1775:
1489:
1464:Electrologica X1
1111:
849:
522:
506:
499:
438:
171:
97:and the earlier
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2966:
2853:
2773:
2767:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2575:. 24 June 2023.
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2333:fonts do, e.g.
2322:omit extra keys
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2284:
2282:
2255:
2253:
2198:
2179:
2096:
2064:any characters.
2004:
1999:
1763:
1713:
1480:
1460:
1096:
833:Phil Zimmermann
793:
785:
504:
497:
444:
91:
71:
58:) base32 code.
17:
12:
11:
5:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Web Encryption
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2779:Human readable
2775:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2724:
2706:
2688:
2674:
2656:
2638:
2620:
2596:
2578:
2560:
2536:
2533:on 2002-12-23.
2517:
2499:
2470:
2452:
2429:
2397:
2373:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2309:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2197:
2194:
2178:
2175:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2040:
2037:path separator
2030:
2014:The resulting
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1762:
1759:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1479:
1476:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
881:
880:
877:
874:
872:
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
792:
789:
784:
781:
778:
777:
774:
769:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
545:
542:
539:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
443:
440:
427:
426:
423:
418:
416:
414:
411:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
333:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
203:
202:
199:
196:
194:
191:
188:
186:
183:
180:
178:
175:
125:, followed by
90:
87:
70:
67:
48:human-readable
28:numeral system
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3009:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Property list
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Property list
2822:
2818:
2817:Web Signature
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2770:Data exchange
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2719:Beautify Code
2716:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2489:on 2018-10-26
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2330:the same type
2327:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:Other bases:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:Disadvantages
2093:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:character set
2013:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:Electrologica
1457:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:Decode Digit
1128:Encode Digit
1120:Decode Digit
1117:Encode Digit
1112:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
850:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:but excludes
810:
806:
802:
798:
790:
788:
782:
775:
773:
770:
763:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
523:
517:
514:
509:
503:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
467:
466:Sage software
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
439:
434:
424:
422:
419:
412:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
334:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
172:
166:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:. The digits
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:. It uses an
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
68:
66:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2888:
2718:
2709:
2701:rubygems.org
2700:
2691:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2539:
2531:the original
2520:
2502:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2482:
2473:
2465:MDN Web Docs
2464:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2432:
2413:
2389:. Retrieved
2383:
2376:
2362:
2342:
2312:
2302:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2160:
2127:Hexadecimal
2097:
2089:radiomeshes.
2083:
2067:
2005:
1764:
1752:
1747:Tetris Blast
1745:
1739:
1733:
1714:
1481:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1104:
1097:
794:
786:
771:
510:
492:
469:
463:
450:
446:
445:
430:
420:
163:
92:
72:
60:
19:
18:
2926:MessagePack
2921:FlatBuffers
2911:Cap'n Proto
2591:www.gnu.org
2573:SourceForge
2569:"CyoEncode"
2549:geohash.org
2318:typewriters
2163:hexadecimal
2070:hexadecimal
1755:(Super NES)
1711:Video games
459:hexadecimal
52:Baudot code
40:hexadecimal
2986:Categories
2614:2018-07-29
2554:2020-04-03
2493:2017-08-09
2443:- Letters"
2391:2023-06-24
2355:References
2023:filesystem
2002:Advantages
841:Tahoe-LAFS
498:parseInt()
495:JavaScript
471:Dr. Dobb's
457:, extends
81:documents
42:), though
2812:Web Token
2527:"Base 32"
2447:Dr Dobb's
2335:Helvetica
2281:addresses
1725:passwords
1162:1 i I l L
791:z-base-32
451:base32hex
2957:uuencode
2647:"base32"
2609:MetaCPAN
2510:(2009).
2416:. IETF.
2196:See also
2183:programs
2062:encoding
2060:without
1942:Base 32
1889:Decimal
1831:Base 32
1778:Decimal
1721:Nintendo
1656:Base 32
1603:Decimal
1545:Base 32
1492:Decimal
115:alphabet
56:stateful
2797:EDIFACT
2772:formats
2274:Geohash
2250:Ascii85
2181:Base32
2124:Base32
2121:Base64
1884:
1729:profane
1715:Before
1598:
1478:Geohash
879:Symbol
871:Symbol
863:Symbol
855:Symbol
772:padding
552:Symbol
544:Symbol
536:Symbol
528:Symbol
476:Y2K bug
455:4648 §7
421:padding
201:Symbol
193:Symbol
185:Symbol
177:Symbol
95:4648 §6
65:works.
2946:Cyphal
2941:Thrift
2904:UBJSON
2894:Base64
2889:Base32
2859:Binary
2732:
2285:
2283:
2279:.onion
2256:
2254:
2245:Base58
2240:Base36
2227:Base64
2222:Base16
2106:
2100:Base64
2074:Base16
2046:
2008:Base64
1770:Base20
1750:, and
1125:Value
1114:Value
876:Value
868:Value
860:Value
852:Value
549:Value
541:Value
533:Value
525:Value
502:Python
482:
198:Value
190:Value
182:Value
174:Value
111:GSSAPI
101:
83:base16
77:
63:Base64
32:digits
20:Base32
2872:ASN.1
2834:Rebol
2307:3548.
2294:Notes
2217:Base8
2212:Base4
2207:Base2
2155:175%
2146:7-bit
2141:200%
2132:8-bit
1717:NVRAM
1468:12-16
1142:0 o O
505:int()
488:NSEC3
2962:yEnc
2948:DSDL
2916:CBOR
2899:BSON
2884:Avro
2849:YAML
2839:TOML
2802:JSON
2787:Atom
2734:4648
2152:140%
2149:117%
2138:160%
2135:133%
2108:4648
2048:4648
2034:Unix
1482:See
1451:z Z
1431:y Y
1411:x X
1391:w W
1371:v V
1351:t T
1331:s S
1311:r R
1291:q Q
1271:p P
1251:n N
1231:m M
1211:k K
1191:j J
1171:h H
1151:g G
837:ZRTP
829:Mnet
823:and
807:and
513:font
484:2938
433:IPFS
153:and
141:and
107:SASL
103:3548
79:4648
44:RFCs
36:bits
26:-32
24:base
2952:XDR
2877:SMI
2867:AMF
2844:XML
2829:RDF
2792:CSV
2730:RFC
2651:npm
2418:doi
2320:to
2110:).
2104:RFC
2058:URL
2044:RFC
2027:DNS
1937:31
1826:15
1651:31
1540:15
1472:400
1442:f F
1422:e E
1402:d D
1382:c C
1362:b B
1342:a A
835:'s
480:RFC
449:or
161:).
117:of
99:RFC
75:RFC
2988::
2717:.
2699:.
2667:.
2649:.
2631:.
2607:.
2589:.
2571:.
2547:.
2481:.
2463:.
2445:.
2412:.
2400:^
2076::
2051:§6
2025:,
2010::
1990:x
1934:30
1931:29
1928:28
1925:27
1922:26
1919:25
1916:24
1913:23
1910:22
1907:21
1904:20
1901:19
1898:18
1895:17
1892:16
1879:Q
1823:14
1820:13
1817:12
1814:11
1811:10
1757:.
1744:,
1738:,
1704:z
1648:30
1645:29
1642:28
1639:27
1636:26
1633:25
1630:24
1627:23
1624:22
1621:21
1618:20
1615:19
1612:18
1609:17
1606:16
1593:g
1537:14
1534:13
1531:12
1528:11
1525:10
1445:31
1436:15
1425:30
1416:14
1405:29
1396:13
1385:28
1376:12
1365:27
1356:11
1345:26
1336:10
1325:25
1305:24
1285:23
1265:22
1245:21
1225:20
1205:19
1185:18
1165:17
1145:16
1087:9
1084:31
1078:23
1072:15
1061:6
1058:30
1052:22
1046:14
1035:7
1032:29
1026:21
1020:13
1009:h
1006:28
1000:20
994:12
983:5
980:27
974:19
968:11
957:4
954:26
948:18
942:10
931:3
928:25
922:17
905:a
902:24
896:16
819:,
815:,
803:,
776:=
760:V
757:31
751:23
745:15
734:U
731:30
725:22
719:14
708:T
705:29
699:21
693:13
682:S
679:28
673:20
667:12
656:R
653:27
647:19
641:11
630:Q
627:26
621:18
615:10
604:P
601:25
595:17
578:O
575:24
569:16
425:=
409:7
406:31
400:23
394:15
383:6
380:30
374:22
368:14
357:5
354:29
348:21
342:13
331:4
328:28
322:20
316:12
305:3
302:27
296:19
290:11
279:2
276:26
270:18
264:10
253:Z
250:25
244:17
227:Y
224:24
218:16
159:26
149:,
137:,
2762:e
2755:t
2748:v
2721:.
2703:.
2685:.
2671:.
2635:.
2617:.
2593:.
2557:.
2514:.
2496:.
2449:.
2426:.
2420::
2394:.
2370:.
2337:.
2072:/
2039:.
1987:w
1984:v
1981:r
1978:q
1975:p
1972:m
1969:j
1966:h
1963:g
1960:f
1957:c
1954:X
1951:W
1948:V
1945:R
1876:P
1873:M
1870:J
1867:H
1864:G
1861:F
1858:C
1855:9
1852:8
1849:7
1846:6
1843:5
1840:4
1837:3
1834:2
1808:9
1805:8
1802:7
1799:6
1796:5
1793:4
1790:3
1787:2
1784:1
1781:0
1701:y
1698:x
1695:w
1692:v
1689:u
1686:t
1683:s
1680:r
1677:q
1674:p
1671:n
1668:m
1665:k
1662:j
1659:h
1590:f
1587:e
1584:d
1581:c
1578:b
1575:9
1572:8
1569:7
1566:6
1563:5
1560:4
1557:3
1554:2
1551:1
1548:0
1522:9
1519:8
1516:7
1513:6
1510:5
1507:4
1504:3
1501:2
1498:1
1495:0
1448:Z
1439:F
1428:Y
1419:E
1408:X
1399:D
1388:W
1379:C
1368:V
1359:B
1348:T
1339:A
1328:S
1322:9
1319:9
1316:9
1308:R
1302:8
1299:8
1296:8
1288:Q
1282:7
1279:7
1276:7
1268:P
1262:6
1259:6
1256:6
1248:N
1242:5
1239:5
1236:5
1228:M
1222:4
1219:4
1216:4
1208:K
1202:3
1199:3
1196:3
1188:J
1182:2
1179:2
1176:2
1168:H
1159:1
1156:1
1148:G
1139:0
1136:0
1081:z
1075:x
1069:8
1066:7
1055:s
1049:q
1043:g
1040:6
1029:i
1023:p
1017:f
1014:5
1003:w
997:c
991:r
988:4
977:u
971:m
965:d
962:3
951:1
945:k
939:n
936:2
925:t
919:j
916:9
913:b
910:1
899:o
893:e
890:8
887:y
884:0
825:2
821:0
817:v
813:l
809:9
805:8
801:1
754:N
748:F
742:7
739:7
728:M
722:E
716:6
713:6
702:L
696:D
690:5
687:5
676:K
670:C
664:4
661:4
650:J
644:B
638:3
635:3
624:I
618:A
612:2
609:2
598:H
592:9
589:9
586:1
583:1
572:G
566:8
563:8
560:0
557:0
403:X
397:P
391:H
388:7
377:W
371:O
365:G
362:6
351:V
345:N
339:F
336:5
325:U
319:M
313:E
310:4
299:T
293:L
287:D
284:3
273:S
267:K
261:C
258:2
247:R
241:J
238:9
235:B
232:1
221:Q
215:I
212:8
209:A
206:0
155:B
151:I
147:O
143:8
139:1
135:0
131:7
129:–
127:2
123:Z
121:–
119:A
109:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.