400:", which demonstrate the "strength of us" and serve as a remedy to the "culture of the self". He sees such movements as an "antidote to populism" and as capable of revitalizing democracies which he finds "increasingly limp, threatened, and under scrutiny over countless factors." The communities have received strong endorsement from the Catholic hierarchy, beginning with the Latin American bishops at Medellin in the wake of Vatican II, who strove "to encourage and favor the efforts of the people to create and develop their own grassroots organizations for the redress and consolidation of their rights and the search for true justice." In 2016, the bishops' committee for the accompaniment of base ecclesial communities on the continent issued the statement: "In this ecclesial spring, aroused by the gestures and doctrine of Pope Francis, the communities have been strengthened and renewed in their evangelizing and missionary enthusiasm. We reaffirm our conviction that the communities are the Church of Jesus at the base, the poor and poor Church." One example of the need for these communities would be
481:. One of the main causes for the spread of base communities in the country were concerns over widespread poverty and malnutrition, in addition to the increasing gap in the ratio of Catholic priests to parishioners characteristic of all of Latin America during the 20th century. At times, an entire diocese of over 50,000 people might have only one priest; this was especially true in rural areas that were difficult to reach. Church officials considered the BEC's promotion of lay training, participation, and leadership, along with the "See-Judge-Act" method practiced within, as a potential solution to both of these problems and thus encouraged their development throughout the country. Beginning in the 1980s, an additional factor inspiring the formation of base communities in Mexico was support and solidarity for refugees fleeing from civil wars and military dictatorships in
674:(CBCP) to "issue an official statement on BECs, on their nature and functions as recognized by the Church, making it clear that they are not simply another organization. This official statement of the CBCP shall be, among other things, for the proper orienting of priests and seminarians. Training for work with BECs shall be made part of seminary formation." In 2007, the CBCP established the Episcopal Committee on Basic Ecclesial Communities with the task of assisting the dioceses in the promotion and formation of BECs. The small Christian communities in the Philippines often began as administrative or liturgical centers for the parishes, and have needed to evolve into consciousness-raising communities more like the Latin American model.
654:, Pope John Paul II wrote in his apostolic exhortation Ecclesia in Asia that "the Synod Fathers underlined the value of basic ecclesial communities as an effective way of promoting communion and participation in parishes and Dioceses, and as a genuine force for evangelization. These small groups help the faithful to live as believing, praying and loving communities like the early Christians (cf. Acts 2:44-47; 4:32-35)." John Paul II went on to describe them as "a solid starting point for building a new society, the expression of a civilization of love, ... and I encourage the Church in Asia, where possible, to consider these basic communities as a positive feature of the Church's evangelizing activity."
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challenge is to attract more men to these communities and still have the voice of women heard in them. "Due to the emergence and growth of SCCs, the church is no longer considered a remote reality subject solely to the direction of the ordained clergy. ...Women and men feel a sense of belonging, celebrate their shared faith and take responsibility for the mission of the church in the local context." Already in 2001 there were over 180,000 SCCs in the nine AMECEA countries in
Eastern Africa. A leading African theologian has suggested that they can still learn from Latin America "to include attention to the socio-political, ecological and economic conditions of their context."
539:(RSCJ) gathered women from throughout the city to discuss domestic and neighborhood issues. Soon, these small groups grew into flourishing base communities, featuring both women's and men's Bible study/reflection groups, undertaking community projects such as establishing water and trash services, and hosting education programs that encouraged members to practice the "See-Judge-Act" method of conscientization and activism developed by Paulo Freire. By 1972, at least twenty different base community groups met regularly in Santa Cecilia, additionally training members as catechists to provide religious service to thousands of parishioners. In an era dominated by
608:(1904) established a pattern of the United States imposing a capitalist model of development on Latin America, often to the detriment of the poorest peoples. "In Brazil and Central America, as U.S.-endorsed dictatorships made it increasingly dangerous for workers to gather, organize, and/or protest while their living conditions worsened, the sacred space of religious meetings often became the only environments left where workers could still somewhat safely convene, organize, share information, and plan protests," while finding vital support and healing. However, "hundreds of thousands of defenseless BEC members were killed by state-sponsored,
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ignored the social and communitarian dimensions of being disciples of Jesus Christ. The sense of community experienced at Sunday Mass was found to be too superficial to realize the sense of
Christian community. From 1984 to 2006, virtually the whole Bombay archdiocese was formed into 1,800 SCCs. The program involved bringing together Catholics in neighborhood communities for Gospel sharing and service to the poor and needy, while maintaining links with the universal Church. Experience led to dividing SCCs into smaller clusters of about ten families, to facilitate presence and participation at the monthly meetings.
464:, Francis stated that BECs allow people "to attain greater knowledge of the Word of God, a greater social commitment in the name of the Gospel, for the birth of new forms of lay service and adult education in the faith." He had chaired the committee that drafted the Aparecida document. Francis also recalled his more recent statement to the whole church, that base communities "bring a new evangelizing fervor and a new capacity for dialogue with the world whereby the Church is renewed."
699:, neighborhood communities should become places where the Bible is reflected upon and applied, the faith shared and celebrated, in a more democratic rather than hierarchical structure. Priest and bishop become enablers, encouraging full missionary discipleship among the laity, overseeing from a distance rather than accustomed to control. The question which the clergy in the North must answer is what model of church best responds to the needs and expectations of the secular society.
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of the world, nor was it God's willâboth common narratives up to this pointâbut rather a result of Mexico's glaring social inequalities and stark economic hierarchy, always returning to the Bible as their source of reflection. Additionally, courses on agriculture and health encouraged members to take up soybean planting as a more cost-effective source of protein than meat, which was costly to the point of unaffordability.
628:, contrary to the African cultural preference for close, participatory community. When The Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa (AMECEA) Documentation Service "circulated a questionnaire in 1975 to ascertain how the dioceses ranked their priorities they were pleased to find that the highest priority in AMECEA was 'building Christian communities'." Then in 1994 at the first African Synod, the
592:, a group of progressive priests known as the Nazas-Aguanaval group were influential in the creation of base communities and other grassroots political organizing. The group formed early in the 1970s, part of a pastoral plan supported by Church authorities in the diocese that sought to bring more priests to the countryside, and included fathers Benigno MartĂnez, JosĂ© Batarse, and JesĂșs de la Torre, among others.
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and co-responsibility. Due to a shortage of priests, the sacraments are not always accessible in some of these communities but for them the word of God is an "immediate point of reference, the source of inspiration, nourishment, and discernment, ... to shape a just society that will turn the word into reality and embody the gospel project in a coherent way, ... conscious of the gift given to us in Jesus Christ."
670:, the formation of BECs has been adopted as the pastoral priority of the Church throughout the country. In 1991, the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines decreed: "Basic Ecclesial Communities under various names and formsâBCCs, small Christian communities, covenant communitiesâmust be vigorously promoted for the full living of the Christian vocation in both urban and rural areas." The Council directed the
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266:, but with a different theological emphasis. They did not subscribe to liberation theology, as they were being persecuted by Marxists themselves (although liberation theology itself is not intrinsically tied to Marxism, but has merely used Marxist analysis at times to analyze the systemic roots of poverty in Latin America). One of the best-known groups was Hungarian priest
392:'s message "often has stood in marked contrast to the words of his two predecessors. Francis has in fact sought to revive liberation theology in its pastoral applicationâ... what theologians call 'base community' work in the region's slums and marginalized areas." He has averaged a trip a year to Latin America during his papacy. Speaking from his experience in
544:"dominant culture's public-private division" which relegated them to the household. A key part of this liberatory experience for the women of Santa Cecilia's base communities were empowering moments of confronting, challenging, and defeating powerful men such as bosses, factory owners, or even their own husbands and fathers.
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described Small
Christian Communities (SCC) as "the theological mainstay of the model of Church as Family of God". They are seen as "the ecclesiastical extension of the African extended family or clan", where the Christian faith is more intensely lived and shared. In Africa's patriarchal culture, the
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in which institutional and familial patriarchy relegated women to the domestic sphere, women's experiences in the Santa
Cecilia base communities were especially significant. Indeed, the women of these communities worked tirelessly to confront the double standards of their time and break free from the
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The
Message of Pope Francis to the Participants in the 13th Meeting of the Basic Ecclesial Communities in Brazil, in January 2014, declared that "the motto of this meeting, 'BECs Pilgrims of the Kingdom, in the Countryside and the City', must resound like a call so that they might increasingly assume
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in living the gospel imperatives. BECs realize the presence of the church in all its aspects, as communion, servant, herald, sacrament, and institution. They present a pattern of
Christian life which is less individualistic, self-interested, and competitive, as preferred by the poor in mutual support
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The diversity of religions and the small number of
Christians in most parts of Asia have also led to experiments in forming local Basic Human Communities (BHC) open to people of all faiths. From these it is hoped that the new humanity will emerge, with small communities at the periphery feeding back
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of the city. The
Sisters began their work by addressing some of the key issues of the neighborhood: malnutrition, and poverty. Within the small study groups characteristic of the base community model, they led conscientizing discussions which taught members that their poverty was not a natural state
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A program that originated in the United States, now RENEW International, offers materials and training for parish-based discussion groups. Their programs have reached an estimated 25 million
Catholics in 160 dioceses in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia, Venezuela, El Salvador, and
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Initially, their very structure encouraged discussion and solidarity within the community over submission to church authority and, as their very name suggests, made power seem to flow from the bottom or base upward. The influence of liberation theology meant that discussions within the church were
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which involves young adults in faith discussions held in restaurants and taverns. RENEW International has a strong presence in
England and in Africa. A similar effort originating in Italy in 1987 now involves thousands of people on five continents. Pope Francis has commended these cells for their
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where land seizures are a contentious issue. The proliferation of BECs in Brazil was particularly widespread in comparison to the rest of Latin America: it has been estimated that the amount of base communities in the country at the peak of the liberationist movement counted at least 70,000, with
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and proletarians into self-reliant worshiping communities through the tutelage of a priest or local lay member. Because established Christian parishes with active priests were often miles away and because high level church officials rarely visited even their own parishes these "base communities"
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Priests Synod recognized SCCs as necessary to build community in city parishes characterized by individualism, impersonal relationships, superficial religious practice, and unconcern for others. "Believers were defined by the doctrinal truths they adhered to" with a privatized Christianity that
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When the RSCJ Nuns left Santa Cecilia in 1985, it was difficult for the communities to maintain such a high degree of organization and participation, eventually dissolving. Yet, while the communities themselves may not have persisted, the conscientizing education and empowering experiences they
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increased literacy and raised the awareness of human rights. This furthered the BEC movement and "provided a springboard for Liberation theologians, most of whom were inspired by the theological insights they learnt from the struggles of poor communities." Brazil has had members of the Catholic
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churches. Base Christian communities believe in helping people whose lives have been destroyed. Over 120,000 new churches have been set up to help the poor. The Base Christian communities follow the word of God and stand by the poor, helping the helpless. The Base Christian communities work to
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endorsed the promotion of Small Christian Communities (SCC) throughout Asia.as a new way of being church, as a "communion of communities"âparticipatory, ecumenical, and a leaven for the transformation of the world. Then in 1999 after the meeting of the Asian Synod of Bishops in
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Mexico's base communities have historically relied on the continued support of the Church hierarchyâthat is, the Bishop or Archbishop of the regionâin order to both arise and persist. In dioceses where the Church leadership was unsympathetic to BECs or the progressive
519:, communities struggled to establish themselves and existing groups quickly sputtered out, for instance in cases where a Bishop was moved to another diocese or replaced with a conservative one, such as occurred with the Regional Seminary of the Southeast (
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to believers to contribute to their spiritual formation. The purpose of the base ecclesial community engaged in Bible study is "be taught and nourished by the Word of God" and "being formed and animated by the inspirational power conveyed by Scripture".
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to take a more active role in the church, and also from the shortage of priests. They spread to Africa, and then to Asia where some have morphed into models for neighborliness in modern urban and ecumenical environments, with the hope that
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a document entitled "A Preferential Option for the Poor". Then in 2007, with Pentecostal and Evangelical movements threatening the faith of Catholics within the impoverished peripheries of Latin Americaâs mega-cities, these bishops at the
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As elsewhere in Latin America, Mexico's base communities began spreading organically early in the 1960s, eventually finding institutional backing in the preferential option for the poor proposed at Vatican II and affirmed by
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order arrived in the city to help organize and manage within the community, leading classes and Bible study groups. By 1989, there were no fewer than twenty-six base communities in the parish, and yet more in the other
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were often the only direct exposure to the church for people in rural areas or those for whom a "local" church may be miles away. Thus, the base community was significant in changing popular interpretations of
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fulfill Christ's purpose to proclaim good news to the poor, tell them of hope, and to remind all people that there is always someone loving them somewhere, and that they still have a chance in life.
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ability to revive parishes, adding that: "If we have encountered Christ in our lives, then we cannot keep him only for ourselves. It is crucial that we share this experience with others as well."
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368:. The Latin American bishops, following up on their 1968 statement at Medellin which called for an "effective preference to the needy and poorest sectors" of society, issued in 1979 at
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523:) when its leadership was changed by the Vatican in 1990. Today, Mexico's base community network continues to thrive, and continues to release pastoral plans every few years.
282:. The movement's ideals were simple, namely to express Christian love in three ways: giving, service and non-violence. Bulånyi was jailed for life by the Communist régime of
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who was made a cardinal by Pope Francis in the 5 October 2019 consistory. The cardinal has long been an advocate for the poor, and has survived several death threats.
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Quevedo O. (2008) âRenewing the Church: Pastoral Thrusts for BECsâ In: Arquiza Y. (ed) Creating a Culture of Sustainability for BECs. Manila: CBCP-BEC Desk. 195-196.
1145:"Letter to participants in the 13th Meeting of the Basic Ecclesial Communities in Brazil [Diocese of Crato, 7-11 January 2014] (17 December 2013) | Francis"
290:, in 1952, and was amnestied in 1960. However, he was not allowed to work as a priest. He continued to start small base communities illegally, and wrote illegal
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oriented toward material conditions and issues of class interests. Through this process of consciousness raising, evangelizing turned into class consciousness.
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facilitated served as the basis for further community activism, establishing networks that continued to support and promote popular movements and education.
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Acts and decrees of the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines: held at the Holy Apostles Seminary, Makati, Metro Manila from 20 January-17 February 1991
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Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (1991), "Acts and Decrees of the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines (PCP II)", Makati: CBCP.
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against the liberation theology movement. The liberationists built upon the BEC movement, giving it a more explicitly social edge. Peruvian theologian
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and supported military, paramilitary, and police forces in no less than ten Latin American countries," including missionaries from the United States,
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493:. Though often considered a rural phenomenon, there is a considerable presence of base communities in urban areas as well, often located within
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Levey, Eben (2021). "'A New Type of Priest:' The Regional Seminary of the Southeast (SERESURE) and Indigenous Ministry in Mexico, 1969-1990".
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stand out for the predominant presence of women as members, organizers, and leaders. Beginning as small reflection groups, the nuns of the
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FABC V Plenary Assembly Final Statement âJourneying Together Toward the Third Millenniumâ July 17â27, 1990 Bandung, Indonesia 8.1.11.
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Orobator, A. (January 27, 2013). "Small Christian Communities as a New Way of Becoming Church: Practice, Progress and Prospects".
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Catholic Church; Plenary Council of the Philippines; Catholic Church; Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, eds. (2004).
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1277:. Christian BĂŒschges, Andrea MĂŒller, Noah Oehri. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. 2021. pp. 161â184.
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560:, with nearly 50,000 members. The first base community in the city was founded the same year, in the nearby
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R. Pace (1992), "Social conflict and political activism in the Brazilian Amazon: a case study of GurupĂĄ".
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Emiliano Zapata. Soon after, in 1982, Sisters Regina Johnson, Mildred Payne, and Carmen Lechthaler of the
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has 100,000 members in 53 distinct communities served by 3,000 lay ministers. The diocesan bishop here is
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Liberation Theology and the Others : Contextualizing Catholic Activism in 20th Century Latin America
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1366:"The Nazas-Aguanaval Group: Radical Priests, Catholic Networks, and Maoist Politics in Northern Mexico"
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Liberation Theology: The Essential Facts about the Revolutionary Movement in Latin America and Beyond
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In the 1960s basic ecclesial communities (BEC) spread rapidly, encouraged by the emphasis which the
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Committee on Basic Ecclesial Communities of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines.
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Many authors have pointed out the "sacramental service station" model of church established by
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983:"Analysis: Pope Francis uses Latin American trips to recover soul of the Catholic Church"
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Marcello de C.Azevedo, "Bacis Ecclesial Communities: A Meeting Point of Ecclesiologies",
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Present in both rural and urban areas, the base community, organized often illiterate
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Weigel, G. The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism.
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oriented form of Christianity especially popular among the third world and the poor.
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A decline in base communities in some parts of Latin America has been attributed to
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their very important role in the Churchâs mission of evangelization." Quoting the
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A Base Christian community is a group of people who join together to study the
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group that operates according to a particular model of community, worship, and
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The proliferation of base communities is due in part to the documents of the
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1536:"Promoting Small Christian Communities in Africa through the Internet"
1181:"Liberation or Theology? Ecclesial Base Communities in Oaxaca, Mexico"
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Handbook of Small Christian Communities for the Archdiocese of Bombay
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Espinosa, Pedro Orozco; Morales, Alejandro Enrique Orozco (2015).
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to transform the center into the likeness of one world under God.
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1728:"RENEW International inspires parishioners through small groups"
451:. BECs have afforded protection for social activists, as in the
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By 1980, the parish of San Juan Chapultepec was the largest in
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Basic Ecclesial Communities: Adelaide's 'new model of church'.
356:; they existed before it arose, and have thrived despite some
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at the Second Conference of Latin America Bishops in 1968 at
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Fifth Episcopal Conference of Latin America and the Caribbean
1778:"RENEW International's Spiritual Renewal in Westminster, UK"
1802:"Small Christian Communities in the Church in Africa Today"
1473:, (New York: Orbis, 2014), 43. See also: G. Cieslikiewicz,
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Anatomy of Inculturation, Transforming the Church in Africa
767:(Second ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 83.
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Revolution in El Salvador: From Civil Strife to Civil Peace
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It has been suggested that to revitalize the Church in the
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Bombay Priests Synod Document 138, quoted in A. Nazareth,
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Pastoral Involvement of Parish-Based SCCs in Dar es Salaam
934:"Latin American Catholics' problem with Pope John Paul II"
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The concept of a base ecclesial community is found in the
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885:"CELAM update: The lasting legacy of liberation theology"
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played a major role in popularizing them under the name
1587:"Basic Ecclesial Communities â an Asian pastoral need"
812:. Catholic University of America Press. p. 192.
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Liberation theology § Base ecclesial communities
1563:"Ecclesia in Asia (November 6, 1999) | John Paul II"
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Catholic Southwest: A Journal of History and Culture
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http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/46/46.4/46.4.1.pdf
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International Journal of African Catholicism (IJAC)
703:Guatemala. Since 2007 it has sponsored the program
262:Other Base Communities came into existence in the
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117:at the peripheries will impact cultural centers.
810:The Fathers of the Church in Christian Theology
782:"Base ecclesial communities - Oxford Reference"
672:Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines
1179:MACNABB, VALERIE ANN; REES, MARTHA W. (1993).
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171:Learn how and when to remove this message
1864:Small Christian Communities, pp. 97-109.
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1675:"Small Christian Communities In Mumbai"
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763:Montgomery, Tommie Sue (1995).
396:, Francis has highly extolled "
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410:Ălvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri
1755:. 2007-06-04. Archived from
1232:Revista de Ciencias Sociales
630:Bishops Conference in Africa
1753:"Theology on Tap 'Renewed'"
1704:"About RENEW International"
1185:Journal of Church and State
352:BECs were not a product of
286:, General Secretary of the
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1732:National Catholic Reporter
1534:Healey, Joseph G. (2001).
1364:Puma, Jorge (April 2022).
1094:Berryman, Phillip (1987).
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863:46, no. 4 (1985): 601-16.
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432:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
288:Hungarian Communist Party
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1234:(in Spanish) (150).
1197:10.1093/jcs/35.4.723
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479:MedellĂn, Colombia
77:). These are
1806:www.renewintl.org
1782:www.renewintl.org
1708:www.renewintl.org
1515:Missing or empty
1284:978-1-7936-3364-4
987:Los Angeles Times
938:The Seattle Times
819:978-0-8132-3171-6
398:popular movements
382:Pope John Paul II
362:Gustavo Gutiérrez
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1757:the original
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1734:. 2016-06-09
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1370:The Americas
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1063:. 2019-09-03
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1016:the original
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989:. 2018-01-19
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940:. 2005-04-11
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891:. 2007-05-24
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276:World War II
264:Eastern Bloc
261:
246:
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226:Please help
221:verification
218:
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147:Please help
142:verification
139:
103:
90:early Church
87:
79:small groups
66:
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31:
29:
1469:L. Magesa,
1012:cruxnow.com
914:natcath.org
744:Conventicle
668:Philippines
662:Philippines
626:colonialism
558:Oaxaca City
533:Guadalajara
527:Guadalajara
505:Oaxaca City
501:Guadalajara
491:El Salvador
443:, Cardinal
439:, Cardinal
337:and at the
303:Pentecostal
299:cell groups
121:Description
96:taught the
92:, when the
45:. The 1968
43:Bible study
1883:Categories
1836:2019-12-03
1811:2019-10-05
1787:2019-10-05
1763:2019-09-25
1738:2019-09-25
1713:2019-09-25
1689:2019-09-25
1596:2019-09-25
1572:2019-09-25
1517:|url=
1445:2019-09-25
1421:2019-09-25
1350:2022-06-02
1293:1261767527
1154:2019-09-25
1130:2019-09-25
1067:2019-09-25
1042:2019-09-25
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993:2019-09-25
944:2019-09-25
919:2019-09-25
895:2019-09-25
846:2019-09-25
791:2019-09-25
750:References
739:Cell group
420:See also:
307:Protestant
294:articles.
1398:247418939
1390:0003-1615
1301:cite book
1250:2215-2601
1205:0021-969X
682:The 1980
652:New Delhi
568:Maryknoll
541:machismo,
487:Nicaragua
483:Guatemala
402:Guatemala
386:Argentine
305:and some
39:religious
36:Christian
1630:76786177
1508:cite web
1500:54779712
1328:: 26â45.
1213:23920855
868:Archived
712:See also
590:Coahuila
580:Coahuila
573:colonias
521:SERESURE
292:samizdat
200:Emphasis
185:peasants
51:Colombia
47:MedellĂn
666:In the
643:Bandung
604:to the
586:TorreĂłn
333:at the
71:Spanish
65:; also
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684:Bombay
620:Africa
552:Oaxaca
509:Oaxaca
489:, and
468:Mexico
447:, and
416:Brazil
406:Mayans
388:-born
370:Puebla
1496:S2CID
1440:NACLA
1394:S2CID
1344:Cebmx
1209:JSTOR
969:(PDF)
678:India
503:, or
475:CELAM
346:laity
315:Bible
272:Bokor
98:Bible
1626:OCLC
1616:ISBN
1521:help
1386:ISSN
1307:link
1289:OCLC
1279:ISBN
1246:ISSN
1201:ISSN
1100:ISBN
814:ISBN
637:Asia
600:The
270:'s "
63:BECs
1378:doi
1236:doi
1193:doi
584:In
230:by
151:by
30:An
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