3333:
152:
112:
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49:
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1935:
40:
1412:) since bash 2.05a among other features. Bash can execute the vast majority of Bourne shell scripts without modification, with the exception of Bourne shell scripts stumbling into fringe syntax behavior interpreted differently in Bash or attempting to run a system command matching a newer Bash builtin, etc. Bash command syntax includes ideas drawn from the
2896:, depending on your system and on your locally installed version of bash, can refer to either a shell built-in or a system binary executable file. When one of these command name collisions occurs, bash will by default execute a given command line using the shell built-in. Specifying a binary executable's absolute path (i.e.,
2099:
directory. Bash executes these files as part of its standard initialization, but other startup files can read them in a different order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also have issues, as well as the skeleton files the system provides to
1509:
When using the 'function' keyword, Bash function declarations are not compatible with Bourne/Korn/POSIX scripts (the KornShell has the same problem when using 'function'), but Bash accepts the same function declaration syntax as the Bourne and Korn shells, and is POSIX-conformant. Because of these
470:
considered a free shell that could run existing shell scripts so strategic to a completely free system built from BSD and GNU code that this was one of the few projects they funded themselves, with Fox undertaking the work as an employee of FSF. Fox released Bash as a beta, version .99, on June 8,
3943:
Free
Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell. ... We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete
3568:
For a year and a half, the GNU shell was "just about done". The author made repeated promises to deliver what he had done, and never kept them. Finally I could no longer believe he would ever deliver anything. So
Foundation staff member Brian Fox is now implementing an imitation of the Bourne
1510:
and other differences, Bash shell scripts are rarely runnable under the Bourne or Korn shell interpreters unless deliberately written with that compatibility in mind, which is becoming less common as Linux becomes more widespread. But in POSIX mode, Bash conforms with POSIX more closely.
1455:, since beta version 2.04, to match partly typed program names, filenames and variable names. The Bash command-line completion system is very flexible and customizable, and is often packaged with functions that complete arguments and filenames for specific programs and tasks.
3603:
When
Richard Stallman decided to create a full replacement for the then-encumbered Unix systems, he knew that he would eventually have to have replacements for all of the common utilities, especially the standard shell, and those replacements would have to have acceptable
2591:
commands. The feature has been available since the beta version of 2.04 released in 2000. These commands enable complex and intelligent completion specification for commands (i.e. installed programs), functions, variables, and filenames.
1659:
When brace expansion is combined with wildcards, the braces are expanded first, and then the resulting wildcards are substituted normally. Hence, a listing of JPEG and PNG images in the current directory could be obtained using:
2289:
of command1 can occur using (symbol &) at the end of an execution command, and process will be executed in background while immediately returning control to the shell and allowing continued execution of commands.
1706:
In addition to alternation, brace expansion can be used for sequential ranges between two integers or characters separated by double dots. Newer versions of Bash allow a third integer to specify the increment.
474:
Since then, Bash has become by far the most popular shell among users of Linux, becoming the default interactive shell on that operating system's various distributions and on Apple's macOS releases before
3766:
The name is a pun on the name of the Bourne shell (sh), an early and important Unix shell written by
Stephen Bourne and distributed with Version 7 Unix circa 1978, and the concept of being "born again".
2566:
reports Bash shell bugs. When the command is invoked, it brings up the user's default editor with a form to fill in. The form is mailed to the Bash maintainers (or optionally to other email addresses).
3582:
471:
1989, and remained the primary maintainer until sometime between mid-1992 and mid-1994, when he was laid off from FSF and his responsibility was transitioned to another early contributor, Chet Ramey.
2217:
can be used to make sure that a script does not contain these parts. The list varies depending on the actual target shell: Debian's policy allows some extensions in their scripts (as they are in the
5114:
5859:
1182: containing executable commands. (Shell scripts do not require compilation before execution and, when certain requirements are met, can be invoked as commands by using their filename.)
5289:
4566:
2785:
of that name then is "bash," a word meaning "to strike violently." In the context of computer programming, to "violently hit something," such as a computer keyboard, could be considered a
1571:. It generates a set of alternative combinations. Generated results need not exist as files. The results of each expanded string are not sorted and left to right order is preserved:
5190:
4394:
2815:. Bash grammar was initially based on the grammars of the most popular Unix shell programs then currently in use, some of which were considered particularly difficult to use or
5927:
Bash is free software, distributed under the terms of the
General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License (or any later version).
1458:
Bash's syntax has many extensions lacking in the Bourne shell. Bash can perform integer calculations ("arithmetic evaluation") without spawning external processes. It uses the
5017:
4289:
4247:
4331:
7174:
4535:
6834:
6655:
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2385:
can take a job id as their first argument, to specify the process to act on. Without one, they use the default process, identified by a plus sign in the output of
7169:
4983:
2819:
at that time. As the years progressed, bash development has made its grammar more user-friendly, so much so that it seems likely that the bash project has been
3590:
2911:"The project maintainer also has a Bash page which includes Frequently Asked Questions", this FAQ is current as of bash version 5.1 and is no longer updated.
7194:
6012:
5990:
3555:
7118:
5892:
5106:
3683:
5849:
4606:
4041:
6499:
4456:
3431:
The ultimate goal is to provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.
6325:
6178:
4208:
4173:
4138:
3653:
7123:
5286:
4558:
5246:
7179:
6318:
6150:
7164:
7113:
6693:
6064:
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4283:
4241:
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350:, it was initially released in 1989. Its moniker is a play on words, referencing both its predecessor, the Bourne shell, and the concept of
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4953:
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4657:
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3338:
2104:
may also do surprising things with the user's Bash startup scripts in an attempt to set up user-environment variables before launching the
1945:
6854:
6827:
4508:
452:
While bash was developed for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems such as GNU/Linux, it is also available on
Windows, BeOS, and Haiku.
6187:
4386:
3616:
2900:) is one way of ensuring that the shell uses a system binary. This name collision issue also effects any "help summaries" viewed with
625:
5826:
4712:
2823:
to improving its usability. Since then, bash has become the de facto default shell program in most Linux and Unix operating systems.
6859:
6363:
6358:
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2635:
5939:
5009:
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6120:
6035:
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4858:
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4231:
1989:
1215:
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syntax, which substitutes the output of (or input to) a command where a filename is normally used. (This is implemented through
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4315:
4104:
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586:
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2149:
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401:
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5216:
7184:
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7013:
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Or to have a concurrent execution of command1 and command2, they must be executed in the Bash shell in the following way:
2282:
In this example, when command1 is finished, command2 is executed, and when command2 has completed, command3 will execute.
4759:
4424:
2270:
To execute commands in batch mode (i.e., in sequence) they must be separated by the character ";", or on separate lines:
373:). It is available on nearly all modern operating systems, making it a versatile tool in various computing environments.
7189:
7080:
6983:
6953:
6801:
6643:
4588:
3930:
3747:
3717:
3346:
125:
7055:
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6993:
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4012:
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864:
755:
103:
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where users input commands to execute various tasks. It also supports the execution of commands from files, known as
384:
where users input commands to execute various tasks. It also supports the execution of commands from files, known as
3116:
3053:
6998:
6894:
6877:
6341:
2979:
2956:
2950:
2944:
1552:
1203:
512:
282:
276:
270:
209:
194:
2650:
7008:
6963:
6686:
5270:
2924:
2556:
2120:— which provides the environment variables that Bash shell windows spawned from the window manager need, such as
1010:
1006:
523:
5882:
4734:
7045:
6928:
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6303:
6008:
5914:
3926:
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3713:
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2705:
of the shell programs which have sometimes been considered superseded by the bash shell. His name is used as a
2025:
1362:
878:
777:
547:
543:
467:
405:
331:
185:
165:
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3979:
5306:
5182:
4035:
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2842:
is sometimes considered more user-friendly for reading. "You may also find information about Bash by running
6434:
5467:
3675:
3403:
The Free
Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom.
2576:
2415:
Bash supplies "conditional execution" command separators that make execution of a command contingent on the
2354:
In the output, the number in brackets refers to the job id. The plus sign signifies the default process for
2267:
The Bash shell has two modes of execution for commands: batch (asynchronous), and concurrent (synchronous).
1467:
1452:
1401:
1272:
1070:
370:
6236:"IRIS :: Instructional & Research Information Systems :: FAQ: Unix :: About UNIX Shells"
7159:
6914:
6602:
6494:
4819:
4679:
4614:
4446:
4196:
4161:
4126:
3641:
2642:
1279:
607:
563:
377:
339:
64:
2834:
The Linux man page is intended to be the authoritative explanatory document for the understanding of how
6617:
6346:
3960:
3868:
2763:
2760:
2209:
If a piece of code uses such a feature, it is called a "bashism" – a problem for portable use. Debian's
1993:
1475:
2603:
two commands specify how arguments of some available commands or options are going to be listed in the
2152:
should take into account at least the POSIX shell standard. Some bash features not found in POSIX are:
1992:. Unlike Bash shell scripts, dot files do typically have neither the execute permission enabled nor an
5238:
1302:
purposes (xtrace), and other lightweight debugging options (errexit, noexec, nounset, pipefail, etc.);
7154:
6843:
6679:
6569:
3807:
3779:
2774:...." Whatever the original touchstone may have been, in the end the program received the name, "the
1487:
1437:
970:
960:
551:
459:
6142:
2908:. Shell built-ins and system binary executable files of the same name often have differing options.
6919:
6660:
6504:
3972:
3548:
3499:
1389:
1295:
1120:
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distributions. It holds historical significance as one of the earliest programs ported to Linux by
244:
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111:
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6424:
6419:
6351:
5854:
5076:
4945:
4233:
CompTIA Linux+ Powered by Linux
Professional Institute Study Guide: Exam LX0-103 and Exam LX0-104
3552:
2928:
2831:
As the standard upon which bash is based, the POSIX, or IEEE Std 1003.1, et seq, is informative.
2286:
1540:
1529:
1306:
1255:
1039:
706:
220:
4823:
4649:
466:
became dissatisfied with the lack of progress being made by a prior developer. Stallman and the
4344:
Bash is by far the most popular shell and forms the default shell on Linux and Mac OSX systems.
1009:
is not available from within the shell itself (for this functionality, see current versions of
6899:
6783:
6768:
6733:
6612:
6519:
6268:
6183:
4635:{{ cite web bash.html#Programmable-Completion | title = Bash Reference Manual | url =
4321:
4279:
4237:
4002:
2698:
1124:
1029:
901:
Expansion syntaxes which can perform some tasks more quickly than external utilities, such as
891:
885:
821:
567:
480:
381:
320:
249:
5734:
3544:
2607:
input. As of version 5.1 completion of the command or the option is usually activated by the
2317:
symbol, returning immediately control to the shell that executes command2 in the foreground.
357:
Since its inception, Bash has gained widespread adoption and is commonly used as the default
6738:
6627:
6559:
5816:
5442:
4504:
4200:
4165:
4130:
3964:
3918:
3705:
3645:
3540:
3532:
2745:
2686:
1074:
1043:
527:
463:
327:
264:
257:
172:
1551:. They can be used to emulate multidimensional arrays. Bash 4 also switches its license to
6763:
6597:
6587:
6464:
5972:
5621:
5293:
5274:
4850:
4704:
4302:
The Bourne Again Shell (bash) is the most common shell installed with Linux distributions.
3607:
NOTE: Original computerworld.com.au link is dead: see also copies of original material at
2767:
2101:
1421:
1397:
1366:
1251:
1245:
1130:
731:
409:
1555:; some users suspect this licensing change is why macOS continues to use older versions.
5412:
4416:
3515:
The Bourne shell is an interactive command interpreter and command programming language.
2770:
dictionary has "born-again" defined as a "...person who has made a renewed or confirmed
2555:"bashbug" redirects here. For the widely reported September 2014 bug found in Bash, see
2331:
A list of all processes, both in the background and stopped, can be achieved by running
840:
Seven kinds of expansions are performed on the resulting string in the following order:
151:
6778:
6713:
6607:
6509:
5947:
4478:
3459:
Brian Fox has now completed GNU's version of sh, called BASH, the `Bourne Again SHell'.
2995:
2756:
2391:
2218:
2125:
2105:
1062:
825:
500:
476:
366:
6197:
6116:
5650:
5043:
2839:
2466:(change directory) command was "successful" (returned an exit status of zero) and the
1956:
1112:, which can force overwriting of a file when a shell's "noclobber" setting is enabled;
7148:
7018:
6649:
6429:
6298:
5752:
4096:
4068:
4007:
2801:
2752:
2726:
2694:
2363:
2012:
below is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics similar to csh for the
1514:
1235:
1228:
1145:
1091:
741:
592:
343:
6086:
5698:
2861:
On modern
Linuxes, information on shell built-in commands can be found by executing
7070:
6909:
6723:
6622:
6444:
6439:
6393:
6261:
5821:
5676:
4204:
4169:
4134:
3968:
3649:
2935:. Patches to fix the bugs were made available soon after the bugs were identified.
2920:
2730:
2702:
2396:
2244:
2238:
1617:
1471:
1405:
1370:
1286:
1175:
751:
619:
571:
550:. The bug was related to how Bash passes function definitions to subshells through
519:
413:
385:
347:
5716:
5571:
5492:
5387:
4073:
2854:, or similar directories on your system. A brief summary is available by running
6216:
3883:
3622:
3610:
539:
535:
531:
6474:
6404:
6284:
5906:
5212:
3957:
3471:
3443:
2748:
2416:
1330:
1179:
613:
335:
5546:
6978:
6748:
6702:
6534:
6528:
6479:
3832:
3328:
2971:
2967:
2737:
2252:
1559:
became the default shell in macOS with the release of macOS Catalina in 2019.
1503:
996:
579:
575:
433:
393:
389:
351:
323:
253:
71:
59:
48:
5850:"Security Experts Expect 'Shellshock' Software Bug in Bash to Be Significant"
4880:
3922:
3753:
3709:
1616:
Users should not use brace expansions in portable shell scripts, because the
518:
In
September 2014, Stéphane Chazelas, a Unix/Linux specialist, discovered a
134:
7075:
6753:
6743:
6554:
6484:
6469:
5770:
4636:
4451:
3388:"Free Software Foundation — working together for free software — Front Page"
2786:
2199:
1413:
1382:
1299:
1167:
658:
200:
17:
6235:
4356:
2247:
to provide keyboard shortcuts for command line editing using the default (
39:
6217:"Scripting Reference :: Scripting with the Bourne-Again Shell (Bash)"
5991:"Is there a way to download the presumably initial bash source bash-0.99?"
5785:
5324:
5137:
4915:
4789:
2741:
2221:
shell), while a script intending to support pre-POSIX Bourne shells, like
776: mode where commands can be interpreted in conformance with the
6564:
6544:
6524:
6449:
6399:
5170:
5147:
3415:
2932:
2812:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2604:
2222:
1393:
1323:
6812:
5817:"Patch Bash NOW: 'Shell Shock' bug blasts OS X, Linux systems wide open"
5532:
3791:
I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work.
1836:
the brace expansion, which in some cases may necessitate the use of the
6968:
6958:
6788:
6728:
6454:
5160:
4562:
2927:, was discovered in early September 2014 and quickly led to a range of
2797:
2789:
2782:
2710:
1568:
1567:
Brace expansion, also called alternation, is a feature copied from the
1556:
1448:
1417:
1378:
1374:
773:
504:
425:
421:
236:
205:
4532:"Linux bash exit status and how to set exit status in bash - Techolac"
7035:
7003:
6887:
6758:
6549:
6539:
6514:
5910:
5518:
5267:
4387:"Apple replaces bash with zsh as the default shell in macOS Catalina"
2872:
at a terminal prompt where bash is installed. Some commands, such as
1345:
508:
484:
5354:
4559:"Bash specially-crafted environment variables code injection attack"
4417:"Missing source code - GPL compliance? · Issue #107 · Microsoft/WSL"
4314:
Foster-Johnson, Eric; Welch, John C.; Anderson, Micah (April 2005).
2657:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1482:
operator. This is simpler to type than the Bourne shell equivalent '
522:
in the program. The bug, first disclosed on September 24, was named
293:
6933:
5519:"Irony Definition, Common Examples, and Significance in Literature"
4260:
In Linux, most users run bash because it is the most popular shell.
2481:
For all commands the exit status is stored in the special variable
6943:
6904:
6882:
6409:
5887:
5166:
5143:
2987:
2808:
2733:
2395:
command can be used to end a process prematurely, by sending it a
2369:
The state of a process can be changed using various commands. The
2248:
2145:
2121:
2100:
new user accounts upon setup. The startup scripts that launch the
2092:
1518:
1000:
582:
conventions, Bash incorporates a rich set of features, including:
496:
488:
441:
362:
358:
190:
1824:
When brace expansion is combined with variable expansion (A.K.A.
7025:
6773:
6459:
3906:
Birthdate: Sunday, January 10th, 1988. Initial author: Brian Fox
3366:
2991:
2983:
2320:
A process can be stopped and control returned to bash by typing
2088:
1543:. Associative array indices are strings, in a manner similar to
1533:
1157:
727:
180:
6816:
6675:
6257:
3944:
operating system, and these programs were needed for that goal.
688:
Syntaxes for file type, string value and integer value testing
7060:
7030:
6671:
6389:
6253:
6036:"How to Install the Windows Subsystem for Linux on Windows 11"
4705:"Bash changes [Bash Hackers Wiki (DEV 20200708T2203)]"
2999:
2706:
2690:
2618:
1928:
1916:# variable expansion occurs then resulting string is evaluated
1548:
1544:
1016:
492:
225:
3640:
Brian Fox (forwarded by Leonard H. Tower Jr.) (8 June 1989).
2800:
of negative emotionality could be seen as standing in direct
2184:
Certain string-manipulation operations in parameter expansion
2173:
The double-parentheses arithmetic-evaluation construct (only
1502:
unnamed pipes on systems that support that, or via temporary
1451:
within an interactive command-shell, Bash automatically uses
5673:"Obsolete and deprecated syntax [Bash Hackers Wiki]"
5010:"Why does macOS Catalina use Zsh instead of Bash? Licensing"
3535:(forwarded with comments by Chet Ramey) (10 February 1988).
3444:"GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 7, June, 1989 :: GNU's Who"
6009:"How to install Bash shell command-line tool on Windows 10"
4064:"The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Again Shell"
3583:"The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Again Shell"
3002:, although Bash remains available as an alternative shell.
2366:. The last string is the command that started the process.
1988:
When Bash starts, it executes the commands in a variety of
1968:
1161:
396:
conventions, Bash incorporates a rich set of features. The
5699:"The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 edition"
4357:"Use zsh as the default shell on your Mac - Apple Support"
1960:
1117:
Command name lookup is performed, in the following order:
2713:
of childbirth. With that pun, it would seem, is added an
2095:
contain Bash system startup scripts, generally under the
5107:"How To Format Date And Time In Linux, MacOS, And Bash?"
4003:"Bash - the GNU shell (Reflections and Lessons Learned)"
1964:
1466:
variable syntax for this purpose. Its syntax simplifies
4589:"Command Execution Environment (Bash Reference Manual)"
4236:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 5.
3487:
GNU is an operating system which is 100% free software.
3387:
2923:
in Bash dating from version 1.03 (August 1989), dubbed
2740:;" or quite possibly just to the more abstract idea of
2646:
2144:
in a script causes Bash to conform very closely to the
1952:
2229:, are even more limited in the features they can use.
1644:# A traditional shell does not produce the same output
1073:
of Standard Input, Standard Output and Standard Error
2807:
The naming could be considered an instance of verbal
2399:. The job id must be specified after a percent sign:
4825:
The GNU Bash Reference Manual, for Bash, Version 4.1
2313:
In this case command1 is executed in the background
2032:
exists and is readable, skipping the part after the
1309:: bash 5.1 can operate as if it were bash 4.2, etc.;
6636:
6580:
6382:
6334:
6291:
2600:
2584:
2513:
2486:
2226:
2214:
2210:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2167:
288:
263:
243:
231:
219:
171:
161:
124:
102:
80:
70:
58:
4230:Bresnahan, Christine; Blum, Richard (April 2015).
2478:command return an "error" (non-zero exit status).
2377:sets a stopped process running in the background.
2373:command brings a process to the foreground, while
2064:# tty/prompt/function setup for interactive shells
1539:In February 2009, Bash 4.0 introduced support for
1396:of the Bourne shell command syntax. Bash supports
2045:# set up environment, once, Bourne-sh syntax only
1105:, which allow parameters to be used as input, and
546:scripts using Bash could be vulnerable, enabling
5883:"Shellshock makes Heartbleed look insignificant"
5533:"Innuendo - Examples and Definition of Innuendo"
2362:. The text "Running" and "Stopped" refer to the
2328:while the process is running in the foreground.
6656:Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns
5443:"Bash - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
4735:"Bourne Shell Builtins (Bash Reference Manual)"
3851:"Appendix A: Using the BeOS Command Line Shell"
1404:(Programmable Completion), basic debugging and
5597:"BashGuide/TestsAndConditionals - Greg's Wiki"
4272:Danesh, Arman; Jang, Michael (February 2006).
2170:extended test construct and its regex matching
2108:. These issues can often be addressed using a
1673:# expands to *.jpg *.jpeg *.png - after which,
1189:The resulting string is executed as a command.
815:escapes are also honored at the ends of lines,
479:in October 2019. Bash has also been ported to
444:-compliant shell with a number of extensions.
6828:
6687:
6269:
5325:"Working more productively with bash 2.x/3.x"
4910:
4908:
4906:
4790:"Working more productively with bash 2.x/3.x"
2990:from 10.3 (originally, the default shell was
2470:command would only be executed if either the
2204:$ EPOCHSECONDS and $ EPOCHREALTIME variables
1888:# fails to expand due to the evaluation order
515:via various terminal emulation applications.
197: ; GPL-3.0-or-later through 3rd parties)
8:
5388:"An Introduction to Programmable Completion"
32:
4976:"macos - Update bash to version 4.0 on OSX"
4278:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 363.
3730:"Bourne Again Shell" is a play on the name
7101:
6835:
6821:
6813:
6694:
6680:
6672:
6276:
6262:
6254:
6117:"Bash changes [Bash Hackers Wiki]"
5647:"Bash changes [Bash Hackers Wiki]"
3676:"I Almost Get a Linux Editor and Compiler"
3635:
3633:
2346:- Running command1 &
1365:variables and other basic features of the
408:variables and other basic features of the
150:
110:
47:
38:
31:
4680:"The Set Builtin (Bash Reference Manual)"
4637:https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/
4607:"Brace Expansion (Bash Reference Manual)"
4557:Huzaifa Sidhpurwala (24 September 2014).
4320:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 6.
2673:Learn how and when to remove this message
2547:forms of conditional command evaluation.
2419:set by a precedent command. For example:
2071:# any at-login tasks for login shell only
919:Remove Matching Prefix or Suffix Pattern
7175:Dynamically scoped programming languages
6179:In the Beginning... Was the Command Line
3778:Torvalds, Linus Benedict (August 1991).
3527:
3525:
3523:
3009:
2608:
2325:
2321:
1517:. Since version 2.05b Bash can redirect
805:Commands are parsed one line at a time,
542:. The bug was regarded as severe, since
5468:"What is Bash? (Bash Reference Manual)"
5437:
5435:
5433:
5037:
5035:
4380:
4378:
3827:
3825:
3358:
2982:11. Bash was also the default shell in
2978:. It is also the default user shell in
2083:Operating system issues in Bash startup
1946:instructions, advice, or how-to content
1768:file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file4.txt
1532:matching using a syntax reminiscent of
1521:(stdin) from a "here string" using the
1199:Configurable execution environment(s):
5848:Perlroth, Nicole (25 September 2014).
5071:
5069:
4770:from the original on 15 September 2019
4715:from the original on 23 September 2019
4569:from the original on 25 September 2014
4511:from the original on 23 September 2020
4427:from the original on 24 September 2019
3896:from the original on 28 September 2018
2998:), which changed the default shell to
2804:to the idea of becoming "born again."
2004:Legacy-compatible Bash startup example
1832:) the variable expansion is performed
7170:Domain-specific programming languages
6015:from the original on 20 November 2016
5784:Chazelas, Stephane (4 October 2014).
5382:
5380:
5020:from the original on 31 December 2020
5003:
5001:
4211:from the original on 10 November 2012
4176:from the original on 10 November 2012
4141:from the original on 10 November 2012
4037:Dates in your Computerworld interview
3558:from the original on 28 December 2021
857:(Step 3) In a left-to-right fashion:
7:
6374:GNAT Modified General Public License
6153:from the original on 8 November 2020
5881:Seltzer, Larry (29 September 2014).
5829:from the original on 16 October 2014
5054:from the original on 27 January 2012
4832:from the original on 3 December 2010
4660:from the original on 4 November 2018
4459:from the original on 21 October 2017
4363:from the original on 2 December 2019
4127:"Bash 0.99 fixes & improvements"
4015:from the original on 5 December 2008
3734:, which was the usual shell on Unix.
3339:Free and open-source software portal
2641:Relevant discussion may be found on
2349:+ Stopped command2
1701:# and braces in braces are possible.
1478:(stderr) at the same time using the
1420:(csh) such as command line editing,
1333:which is the same as the GNU manual;
27:GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
7195:Text-oriented programming languages
5796:from the original on 6 October 2014
5572:"CommandSubstitution - Greg's Wiki"
4485:from the original on 3 October 2020
2766:do contain the words "born again,"
2157:Certain extended invocation options
1955:so that it is more encyclopedic or
1428:command), the directory stack, the
808:Control structures are honored, and
6123:from the original on 18 March 2020
6087:"github version history NEWS v5.0"
6061:"User Environment Feature Changes"
5917:from the original on 26 April 2019
5815:Leyden, John (24 September 2014).
5675:. 11 February 2021. Archived from
5649:. 14 February 2021. Archived from
5249:from the original on 15 March 2018
4857:. Section 37.2 (Bash, version 3).
4101:Technology Infrastructure Services
3933:from the original on 24 April 2011
3720:from the original on 24 April 2011
2148:. Bash shell scripts intended for
1698:# echo just shows the expansions -
1620:does not produce the same output.
1346:https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/
1241:With interactive invocation only,
25:
6364:GNU Affero General Public License
6359:GNU Lesser General Public License
6067:from the original on 12 June 2018
5895:from the original on 14 May 2016.
5862:from the original on 5 April 2019
5365:from the original on 8 March 2020
5335:from the original on 29 June 2018
5219:from the original on 2 March 2021
5193:from the original on 2 March 2021
4986:from the original on 25 June 2018
4956:from the original on 11 July 2018
4926:from the original on 2 March 2021
4800:from the original on 29 June 2018
4538:from the original on 21 June 2019
4479:"Installing the new GNU packages"
4397:from the original on 10 June 2019
4334:from the original on 2 March 2021
4292:from the original on 2 March 2021
4250:from the original on 2 March 2021
4062:Hamilton, Naomi (30 March 2008).
4044:from the original on 20 July 2012
3982:from the original on 2 March 2021
3686:from the original on 2 March 2021
2611:keystroke after typing its name.
1338:Informal avenues of support via:
691:Traditional single bracket test:
7129:
7128:
7100:
5547:"BashGuide/Arrays - Greg's Wiki"
5117:from the original on 3 June 2020
5087:from the original on 12 May 2020
4946:"Arrays (Bash Reference Manual)"
4891:from the original on 1 July 2018
3746:Gattol, Markus (13 March 2011),
3623:the University of South Carolina
3331:
3117:github version history NEWS v4.4
2966:A version is also available for
2623:
2263:Process management (Job control)
1933:
1153:Commands external to the shell:
1003:from two to sixty-four, although
462:Bash on January 10, 1988, after
6097:from the original on 4 May 2022
6034:Hoffman, Chris (30 July 2021).
5960:See test.c for GPL-2.0-or-later
5786:"oss-sec mailing list archives"
5287:"Linux / Unix Command: bashbug"
5048:The Linux Documentation Project
5008:Hughes, Matthew (4 June 2019).
4861:from the original on 5 May 2017
4851:"Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide"
4105:Case Western Reserve University
3656:from the original on 4 May 2013
3581:Hamilton, Naomi (30 May 2008),
1470:. For example, it can redirect
1285:Command line editing with
945:Display Error if Null or Unset
6369:GNU Free Documentation License
6198:"Evolution of shells in Linux"
5735:"bash.0\doc - bash.git - bash"
5215:. Hypexr.org. 5 October 2012.
4639:}} | website = www.gnu.org
4530:Juliana, Cino (10 June 2017).
4034:Chet Ramey (31 October 2010),
369:, alongside the GNU Compiler (
1:
7180:Free software programmed in C
5213:"BASH Help - A Bash Tutorial"
5081:Debian Policy Manual v4.5.0.2
4455:. SoftNews. 23 January 2010.
4095:Ramey, Chet (20 April 2021).
4001:Ramey, Chet (1 August 1994).
3961:"January 1993 GNU's Bulletin"
2446:"An error occurred"
2163:Arrays and associative arrays
2077:# End of "if" block
1747:01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
1676:# the wildcards are processed
1528:Bash 3.0 supports in-process
1484:command > file 2>&1
1238:) which alter shell behavior;
1035:(Step 5) Pathname expansion,
7165:Cross-platform free software
6802:Comparison of command shells
6644:GNU/Linux naming controversy
6143:"Bash-5.0 release available"
5771:"Frequently Asked Questions"
5753:"The GNU Bourne-Again Shell"
4097:"The GNU Bourne-Again Shell"
3882:Brian Fox (29 August 1996),
3347:Comparison of command shells
1206: startup files such as
981:, when a system supports it:
698:Modern double bracket test:
334:and first developed for the
53:Screenshot of a Bash session
5622:"CHANGES - bash.git - bash"
4916:"BashFAQ/061 - Greg's Wiki"
4385:Warren, Tom (4 June 2019).
4197:"Availability of bash 1.05"
4160:Chet Ramey (24 July 1989).
4125:Chet Ramey (12 June 1989).
3054:github version history NEWS
2976:Windows Subsystem for Linux
2653:the claims made and adding
2575:Bash supports programmable
2562:An external command called
756:inter-process communication
712:Lexicographic sorting with
7211:
6342:GNU General Public License
5413:"Definition of BORN-AGAIN"
4505:"Compatibility Subsystems"
4195:Brian Fox (2 March 1990).
3642:"Bash is in beta release!"
2852:/usr/local/share/doc/bash/
2554:
2255:can be enabled by running
2236:
1651:'echo a{p,c,d,b}e'
1635:'echo a{p,c,d,b}e'
1611:ad ae af bd be bf cd ce cf
7096:
6873:
6850:
6797:
6709:
6176:Stephenson, Neal (2003).
4709:wiki-dev.bash-hackers.org
4317:Beginning Shell Scripting
2557:Shellshock (software bug)
1077:are performed, including
1007:Floating-point arithmetic
850:(Step 2) Tilde expansion
843:(Step 1) Brace expansion
831:Including ANSI-C quoting
700:[[ ... ]]
677:Arithmetic C-style loop:
598:Non-interactive shell, or
566:, Bash operates within a
526:and assigned the numbers
380:, Bash operates within a
120:
98:
46:
37:
6326:History of free software
6304:Free Software Foundation
5292:October 6, 2014, at the
5273:October 2, 2018, at the
4650:"Debugging Bash scripts"
3927:Free Software Foundation
3890:Free Software Foundation
3804:"Bash FAQ, version 4.14"
3714:Free Software Foundation
2838:operates, while the GNU
2685:The program's name is a
2462:is only executed if the
2421:
2401:
2337:
2303:
2292:
2272:
2038:
2026:short-circuit evaluation
1842:
1709:
1662:
1622:
1573:
1447:When a user presses the
1373:. Other features, e.g.,
1341:IRC at libera.chat #bash
1307:compatibility modes
1160:-style programs such as
1108:A redirection operator,
820:Split into words (i.e.,
765:Asynchronous execution:
548:arbitrary code execution
420:. Other features, e.g.,
412:are all copied from the
332:Free Software Foundation
5497:www.merriam-webster.com
5417:www.merriam-webster.com
5307:"Bash Reference Manual"
5239:"Bash Reference Manual"
4760:"Bash Reference Manual"
3923:"About the GNU Project"
3833:"A desktop alternative"
3710:"About the GNU Project"
2571:Programmable completion
2136:Invoking Bash with the
1453:command line completion
1402:command line completion
1261:A directory stack (see
1146:Shell built-in commands
507:by the GNU project, to
5995:unix.stackexchange.com
4820:"6.11 Bash POSIX Mode"
4162:"Some bash-1.02 fixes"
2643:Talk:Bash (Unix shell)
2196:Bash-specific builtins
1830:parameter substitution
984:Arithmetic expansion,
949:$ {var:?error message}
786:Comments are ignored:
608:command-line interface
424:, are copied from the
86:; 35 years ago
6844:Programming languages
6011:. 28 September 2016.
5717:"BASH(1) Manual Page"
2986:, and in versions of
2846:... or by looking at
2693:which begins with an
2485:. Bash also supports
2411:Conditional execution
2146:POSIX 1003.2 standard
2057:# are we interactive?
1994:interpreter directive
1436:variables, and POSIX
1231:) and shell options (
1136:Shell reserved words,
904:Pattern Substitution
793:hashtag comments, and
552:environment variables
483:and distributed with
342:. Designed as a 100%
7185:GNU Project software
5739:git.savannah.gnu.org
5626:git.savannah.gnu.org
5493:"Definition of BASH"
5355:"Index of /gnu/bash"
5044:"Portability Issues"
4828:, 23 December 2009,
3810:on September 1, 2018
3708:(12 November 2010).
3617:computerworld.com.au
3537:"GNU + BSD = ?"
3367:"Index of /gnu/bash"
2848:/usr/share/doc/bash/
2287:background execution
2193:Process substitution
2190:for scoped variables
1919:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1728:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1488:process substitution
1438:command substitution
1369:are all copied from
1195:Bash also offers...
1038:Meaning shell-style
971:Process substitution
961:Command substitution
709:and extglob matching
346:alternative for the
7190:Scripting languages
6661:Defective by Design
6628:Richard M. Stallman
5679:on 11 February 2021
5653:on 14 February 2021
5601:mywiki.wooledge.org
5576:mywiki.wooledge.org
5551:mywiki.wooledge.org
4920:mywiki.wooledge.org
3959:) (20 April 1993).
3589:: 2, archived from
3545:comp.unix.questions
3416:"GNU in a Nutshell"
2166:The double bracket
1953:rewrite the content
1826:parameter expansion
361:shell for numerous
34:
6593:Benjamin Mako Hill
5950:on 15 October 2021
5855:The New York Times
5703:pubs.opengroup.org
4076:on 8 November 2016
3921:(3 October 2010).
3749:Bourne-again Shell
2776:Bourne Again SHell
2729:; possibly to the
2717:: possibly to the
2634:possibly contains
2278:command2 command3
2233:Keyboard shortcuts
2213:and Vidar Holen's
2140:option or stating
1541:associative arrays
1530:regular expression
1506:where necessary).
1377:, are copied from
1363:dynamically scoped
1278:Configurable
892:Associative arrays
888:of unlimited size,
879:Dynamically scoped
707:regular expression
620:Control structures
578:. In keeping with
406:dynamically scoped
392:. In keeping with
317:Bourne-Again SHell
60:Original author(s)
7142:
7141:
7124:Non-English-based
6810:
6809:
6669:
6668:
6613:Georg C. F. Greve
6520:GNU Privacy Guard
6347:linking exception
6182:. HarperCollins.
5535:. 2 January 2014.
5521:. 31 August 2020.
5169:General Commands
5146:General Commands
4881:"Bash, version 4"
4327:978-0-7645-9791-6
4285:978-0-7821-5277-7
4243:978-1-119-02122-3
3322:
3321:
2768:Merriam-Webster's
2751:of the Christian
2744:. While numerous
2701:, the creator of
2683:
2682:
2675:
2636:original research
2251:) key bindings.
2116:file to read the
2087:Some versions of
1986:
1985:
1486:'. Bash supports
1344:Mailing lists at
1294:Lightweight
1084:, and appending,
934:Print Array Keys
783:Command parsing:
626:Condition testing
564:command processor
481:Microsoft Windows
378:command processor
330:supported by the
310:
309:
281:0.99? to 1.05?:
250:Shell (computing)
16:(Redirected from
7202:
7132:
7131:
7104:
7103:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6814:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6673:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6255:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6212:
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6163:
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6106:
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6072:
6057:
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6022:
6020:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5955:
5946:. Archived from
5936:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
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5838:
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5805:
5803:
5801:
5781:
5775:
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5767:
5761:
5760:
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5559:
5557:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5499:. 5 January 2024
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5439:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
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5402:
5400:
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5374:
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5256:
5254:
5235:
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5228:
5226:
5224:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5183:"Portable Shell"
5179:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5138:checkbashisms(1)
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5073:
5064:
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4667:
4665:
4646:
4640:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4617:on 15 March 2018
4613:. Archived from
4603:
4597:
4596:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
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4181:
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4150:
4148:
4146:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4072:. Archived from
4059:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3919:Richard Stallman
3915:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3806:. Archived from
3800:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3752:, archived from
3743:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3706:Richard Stallman
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3637:
3628:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3533:Richard Stallman
3529:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3454:
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3434:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3412:
3406:
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3400:
3398:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3363:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3010:
2957:GPL-1.0-or-later
2955:0.99? to 1.05?:
2951:GPL-2.0-or-later
2945:GPL-3.0-or-later
2907:
2906:/bin/kill --help
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2853:
2849:
2837:
2736:known as "being
2687:figure of speech
2678:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:inline citations
2627:
2626:
2619:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2334:
2308:
2297:
2277:
2258:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2143:
2139:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1840:built-in, thus:
1839:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1553:GPL-3.0-or-later
1524:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1465:
1462:command and the
1461:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1411:
1318:
1268:
1264:
1234:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1170:
1164:
1123:internal to the
1111:
1104:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:pattern matching
1021:, among others),
1019:
1013:
991:
987:
980:
976:
966:
950:
939:
928:
924:
913:
909:
897:
874:
870:
853:
846:
845:kernel{-headers}
834:
814:
799:
792:
768:
761:
747:
737:
719:
715:
701:
694:
680:
673:
669:
665:
652:
648:
641:
637:
633:
464:Richard Stallman
439:
431:
419:
328:command language
306:
303:
301:
299:
297:
295:
283:GPL-1.0-or-later
277:GPL-2.0-or-later
271:GPL-3.0-or-later
258:command language
210:GPL-3.0-or-later
195:GPL-2.0-or-later
173:Operating system
154:
149:
146:
144:
142:
140:
138:
136:
114:
94:
92:
87:
51:
42:
35:
21:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7092:
6869:
6846:
6841:
6811:
6806:
6793:
6705:
6700:
6670:
6665:
6632:
6598:Bradley M. Kuhn
6588:Alexandre Oliva
6576:
6378:
6330:
6287:
6282:
6244:
6242:
6234:
6225:
6223:
6215:
6206:
6204:
6196:
6190:
6175:
6172:
6170:Further reading
6167:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6070:
6068:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6007:
6006:
6002:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5973:"bash-1.05.tar"
5971:
5970:
5966:
5953:
5951:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5920:
5918:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5865:
5863:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5757:tiswww.case.edu
5751:
5750:
5746:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5721:tiswww.case.edu
5715:
5714:
5710:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5654:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5502:
5500:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5386:
5385:
5378:
5368:
5366:
5359:ftp.swin.edu.au
5353:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5329:www.caliban.org
5323:
5322:
5318:
5311:tiswww.case.edu
5305:
5304:
5300:
5294:Wayback Machine
5285:
5281:
5275:Wayback Machine
5266:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5075:
5074:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5050:. ibiblio.org.
5042:Mendel Cooper.
5041:
5040:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4914:
4913:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4835:
4833:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4803:
4801:
4794:www.caliban.org
4788:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4460:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4337:
4335:
4328:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4295:
4293:
4286:
4275:Mastering Linux
4271:
4270:
4266:
4253:
4251:
4244:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3936:
3934:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3899:
3897:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3784:
3782:
3780:"comp.os.minix"
3777:
3776:
3772:
3759:
3757:
3756:on 9 March 2011
3745:
3744:
3740:
3723:
3721:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3596:
3594:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3561:
3559:
3531:
3530:
3521:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3143:bash-4.4-beta2
3100:bash-5.0-alpha
3080:bash-5.0-beta2
3008:
3006:Release history
2964:
2941:
2917:
2915:Vulnerabilities
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2835:
2829:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2560:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2534:$ other_pattern
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2207:
2160:Brace expansion
2141:
2137:
2134:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:X window system
2096:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:~/.bash_profile
2009:
2006:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:Startup scripts
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:ape ace ade abe
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:ape ace ade abe
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1565:
1563:Brace expansion
1522:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1472:standard output
1468:I/O redirection
1463:
1459:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:command history
1409:
1406:signal handling
1398:brace expansion
1316:
1312:Documentation:
1266:
1262:
1254: and
1246:command history
1244:Unlimited size
1232:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1202:Shell and
1168:
1162:
1140:Shell functions
1109:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1017:
1011:
989:
985:
978:
974:
964:
951:, among others,
948:
937:
926:
922:
911:
907:
895:
872:
868:
851:
844:
832:
824:) according to
812:
800:colon comments;
797:
796:Thompson-style
790:
766:
759:
745:
735:
717:
713:
699:
692:
678:
671:
667:
663:
650:
646:
639:
635:
631:
574:, facilitating
560:
450:
437:
429:
417:
388:, facilitating
292:
280:
275:1.11? to 3.2:
274:
215:
157:
133:
116:
115:/ 2 August 2024
90:
88:
85:
81:Initial release
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7208:
7206:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7147:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6880:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6817:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6676:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6608:Federico Heinz
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6510:GNU Archimedes
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6352:font exception
6349:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6232:
6213:
6194:
6189:978-0380815937
6188:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6134:
6108:
6078:
6052:
6026:
6000:
5982:
5964:
5931:
5898:
5873:
5840:
5807:
5776:
5762:
5744:
5726:
5708:
5690:
5664:
5638:
5613:
5588:
5563:
5538:
5524:
5510:
5484:
5459:
5429:
5404:
5376:
5346:
5316:
5298:
5279:
5260:
5230:
5204:
5174:
5151:
5128:
5098:
5065:
5031:
4997:
4967:
4937:
4902:
4872:
4842:
4811:
4781:
4751:
4726:
4696:
4671:
4641:
4628:
4598:
4580:
4549:
4522:
4496:
4470:
4438:
4408:
4374:
4348:
4326:
4306:
4284:
4264:
4242:
4222:
4187:
4152:
4117:
4087:
4054:
4026:
3993:
3948:
3910:
3874:
3860:
3855:testou.free.fr
3842:
3821:
3795:
3770:
3738:
3697:
3667:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3611:readthedocs.io
3593:on 6 July 2011
3573:
3519:
3500:"Bourne shell"
3491:
3472:"GNU Software"
3463:
3435:
3407:
3379:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:bash-4.4-beta
3150:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:bash-5.0-beta
3087:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:Release notes
3017:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2996:macOS Catalina
2963:
2960:
2949:1.11? to 3.2:
2940:
2937:
2916:
2913:
2855:
2843:
2828:
2825:
2811:or accidental
2699:Stephen Bourne
2681:
2680:
2631:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2572:
2569:
2552:
2549:
2476:./do_something
2460:./do_something
2438:./do_something
2422:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2338:
2304:
2293:
2273:
2264:
2261:
2237:Main article:
2234:
2231:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2133:
2130:
2126:Gnome Terminal
2106:window manager
2084:
2081:
2069:.~/.bash_login
2039:
2036:if it is not.
2028:that tests if
2022:&& cmd
2005:
2002:
1984:
1983:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1843:
1710:
1663:
1623:
1574:
1564:
1561:
1519:standard input
1515:here documents
1513:Bash supports
1476:standard error
1416:(ksh) and the
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1310:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1273:Tab completion
1270:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1156:Separate
1151:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1101:Here strings,
1099:
1092:Here documents
1089:
1080:File writing,
1068:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1033:
1030:Word splitting
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1004:
982:
968:
958:
957:
956:
955:
954:
953:
952:
943:
942:
941:
932:
931:
930:
917:
916:
915:
899:
889:
882:
855:
848:
838:
837:
836:
822:word splitting
818:
817:
816:
809:
803:
802:
801:
794:
781:
770:
767:job_spec &
763:
754:as a means of
749:
739:
725:
724:
723:
722:
721:
710:
696:
686:
685:
684:
683:
682:
675:
656:
655:
654:
643:
617:
611:
604:
603:
602:
599:
596:
559:
556:
501:Novell NetWare
449:
446:
367:Linus Torvalds
308:
307:
290:
286:
285:
267:
261:
260:
247:
241:
240:
235:Multilingual (
233:
229:
228:
223:
217:
216:
214:
213:
203:
198:
188:
183:
177:
175:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
156:
155:
130:
128:
122:
121:
118:
117:
108:
106:
104:Stable release
100:
99:
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7207:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7160:1989 software
7158:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7135:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7099:
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7089:
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7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
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7069:
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7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7019:Object Pascal
7017:
7016:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
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6879:
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6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
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6838:
6833:
6831:
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6815:
6803:
6800:
6799:
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6790:
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6777:
6775:
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6757:
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6708:
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6690:
6685:
6683:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6650:Revolution OS
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6618:John Sullivan
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
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6508:
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6428:
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6423:
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6413:
6411:
6408:
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6403:
6401:
6398:
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6388:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6319:Latin America
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6299:GNU Manifesto
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6265:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6152:
6148:
6147:lists.gnu.org
6144:
6138:
6135:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6079:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6041:
6037:
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6027:
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6010:
6004:
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5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5916:
5912:
5911:"README file"
5908:
5902:
5899:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5877:
5874:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5844:
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5828:
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5811:
5808:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5777:
5772:
5766:
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5758:
5754:
5748:
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5722:
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5712:
5709:
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5700:
5694:
5691:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5264:
5261:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165: –
5162:
5161:shellcheck(1)
5155:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142: –
5139:
5132:
5129:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4985:
4981:
4980:Ask Different
4977:
4971:
4968:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4550:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4223:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4188:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4153:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4088:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4069:Computerworld
4065:
4058:
4055:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4027:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4008:Linux Journal
4004:
3997:
3994:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3592:
3588:
3587:Computerworld
3584:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3449:
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3436:
3432:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3315:
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3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3203:bash-4.0-rc1
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:bash-4.4-rc1
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3123:bash-4.4-rc2
3122:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:bash-5.0-rc1
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:Release date
3015:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:security hole
2914:
2912:
2909:
2859:
2841:
2832:
2827:Documentation
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2802:juxtaposition
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:New Testament
2750:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2727:reincarnation
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2677:
2674:
2666:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2632:This section
2630:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2579:via built-in
2578:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2558:
2551:Bug reporting
2550:
2548:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2367:
2365:
2364:process state
2336:
2329:
2318:
2316:
2302:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2211:checkbashisms
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2018:~/.bash_login
2003:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1942:This section
1940:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1708:
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1619:
1572:
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1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1496:>(command)
1492:<(command)
1489:
1477:
1474:(stdout) and
1473:
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1222:
1217:
1205:
1201:
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1198:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1176:Shell scripts
1174:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:Shell aliases
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
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1093:
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920:
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912:sed 's/x/y/g'
906:
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789:Bourne-style
788:
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645:logical AND (
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572:shell scripts
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386:shell scripts
383:
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344:free software
341:
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7109:Alphabetical
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6910:Visual Basic
6718:
6648:
6637:Other topics
6623:Nagarjuna G.
6581:Contributors
6570:
6545:GNU LilyPond
6505:GNU Electric
6430:Build system
6414:
6243:. Retrieved
6240:berkeley.edu
6239:
6224:. Retrieved
6221:berkeley.edu
6220:
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6090:
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6039:
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5977:oldlinux.org
5976:
5967:
5959:
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5948:the original
5944:oldlinux.org
5943:
5934:
5926:
5919:. Retrieved
5901:
5886:
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5866:25 September
5864:. Retrieved
5853:
5843:
5833:25 September
5831:. Retrieved
5822:The Register
5820:
5810:
5798:. Retrieved
5790:Seclists.org
5789:
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5677:the original
5667:
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5625:
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5420:. Retrieved
5416:
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5369:15 September
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5022:. Retrieved
5014:The Next Web
5013:
4988:. Retrieved
4979:
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4949:
4940:
4928:. Retrieved
4919:
4893:. Retrieved
4884:
4875:
4863:. Retrieved
4855:www.tldp.org
4854:
4845:
4834:, retrieved
4824:
4814:
4802:. Retrieved
4793:
4784:
4774:15 September
4772:. Retrieved
4763:
4754:
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4738:
4729:
4719:23 September
4717:. Retrieved
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4615:the original
4610:
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4573:25 September
4571:. Retrieved
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
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4365:. Retrieved
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4343:
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4274:
4267:
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4232:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4205:gnu.bash.bug
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4170:gnu.bash.bug
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4135:gnu.bash.bug
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4100:
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4074:the original
4067:
4057:
4046:, retrieved
4036:
4029:
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4006:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3969:gnu.announce
3951:
3942:
3935:. Retrieved
3913:
3905:
3898:, retrieved
3884:
3877:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3836:
3812:. Retrieved
3808:the original
3798:
3790:
3783:. Retrieved
3773:
3765:
3758:, retrieved
3754:the original
3748:
3741:
3732:Bourne Shell
3731:
3729:
3722:. Retrieved
3700:
3690:12 September
3688:. Retrieved
3679:
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3650:gnu.announce
3602:
3595:, retrieved
3591:the original
3586:
3576:
3567:
3560:. Retrieved
3514:
3507:. Retrieved
3503:
3494:
3486:
3479:. Retrieved
3475:
3466:
3458:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:
3438:
3430:
3423:. Retrieved
3419:
3410:
3402:
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3391:
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3361:
3024:bash-5.2.15
2994:) to 10.15 (
2965:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2918:
2910:
2870:man builtins
2860:
2833:
2830:
2820:
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2806:
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2780:
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2749:translations
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2660:
2633:
2615:Program name
2594:
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2563:
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2368:
2353:
2330:
2319:
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2312:
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2281:
2269:
2266:
2245:GNU Readline
2242:
2239:GNU Readline
2208:
2142:set -o posix
2135:
2086:
2029:
2008:The example
2007:
1987:
1977:January 2019
1974:
1951:Please help
1943:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1705:
1668:jpg,jpeg,png
1658:
1628:# bash shell
1618:Bourne shell
1615:
1566:
1538:
1527:
1523:<<<
1512:
1508:
1499:
1457:
1446:
1392:syntax is a
1387:
1352:
1287:GNU readline
1194:
1178:, which are
1103:<<<
1075:data streams
1071:Redirections
992:, including
908:$ {foo//x/y}
875:, including
702:, including
601:Login shell;
561:
538:and CVE-
520:security bug
517:
499:project, to
473:
454:
451:
440:. Bash is a
414:Bourne shell
375:
356:
348:Bourne shell
316:
315:, short for
312:
311:
269:Since 4.0:
232:Available in
109:5.2.32
72:Developer(s)
29:
18:Bash (shell)
7155:Unix shells
7114:Categorical
6703:Unix shells
6475:GNU TeXmacs
6405:Linux-libre
6285:GNU Project
6127:25 November
6040:How-To Geek
6019:20 November
5940:"bash-1.11"
5907:GNU Project
5472:www.gnu.org
5447:www.gnu.org
5296:, apple.com
5243:www.gnu.org
5111:Shell Tips!
5077:"10. Files"
4950:www.gnu.org
4764:www.gnu.org
4739:www.gnu.org
4684:www.gnu.org
4664:20 November
4611:www.gnu.org
4593:www.gnu.org
4515:4 September
4489:4 September
4019:13 November
3785:6 September
3562:28 December
3316:1996-12-31
3306:1997-06-05
3296:1998-04-18
3286:1999-02-19
3276:2000-03-21
3266:2001-04-09
3256:2001-11-16
3253:bash-2.05a
3246:2002-07-17
3243:bash-2.05b
3236:2004-08-03
3226:2005-12-08
3216:2006-10-11
3206:2009-01-12
3196:2009-02-20
3186:2009-12-31
3176:2011-02-13
3166:2014-02-26
3156:2015-10-12
3146:2016-07-11
3136:2016-02-24
3126:2016-08-22
3113:2016-09-15
3103:2018-05-22
3093:2018-09-17
3083:2018-11-28
3073:2018-12-20
3063:2019-01-07
3050:2020-12-07
3040:2022-09-26
3027:2022-12-13
2988:Apple macOS
2943:Since 4.0:
2931:across the
2902:kill --help
2898:/bin/printf
2856:bash --help
2817:frustrating
2794:frustration
2430:$ SOMEWHERE
2253:Vi-bindings
2243:Bash uses
2200:Coprocesses
2179:$ (( ... ))
2150:portability
2132:Portability
2114:~/.xprofile
2110:~/.xsession
2043:.~/.profile
1998:#!/bin/bash
1961:Wikiversity
1654:a{p,c,d,b}e
1633:/bin/bash-c
1504:named pipes
1315:A built-in
1305:Shell
1269:built-ins),
1256:job control
990:$ (( ... ))
774:portability
614:Exit status
593:Interactive
568:text window
382:text window
336:GNU Project
91:8 June 1989
84:8 June 1989
7149:Categories
6979:JavaScript
6855:Comparison
6749:PowerShell
6535:GNU Health
6480:GNU Octave
6063:. Oracle.
6045:12 October
5683:10 January
5657:10 January
5631:10 January
5606:10 January
5581:10 January
5556:10 January
5452:10 January
5397:21 January
5268:bashbug(1)
5197:20 January
5058:26 January
5024:12 January
4836:26 October
4744:10 January
4689:10 January
4621:10 January
4447:"GNU Bash"
4215:30 October
4180:30 October
4145:1 November
4048:31 October
3986:28 October
3900:1 November
3869:"Terminal"
3680:Dr. Dobb's
3660:28 October
3604:licensing.
3353:References
3303:bash-2.01
3293:bash-2.02
3283:bash-2.03
3273:bash-2.04
3263:bash-2.05
2972:Windows 11
2968:Windows 10
2925:Shellshock
2787:hyperbolic
2772:commitment
2755:, Book of
2738:born again
2647:improve it
2577:completion
2518:$ VARIABLE
2436:&&
2215:shellcheck
2118:~/.profile
2067:&&
2062:.~/.bashrc
2060:&&
2041:&&
2034:&&
1969:Wikivoyage
1525:operator.
1490:using the
1414:Korn Shell
1223:Settings (
1212:~/.profile
997:arithmetic
938:$ {!array}
923:$ {bar##*}
896:declare -A
881:variables,
867:expansion
811:Backslash
758:using the
674:loops, and
649:) and OR (
647:&&
587:Invocation
580:Unix shell
576:automation
534:, CVE-
524:Shellshock
434:Korn Shell
432:, and the
394:Unix shell
390:automation
254:Unix shell
162:Written in
126:Repository
76:Chet Ramey
7076:Smalltalk
6603:Brian Fox
6555:GNU Chess
6485:GNU Taler
6470:GNU Emacs
6425:findutils
6420:coreutils
5800:4 October
5503:9 January
5477:9 January
5422:9 January
5277:, die.net
4452:Softpedia
4391:The Verge
4201:Newsgroup
4166:Newsgroup
4131:Newsgroup
3965:Newsgroup
3646:Newsgroup
3541:Newsgroup
3372:11 August
3313:bash-2.0
3233:bash-3.0
3223:bash-3.1
3213:bash-3.2
3193:bash-4.0
3183:bash-4.1
3173:bash-4.2
3163:bash-4.3
3110:bash-4.4
3060:bash-5.0
3047:bash-5.1
3037:bash-5.2
2939:Licensing
2844:info bash
2821:committed
2731:Christian
2691:witticism
2651:verifying
2645:. Please
2524:$ pattern
2417:exit code
2309:command2
2257:set -o vi
2227:configure
2181:is POSIX)
2175:(( ... ))
2014:~/.bashrc
1990:dot files
1965:Wikibooks
1944:contains
1784:a b c d e
1649:/bin/sh-c
1500:/proc/fd/
1480:&>
1464:$ ((...))
1388:The Bash
1331:info page
1300:debugging
1208:~/.bashrc
1028:(Step 4)
986:(( ... ))
965:$ ( ... )
861:Parameter
780:standard;
752:Signaling
742:Subshells
732:pipelines
705:Extended
659:Iteration
540:2014-7169
536:2014-6277
532:2014-6271
511:, and to
456:Brian Fox
340:Brian Fox
300:/software
201:Unix-like
137:.savannah
65:Brian Fox
7134:Category
6900:Assembly
6860:Timeline
6779:Thompson
6739:Hamilton
6714:Almquist
6525:Gnuzilla
6440:binutils
6394:variants
6383:Software
6335:Licenses
6151:Archived
6121:Archived
6095:Archived
6065:Archived
6013:Archived
5921:16 April
5915:Archived
5893:Archived
5860:Archived
5827:Archived
5794:Archived
5392:tldp.org
5363:Archived
5333:Archived
5290:Archived
5271:Archived
5253:27 March
5247:Archived
5217:Archived
5191:Archived
5187:Autoconf
5115:Archived
5085:Archived
5052:Archived
5018:Archived
4984:Archived
4954:Archived
4924:Archived
4889:Archived
4885:tldp.org
4859:Archived
4830:archived
4798:Archived
4768:Archived
4713:Archived
4658:Archived
4654:tldp.org
4567:Archived
4536:Archived
4509:Archived
4483:Archived
4457:Archived
4425:Archived
4395:Archived
4361:Archived
4332:Archived
4290:Archived
4248:Archived
4209:Archived
4174:Archived
4139:Archived
4042:archived
4013:Archived
3980:Archived
3937:21 March
3931:Archived
3894:archived
3814:April 9,
3760:13 March
3724:13 March
3718:Archived
3684:Archived
3654:Archived
3597:21 March
3556:Archived
3325:See also
3013:Version
2974:via the
2962:Versions
2933:Internet
2813:innuendo
2792:of some
2725:idea of
2723:Buddhist
2715:allusion
2663:May 2024
2605:readline
2597:complete
2581:complete
2305:command1
2294:command1
2274:command1
2223:autoconf
2030:filename
1803:1 4 7 10
1430:$ RANDOM
1394:superset
1367:language
1355:keywords
1324:man page
1319:command,
1236:built-in
1229:built-in
1216:dotfiles
1121:Commands
1096:<<
1086:>>
1065:removal;
1040:globbing
1032:(again),
995:Integer
927:cut -c8-
884:Indexed
865:variable
772:A shell
762:builtin;
589:as a...
558:Features
477:Catalina
410:language
398:keywords
221:Platform
7087:more...
7066:Scratch
6969:Haskell
6959:Fortran
6915:classic
6865:History
6571:more...
6455:GNUstep
6292:History
6202:ibm.com
6157:1 March
6101:1 March
5339:21 June
5223:21 July
4990:25 June
4930:1 March
4895:25 June
4865:5 March
4804:21 June
4563:Red Hat
4542:21 June
4463:9 April
4401:13 June
4203::
4168::
4133::
4110:1 March
4080:1 March
3973:Usenet:
3967::
3885:shell.c
3648::
3549:Usenet:
3543::
3504:ibm.com
3476:gnu.org
3448:gnu.org
3420:gnu.org
3392:fsf.org
2980:Solaris
2929:attacks
2798:imagery
2796:. Such
2783:acronym
2761:chapter
2746:English
2742:renewal
2709:on the
2601:compopt
2589:compgen
2585:compopt
2564:bashbug
2474:or the
2138:--posix
1906:$ start
1891:{1..10}
1878:$ start
1819:a d g j
1814:a..j..3
1798:..10..3
1585:p,c,d,b
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1460:((...))
1449:tab key
1442:$ (...)
1440:syntax
1426:history
1418:C shell
1408:(using
1390:command
1375:history
1322:A
1296:logging
1280:prompts
1214:(i.e.,
1204:session
999:in any
873:$ {bar}
833:$ '...'
828:rules,
826:quoting
746:( ... )
730:-style
513:Android
505:OpenVMS
495:by the
448:History
426:C shell
422:history
352:rebirth
324:program
319:, is a
289:Website
265:License
237:gettext
206:Windows
89: (
7106:Lists:
7041:Python
7036:Prolog
7014:Pascal
7004:MATLAB
6989:Kotlin
6949:Erlang
6888:Simula
6759:Qshell
6724:Bourne
6550:GNU Go
6540:GNUmed
6529:IceCat
6515:GNUnet
6309:Europe
6245:19 May
6226:19 May
6207:19 May
6186:
6091:GitHub
6071:8 June
5954:9 June
5171:Manual
5148:Manual
5121:3 June
5091:11 May
4960:4 July
4431:8 July
4421:GitHub
4367:1 July
4338:6 June
4324:
4296:6 June
4282:
4254:6 June
4240:
3975:
3837:Forbes
3569:shell.
3551:
3509:19 May
3481:19 May
3453:19 May
3425:19 May
3397:19 May
2886:printf
2840:manual
2695:homage
2587:, and
2458:Where
2433:"
2427:"
2397:signal
2389:. The
2020:. The
1959:it to
1685:png,jp
1434:$ PPID
1359:syntax
1227:
1046:using
979:>()
975:<()
886:arrays
679:for ((
653:), and
640:select
616:codes;
595:shell,
509:ArcaOS
485:Cygwin
460:coding
458:began
402:syntax
7081:Swift
7071:Shell
6984:Julia
6954:Forth
6944:COBOL
6905:BASIC
6883:ALGOL
6560:Gnash
6490:GNU R
6410:glibc
6314:India
5888:ZDNet
5167:Linux
5144:Linux
3956:len (
2878:false
2866:help
2863:help,
2809:irony
2790:image
2734:idiom
2719:Hindu
2711:image
2609:Tab ↹
2450:&
2315:&
2307:&
2296:&
2249:Emacs
2188:local
2122:xterm
2093:Linux
2024:is a
1996:like
1967:, or
1910:$ end
1882:$ end
1848:start
1834:after
1766:.txt
1606:d,e,f
1602:a,b,c
1326:, and
1282:, and
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