609:, and work with governments to ensure recipients would not lose benefits they were already receiving. The project gave six people from Oakland $ 1500 per month in an initial feasibility study. Instead of the previous plan of giving 100 families $ 1,500 per month, by mid-2018 YC Research was hoping to get 30 to 40 people from Oakland to participate in a $ 50 per month trial to refine the logistics of distribution and retention of the $ 50 per month control group. It was planning to run three- and five-year trials in two states, not including Oakland, involving 1,000 participants randomly assigned to $ 1,500 per month and 2,000 randomly assigned to the $ 50 per month control group. The full study is expected to cost $ 60 million, and YC Research is waiting for fundraising to complete before starting the study.
1157:, with two study areas where the whole community receives a CBI". However, the report also noted that there were "substantive and complex legislative and delivery barriers to piloting a CBI", given that Scottish Parliamentary powers were limited in their ability to make the needed changes to the social security system (which were determined at the UK Parliament in Westminster). The current constitutional and legal set up "would place significant restrictions on the pilot model design and potentially compromise learnings." The Scottish Government of 2022 therefore decided to focus on a Minimum Income Guarantee (MIG)
1132:, to consider launching similar schemes as well. In Italy, other projects of minimum guaranteed income had already been realized, much more advanced both for the amount of money and for the purposes of the Livorno project. One of these had been implemented in the Lazio Region thanks to the introduction of a law (4/2009) which in 2010 envisaged about 600 euros per month for the unemployed, particularly for women. About 10,000 people had participated in this first phase of starting the law for the minimum guaranteed income. The subsequent regional government has not funded the law again.
636:, providing people with income security while, at the same time, not discouraging them from entering the labour force. Furthermore, as poverty is believed to be one of the biggest determinants of health, the project is believed to improve health condition, which could, in turn, reduce health-care costs for the government. The pilot project was cancelled on July 31, 2018 by the newly elected
36:
910:
937:. It consists of a cash grant, which is given to families below a certain income level, provided they meet pre-arranged conditions such as overseeing their children's school attendance. As of March 2020, the program covers 13.8 million families, and pays an average of $ 34 per month, in a country where the minimum wage is $ 190 per month.
709:
1081:"fewer stress symptoms, fewer difficulties concentrating and fewer health problems than the control group. They were also more confident in their future and in their ability to influence societal issues." The full results of the study will come in 2020, after researchers have had time to analyse all the collected data.
143:(NIT), including partial universal basic income and similar programs. The following list provides an overview of the most famous universal basic income pilots, including projects which have not been launched yet but have been already approved by the respective political bodies or for the negotiations are in process.
1035:, studying "alternative approach to deliver social assistance". During the experiment, social assistance claimants were randomly divided into four groups, each of which received payments under different conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different or fewer rules on claimants of
1376:. Allen mentions that the researchers ‘also found an unexpected result: instead of promoting family stability (the presumed result of extending benefits to two-parent working families on an equal basis), the NITs seemed to increase family breakup’. This was later determined to be a statistical error. See
1230:
In the
Catalan pilot plan, some 5,000 people will receive the UBI. 2,500 will be randomly selected from all households in Catalonia and the remaining 2,500 will correspond to the population of two municipalities. During the two years of the pilot plants, participants will receive a monthly payment of
1980:
Critics worry it could eliminate the incentive to work, ... Matt
Zwolinski, director of the Center for Ethics, Economics and Public Policy at the University of San Diego, told The Associated Press that while the findings are "really good news for supporters of a basic income guarantee," the study is
1190:
in its modality no contributory. The IMV is defined as a "subjective right" and is intended to prevent poverty and social exclusion of people who live alone or integrated in a coexistence unit, when they are in a situation of vulnerability due to lack of sufficient financial resources to cover their
880:
implemented a nationwide basic income program. It is provided to all citizens and replaces subsidies for gasoline, electricity and some food items that the government has applied for the elimination of inequality and poverty for years. In 2012, the sum was approximately US $ 40 per person per month,
798:
30,000,000 and started in 2016. In total, 20,000 recipients from 195 rural villages are receiving a universal basic income for a period of two or twelve years, depending on the study group they belong to. In addition, 100 villages are also part of the study as a control group. Between April and June
673:
which began in
February 2019, 125 residents of Stockton, California who were living at or below the median income line (around $ 46,000 annually) were given $ 500 monthly stipends, distributed through the mail in the form of debit cards, for eight months. Results evaluated in October found that most
3493:
Minimum Income
Guarantee "is similar to, but distinct from a Universal Basic Income (UBI), with two key differences, firstly that a UBI is for everyone irrespective of income and individual needs e.g. disability, while a MIG is means tested and targeted to those on low incomes, and secondly, that a
771:
by 57%, work hours by 17%, and earnings by 38%". In addition, many of those who participated in the project have also started their own enterprises, creating job opportunities for others. In
January 2017, another pilot study, designed for two years, was launched by the charitable organization Eight
677:
While critics suggest that basic income could remove the incentive to work, and this study did not find any evidence of that, one researcher noted that the two-year length of this study is not likely to be representative of continuous basic income, because when people know that income is temporary,
1267:
said the pilot would "see whether the promises that basic income holds out are genuinely delivered" in people's lives. The pilot began in July 2022 and gives those who have left care in Wales who are aged 18-years-old and over £1,600 a month before tax, which comes to £1,280 a month after tax. The
1080:
As planned, the experiment ended at the end of 2018, and the government of
Finland has decided not to continue the experiment while the results of the study are analyzed. Preliminary results were released in 2019. While levels of employment did not change, it did report that those involved showed
569:
have experienced a surge in annual income due to a newly built casino as during this study, a portion of profits of this casino were unconditionally distributed to all tribal members on a semi-annual basis. Key findings of this study include lower instances of behavioural and emotional disorders
3233:
Two years after
Finland launched a basic-income trial in which nearly 2,000 unemployed residents were given a regular monthly stipend, many of the recipients remained jobless. The people reported that they were happier and healthier overall than other unemployed residents, but the experiment was
2747:
Family allowance - Brazil is renowned for its massive, nearly 2-decade-old cash-transfer program for the poor, Bolsa Família (often translated as "family allowance"). As of March, it reached 13.8 million families, paying an average of $ 34 per month. (The national minimum wage is about $ 190 per
1043:
was delayed. The experiment started in June 2018 and concluded in
October 2019. Results showed that there were no negative effects and some positive results for all three interventions compared to the control group. Participants increased their participation in the labour market but benefits to
188:
remarked that work disincentive effects were large enough to suggest that as much as 50 to 60 percent of the transfers paid to two-parent families under NIT might go to replace lost earnings. No noticeable improvements to health and the overall well-being were discovered and the effect on
772:
in an undisclosed village consisting of 50 households. The experiment, which is being recorded in a documentary, aims to evaluate the effects of basic income in four areas: education participation of girls and women, access to healthcare, engagement in democratic institutions and local
564:
designed to observe their mental condition had the unintended result of also measuring the effect of an unconditional cash transfer on a subset of this group. The Great Smoky
Mountains Study of Youth has found that a quarter of the families belonging to the
897:. The non-profit aims to launch a peer-to-peer money transfer network in which money can be distributed to those most in need, regardless of their location, based on the principles of universal basic income. The project has raised $ 1 million from
539:
researcher Evelyn Forget in 2011, the experiment has resulted in significant reduction in hospitalization, specifically in case of mental health diagnoses. Among all the people, only two key groups were found to be discouraged from working by the
1152:
pilot. The project determined that such a pilot was feasible, but with larger-scale legislative problems in executing the problem Making use of the term
Citizen's Basic Income (CBI), the writers of the report recommended that pilot should be "a
631:
projects were launched in three regions from late spring to fall 2017. The participants of the project were randomly selected among resident of the regions aged 18–64, who were living on low income. The purpose of the experiment was to tackle
746:
in Namibia provided a monthly cash grant of $ 100 to 6,000 individuals in four communities, modeled after the initial pilot program, from September 2013 to May 2014. In June 2014, the program restarted thanks to support from the
893:, in 2018 a non-profit initiative GoodDollar was launched, aiming to build a global economic framework for providing universal, sustainable and scalable universal basic income through new digital asset technology of
1068:
could help provide welfare more in line with the changing nature of work, reduce the cost and complexity of the benefits system and provide citizens with greater incentive to find work. Addressing issues caused by
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A number of basic income studies are being conducted in the Boston metro area in the early 2020s, including separate studies performed by Camp Harbor View, United South End Settlements, UpTogether (with the
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184:. Munnell also mentions that the money people had received was not squandered on frivolous products such as drugs and luxury goods. In addition, there has been an increase in school attendance. However
1968:
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participants had been using their stipends to buy groceries and pay their bills. Around 43% of participants had a full or part-time job, only 2% were unemployed and not actively seeking work.
135:
are smaller-scale preliminary experiments which are carried out on selected members of the relevant population to assess the feasibility, costs and effects of the full-scale implementation of
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per person each month. The organization's objective is to eventually grant the basic income to all villagers and to get similar projects going in other villages as well, both in and outside
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settlement, providing N$ 100 (US$ 7) per month to every person under the age of 60. The treatment group consisted of around 1,000 people, and a combination of panel and
648:
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2256:
3536:
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3379:
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The study was generally considered a failure, though many experts have stated that the experiment had many problems making its results not necessarily generalizable.
3515:
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1818:
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Blattman, Christopher; Fiala, Nathan; Martinez, Sebastian (2014). "Generating Skilled Self-Employment in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Uganda".
4265:
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1992:
53:
1935:
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1906:
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Filippo Nogarin launched a conditional minimum income project for a period of six months, granting 100 of the poorest families in the city a monthly sum of
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1958:
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situation. Those, who received UBI were less prone to food insecurity, had a better physical and mental state, and were motivated to start a business.
4260:
3590:
637:
3255:
1422:"Gary Burtless (ed.), Work, Health, and Income Among the Elderly, Brookings Institution, Washington D.C., 1987, 276 pp., £25.95, ISBN 0 8157 1176 X."
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limited because it lasted only two years, adding that people are unlikely to drop out of the labor force if they know the extra money is temporary.
1215:
plans to carry out during the 2021 to 2025 term of office. In 2021, during the talks to form a government, the parliamentary agreement between the
1108:. In January 2017, the scope of the project was extended to include another 100 families. Even though the granted sum is not as high as in case of
3819:
2760:
2226:
990:, so that the basic income can be financed through investments rather than donations in the future. The idea is that the bank will operate as an
844:
activity and in savings, an improvement in housing and sanitation, improved nutrition, less food poverty, improved health and schooling, greater
3276:
2816:
2593:
743:
1247:
1,200 monthly basic income to 120 citizens, which will last three years and be compared against 1,380 people who do not receive basic income.
836:, children's school performance improved in 68% of families, time spent in school as well as personal savings nearly tripled and new business
3198:
2643:
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randomly awarded an unsupervised grants of $ 382 to 535 young applicants aged 15–35. The results showed that "the program increases business
100:
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2469:
2431:
1607:
2649:
2270:
1387:
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72:
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among the children and improved relationship between children and their parents, as well as reduction in parental alcohol consumption.
2013:
618:
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79:
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3173:
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119:
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2336:
2143:
1345:
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3350:
3143:
4352:
4255:
4250:
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3741:
3478:"Minimum Income Guarantee Steering Group: background on minimum income guarantee and basic incomes - August 2021 meeting paper"
3453:"Minimum Income Guarantee Steering Group: background on minimum income guarantee and basic incomes - August 2021 meeting paper"
3106:
2673:
2527:
86:
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2176:
1164:
also produced a report in 2019 examining some of the benefits and challenges of a basic income system in the region of Fife.
1112:
or other countries, it constitutes a huge relief for the families which are otherwise not protected at all due to the lack of
4186:
2115:
57:
3076:
832:. According to the first communication of the pilot projects, positive results were found. Villages spent more on food and
828:, which started in 2010, involves 20 villages. While the villagers in eight of those got basic income, the others serve as
4227:
3880:
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1810:
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748:
68:
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913:
The family of Selma Ferreira was the first recipient of Bolsa Escola, a precursor to Bolsa Família enacted by governor
791:, is running the world’s largest and longest-term experiment to date studying the effects of a universal basic income.
180:
explains, a moderate reduction in work effort (17% among women, 7% among men) has been found by the American economist
4202:
3950:
3779:
1927:
1154:
1064:
560 per month, even if they found work during the two year period. The experiment tests whether the implementation of
3441:
https://www.basicincome.scot/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/175371/Draft-Final-CBI-Feasibility_Main-Report-June-2020.pdf
2373:
2204:
1898:
776:. The amount of income distributed to the village residents per month is $ 18.25 for adults and $ 9.13 for children.
2402:
3855:
3824:
2897:"30 Dutch Municipalities show Interest in Experimenting with Basic Income | BIEN — Basic Income Earth Network"
1752:
598:
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at an early age, decided to study until grade 12, increasing the proportion of students who graduate high school.
2037:
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of the disabled in society and a lack of frivolous spending. The initiative was organized in partnership with the
46:
4091:
3794:
918:
799:
2020, the researchers surveyed 8,427 participants of the study groups to track the impact of the UBI during the
4321:
4071:
3885:
3686:
1212:
1187:
857:
520:
2921:
1023:(more than basic income) as they focus on current welfare claimants. The most important experiment was called
2786:
2556:
3900:
1220:
978:. The funding has been entirely based on private donations so far. In June 2011, 83 villagers were given 30
972:
692:
3582:
93:
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3247:
606:
579:
536:
157:
136:
2951:"Utrecht University and City of Utrecht start experiment to study alternative forms of social assistance"
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3711:
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2874:
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1928:"A 29-year-old mayor gave his city's poorist residents $ 500 per month. Here's how they spent the money"
1161:
1113:
1057:
4146:
3784:
1173:
4111:
4020:
3626:"Germany is beginning a universal-basic-income trial with people getting $ 1,400 a month for 3 years"
3583:"Escrivá anuncia que el ingreso mínimo vital sacará de la pobreza extrema a 1,6 millones de personas"
1468:"A failure to communicate: what (if anything) can we learn from the negative income tax experiments?"
1191:
basic needs. The benefit, which is not fixed and varies depending on various factors, ranges between
1101:
795:
773:
666:
3494:
MIG recognises that there is a role for business to help raise incomes, not just the welfare state."
2144:"UGANDA: Two-year basic income pilot set to launch in 2017 | BIEN — Basic Income Earth Network"
4329:
4280:
4081:
3910:
3809:
1240:
602:
591:
161:
140:
3439:. Final Report Prepared by the Citizens’ Basic Income Feasibility Study Steering Group, June 2020
2842:"BRAZIL: RECIVITAS expands its local BIG to 83 people as it charters the "BIG Social Bank" | BIEN"
1056:
on 1 January 2017. In total, 2,000 participants, who were randomly selected among those receiving
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1495:
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1335:
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2250:
2009:
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1440:
1361:
1310:
1036:
1020:
914:
800:
736:
528:
165:
1993:
Can an extra $ 800 a month lift someone out of poverty? Local nonprofits put cash to the test
1331:
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1734:
1726:
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1526:
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1432:
1285:
1256:
3077:"Is Finland's basic universal income a solution to automation, fewer jobs and lower wages?"
2227:"What If We Just Gave Poor People a Basic Income for Life? That's What We're About to Test"
1685:"The remarkable thing that happens to poor kids when you give their parents a little money"
4217:
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4000:
3995:
3568:
2380:
1104:
537 to cover their basic costs such as rent and food. The project is not an unconditional
991:
964:
861:
837:
4151:
3165:
2922:"What works: studying the effects of fewer rules in social assistance | Gemeente Utrecht"
2498:
2470:"'We thought this project would last forever', says MP villager on pilot project by SEWA"
1840:
1515:"A Comparison of the Labor Supply Findings from the Four Negative Income Tax Experiments"
678:
they are unlikely to quit their jobs, although they might if basic income was permanent.
1656:"Huffington Post: Ontario will test idea of a guaranteed minimum income to ease poverty"
586:, announced that its non-profit arm YC Research would perform a five-year unconditional
4212:
4141:
4106:
4086:
4051:
4041:
4025:
2301:"Universal basic income helped Kenyans weather COVID-19 - but it's not a silver bullet"
1739:
1264:
1145:
1125:
979:
960:
941:
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829:
821:
727:
Basic Income Grant Coalition conducted a two-year basic income pilot in the Otjivero -
561:
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4305:
4136:
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181:
2817:"INTERNATIONAL: Google Gives $ 2.5 Million to a Direct Cash Transfer Charity | BIEN"
2787:"Pronunciamento de Eduardo Suplicy em 06/04/2009 - Pronunciamentos - Senado Federal"
2669:
2623:
1959:"California Program Giving $ 500 No-Strings-Attached Stipends Pays Off, Study Finds"
4131:
4015:
3930:
3814:
2168:
1870:
1573:, Handbook of Economic Field Experiments, vol. 2, Elsevier, pp. 555–637,
1149:
1117:
1105:
1074:
1065:
1012:
995:
968:
934:
817:
784:
651:
628:
587:
17:
3164:
Ylikännö, Minna; Simanainen, Miska; Jauhiainen, Signe; Kangas, Olli (2019-02-08).
735:
was used to measure outcomes. After the study ended at the end of 2009, a monthly
1568:
1467:
4161:
4116:
4010:
4005:
3960:
3895:
3733:
1578:
1483:
1039:. The experiment was supposed to be launched on 1 May 2017, but approval by the
1016:
987:
185:
35:
3305:
2980:"Weten wat Werkt: Utrechtse wetenschappers doen onderzoek naar betere bijstand"
1710:
Akee, Randall; Copeland, William; Costello, E. Jane; Simeonova, Emilia (2018).
1421:
4096:
1436:
1070:
894:
833:
732:
670:
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study, which resembles the experiments carried out in the 1960s and 1970s, in
2726:"Coronavirus-Hit Brazil Considers Major Public Funds For Poor And Unemployed"
2635:
2568:
1538:
1491:
1444:
3945:
1224:
994:, but the profit will be allocated to basic income instead of a dividend to
975:
644:
545:
1748:
370:
the age of 18, and family income not exceeding 240% of the poverty level
3277:"A city in Italy is giving its poorest residents $ 537 a month to survive"
2200:
1712:"How Does Household Income Affect Child Personality Traits and Behaviors?"
1373:
1365:
909:
881:
US $ 480 per year for one person and US $ 2,300 for a five-person family.
3411:"Exploring the feasibility of a Citizens' Basic Income Pilot in Scotland"
2499:"The Obvious, Albeit Complicated Argument Favoring Basic Income in India"
2394:
2128:
1730:
1369:
1141:
841:
788:
724:
1711:
1077:
and lower wages are part of a larger social context for the experiment.
4207:
3804:
3166:"The basic income experiment 2017–2018 in Finland. Preliminary results"
2594:"Iran introduced a basic income scheme, and something strange happened"
2029:
1109:
1097:
1053:
1032:
933:
is a Brazilian federal anti-poverty program with strong resemblance of
728:
716:
712:
633:
624:
541:
532:
524:
173:
169:
3437:
Assessing the Feasibility of Citizens’ Basic Income Pilots in Scotland
3008:
Verlaat, T; de Kruijk, M; Rosenkranz, S; Groot, L; Sanders, M (2020).
1866:"Ontario's new Conservative government to end basic income experiment"
1546:
1162:
Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce
544:
project – new mothers and teenaged boys, who, instead of entering the
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3915:
1129:
983:
949:
890:
849:
768:
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177:
1514:
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between 1974 and 1979. According to a research into the effects of
3905:
1260:
1179:
1121:
1093:
908:
898:
825:
752:
707:
2670:"GoodDollar: Send Not For Whom The Bell Tolls, It Tolls For Thee"
1777:"Y Combinator announces basic income pilot experiment in Oakland"
1124:. The project has already inspired other Italian cities, such as
582:, an American company with the aim of providing seed funding for
1244:
1196:
1192:
1061:
877:
3737:
3214:"Why Finland's basic-income trial failed, according to experts"
160:
experiments conducted in the United States, all in the form of
3195:"Nordic Labour Journal: The research project against all odds"
2730:
2271:"How a universal basic income stabilized Kenyans in bad times"
1963:
1148:
250,000 to undertake initial research on the feasibility of a
204:
The Seattle/Denver Income-Maintenance Experiments (SIME/DIME)
29:
4314:
Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work
3712:"Basic income pilot for care leavers: overview of the scheme"
2866:
1044:
their health were too small to be statistically significant.
1811:"Y Combinator Learns Basic Income Is Not So Basic After All"
1223:(CUP) included a pilot plan for a universal basic income in
1060:
and aged 25–58, were entitled to an unconditional income of
359:
Total family income not exceeding 150% of the poverty level
356:
Total family income not exceeding 150% of the poverty level
2374:"INDIA: Basic Income Pilot Project Finds Positive Results,"
654:
stating simply it was 'unsustainable' without citing data.
2528:"Yes, Universal Basic Income. No, Targeted Income Schemes"
2059:"NAMIBIA: Basic Income Program Returns to Otjivero | BIEN"
1231:€800 per adult and €300 per child under 18 years of age.
189:
home-ownership rates was found to be negligible as well.
3380:"Scotland is planning to pilot a universal basic income"
2867:"Renda Básica Garantida - Basic Income Startup - Brasil"
739:
of N$ 80 was paid to all participants until March 2012.
198:
The New Jersey Graduated Work Incentive Experiment (NJ)
963:
is a Brazilian village in the Quatinga district of the
3047:"Finland is giving 2,000 citizens a guaranteed income"
2871:
Renda Básica Garantida - Basic Income Startup - Brasil
2008:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 389.
840:
doubled. The study has also found an increase both in
3248:"8 basic income experiments to watch out for in 2017"
2630:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 285–300,
657:
Payments to participants continued until March 2019.
3614:
Government of Catalonia. Ministry of the Presidency.
1052:
A nationwide, two-year pilot scheme was launched in
787:, one of the highest ranking charities according to
4289:
4226:
4174:
4034:
3978:
3969:
3843:
3772:
2696:"GoodDollar: cryptocurrencies would end inequality"
2622:Tabatabai, Hamid (2012), Caputo, Richard K. (ed.),
2195:
2193:
2006:
The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income
1027:(Knowing What Works) and was a cooperation between
967:municipality, which is becoming well-known for its
689:
Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance
649:
Minister of Children, Community and Social Services
362:Single-parent household earning less than $ 11,000
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
940:Other similar programs are implemented in several
719:where a local basic income was tested in 2008–2009
152:Pilots in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s
1380:"What Would Happen If We Just Gave People Money?"
1259:announced its intention to pilot a UBI scheme in
552:Native American casinos and tribal profit sharing
3136:"Experimental study on a universal basic income"
2761:"Renda Básica Garantida, exemplo de ação social"
742:In 2013, due to extreme drought conditions, the
364:Two-parent household earning less than $ 13,000
3537:"Spain approves national minimum income scheme"
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1041:Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment
201:The Rural Income-Maintenance Experiment (RIME)
156:Beginning in the end of 1960s, there were four
3656:"Universal basic income to be tested in Wales"
971:project launched in 2008 and organized by the
3749:
2225:Niehaus, Michael Faye, Paul (14 April 2016).
368:Black families with at least one child under
139:(also called UBI), or the related concept of
8:
3687:"Basic income: What is it and what it isn't"
2383:Basic Income News, BIEN (22 September 2012).
2255:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
299:Two or Single-parent household over 59(14%)
3107:"Did Finland's free money experiment work?"
519:A similar field experiment of the Canadian
3975:
3756:
3742:
3734:
986:. The organizers are currently building a
250:3 years (71%)；5 years (25%)；20 years (4%)
1899:"Universal basic income had a rough 2018"
1738:
1678:
1676:
1186:is an economic benefit guaranteed by the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3040:
3038:
2624:"Iran: A Bumpy Road toward Basic Income"
2030:"Basic Income Grant Coalition - Namibia"
1841:"Ontario.ca: Ontario basic income pilot"
296:Single-parent household, prime age(13%)
191:
3820:Right to an adequate standard of living
1683:Ferdman, Roberto A. (October 8, 2015).
1567:Rothstein, J.; von Wachter, T. (2017),
1277:
168:, who was examining the experiments in
3564:
3553:
3335:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3328:
2454:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2447:
2359:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2352:
2248:
1650:
1648:
1637:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1630:
1570:Social Experiments in the Labor Market
1315:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1308:
560:of 1,420 low income children in rural
3432:
3430:
1207:The Universal Basic Income (Catalan:
856:and co-piloted by British researcher
535:on population health, conducted by a
7:
3390:from the original on August 17, 2017
3057:from the original on August 11, 2020
3045:Kottasova, Ivana (January 2, 2017).
2694:Moya, Valentina (23 November 2018).
1938:from the original on October 6, 2019
1878:from the original on August 17, 2018
1821:from the original on 22 October 2021
1691:from the original on October 9, 2015
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
207:The Gary, Indiana Experiment (Gary)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3636:from the original on 20 August 2020
3508:"A Basic Income for Scotland - RSA"
2628:Basic Income Guarantee and Politics
1211:) pilot plan is a project that the
457:(3) Infant mortality and morbidity
3718:. Welsh Government. 24 August 2022
3691:The Wales Centre for Public Policy
3685:Mestrum, Francine (17 July 2023).
3666:from the original on June 13, 2021
3087:from the original on June 11, 2021
3011:Study What Works (Weten wat werkt)
2895:Jourdan, Stanislas (8 July 2015).
2393:Fernandez, Benjamin (4 May 2013).
2299:Suri, Tavneet (15 November 2020).
2237:from the original on 17 March 2019
1466:Widerquist, Karl (February 2005).
1420:Fogarty, Michael (December 1987).
1390:from the original on March 5, 2020
1378:Flowers, Andrew (April 26, 2016).
715:, one of the two poor villages in
619:Ontario Basic Income Pilot Project
613:Ontario Basic Income Pilot Project
25:
3593:from the original on June 6, 2020
2767:from the original on 4 March 2016
2142:McFarl, Kate (20 November 2016).
1783:from the original on May 31, 2016
1341:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
3941:Political Party for Basic Income
2724:Osborn, Catherine (2020-08-31).
1346:Library of Economics and Liberty
567:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
501:{70 - 0.0025×(Family Income)}%；
34:
3543:from the original on 2020-09-16
3518:from the original on 2019-07-30
3351:"What's happening in Scotland?"
3318:from the original on 2021-09-18
3287:from the original on 2021-06-08
3258:from the original on 2021-10-15
3224:from the original on 2021-06-02
3176:from the original on 2019-07-28
3146:from the original on 2019-07-19
3117:from the original on 2019-02-05
3024:from the original on 2021-03-07
2990:from the original on 2019-07-30
2961:from the original on 2020-05-14
2932:from the original on 2019-07-30
2903:from the original on 2020-11-08
2877:from the original on 2019-06-03
2848:from the original on 2019-08-22
2823:from the original on 2019-08-22
2797:from the original on 2018-11-25
2738:from the original on 2020-09-02
2706:from the original on 2021-02-13
2676:from the original on 2020-10-30
2652:from the original on 2021-10-22
2604:from the original on 2021-02-09
2575:from the original on 2021-02-14
2538:from the original on 2021-03-05
2509:from the original on 2020-10-19
2503:Georgetown Public Policy Review
2480:from the original on 2020-11-07
2437:from the original on 2015-09-05
2405:from the original on 6 May 2013
2311:from the original on 2021-01-17
2281:from the original on 2021-02-14
2207:from the original on 2020-09-27
2179:from the original on 2019-03-13
2150:from the original on 2021-06-30
2095:from the original on 2019-07-07
2065:from the original on 2019-08-21
2040:from the original on 2020-11-12
1971:from the original on 2021-03-06
1957:Treisman, Rachel (2021-03-04).
1909:from the original on 2019-01-19
1847:from the original on 2017-05-01
1758:from the original on 2015-10-10
1662:from the original on 2017-06-08
1352:from the original on 2019-05-28
1298:from the original on 2015-09-23
1268:pilot will last for two years.
504:{80 - 0.0025×(Family Income)}%
69:"Universal basic income pilots"
45:needs additional citations for
3624:Payne, Adam (19 August 2020).
2116:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1519:The Journal of Human Resources
1472:The Journal of Socio-Economics
1092:In June 2016, the mayor of an
864:with support of the economist
430:(2) Health, school, and other
311:Single-parent household (54%)
305:Single-parent household (39%)
217:New Jersey & Pennsylvania
1:
4187:Asignación Universal por Hijo
3830:Universal basic income pilots
1144:Government agreed to provide
422:(1) Reduction in work effort
133:Universal basic income pilots
3409:Income, Basic (2021-03-15).
2815:Mensch, Murf (4 July 2013).
1809:Nitasha Tiku (27 Aug 2018).
1779:. TechCrunch. May 31, 2016.
1217:Republican Left of Catalonia
794:The project has a budget of
460:(4) Educational achievement
448:(3) Other lifestyle changes
443:(1) Effects on labor supply
436:(3) Savings and consumption
4203:Iranian subsidy reform plan
3951:Sustainable Australia Party
3212:Bendix, Aria (2019-12-08).
3170:julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi
1579:10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.10.001
1484:10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.050
1155:randomised controlled study
755:, lasting until June 2015.
744:Evangelical Lutheran church
597:The project was delayed by
445:(2) Marital stability; and
309:Two-parent household (41%)
303:Two-parent household (61%)
294:Two-parent household (73%)
4369:
3856:Basic Income Earth Network
3825:Technological unemployment
3234:widely declared a failure.
2201:"Basic Income Kenya Study"
1513:Robins, Philip K. (1985).
1171:
616:
599:institutional review board
433:effects on poor children;
287:Type of Families Enrolled
220:Iowa & North Carolina
3795:Guaranteed minimum income
2379:February 9, 2015, at the
2085:"BIG resumes at Otjivero"
1437:10.1017/s0144686x00013180
944:countries, including the
4322:The War on Normal People
2986:(in Dutch). 2018-02-21.
2636:10.1057/9781137045300_16
1719:American Economic Review
1330:Allen, Jodie T. (2002).
1219:(ERC) and the left-wing
1188:Social security in Spain
638:Progressive Conservative
521:Guaranteed Annual Income
463:(5) Housing consumption
2395:"Rupees in your pocket"
1221:Popular Unity Candidacy
1174:es:Ingreso mínimo vital
973:non-profit organization
693:Harvard Business School
4353:Universal basic income
4092:Christopher Pissarides
3765:Universal basic income
3612:Universal Basic Income
3563:Cite journal requires
3017:. Utrecht University.
2004:Tory, Malcolm (2019).
1263:. The First Minister,
1209:Renda Bàsica Universal
1066:basic universal income
922:
720:
665:In a pilot project in
607:University of Michigan
537:University of Manitoba
424:(2) Lifestyle changes
158:universal basic income
137:universal basic income
4182:Alaska Permanent Fund
3926:People Animals Nature
3851:Basic Income Alliance
3835:Universal inheritance
3355:Basic Income Scotland
3083:. February 19, 2017.
2700:latinamericanpost.com
2399:Le Monde diplomatique
1903:MIT Technology Review
1332:"Negative Income Tax"
1243:started that gives a
1114:unemployment benefits
1058:unemployment benefits
1019:are experiments with
912:
812:Madhya Pradesh, India
780:GiveDirectly in Kenya
711:
291:Two-parent household
223:Seattle & Denver
4112:Richard David Precht
4021:Juliet Rhys-Williams
2984:Universiteit Utrecht
2598:World Economic Forum
1731:10.1257/aer.20160133
1255:On 14 May 2021, the
1241:a project in Germany
1184:ingreso mínimo vital
860:and Indian activist
774:economic development
661:Stockton, California
418:Outcomes of interest
390:Negative income tax
387:Negative income tax
384:Negative income tax
381:Negative income tax
377:Primary intervention
54:improve this article
4330:Utopia for Realists
4082:Philippe Van Parijs
3911:Mein Grundeinkommen
3810:Negative income tax
3780:Basic income models
3386:. January 2, 2017.
3283:. 6 December 2016.
2791:www25.senado.leg.br
2534:. 30 January 2019.
1934:. October 5, 2019.
1932:businessinsider.com
1384:fivethirtyeight.com
603:Stanford University
592:Oakland, California
515:Mincome in Manitoba
470:Range of Guarantee
141:negative income tax
27:Type of experiments
18:Basic income pilots
4147:Christian Engström
3921:Party of Humanists
3876:Five Star Movement
3866:Breakthrough Party
3861:Basic Income Party
3785:Citizen's dividend
3506:RSA (8 May 2019).
3484:. 19 December 2022
3459:. 19 December 2022
2955:Utrecht University
2474:The Indian Express
2129:10.1093/qje/qjt057
1874:. August 1, 2018.
1425:Ageing and Society
1336:David R. Henderson
1213:Catalan Government
1029:Utrecht University
923:
721:
584:start-up companies
558:longitudinal study
489:Range of Tax rates
474:50%；75%；100%；125%
428:(1) Work behavior
318:Family Composition
4340:
4339:
4170:
4169:
4067:Sepp Kusstatscher
2763:. 12 March 2013.
2645:978-1-349-29762-7
1037:social assistance
1021:social assistance
1011:Experiments with
915:Cristovam Buarque
749:Waldensian Church
640:government under
529:Dauphin, Manitoba
512:
511:
352:Target Population
195:Experiment Title
166:Alicia H. Munnell
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4360:
4298:Agrarian Justice
4266:Nordic countries
4175:Related programs
4127:Osmo Soininvaara
4122:Annika Lillemets
3976:
3800:Jobless recovery
3790:Freedom dividend
3758:
3751:
3744:
3735:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3662:. May 15, 2021.
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3630:Business Insider
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3589:. May 29, 2020.
3579:
3573:
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3566:
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3422:
3421:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3357:. Archived from
3347:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3252:Business Insider
3243:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3218:Business Insider
3209:
3203:
3202:
3197:. Archived from
3191:
3185:
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3182:
3181:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3132:
3126:
3125:
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2999:
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2812:
2806:
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2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
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2757:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2557:"Economic jihad"
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2335:. Archived from
2334:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2305:The Conversation
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2061:. 30 July 2014.
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1954:
1948:
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1945:
1943:
1924:
1918:
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1856:
1855:
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1837:
1831:
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1828:
1826:
1806:
1793:
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1790:
1788:
1773:
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1757:
1742:
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1701:
1700:
1698:
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1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1613:. Archived from
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1417:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1344:(1st ed.).
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1257:Welsh Government
1239:In August 2020,
1096:coastal city of
919:Federal District
876:In Autumn 2010,
527:, took place in
523:(GAI), known as
192:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4368:
4367:
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4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4285:
4222:
4218:Social dividend
4166:
4077:Eduardo Suplicy
4047:Étienne Chouard
4030:
4001:Stephen Hawking
3996:Milton Friedman
3965:
3839:
3768:
3762:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3683:
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3669:
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3639:
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3623:
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3618:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3562:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3535:
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3530:
3521:
3519:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3384:The Independent
3378:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3362:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3306:"Archived copy"
3304:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3288:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3246:Weller, Chris.
3245:
3244:
3240:
3227:
3225:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3177:
3163:
3162:
3158:
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3147:
3134:
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3120:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3070:
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3021:
3014:
3007:
3006:
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2993:
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2978:
2977:
2973:
2964:
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2906:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2844:. 8 June 2011.
2840:
2839:
2835:
2826:
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2814:
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2800:
2798:
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2784:
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2739:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2693:
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2688:
2679:
2677:
2672:. 17 May 2019.
2668:
2667:
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2646:
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2492:
2483:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:"Archived copy"
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2381:Wayback Machine
2372:
2368:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:"Archived copy"
2328:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2269:
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2240:
2238:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2169:"Top Charities"
2167:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2083:Namibian, The.
2082:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2056:
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2043:
2041:
2028:
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2016:
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2002:
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1987:
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1674:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:"Archived copy"
1606:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1377:
1355:
1353:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:"Archived copy"
1284:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1253:
1237:
1205:
1176:
1170:
1138:
1090:
1050:
1033:City of Utrecht
1025:Weten wat werkt
1009:
1004:
992:investment bank
980:Brazilian reals
965:Mogi das Cruzes
958:
928:
907:
887:
874:
862:Renana Jhabvala
814:
809:
782:
761:
706:
701:
684:
663:
642:Ontario Premier
621:
615:
576:
554:
517:
452:(1) Employment
327:Hispanic (31%)
154:
149:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4271:United Kingdom
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4213:Quatinga Velho
4210:
4205:
4200:
4197:Auxílio Brasil
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4157:Björn Wahlroos
4154:
4149:
4144:
4142:Birger Schlaug
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Carole Pateman
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Harry F. Dahms
4049:
4044:
4042:Rutger Bregman
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4026:Anthony Barber
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3703:
3677:
3647:
3616:
3604:
3574:
3565:|journal=
3528:
3512:www.thersa.org
3498:
3469:
3444:
3426:
3401:
3371:
3342:
3297:
3268:
3238:
3204:
3201:on 2018-06-29.
3186:
3156:
3127:
3098:
3068:
3034:
3000:
2971:
2957:. 2017-03-09.
2942:
2926:www.utrecht.nl
2913:
2887:
2858:
2833:
2807:
2778:
2752:
2716:
2686:
2661:
2644:
2614:
2585:
2563:. 2011-06-23.
2548:
2532:BloombergQuint
2519:
2505:. 2020-09-10.
2490:
2476:. 2019-02-03.
2461:
2416:
2385:
2366:
2321:
2291:
2262:
2231:Slate Magazine
2217:
2189:
2160:
2134:
2123:(2): 697–752.
2105:
2075:
2050:
2034:www.bignam.org
2021:
2015:978-3030236137
2014:
1996:
1985:
1949:
1919:
1897:Winick, Erin.
1889:
1857:
1832:
1794:
1768:
1725:(3): 775–827.
1702:
1672:
1644:
1599:
1587:
1552:
1531:10.2307/145685
1525:(4): 567–582.
1505:
1458:
1431:(4): 486–488.
1401:
1322:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1265:Mark Drakeford
1252:
1249:
1236:
1233:
1204:
1201:
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1137:
1134:
1089:
1086:
1049:
1046:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:and managers.
961:Quatinga Velho
957:
956:Quatinga Velho
954:
942:Latin American
927:
924:
906:
903:
886:
883:
873:
870:
866:Pranab Bardhan
830:control groups
822:Madhya Pradesh
813:
810:
808:
805:
801:COVID pandemic
781:
778:
760:
757:
705:
702:
700:
697:
683:
680:
662:
659:
617:Main article:
614:
611:
575:
572:
562:North Carolina
553:
550:
516:
513:
510:
509:
506:
497:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
480:92%；116%；135%
478:
475:
472:
466:
465:
454:(2) Schooling
450:
441:
426:
420:
414:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
373:
372:
366:
360:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
342:Chicano (18%)
335:
329:
320:
314:
313:
307:
301:
292:
289:
283:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:initial(final)
259:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
227:
226:Gary, Indiana
224:
221:
218:
215:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
153:
150:
148:
145:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4365:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:Bullshit Jobs
4303:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:United States
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4193:Bolsa Família
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Susanne Wiest
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Katja Kipping
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:C. H. Douglas
3989:
3987:
3986:Tony Atkinson
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Left Alliance
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Forward Party
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:Organizations
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3557:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3361:on 2019-07-30
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3314:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3001:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:The Economist
2558:
2552:
2549:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2342:on 2015-09-24
2338:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1620:on 2017-01-26
1616:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1590:
1588:9780444640116
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:In 2018, the
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
953:
951:
948:programme in
947:
946:Oportunidades
943:
938:
936:
932:
931:Bolsa Familia
926:Bolsa Familia
925:
920:
916:
911:
905:Latin America
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
879:
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
811:
806:
804:
802:
797:
792:
790:
786:
779:
777:
775:
770:
766:
763:A program in
758:
756:
754:
750:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:In 2008, the
718:
714:
710:
703:
698:
696:
694:
690:
682:Massachusetts
681:
679:
675:
672:
668:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
630:
627:, three-year
626:
620:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:In May 2016,
573:
571:
568:
563:
559:
551:
549:
547:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
507:
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
477:50%；75%；100%
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
451:
449:
446:
442:
440:
437:
434:
431:
427:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:$ 20,300,000
411:
409:$ 77,500,000
408:
405:
402:
400:
397:
394:
393:
389:
386:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:
367:
365:
361:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
346:Black (100%)
345:
343:
340:
336:
334:
330:
328:
325:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
308:
306:
302:
300:
297:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
277:
274:
271:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
257:
253:
251:
247:
245:
241:
239:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
222:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
183:
182:Gary Burtless
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
151:
147:North America
146:
144:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4152:Benoît Hamon
4132:Li Andersson
4072:Guy Standing
4035:Contemporary
4016:Thomas Paine
3931:Pirate Party
3891:Génération.s
3886:Fusion Party
3829:
3815:Real freedom
3720:. Retrieved
3715:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3690:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3659:
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3629:
3619:
3607:
3595:. Retrieved
3586:
3577:
3556:cite journal
3545:. Retrieved
3539:. May 2020.
3531:
3520:. Retrieved
3511:
3501:
3492:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:www.gov.scot
3481:
3472:
3461:. Retrieved
3457:www.gov.scot
3456:
3447:
3436:
3418:. Retrieved
3415:Basic Income
3414:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3383:
3374:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:the original
3354:
3345:
3320:. Retrieved
3300:
3289:. Retrieved
3281:www.vice.com
3280:
3271:
3260:. Retrieved
3251:
3241:
3232:
3226:. Retrieved
3217:
3207:
3199:the original
3189:
3178:. Retrieved
3169:
3159:
3148:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3110:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3081:The Guardian
3080:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3050:
3026:. Retrieved
3010:
3003:
2992:. Retrieved
2983:
2974:
2963:. Retrieved
2954:
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3696:8 December
3547:2020-09-04
3522:2019-07-30
3488:2023-05-01
3463:2023-05-01
3420:2023-05-01
3394:August 24,
3365:2019-07-30
3322:2018-11-27
3291:2021-10-22
3262:2021-10-22
3228:2021-06-01
3180:2019-07-30
3150:2019-07-30
3121:2019-02-05
3028:2020-11-05
2994:2019-07-30
2965:2019-07-30
2936:2019-07-30
2907:2021-10-22
2881:2019-03-13
2852:2019-08-21
2827:2019-08-21
2801:2019-03-13
2771:1 November
2742:2020-09-02
2710:2021-02-15
2680:2021-02-15
2656:2021-02-15
2608:2021-02-15
2579:2021-02-15
2542:2021-02-15
2513:2021-02-15
2484:2021-02-15
2441:2015-10-22
2346:2015-10-22
2315:2021-02-15
2285:2021-02-15
2211:2020-09-28
2183:2019-03-13
2154:2021-10-22
2099:2019-03-13
2069:2019-08-21
2044:2015-10-22
1975:2021-03-05
1942:October 6,
1913:2019-01-19
1882:August 18,
1851:2017-05-17
1762:2015-10-22
1695:August 24,
1666:2017-05-17
1624:2015-10-22
1594:2021-11-01
1356:2020-09-18
1302:2015-10-22
1272:References
1195:461.5 and
1071:automation
895:blockchain
834:healthcare
671:California
281:1799(967)
272:1216(983)
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248:1970–1980
242:1970–1972
236:1968–1972
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4228:By region
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3716:gov.wales
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3256:Archived
3222:Archived
3174:Archived
3144:Archived
3115:Archived
3111:BBC News
3085:Archived
3055:Archived
3051:CNNMoney
3019:Archived
2988:Archived
2959:Archived
2930:Archived
2901:Archived
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2821:Archived
2795:Archived
2765:Archived
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1120:laws in
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789:GiveWell
725:Namibian
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