512:, to allow for faster decision making and to maximize the time spent giving chest compressions; this is because interruptions in chest compressions have been shown to reduce the chance of survival. It is also acknowledged that rescuers may either be unable, or unwilling, to give effective rescue breaths; in this situation, continuing chest compressions alone is advised, although this is only effective for about 5 minutes. For choking, the guidelines in the United Kingdom first call for assessing the severity of the situation. If the patient is able to speak and cough effectively, the obstruction is mild. If the patient is unable to speak or cough effectively, or is unable to breathe or is breathing with a wheezy sound, the airway obstruction is severe. It is then recommended to perform back blows until the obstruction clears. If the patient becomes unresponsive, CPR is started.
1627:
1639:
32:
155:(ILCOR) was formed in 1992 to coordinate the efforts of resuscitation worldwide. The ILCOR representatives come from various countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and from the European, Asian, and African continents. In 2000, the committee published the first resuscitation guideline. In 2005, the committee published International Consensus on
370:
services. Since the primary cause of cardiac arrest and death in drowning and choking patients is hypoxemia, it is recommended to start with rescue breaths before proceeding to chest compressions (if pulseless). If the patient presents in a shockable rhythm, early defibrillation is still recommended.
167:
to write their own guidelines. Since 2015, ILCOR has used a new methodology called
Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations (COSTR) to evaluate the quality of latest evidence available and to reach a conclusion on the best treatments available in resuscitation. Using the COSTR methodology,
295:
Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops pumping in a regular rhythm. In this situation, early defibrillation is the key to returning the patient's heart back to a normal rhythm. When a defibrillator is not readily available, a rescuer or bystander should keep the blood flowing by performing chest
403:
Basic Life
Support Emergency Medical Services in the United States are generally identified with Emergency Medical Technicians-Basic (EMT-B). EMT-B is the highest level of healthcare provider that is limited to the BLS protocol; higher medical functions use some or all of the Advanced Cardiac Life
384:
Choking occurs when a foreign body obstructs the trachea. Rescuers should only intervene in patients who show signs of severe airway obstruction, such as a silent cough, cyanosis, or inability to speak or breathe. If a patient is coughing forcefully, rescuers should not interfere with this process
199:
One of the first checks done in emergency response is to assess the situation for any danger. If the person does not remove themselves or others from the danger then they are liable to become a patient and require emergency assistance themselves or become unable to render assistance for the other
490:
during the first 3 to 5 minutes during resuscitation can produce survival rates as high as 50 to 70%. Placing AEDs in public places where there is one cardiac arrest in five years is cost-effective. Although the adult CPR sequence can be safely used in children, a modified sequence of basic life
304:
Respiratory arrest is when there is no measurable breathing in a patient. It tends to occur in conjunction with cardiac arrest, but this is not always the case. Respiratory arrest is the most common indication of BLS in infants and toddlers. The most critical factor in restoring breathing in the
429:
The
American Heart Association highlights the most important steps of BLS in a "five-link chain of survival." The chain of survival includes early recognition of an ongoing emergency, early initiation of CPR by a bystander, early use of a defibrillator, and early advanced life support once more
389:
should be applied until the obstruction is relieved. If a patient becomes unresponsive he should be lowered to the ground, and the rescuer should call emergency medical services and initiate CPR. When the airway is opened during CPR, the rescuer should look into the mouth for an object causing
369:
In cases of drowning, rescuers should provide CPR as soon as an unresponsive patient is removed from the water. In particular, rescue breathing is important in this situation. A lone rescuer is typically advised to give CPR for a short time before leaving the patient to call emergency medical
474:, early initiation of resuscitation and coordination of lay people with medical personnel on helping an unconscious person is very helpful in increasing the chance of survival of the patient. When a person is unconscious and is not breathing normally, emergency services should be alerted and
507:
published in
November 2005. The newest guidelines for adult BLS allow a rescuer to diagnose cardiac arrest if the patient is unresponsive and not breathing normally. The guidelines also changed the duration of rescue breaths and the placement of the hand on the chest when performing chest
420:
According to the
American Heart Association, in order to be certified in BLS, a student must take an online or in-person course. However, an online BLS course must be followed with an in-person skills session in order to obtain a certification issued by The American Heart Association.
253:
Once the airway has been opened checking for breathing should begin, if the respiratory rate is below 12-20 breaths per minute then CPR should begin, however if the patient is breathing normally then the rescuer should place them in the recovery position and summon an ambulance.
390:
obstruction, and remove with a finger sweep it if it is evident however many organisations state that the rescuer should not try to remove the foreign object as they might worsen the situation (either pushing it further down the trachea or initiating vomiting).
216:
in particular should be used with caution as many methods if done incorrectly can leave bruises (sternal rub for example) commonly used methods for central stimulus are the trapezius squeeze and for peripheral stimulus it is squeezing the side of the finger.
273:
Once an automated external defibrillator (AED) has been acquired the rescuer should then finish the round of CPR, use the AED and then begin another round of CPR. However the AED will usually notify the rescuer of any impediments to continued CPR (such as a
341:, or thinning of the blood vessels. Consequently, blood is prevented from reaching organs that can tolerate the lack of perfusion, or hypoperfusion, in organs such as the skin, resulting in the typical presentation of pale and clammy skin conditions during
456:
while also giving rescue breaths. The rescuer or bystander can also choose not to provide breaths and provide compression-only CPR. Depending on the age and circumstances of the patient, there can be variations in the compression to breath ratio given.
336:
would not be able to reach the organs that needs it function. In an attempt to compensate, the body diverts blood to organs that cannot tolerate the lack of blood, such as the heart and the brain, resulting in widespread
1056:
650:
To relieve choking, abdominal thrusts should not be used in infants under 1 year of age due to risk of causing injury. A sequence of back slaps and chest compressions are used instead.
345:. Moreover, disruptions may present specifically to each component or multiple systems may be affected at the same time, which generally results in the 3 designated types of shock:
208:
Checking for response is the next step in emergency situations as continuing with other forceful methods of BLS could exacerbate the patient's condition and can be seen as assault.
159:(CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) Science with Treatment Recommendations. Since 2010, the committee has provided materials for regional resuscitation providers such as
1676:
622:
When performing BLS, laypeople and medical personnel are encouraged to remember that some groups of people have certain conditions that need to be taken into considerations.
168:
ILCOR also started to conduct yearly reviews and published updates on the latest evidence in resuscitation, changing it from the previous 5-yearly review on resuscitation.
385:
and encourage the patient to keep coughing. If a patient shows signs of severe airway obstruction, anti-choking maneuvers such as back slaps or in the most severe cases
152:
1463:
748:; Travers, A.; Christenson, J.; McBurnie, M. A.; Zalenski, R.; Becker, L. B.; Schron, E. B.; Proschan, M.; Public Access Defibrillation Trial Investigators (2004).
1467:
430:
qualified medical help arrives. Qualified bystanders with training in BLS are encouraged to perform the first three steps of the five-link chain of survival.
1483:
1227:
482:(rescue breaths) should be initiated. High quality CPR is important. An adequate ratio of high quality chest compressions and rescue breaths are crucial. An
452:(AED) are the most important aspects of BLS to ensure a patient survives. CPR involves a rescuer or bystander providing chest compressions to a patient in a
1589:
1478:
135:) is a level of medical care which is used for patients with life-threatening condition of cardiac arrest until they can be given full medical care by
1455:
237:
is the preferred method as the head-tilt maneuver is thought to be more risky for people with suspected spinal injury. If the person is in danger of
1669:
1473:
1138:
Hallstrom A, Cobb L, Johnson E, Copass M (May 2000). "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation".
1038:
316:, also known as Inadequate Tissue Perfusion, is a life-threatening condition that occurs as a result of the disruption to 3 major components of the
1493:
1067:
642:
If a patient of choking is obese and a rescuer cannot perform adequate abdominal thrusts, they are encouraged to instead perform chest thrusts.
1503:
1343:
1093:"Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest"
944:
505:
2015 International
Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR)
1754:
800:
1498:
1315:
989:"European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015Section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation"
200:
patient. Examples of dangerous situations which should cease before BLS is administered are electrocution, assault, drowning, burning etc.
1983:
1978:
1662:
1583:
1513:
1488:
754:
49:
139:
providers (paramedics, nurses, physicians or any trained general personnel). It can be provided by trained medical personnel, such as
115:
1338:
1280:
1220:
483:
449:
179:
96:
1988:
1577:
1517:
1290:
212:(Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unconscious) is the commonly used acronym for quickly assessing the level of consciousness in a patient.
68:
1565:
1559:
471:
160:
53:
666:
225:
Sending for help allows much more assistance to be rendered upon the patient and increases their chances of receiving ALS.
1642:
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1530:
475:
445:
439:
263:
156:
75:
1749:
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1817:
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1744:
1716:
1630:
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693:"About CoSTR - Continuous Evidence Evaluation (CEE) and Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations (CoSTRs)"
332:
to be processed effectively. However, if one part were to fail, important resources for cellular respiration such as
82:
1685:
1255:
405:
242:
164:
42:
1724:
409:
1795:
1734:
1197:
324:
describes the process of adequate blood flow to the organs, where the waste and reactants that are involved in
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841:
1092:
718:
563:), "First Aid as part of a team", level 2 includes stretchering and teamwork, (former CFAPSE before 2007
1706:
1611:
1382:
1355:
175:
136:
174:
provided in the field increases the time available for higher medical responders to arrive and provide
533:
1822:
1785:
1388:
1265:
1250:
325:
238:
1152:
952:
1957:
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1367:
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342:
313:
234:
865:
Patel, Samir; Holden, Kyle; Calvin, Bob; DiSilvio, Briana; Dumont, Tiffany (July–September 2022).
1947:
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1445:
1236:
1120:
866:
745:
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1942:
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1005:
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support that entails less forceful chest compression is even more suitable in children.
1372:
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500:
487:
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1911:
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should be used instead of abdominal thrusts when the patient is in late pregnancy.
328:
are removed or transported throughout the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system for
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143:, qualified bystanders and anybody who is trained for providing BLS and/or ACLS .
973:
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408:'s BLS protocol is designed for use by laypeople, as well as students and others
1430:
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750:"Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest"
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Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured Essentials Package
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The term BLS is also used in some non-English speaking countries (e.g. in
19:
For techniques and equipment for keeping a patient alive longer term, see
1890:
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1425:
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compressions and rescue breaths at an age-appropriate rate until it is.
503:
were published in 2015 by the
Resuscitation Council (UK), based on the
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care. An important advance in providing BLS is the availability of the
749:
528:. Terms with similar meanings for similar skill sets are also common.
1305:
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404:
Support (ACLS) protocols, in addition to BLS protocols. However, the
333:
565:
Certificat de
Formation aux Activités des Premiers Secours en Equipe
721:. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Archived from
695:. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Archived from
669:. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Archived from
521:
987:
Gavin D, Perkins; Anthony J, Handley; Rudolph W, Koster (2015).
696:
357:. Typically, patients would have a presentation of shock at the
209:
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1039:"British Resuscitation Council Basic Life Support Guidelines"
508:
compressions. These changes were introduced to simplify the
241:
then they should be placed in the recovery position or more
320:: Heart Function, Blood Vessel Function, and Blood Volume.
282:) in which case the rescuer may be prompted to cease CPR.
412:, and to some extent, higher medical function personnel.
791:
Surgeons, American
Academy of Orthopaedic (2021-02-24).
602:
Netherlands: BLS ("first aid" is referred to as EHBO (
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1599:
1512:
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
486:(AED) machine is essential during resuscitation.
795:(12th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
567:, "Training certificate for first aid teamwork")
153:International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
1464:International Federation for Emergency Medicine
920:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1468:International Conference on Emergency Medicine
719:"Frequently Asked Questions- What is a CoSTR?"
1670:
1221:
8:
1484:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
840:Services, Department of Health & Human.
561:Premiers Secours en Equipe niveaux 1 & 2
440:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation § Methods
1590:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
1479:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
182:or AED. This improves survival outcomes in
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1663:
1655:
1228:
1214:
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1091:Eftestøl T, Sunde K, Steen PA (May 2002).
470:According to 2015 guidelines published by
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361:, Decompensated, and Irreversible Stage.
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1474:American College of Emergency Physicians
912:Haseer Koya, Hayas; Paul, Manju (2024),
545:("emergency medical assistance")/ EHBO (
448:(CPR) and early defibrillation using an
1494:European Society for Emergency Medicine
658:
1504:American Academy of Emergency Medicine
1755:Advanced emergency medical technician
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1499:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1584:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics
1489:Royal College of Emergency Medicine
1006:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.015
755:The New England Journal of Medicine
416:BLS for Healthcare Providers Course
1109:10.1161/01.cir.0000016362.42586.fe
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744:Hallstrom, A. P.; Ornato, J. P.;
572:Podstawowe zabiegi resuscytacyjne
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1281:International emergency medicine
484:automated external defibrillator
450:automated external defibrillator
180:automated external defibrillator
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1578:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
1291:Pre-hospital emergency medicine
871:Critical Care Nursing Quarterly
41:needs additional citations for
1566:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns
1560:Neonatal Resuscitation Program
590:Lebensrettende Sofortmaßnahmen
472:European resuscitation council
466:European Resuscitation Council
233:Opening of the airway via the
161:European Resuscitation Council
1:
1548:Advanced cardiac life support
1531:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
976:. American Heart Association.
476:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
446:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
264:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
157:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
141:emergency medical technicians
1750:Emergency medical technician
1740:Emergency medical dispatcher
1572:Pediatric basic life support
1554:Advanced trauma life support
1537:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
1286:Pediatric emergency medicine
883:10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000407
576:Kwalifikowana pierwsza pomoc
499:Adult BLS guidelines in the
480:mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
1938:Critical emergency medicine
1856:Kendrick extrication device
1828:Nontransporting EMS vehicle
1818:Light horse field ambulance
1745:Emergency medical responder
1162:10.1056/NEJM200005253422101
846:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au
559:France: PSE 1 & PSE 2 (
2005:
1984:Emergency medicine courses
1979:Emergency medical services
1686:Emergency medical services
1256:Emergency medical services
1183:Nozioni primo soccorso BLS
604:Eerste hulp bij ongelukken
547:eerste hulp bij ongelukken
437:
406:American Heart Association
377:
261:
243:advanced airway management
165:American Heart Association
18:
1725:Certified first responder
1692:
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1188:October 28, 2005, at the
1016:10067/1302990151162165141
410:certified first responder
1735:Emergency care assistant
1431:Epinephrine / Adrenaline
1043:Resuscitation Council UK
380:Choking § Treatment
613:, "basic life support")
524:) for the education of
1989:Emergency life support
1200:document (12p, 912 Kb)
583:Suporte Básico de Vida
554:Suporte básico de vida
1707:Advanced life support
1612:Injury Severity Score
1383:Nasopharyngeal airway
1356:Intraosseous infusion
597:support vital de bază
543:aide médicale urgente
318:cardiovascular system
137:advanced life support
1823:Motorcycle ambulance
1786:Air medical services
1389:Oropharyngeal airway
1266:Emergency psychiatry
1251:Emergency department
949:savingchicagocpr.com
769:10.1056/NEJMoa040566
630:To relieve choking,
592:(basic life support)
535:soporte vital básico
326:cellular respiration
239:pulmonary aspiration
65:"Basic life support"
50:improve this article
1958:Wilderness medicine
1765:Emergency physician
1368:Tracheal intubation
1362:Intravenous therapy
618:Special Populations
611:temel yaşam desteği
235:jaw-thrust maneuver
1948:Emergency medicine
1876:Spinal precautions
1702:Basic life support
1542:Basic life support
1446:Sodium bicarbonate
1244:Emergency medicine
1237:Emergency medicine
300:Respiratory Arrest
269:D - Defibrillation
129:Basic life support
1966:
1965:
1953:Military medicine
1933:Aviation medicine
1917:Search and rescue
1907:Ambulance station
1652:
1651:
1441:Magnesium sulfate
1350:Electrocardiogram
1276:Medical emergency
1261:Emergency nursing
1057:"ILCOR Documents"
802:978-1-284-22722-2
673:on 14 August 2018
425:Chain of survival
387:abdominal thrusts
221:S - Send for help
126:
125:
118:
100:
1996:
1843:Casualty lifting
1770:Medical director
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725:on 31 March 2019
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699:on 31 March 2019
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434:High Quality CPR
339:vasoconstriction
245:should be used.
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1103:(19): 2270–3.
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974:"What is CPR?"
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501:United Kingdom
495:United Kingdom
488:Defibrillation
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955:on 2013-12-14
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762:(7): 637–46.
761:
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746:Weisfeldt, M.
740:
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672:
668:
667:"About ILCOR"
662:
659:
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637:
635:
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632:chest thrusts
625:
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609:Turkey: TYD (
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67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1912:Rescue squad
1866:Spinal board
1730:Combat medic
1701:
1697:Paramedicine
1636:
1624:
1541:
1518:Life support
1296:Major trauma
1178:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1063:
1051:
1042:
1033:
996:
992:
982:
968:
957:. Retrieved
953:the original
948:
939:
929:, retrieved
917:
907:
874:
870:
860:
849:. Retrieved
845:
835:
824:. Retrieved
820:
811:
792:
786:
759:
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739:
727:. Retrieved
723:the original
713:
701:. Retrieved
697:the original
687:
675:. Retrieved
671:the original
661:
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532:Spain: SVB (
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351:Distributive
312:
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204:R - Response
198:
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93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
21:life support
1395:Pocket mask
1271:Golden hour
1097:Circulation
359:Compensated
355:Hypovolemic
347:Obstructive
286:Indications
1973:Categories
1808:Blood bike
1607:NACA score
1416:Amiodarone
1330:Chest tube
1077:2019-10-09
959:2018-10-28
931:2024-04-29
918:StatPearls
877:(3): 225.
851:2024-04-29
826:2024-04-29
654:References
478:(CPR) and
438:See also:
378:See also:
330:metabolism
229:A - Airway
195:D - Danger
147:Background
106:April 2020
76:newspapers
1881:Stretcher
1791:Ambulance
1760:Paramedic
1526:First aid
1411:Adenosine
1378:Combitube
1352:(ECG/EKG)
1316:Equipment
1148:CiteSeerX
999:: 81–99.
891:0887-9303
588:Germany:
541:Belgium:
510:algorithm
394:Technique
322:Perfusion
1891:Weevac 6
1848:movement
1779:Vehicles
1631:Category
1592:(CCrISP)
1436:Naloxone
1426:Dopamine
1421:Atropine
1186:Archived
1170:10824072
1117:12010909
1025:26477420
926:30285387
899:35617089
778:15306665
570:Poland:
365:Drowning
280:asystole
1796:history
1643:Outline
1568:(ACoRN)
1514:Courses
1194:Italian
1125:1092371
1064:erc.edu
914:"Shock"
867:"Shock"
842:"Shock"
817:"Shock"
729:28 June
703:28 June
677:27 June
646:Infants
574:/ KPP (
374:Choking
258:C - CPR
186:cases.
90:scholar
1861:Litter
1717:People
1586:(ALSO)
1580:(PALS)
1574:(PBLS)
1556:(ATLS)
1550:(ACLS)
1306:Triage
1168:
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461:Europe
334:oxygen
190:Method
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1900:Other
1562:(NRP)
1544:(BLS)
1533:(CPR)
1404:Drugs
1391:(OPA)
1385:(NPA)
1326:(BVM)
1121:S2CID
1071:(PDF)
1060:(PDF)
638:Obese
522:Italy
343:shock
314:Shock
309:Shock
97:JSTOR
83:books
1846:and
1364:(IV)
1358:(IO)
1166:PMID
1113:PMID
1021:PMID
922:PMID
895:PMID
887:ISSN
797:ISBN
774:PMID
731:2019
705:2019
679:2019
210:AVPU
163:and
151:The
69:news
1344:ICD
1339:AED
1198:PDF
1196:),
1158:doi
1144:342
1105:doi
1101:105
1011:hdl
1001:doi
879:doi
764:doi
760:351
278:or
176:ALS
172:CPR
133:BLS
52:by
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1156:.
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104:(
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