604:
645:
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number of basic science research that assisted in the production of a given innovation peaked between 20 and 30 years before the innovation itself. While most innovation takes the form of applied science and most innovation occurs in the private sector, basic research is a necessary precursor to almost all applied science and associated instances of innovation. Roughly 76% of basic research is conducted by universities.
429:
444:
591:
which there was no known practical application at the time. Basic research rarely helps practitioners directly with their everyday concerns; nevertheless, it stimulates new ways of thinking that have the potential to revolutionize and dramatically improve how practitioners deal with a problem in the future.
750:
It conducted a study in which it traced the relationship between basic scientific research efforts and the development of major innovations, such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders. This study found that basic research played a key role in the development in all of the innovations. The
745:
A worker in basic scientific research is motivated by a driving curiosity about the unknown. When his explorations yield new knowledge, he experiences the satisfaction of those who first attain the summit of a mountain or the upper reaches of a river flowing through unmapped territory. Discovery of
590:
Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which may not be immediately utilized but nonetheless form the basis of progress and development in different fields. Today's computers, for example, could not exist without research in pure mathematics conducted over a century ago, for
549:
In addition to innovations, basic research also serves to provide insight into nature around us and allows us to respect its innate value. The development of this respect is what drives conservation efforts. Through learning about the environment, conservation efforts can be strengthened using
702:
In the United States, basic research is funded mainly by the federal government and done mainly at universities and institutes. As government funding has diminished in the 2010s, however, private funding is increasingly important.
746:
truth and understanding of nature are his objectives. His professional standing among his fellows depends upon the originality and soundness of his work. Creativeness in science is of a cloth with that of the poet or painter.
1304:(11):1255–58, abstract: "Thoughtful changes in education provide the opportunity to improve understanding of fundamental sciences, the process of scientific inquiry, and translation of that knowledge to clinical practice".
550:
research as a basis. Technological innovations can unintentionally be created through this as well, as seen with examples such as kingfishers' beaks affecting the design for high speed bullet trains in Japan.
561:
Despite smart people working on this problem for 50 years, we're still discovering surprisingly basic things about the earliest history of our world. It's quite humbling.
655:
768:(science, technology, and society). These groups are interrelated and influence each other, although they may differ in the specifics such as methods and standards.
1453:
J N Clarke; S Arnold; M Everest & K Whitfield (Jan 2007). "The paradoxical reliance on allopathic medicine and positivist science among skeptical audiences".
880:
721:
Applied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques. In contrast, basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions, principally in
899:
1180:
872:
1635:
John V Pickstone & Michael
Worboys (Mar 2011). "Focus: Between and beyond 'histories of science' and 'histories of medicine'—introduction".
1099:
725:
but also in other empirical sciences, which are used as the scientific foundation for applied science. Basic science develops and establishes
1347:
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49:
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that explain observed phenomena. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be
1531:
P M Strong PM & K McPherson (1982). "Natural science and medicine: Social science and medicine: Some methodological controversies".
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2255:
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689:
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2260:
2140:"Scientists and the marketplace of opinions: Scientific credibility takes on a different meaning when reaching out to the public"
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86:
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A distinction can be made between basic science and disciplines such as medicine and technology. They can be grouped as
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741:. The interface between basic research and applied research has been studied by the National Science Foundation.
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1016:
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304:
951:
Cook, Carly N.; Mascia, Michael B.; Schwartz, Mark W.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Fuller, Richard A. (2013-04-10).
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via technology or technique to alter events or outcomes. Applied and basic sciences can interface closely in
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1908:"The democratic fallacy in matters of clinical opinion: Implications for analysing cause-of-death data"
1784:"Why medicine still needs a scientific foundation: Restating the hypotheticodeductive model—part two"
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1681:(May 1983). "Medicine in the USA: Historical vignettes: XI: Medicine seeks to be 'scientific'".
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2017:
1990:
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Thomas
Marshall (Apr 1997). "Scientific knowledge in medicine: A new clinical epistemology?".
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2089:"The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill's 'aspects of association'"
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Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world. It focuses on creating and
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127:
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110:
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1418:(Mar 1988). "Science in medicine: Too much or too little and too limited in scope?".
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314:
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1825:"New methodology in biomedical science: Methodological errors in classical science"
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1294:"Basic science right, not basic science lite: Medical education at a crossroad"
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1232:"Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine"
937:
523:
515:
415:
294:
284:
274:
244:
149:
2155:
1488:
Eric
Holtzman (1981). "Science, philosophy, and society: Some recent books".
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1994:
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Lucien R Karhausen (2000). "Causation: The elusive grail of epidemiology".
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1002:
953:"Achieving Conservation Science that Bridges the Knowledge–Action Boundary"
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201:
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20:
1753:"Importance of philosophy of science to the history of medical thinking"
1957:
M Brandon
Westover; Kenneth D Westover KD & Matt T Bianchi (2011).
976:
812:
239:
29:
1017:"High Speed Train Inspired by the Kingfisher — Innovation — AskNature"
917:
2055:
511:
1871:
Transactions of the
American Clinical and Climatological Association
1269:, "Science and the next fifty years", § "Applied vs basic science",
1042:"Why is the Earth Tilted? New Theory Offers Clues on a Dizzy Moment"
587:, or explanatory; however, explanatory research is the most common.
1648:
542:. The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated
279:
229:
897:"ICSU position statement: The value of basic scientific research"
870:"Curiosity creates cures: The value and impact of basic research
219:
1292:
Ruth-Marie E Fincher, Paul M Wallach & W Scott
Richardson,
729:
to predict phenomena and perhaps to understand nature, whereas
2190:(Apr 2010). "Evidence: Philosophy of science meets medicine".
1100:"Billionaires with big ideas are privatizing American science"
638:
598:
264:
2040:"Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence"
758:(science, technology, and medicine; not to be confused with
16:
Scientific discovery and improvement of scientific knowledge
1959:"Significance testing as perverse probabilistic reasoning"
530:
natural or other phenomena. Though often driven simply by
1236:
Occasional Paper (Royal
College of General Practitioners)
783:
awards distinguish natural science from applied science.
1342:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 146.
663:
615:
2008:
Alfredo
Morabia (2005). "Epidemiological causality".
1630:
1628:
906:, International Council for Science, December 2004.
775:mixes basic with applied sciences for its award in
526:or techniques, which can be used to intervene and
558:
1613:. Clio Medica. Vol. 48. pp. 108–32.
1068:"Bell Labs kills fundamental physics research"
881:National Institute of General Medical Sciences
652:The examples and perspective in this article
518:of natural or other phenomena. In contrast,
466:
8:
2093:Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations
1225:
1223:
1221:
2010:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
2192:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
1867:"Abe Flexner, where are you? We need you!"
1718:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
1181:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1135:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
733:uses portions of basic science to develop
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97:
25:
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1984:
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690:Learn how and when to remove this message
1490:International Journal of Health Services
1372:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1361:
1359:
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1122:
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
838:
211:
100:
28:
1040:Jacqueline Ronson (November 1, 2016).
563:— Matija Ćuk, scientist at the
510:with the aim of improving scientific
7:
1568:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
1298:Journal of General Internal Medicine
567:and lead researcher, November 2016
522:uses scientific theories to develop
2226:Medals, Awards & Prize lectures
1788:British Journal of General Practice
1368:"The trouble with medical journals"
1098:William J. Broad (March 15, 2014).
1080:from the original on 28 August 2008
14:
2256:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
2044:Environmental Health Perspectives
1609:K Bayertz & P Nevers (1998).
1272:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
922:. Random House Publishing Group.
534:, basic research often fuels the
2261:Library of Economics and Liberty
2204:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01400.x
1730:10.1046/j.1365-2753.1997.00075.x
1695:10.1001/jama.1983.03330420025028
1129:Davis, Bernard D. (March 2000).
643:
602:
442:
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2138:Georg W Kreutzberg (May 2005).
1912:Emerging Themes in Epidemiology
1467:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.038
2232:website, accessed 22 Sep 2013.
1066:Ganapati, Priya (2008-08-27).
1:
1533:Social Science & Medicine
1455:Social Science & Medicine
1320:. National Science Foundation
885:National Institutes of Health
852:. National Science Foundation
514:for better understanding and
1782:Kevork Hopayian (May 2004).
1545:10.1016/0277-9536(82)90454-3
1432:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90270-7
1420:American Journal of Medicine
1340:How Economics Shapes Science
707:Basic versus applied science
1502:10.2190/l5eu-e7pc-hxg6-euml
1194:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
1147:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
666:, discuss the issue on the
2309:
2247:"Research and Development"
1384:10.1177/014107680609900311
1366:Richard Smith (Mar 2006).
1131:"Limited scope of science"
710:
250:Interdisciplinary sciences
18:
1315:"What is basic research?"
875:October 20, 2013, at the
847:"What is basic research?"
536:technological innovations
2156:10.1038/sj.embor.7400405
1757:Croatian Medical Journal
1230:James McCormick (2001).
739:research and development
544:research and development
305:Research and development
2245:Levy, David M. (2002).
1751:A Zalewski (Mar 1999).
1580:10.1023/A:1009970730507
1338:Stephan, Paula (2012).
1176:"The scientist's world"
818:Precautionary principle
781:Royal Society of London
2087:Andrew C Ward (2009).
1976:10.1186/1741-7015-9-20
1865:Ronald A Arky (2007).
1169:& "Technology" in
777:Physiology or Medicine
748:
717:Translational research
574:refuting or supporting
569:
212:Extrascientific fields
2106:10.1186/1742-5573-6-2
1925:10.1186/1742-7622-8-1
1611:Biology as technology
798:Hard and soft science
743:
449:Philosophy portal
381:Science communication
225:Communication studies
1906:Peter Byass (2011).
1823:A Skurvydas (2005).
957:Conservation Biology
672:create a new article
664:improve this article
654:may not represent a
496:fundamental research
338:Scientific integrity
320:Vocational education
255:Knowledge management
145:Behavioural sciences
969:2013ConBi..27..669C
793:Blue skies research
779:. In contrast, the
508:scientific research
2251:David R. Henderson
1426:(3 Pt 1): 483–91.
1105:The New York Times
977:10.1111/cobi.12050
902:2017-05-06 at the
614:. You can help by
434:Science portal
2230:The Royal Society
1349:978-0-674-04971-0
929:978-0-593-13324-8
916:Yong, Ed (2022).
808:Normative science
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674:, as appropriate.
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396:Scientific method
386:Science education
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310:Strategic studies
102:Scientific fields
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2259:(1st ed.).
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919:An Immense World
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823:Pure mathematics
723:natural sciences
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520:applied research
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391:Research funding
260:Language studies
192:Applied sciences
128:Natural sciences
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2016:(3–4): 365–79.
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711:Main articles:
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612:needs expansion
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540:applied science
506:, is a type of
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1794:(502): 402–3.
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1689:(18): 2475–9.
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1649:10.1086/658658
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2038:(July 2006).
2037:
2036:Michael Kundi
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1847:on 2005-11-04
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1267:Gerard Piel
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1051:October 18,
803:Metascience
773:Nobel Prize
727:information
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581:exploratory
374:Instruments
295:Professions
290:War studies
197:Engineering
1851:2015-03-08
1324:2014-05-31
1084:2008-08-28
1026:2022-11-29
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856:2014-05-31
834:References
635:By country
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516:prediction
416:Technology
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245:Humanities
235:Futurology
185:Linguistic
70:Philosophy
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