1131:, the effect of knockback from a handgun and indeed most personal weapons is largely a myth. The momentum of the so-called "manstopper" .45 ACP bullet is approximately that of a 1 pound (0.45 kg) mass dropped from a height of 11.4 feet (3.5 m). or that of a 57 mph (92 km/h) baseball. Such a force is simply incapable of arresting a running target's forward momentum. In addition, bullets are designed to penetrate instead of strike a blunt force blow, because, in penetrating, more severe tissue damage is done. A bullet with sufficient energy to knock down an assailant, such as a high-speed rifle bullet, would be more likely to instead pass straight through, while not transferring the full energy (in fact only a very small percentage of the full energy) of the bullet to the victim. Most energy from a fully stopped rifle round instead goes into formation of the temporary cavity and the destruction of both the round, the wound channel, and some of the surrounding tissues. There is no physical principle preventing a hypervelocity round from causing a splash injury in which the ejecta create rocket-like impulse on their way out to cause knockback, and indeed, no principle preventing a similar effect for exit wounds causing "knockforward", but this is still generally not anywhere near the impulse required to stop the motion of a sprinting person or knock them over from pure momentum.
860:
into the brain of pigs and demonstrated that a significant pressure wave reaches the brain of pigs shot in the thigh. These scientists observed neural damage in the brain caused by the distant effects of the ballistic pressure wave originating in the thigh. The results of
Suneson et al. were confirmed and expanded upon by a later experiment in dogs which "confirmed that distant effect exists in the central nervous system after a high-energy missile impact to an extremity. A high-frequency oscillating pressure wave with large amplitude and short duration was found in the brain after the extremity impact of a high-energy missile ..." Wang et al. observed significant damage in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus regions of the brain due to remote effects of the ballistic pressure wave.
931:
619:-alloy core with a thin gilding metal jacket material will crush tissue in front and to the sides as the bullet expands. Due to the energy expended in bullet expansion, velocity is lost more quickly. This type of bullet (hollow-point hand gun bullet) is conducive to causing more permanent cavitation as the tissue is crushed and accelerated into other tissues by the bullet, causing a shorter and wider wound channel. The exception to this general rule is non-expanding bullets which are long relative to their diameter. These tend to destabilize and yaw (tumble) soon after impact, increasing both temporary and permanent cavitation.
623:
1144:
the history of shooting incidents for a given factory ammunition load and compiles the percentage of "one-shot-stops" achieved with each specific ammunition load. That percentage is then intended to be used with other information to help predict the effectiveness of that load getting a "one-shot-stop". For example, if an ammunition load is used in 10 torso shootings, incapacitating all but two with one shot, the "one-shot-stop" percentage for the total sample would be 80%.
131:
918:
travel, giving only between 9.5 to 12 inches (240 to 300 mm) of effective wide-area penetration. Also, skin is elastic and tough enough to cause a bullet to be retained in the body, even if the bullet had a relatively high velocity when it hit the skin. About 250 feet per second (76 m/s) velocity is required for an expanded hollow point bullet to puncture skin 50% of the time.
43:
1180:
as the heart and liver, while a smaller bullet that penetrates deep enough to strike these organs or vessels will cause faster bleed-out through a smaller hole. The ideal may therefore be a combination: a large bullet that penetrates deeply, which can be achieved with a larger, slower non-expanding bullet, or a smaller, faster expanding bullet such as a hollow point.
84:
813:
other less elastic media have much lower tensile strengths, thus they exhibit more damage after being struck with the same amount of force. At typical handgun velocities, bullets will create temporary cavities with much less than 1 MPa of pressure, and thus are incapable of causing damage to elastic tissues that they do not directly contact.
872:, surrender, or flee when shot or shot at. There are many documented instances where people have instantly dropped unconscious when the bullet only hit an extremity, or even completely missed. Additionally, the muzzle blast and flash from many firearms are substantial and can cause disorientation, dazzling, and stunning effects. Flashbangs (
914:
the most important factors when choosing a bullet (and that the number one factor is shot placement). If the bullet penetrates less than their guidelines, it is inadequate, and if it penetrates more, it is still satisfactory though not optimal. The FBI's penetration requirement is very similar at 12 to 18 inches (300 to 460 mm).
897:, they can simply shrug off the psychological effects of being shot. During the colonial era, when native tribesmen came into contact with firearms for the first time, there was no psychological conditioning that being shot could be fatal, and most colonial powers eventually sought to create more effective manstoppers.
1162:
Critics of this theory point out that bullet placement is a very significant factor, but is only generally used in such one-shot-stop calculations, covering shots to the torso. Others contend that the importance of "one-shot stop" statistics is overstated, pointing out that most gun encounters do not
812:
Temporary cavitation can also cause the tearing of tissues if a very large amount of force is involved. The tensile strength of muscle ranges roughly from 1 to 4 MPa (145 to 580 lbf/in), and minimal damage will result if the pressure exerted by the temporary cavitation is below this. Gelatin and
699:
on impact with the target. This fragmentation is intended to create more trauma to the target, and also to reduce collateral damage caused from ricocheting or overpenetrating of the target and the surrounding environments such as walls. Fragmenting rounds have been shown to be unlikely to obtain deep
675:
Physical incapacitation is primarily a matter of shot location; most persons who are shot in the head are immediately incapacitated, and most who are shot in the extremities are not, regardless of the firearm or ammunition involved. Shotguns will usually incapacitate with one shot to the torso, but
630:
Bullets are constructed to behave in different ways, depending on the intended target. Different bullets are constructed variously to: not expand upon impact, expand upon impact at high velocity, expand upon impact, expand across a broad range of velocities, expand upon impact at low velocity, tumble
1179:
The theory centers on the "permanent cavitation" element of a handgun wound. A big hole damages more tissue. It is therefore valid to a point, but penetration is also important, as a large bullet that does not penetrate will be less likely to strike vital blood vessels and blood-carrying organs such
1010:
Kinetic energy is a function of the bullet's mass and the square of its velocity. Generally speaking, it is the intention of the shooter to deliver an adequate amount of energy to the target via the projectiles. All else held equal, bullets that are light and fast tend to have more energy than those
885:
Temporary cavitation can emphasize the impact of a bullet, since the resulting tissue compression is identical to simple blunt force trauma. It is easier for someone to feel when they have been shot if there is considerable temporary cavitation, and this can contribute to either psychological factor
859:
Recent work by
Courtney and Courtney provides compelling support for the role of a ballistic pressure wave in creating remote neural effects leading to incapacitation and injury. This work builds upon the earlier works of Suneson et al. where the researchers implanted high-speed pressure transducers
819:
High velocity fragmentation can also increase the effect of temporary cavitation. The fragments sheared from the bullet cause many small permanent cavities around the main entry point. The main mass of the bullet can then cause a truly massive amount of tearing as the perforated tissue is stretched.
1158:
rounds appear to have the highest percentage of one-shot stops. Rather than identifying this as an inherent property of the firearm/bullet combination, the situations where these have occurred need to be considered. The 9mm has been the predominantly used caliber of many police departments, so many
913:
and the
International Wound Ballistics Association (IWBA), between 12.5 and 14 inches (320 and 360 mm) of penetration in calibrated tissue simulant is optimal performance for a bullet which is meant to be used defensively, against a human adversary. They also believe that penetration is one of
741:
will instantly interrupt the nerve signals to and from some or all extremities, disabling the target and in many cases also resulting in death (as the nerve signals to and from the heart and lungs are interrupted by a shot high in the chest or to the neck). By contrast, a hole through an arm or leg
658:
Some bullets are constructed by bonding the lead core to the jacket to promote higher weight retention upon impact, causing a larger and deeper wound channel. Some bullets have a web in the center of the bullet to limit the expansion of the bullet while promoting penetration. Some bullets have dual
1143:
This hypothesis, promoted by Evan P. Marshall, is based on statistical analysis of actual shooting incidents from various reporting sources (typically police agencies). It is intended to be used as a unit of measurement and not as a tactical philosophy, as mistakenly believed by some. It considers
1014:
Over-penetration is detrimental to stopping power in regards to energy. This is because a bullet that passes through the target does not transfer all of its energy to the target. Lighter bullets tend to have less penetration in soft tissue and therefore are less likely to over-penetrate. Expanding
634:
To control the expansion of a bullet, meplat design and materials are engineered. The meplat designs are: flat; round to pointed depending on the ogive; hollow pointed which can be large in diameter and shallow or narrow in diameter and deep and truncated which is a long narrow punched hole in the
1094:
that states a penetrating projectile (such as a bullet) can produce a sonic pressure wave that causes "remote neural damage", "subtle damage in neural tissues" and/or "rapid incapacitating effects" in living targets. Proponents of the theory contend that damage to the brain from hydrostatic shock
921:
The IWBA's and FBI's penetration guidelines are to ensure that the bullet can reach a vital structure from most angles, while retaining enough velocity to generate a large diameter hole through tissue. An extreme example where penetration would be important is if the bullet first had to enter and
917:
A penetration depth of 12.5 to 14 inches (320 to 360 mm) may seem excessive, but a bullet sheds velocity—and crushes a narrower hole—as it penetrates deeper, so the bullet might be crushing a very small amount of tissue (simulating an "ice pick" injury) during its last two or three inches of
851:
Unless a bullet directly damages or disrupts the central nervous system, a person or animal will not be instantly and completely incapacitated by physiological damage. However, bullets can cause other disabling injuries that prevent specific actions (a person shot in the femur cannot run) and the
1134:
Sometimes "knockdown power" is a phrase used interchangeably with "knockback", while other times it's used interchangeably with "stopping power". The misuse and fluid meaning of these phrases have done their part in confusing the issue of stopping power. The ability of a bullet to "knock down" a
1115:
The idea of knockback was first widely expounded in ballistics discussions during
American involvement in Philippine insurrections and, simultaneously, in British conflicts in its colonial empire, when front-line reports stated that the .38 Long Colt caliber revolvers carried by U.S. and British
974:
The energy transfer hypothesis states that for small arms in general, the more energy transferred to the target, the greater the stopping power. It postulates that the pressure wave exerted on soft tissues by the bullet's temporary cavity hits the nervous system with a jolt of shock and pain and
1171:
This school of thought says that the bigger the hole in the target, the higher the rate of bleed-out and thus the higher the rate of the aforementioned "one-shot stop". According to this theory, as the bullet does not pass entirely through the body, it incorporates the energy transfer and the
611:
alloy material may crush only the tissue directly in front of the bullet. This type of bullet (monolithic-solid rifle bullet) is conducive to causing more temporary cavitation as the tissue flows around the bullet, resulting in a deep and narrow wound channel. A bullet constructed with a two
847:
from a perforation of a large blood vessel or blood-bearing organ, or the result of damage to the lungs or airway. If blood flow is completely cut off from the brain, a human still has enough oxygenated blood in their brain for 10–15 seconds of wilful action, though with rapidly decreasing
900:
Therefore, such effects are not as reliable as physiological effects at stopping people. Animals will not faint or surrender if injured, though they may become frightened by the loud noise and pain of being shot, so psychological mechanisms are generally less effective against non-humans.
1095:
from a shot to the chest occurs in humans with most rifle cartridges and some higher-velocity handgun cartridges. Hydrostatic shock is not the shock from the temporary cavity itself, but rather the sonic pressure wave that radiates away from its edges through static soft tissue.
855:
Several scientific papers reveal ballistic pressure wave effects on wounding and incapacitation, including central nervous system injuries from hits to the thorax and extremities. These papers document remote wounding effects for both rifle and pistol levels of energy transfer.
667:
and tungsten steel insert. They are constructed to hold up during close range, high velocity impacts. These bullets are expected to impact and penetrate, and transfer energy to the surrounding tissues and vital organs through the entire length of a game animal's body if need be.
1079:(the first derivative of the bullet's kinetic energy with respect to position). The ballistic pressure wave is proportional to this retarding force (Courtney and Courtney), and this retarding force is also the origin of both temporary cavitation and prompt damage (CE Peters).
1159:
of these one-shot-stops were probably made by well-trained police officers, where accurate placement would be a contributory factor. However, Marshall's database of "one-shot-stops" does include shootings from law enforcement agencies, private citizens, and criminals alike.
671:
The stopping power of firearms when used against humans is a more complex subject, in part because many persons voluntarily cease hostile actions when shot; they either flee, surrender, or fall immediately. This is sometimes referred to as "psychological incapacitation".
804:
bullet fired by
Michael Platt. While the bullet did not directly contact the spine, and the wound incurred was not ultimately fatal, the temporary cavitation was sufficient to render SA McNeill paralyzed for several hours. Temporary cavitation may similarly fracture the
978:
Proponents of this theory contend that the incapacitation effect is similar to that seen in non-concussive blunt-force trauma events, such as a knock-out punch to the body, a football player "shaken up" as result of a hard tackle, or a hitter being struck by a
1163:
involve a "shoot once and see how the target reacts" situation. Proponents contend that studying one-shot situations is the best way to compare cartridges as comparing a person shot once to a person shot twice does not maintain a control and has no value.
922:
then exit an outstretched arm before impacting the torso. A bullet with low penetration might embed itself in the arm whereas a higher penetrating bullet would penetrate the arm then enter the thorax where it would have a chance of hitting a vital organ.
1124:. The larger cartridges were chosen largely due to the Big Hole Theory (a larger hole does more damage), but the common interpretation was that these were changes from a light, deeply penetrating bullet to a larger, heavier "manstopper" bullet.
1679:
Suneson A, Hansson HA, Seeman T (1990). "Pressure Wave
Injuries to the Nervous System Caused by High Energy Missile extremity Impact: Part II. Distant Effects on the Central Nervous System. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study on Pigs".
1111:
felt by the shooter, and therefore has no use as a weapon. The myth of "knockback" has been spread through its confusion with the phrase "stopping power" as well as by many films, which show bodies flying backward after being shot.
579:
which, as the name implies, is the temporary (instantaneous) displacement caused as the bullet travels through flesh, and is many times larger than the actual diameter of the bullet. These phenomena are unrelated to low-pressure
839:
or spinal cord, immediate loss of consciousness or paralysis, respectively, can result. However, these targets are relatively small and mobile, making them extremely difficult to hit even under optimal circumstances.
1116:
soldiers were incapable of bringing down a charging warrior. Thus, in the early 1900s, the U.S. reverted to the .45 Colt in single action revolvers, and later adopted the .45 ACP cartridge in what was to become the
662:
Bullets that might be considered to have stopping power for dangerous large game animals are usually 11.63 mm (.458 caliber) and larger, including 12-gauge shotgun slugs. These bullets are monolithic-solids;
1018:
Non-penetrating projectiles can also possess stopping power and give support to the energy transfer hypothesis. Notable examples of projectiles designed to deliver stopping power without target penetration are
987:
compression, like the lash of a whip. While the lash only affects a short line of tissue across the back of the victim, the temporary cavity affects a volume of tissue roughly the size and shape of a
757:
The effects of temporary cavitation are less well understood, due to a lack of a test material identical to living tissue. Studies on the effects of bullets typically are based on experiments using
1187:
without expending all of its kinetic energy. So-called "overpenetration" is not an important consideration when it comes to wounding incapacitation or "stopping power" because: (a) while a lower
983:. Pain in general has an inhibitory and weakening effect on the body, causing a person under physical stress to take a seat or even collapse. The force put on the body by the temporary cavity is
527:
deforming on impact while the base opened to seal the round in the barrel. It was introduced in 1898 for use against "savage foes", but fell quickly from favor due to concerns of breaching the
432:
officer Bowman McCalla reported that single rifle shots were not enough: multiple rifle shots were needed to halt a Boxer. Only machine guns were effective in immediately stopping the Boxers.
1077:
843:
Bullets can indirectly disrupt the CNS by damaging the cardiovascular system so that it can no longer provide enough oxygen to the brain to sustain consciousness. This can be the result of
729:
will be similar, with the lung shot having the added effect of reducing blood oxygenation; these effects however are generally slower to arise than damage to the heart. A hole through the
1718:
Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhu P, Jiang J (2004). "Alterations of the Myelin Basic
Protein and Ultrastructure in the Limbic System and the Early Stage of Trauma-Related Stress Disorder in Dogs".
761:, in which temporary cavitation causes radial tears where the gelatin was stretched. Although such tears are visually engaging, some animal tissues (but not bone or liver) are more
1103:
The idea of "knockback" implies that a bullet can have enough force to stop the forward motion of an attacker and physically knock them backwards or downwards. It follows from the
1015:
bullets and other tip variations can increase the friction of the bullet through soft tissue, and/or allow internal ricochets off bone, therefore helping prevent over-penetration.
816:
Rifle bullets that strike a major bone (such as a femur) can expend their entire energy into the surrounding tissue. The struck bone is commonly shattered at the point of impact.
571:
which it penetrates, creating a wound channel. It will also cause nearby tissue to stretch and expand as it passes through tissue. These two effects are typically referred to as
823:
Whether a person or animal will be incapacitated (i.e. "stopped") when shot, depends on a large number of factors, including physical, physiological, and psychological effects.
3801:
691:
Fully jacketed bullets penetrate deeply without much expansion, while soft or hollow point bullets create a wider, shallower wound channel. Pre-fragmented bullets such as
1215:, motivation levels, and gunshot location on the body which may determine which round will kill or at least catastrophically affect a target during any given situation.
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1491:
4113:
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and permanent tissue damage are in line with this way of thinking. The other prevailing theories focus more on the energy of the bullet and its effects on the
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to objects or persons beyond. This happens because the bullet has not released all its energy within the target, according to the energy transfer hypothesis.
930:
511:
round both have firm reputations as "manstoppers". Historically, one type of ammunition has had the specific tradename "Manstopper". Officially known as the
1127:
Though popularized in television and movies, and commonly referred to as "true stopping power" by uneducated proponents of large powerful calibers such as
463:
4017:
835:(CNS) to the point of paralysis, unconsciousness, or death. Bullets can achieve this directly or indirectly. If a bullet causes sufficient damage to the
1183:
In the extreme, a heavier bullet (which preserves momentum greater than a lighter bullet of the same caliber) may "overpenetrate", passing completely
105:
92:
4261:
3327:
1948:; an equivalent kinetic energy of a typical .45 ACP bullet is that of a 60-pound (27 kg) mass dropped from a height of 14 feet (4.3 m)
688:, and rimfire models. More powerful handguns may or may not meet the standard, or may even overpenetrate, depending on what ammunition is used.
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metal or otherwise inanimate target falls under the category of momentum, as explained above, and has little correlation with stopping power.
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were not able to stop charging native tribesmen. This led to the introduction or reintroduction of larger caliber weapons (such as the older
264:
in that it pertains only to a weapon's ability to make the target cease action, regardless of whether or not death ultimately occurs. Which
321:
Despite much disagreement, the most popular theory of stopping power is that it is usually caused not by the force of the bullet but by the
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and thus traditionally been widely associated with higher stopping power, the physics involved are multifactorial, with caliber,
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294:), the biology of the target, and the wound location, but the issue is complicated and not easily studied. Although higher-
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The force exerted by a projectile upon tissue is equal to the bullet's local rate of kinetic energy loss, with distance
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Kieser, David; Carr, Debra; Leclair, Sandra; Horsfall, Ian; Theis, Jean-Claude; Swain, Michael; Kieser, Jules. (2013).
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1805:"Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities"
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end of a monolithic-solid type bullet. The materials used to make bullets are: pure lead; alloyed lead for hardness;
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Wound
Ballistic Workshop: "9mm vs. .45 Auto", FBI Academy, Quantico, VA, September 1987. Conclusion of the Workshop.
991:. Giving further credence to this theory is the support from the aforementioned effects of drugs on incapacitation.
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2011:
374:
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Göransson AM, Ingvar DH, Kutyna F (January 1988). "Remote
Cerebral Effects on EEG in High-Energy Missile Trauma".
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Some sporting arms are also referred to as "stoppers" or "stopping rifles". These powerful arms are often used by
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international laws on military ammunition, and was replaced in 1900 by re-issued Mk II pointed-bullet ammunition.
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that can reliably incapacitate, or "stop", a human target immediately. For example, the .45 ACP round and the
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round, arguing that it has a better ballistic profile than the .45 ACP, and more stopping power than a 9mm.
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260:– to cause a target (human or animal) to be incapacitated or immobilized. Stopping power contrasts with
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occurs when a bullet passes through its intended target and out of the other side, with enough residual
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is another psychological factor, and can be enough to dissuade a person from continuing their actions.
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will cause a great deal of pain but is unlikely to be fatal, unless one of the large blood vessels (
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together hard enough to either sever the spinal cord, or damage it enough to knock out, stun, or
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can be damaged by temporary cavitation, creating a stun effect, but this has not been confirmed.
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523:(14 g) cylindrical bullet with hemispherical depressions at both ends. The front acted as a
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and increase a person's resistance to incapacitation, all while having no effect on blood loss.
1465:"Juramentados and the development of the Colt .45 caliber Model 1911 – The Manila Times Online"
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As mentioned earlier, there are many factors, such as drug and alcohol levels within the body,
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Permanent and temporary cavitation cause very different biological effects. A hole through the
424:, who were equipped with rifles. At point-blank range, a British soldier had to fire four .303
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physiological pain response from severe injuries will temporarily disable most individuals.
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than gelatin. In most cases, temporary cavitation is unlikely to cause anything more than a
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continued to charge against
American soldiers even after being shot. Panglima Hassan in the
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rifles and especially handguns are less reliable, particularly those which do not meet the
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The only way to immediately incapacitate a person or animal is to damage or disrupt their
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The degree to which permanent and temporary cavitation occur is dependent on the mass,
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penetration necessary to disrupt vital organs located at the back of a hostile human.
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had to be shot dozens of times before he died. This forced the Americans to phase out
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2117:
2107:
2097:
2093:
1894:
992:
951:
776:
One exception to this is when a very powerful temporary cavity intersects with the
520:
291:
1195:
of energy is shed than in partial penetration, and (b) overpenetration creates an
1760:[Causes of pericapillar brain haemorrhages accompanying gunshot wounds].
876:) and other less-lethal "distraction devices" rely exclusively on these effects.
4227:
4222:
3919:
3766:
3706:
3578:
3561:
3434:
3409:
3322:
3259:
3229:
3199:
3174:
3138:
3113:
3081:
3071:
3066:
2954:
2932:
2766:
2734:
2639:
2538:
2459:
2179:
1004:
738:
535:
512:
508:
471:
467:
440:
425:
378:
369:
The concept of stopping power appeared in the tail end of the 19th century when
130:
1782:
Courtney M, Courtney A (2007). "A method for testing handgun bullets in deer".
4128:
4123:
4095:
3983:
3876:
3816:
3806:
3689:
3616:
3588:
3516:
3354:
3290:
3118:
2974:
2833:
2808:
2771:
2724:
2305:
2249:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2053:
1833:
1674:
1672:
1196:
1173:
1128:
984:
685:
581:
504:
315:
279:
265:
1540:
493:
was developed to maximize the likelihood of a target's quick incapacitation.
3723:
3718:
3701:
3626:
3583:
3404:
3359:
3194:
2994:
2900:
2895:
2873:
2729:
2649:
2584:
2523:
2222:
2154:
2112:
966:
These hypotheses are a matter of some debate among scientists in the field:
785:
261:
1841:
1758:"Příčiny vzniku perikapilárních hemoragií v mozku při střelných poraněních"
1739:
1618:
1599:
83:
1701:
1662:
4180:
4168:
3711:
3595:
3551:
3541:
3536:
3512:
3264:
3249:
2853:
2744:
2408:
2259:
2217:
2169:
2122:
1941:
1120:
pistol, and the British adopted the .455 Webley caliber cartridge in the
1104:
980:
844:
800:, Special Agent Gordon McNeill was struck in the neck by a high-velocity
789:
696:
652:
613:
592:
588:
546:
486:
of 1899, although the prohibition only applied to international warfare.
398:
303:
1788:
4051:
3743:
3658:
3566:
3546:
3524:
3493:
3364:
3091:
2751:
2501:
2425:
2209:
2164:
2159:
2127:
2082:
2031:
2003:
1762:
Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
1117:
500:
402:
295:
257:
27:
Ability of a firearm or other weapon to cause immediate incapacitation
3861:
3753:
3668:
3466:
2232:
2132:
2063:
1108:
934:
Overpenetration of a projectile through a synthetic ordnance gelatin.
766:
743:
681:
648:
640:
608:
604:
599:
tissue, and do not cut it. A bullet constructed with a half diameter
564:
538:
394:
283:
249:
1967:
1757:
717:
will cause loss of pumping efficiency, loss of blood, and eventual
2684:
2679:
2664:
2619:
2315:
1824:
929:
836:
806:
770:
730:
722:
714:
621:
600:
541:(or their guides) for stopping a suddenly charging animal, like a
475:
322:
1172:
overpenetration ideals. Those that support this theory cite the
879:
726:
644:
631:
upon impact, fragment upon impact, or disintegrate upon impact.
616:
311:
3977:
3510:
2701:
2080:
1976:
2669:
2629:
2058:
2043:
1251:
Warriors of the rising sun: a history of the Japanese military
1191:
of the bullet's energy is transferred to the target, a higher
124:
77:
36:
1583:"Clothing increases the risk of indirect ballistic fractures"
868:
Emotional shock, terror, or surprise can cause a person to
647:
to promote higher velocities; pure copper; copper alloy of
314:, bullet shape and bullet material all contributing to the
1492:"Any "Kalibre 45" At Ang Pakikibaka Mandirigmang Pilipino"
848:
effectiveness as the victim begins to lose consciousness.
575:(the track left by the bullet as it penetrates flesh) and
271:
have the greatest stopping power is a much-debated topic.
274:
Stopping power is related to the physical properties and
792:
the target. For instance, in the shootout between eight
499:
is an informal term used to refer to any combination of
754:
arteries, for example) is also severed in the process.
737:
and will likely kill the recipient. A hole through the
1361:"World events (1900–1920) Sulu Panglima Hassan Revolt"
455:
revolvers and start using .45 Colt against the Moros.
1147:
Some argue that this hypothesis ignores any inherent
1040:
695:
and MagSafe ammunition are designed to fragment into
612:
diameter, hollow point ogive designed meplat and low-
519:
in the early 20th century. The ammunition used a 220-
489:
In response to addressing stopping power issues, the
405:) capable of stopping opponents with a single round.
4307:
4248:
4209:
4137:
4089:
3998:
3895:
3752:
3688:
3604:
3523:
3347:
3277:
3151:
3052:
2711:
2609:
2557:
2500:
2458:
2314:
2208:
325:effects of the bullet, which are typically a rapid
155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1071:
428:bullets into a Boxer before he stopped charging.
1900:. Quantico: Firearms Training Unit, FBI Academy.
482:voted against a prohibition on their use at the
4299:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)
1893:Patrick, Special Agent Urey W. (14 July 1989).
1072:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E_{k}/\mathrm {d} x}
1003:have all been known to decrease the effects of
341:. The "Big Hole School" and the principles of
1751:
1749:
1557:Tools of Violence: Guns, Tanks and Dirty Bombs
1023:(commonly known as "beanbag bullets") and the
1988:
8:
1895:"Handgun Wounding Factors and Effectiveness"
1529:"Police handgun cartridges of South Africa"
1437:Green Muse Writers Collective, The (2008).
464:various conflicts in the Northwest Frontier
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4254:
3974:
3694:
3529:
3507:
3283:
3157:
2717:
2698:
2511:
2325:
2077:
2024:
1995:
1981:
1973:
1413:Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor
1107:that no "knockback" could ever exceed the
1823:
1787:
1608:
1598:
1335:"Sultanate History 1904: Panglima Hassan"
1061:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1039:
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
1554:Chris McNab & Hunter Keeler (2008).
108:of all important aspects of the article.
30:For the concept in nuclear physics, see
1934:
1240:
655:steel alloy inserts to promote weight.
595:of the bullet. This is because bullets
1914:
1903:
1254:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
809:if it is narrowly missed by a bullet.
515:, these were made to suit the British
104:Please consider expanding the lead to
1225:Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
889:However, if a person is sufficiently
393:) at close quarters found that their
7:
1440:Keep Calm Carry on: A Survival Guide
153:adding citations to reliable sources
1968:One Shot Drops – Surviving the Myth
1872:"Police Puzzle: Subduing PCP Users"
796:agents and two bank robbers in the
32:stopping power (particle radiation)
1314:Philippine-American War, 1899–1902
1062:
1042:
639:jacket which is a copper alloy of
626:High velocity bullet fragmentation
25:
1732:10.1097/01.TA.0000058122.57737.0E
298:ammunitions usually have greater
52:This article has multiple issues.
1694:10.1097/00005373-199003000-00007
1655:10.1097/00005373-198801001-00042
1416:. DK Publishing. pp. 290–.
677:
129:
82:
41:
1803:Courtney A, Courtney M (2007).
1105:law of conservation of momentum
975:thereby forces incapacitation.
769:. Some speculation states that
140:needs additional citations for
96:may be too short to adequately
60:or discuss these issues on the
1870:Bruske, Ed (2 December 1984).
780:. In this case, the resulting
659:cores to promote penetration.
106:provide an accessible overview
1:
4164:Firearms by country
4079:Civilian Marksmanship Program
1151:. For example, high-velocity
1090:is a controversial theory of
1443:. iUniverse. pp. 138–.
1029:reduced-lethality ammunition
954:and risk causing unintended
517:Webley .455 service revolver
4335:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
4233:Campaign Against Arms Trade
1962:What We Didn't Know Hurt Us
1649:(1 Supplement): S204–S205.
1248:Robert B. Edgerton (1997).
567:will destroy or damage any
4380:
4289:High-capacity magazine ban
3415:Mean time between failures
1386:"The Past Is Another Land"
1310:"Stalling Moro Resistance"
1203:Other contributing factors
678:FBI's penetration standard
556:
333:, which leads to impaired
29:
4257:
4018:Household ownership rates
3973:
3697:
3532:
3506:
3286:
3160:
2720:
2697:
2514:
2328:
2089:
2076:
2027:
2023:
1834:10.1080/02699050701481571
1011:that are heavy and slow.
1339:Claimsabah.wordpress.com
950:to continue flying as a
412:in China, at one of the
401:and the newly developed
4319:by U.S. state
3729:Overpressure ammunition
3664:Improved Military Rifle
3370:Circular error probable
2289:Personal defence weapon
1230:Taylor knock-out factor
798:1986 FBI Miami shootout
591:, material, design and
4013:Civilian gun ownership
3542:Firing (Shooting)
1913:Cite journal requires
1600:10.1186/1749-799X-8-42
1073:
935:
833:central nervous system
627:
357:, which is similar to
3487:Handgun effectiveness
3420:Minute of Angle (MOA)
3296:Ballistic coefficient
2272:Semi-automatic pistol
1764:. Brno Czech Republic
1720:The Journal of Trauma
1682:The Journal of Trauma
1643:The Journal of Trauma
1560:. Osprey Publishing.
1074:
1021:Flexible baton rounds
933:
721:. A hole through the
625:
422:Eight-Nation Alliance
4104:in the United States
3762:Armour piercing
3323:Rangefinding/keeping
3235:Push/Controlled feed
3027:Synchronization gear
2762:Blank-firing adapter
2613: or famous
1499:Bagongkasaysayan.org
1365:History of animation
1038:
458:British troops used
248:is the ability of a
149:improve this article
18:Basic stopping power
4196:Privately made
4159:Firearm brands
4045:State firearms
4025:Exhibition shooting
4008:Celebratory gunfire
3867:Plastic tipped
3797:High explosive
3318:Physics of firearms
1756:Krajsa, J. (2009).
1290:on 12 February 2017
1284:Morolandhistory.com
1280:"5.The Moros c1900"
1092:terminal ballistics
886:of incapacitation.
693:Glaser Safety Slugs
665:full metal jacketed
559:Terminal ballistics
553:Dynamics of bullets
414:battles at Langfang
331:circulatory failure
4294:Right to bear arms
4240:Featureless rifles
4186:Improvised firearm
4147:3D printed firearm
4035:United States
3930:Fully powered
3837:Total metal jacket
3477:Stock measurements
2200:Underwater firearm
2096: versus
1944:is different from
1185:through the target
1069:
936:
911:Dr. Martin Fackler
733:can cause instant
628:
529:Hague Convention's
480:British government
410:Seymour Expedition
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4308:United States Gun
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3852:Hollow point
3777:Full metal jacket
3684:
3683:
3642:Tubes and Primers
3502:
3501:
3452:Power factor
3390:Gun harmonisation
3343:
3342:
3273:
3272:
3147:
3146:
3129:Night vision
2693:
2692:
2605:
2604:
2519:Automatic shotgun
2496:
2495:
2083:Types of firearms
2072:
2071:
1874:. Washington Post
1587:J Orthop Surg Res
1567:978-1-84603-225-7
1508:on 9 October 2016
1450:978-1-4401-0249-3
1423:978-0-7566-4219-8
1153:9×19mm Parabellum
1088:Hydrostatic shock
1083:Hydrostatic shock
956:collateral damage
893:, determined, or
759:ballistic gelatin
577:temporary cavity,
460:expanding bullets
351:hydrostatic shock
276:terminal behavior
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
217:
199:
123:
122:
75:
16:(Redirected from
4371:
4255:
4201:Small arms trade
4139:Firearm industry
3990:, and
3975:
3847:Hollow base
3695:
3674:Smokeless powder
3530:
3508:
3457:Precision-guided
3284:
3158:
2965:Rail system
2839:Flash suppressor
2718:
2699:
2645:Winchester rifle
2635:Antique firearms
2565:20-gauge shotgun
2512:
2326:
2078:
2025:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1949:
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1923:
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1911:
1909:
1901:
1899:
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1881:
1879:
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1860:
1858:
1852:. Archived from
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1809:
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1551:
1545:
1544:
1527:Scarlata, Paul.
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1501:. Archived from
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1487:
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1480:
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1427:
1407:
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1341:. 30 August 2011
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1286:. Archived from
1276:
1270:
1269:
1245:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1045:
962:Other hypotheses
952:stray projectile
742:which hits only
704:Wounding effects
607:and hard, solid
573:permanent cavity
513:Mk III cartridge
491:Mozambique Drill
484:Hague Convention
391:New Zealand Wars
387:British soldiers
238:
231:
220:
213:
209:
206:
200:
198:
164:"Stopping power"
157:
133:
125:
118:
115:
109:
86:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4339:
4303:
4272:Concealed carry
4267:Assault weapons
4262:Air travel
4244:
4221: and
4205:
4133:
4093:
4085:
4074:Shooting sports
4064:Pistol duelling
3994:
3961:
3925:Rifle cartridge
3891:
3832:Supercavitating
3827:Soft point
3748:
3680:
3654:Ball propellant
3600:
3519:
3498:
3494:Twist rate
3385:Gun chronograph
3375:Effective range
3339:
3269:
3240:Recoil-operated
3143:
3048:
2707:
2689:
2675:Colt Peacemaker
2601:
2575:Dragon's breath
2570:Breaching round
2553:
2534:Double-barreled
2492:
2468:General purpose
2454:
2310:
2204:
2145:Multiple-barrel
2085:
2068:
2019:
2001:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1789:physics/0702107
1781:
1780:
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1765:
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1469:Manilatimes.net
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1328:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1221:
1209:body mass index
1205:
1193:absolute amount
1169:
1167:Big hole school
1141:
1122:Webley Revolver
1101:
1085:
1046:
1036:
1035:
972:
970:Energy transfer
964:
944:overpenetration
928:
926:Overpenetration
907:
866:
829:
735:unconsciousness
711:
706:
561:
555:
449:Hassan uprising
445:suicide attacks
375:American troops
371:colonial troops
367:
355:energy transfer
339:unconsciousness
308:muzzle velocity
239:
228:
227:
226:
221:
210:
204:
201:
158:
156:
146:
134:
119:
113:
110:
103:
91:This article's
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4154:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Assassinations
4106:
4100:
4098:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4054:
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4047:
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4037:
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4010:
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4002:
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3995:
3978:
3971:
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3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Percussion cap
3629:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3482:Stopping power
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Length of pull
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3225:Out-of-battery
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
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2849:Forward assist
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2703:Mechanics and
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2529:Combat shotgun
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2294:Submachine gun
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1956:External links
1954:
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1946:kinetic energy
1933:
1932:
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1924:
1915:|journal=
1885:
1862:
1859:on 2008-02-16.
1818:(7): 657–662.
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1726:(3): 604–610.
1707:
1688:(3): 295–306.
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1490:Lorenz Lasco.
1482:
1471:. 29 June 2014
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1213:mental illness
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1149:selection bias
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948:kinetic energy
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719:cardiac arrest
710:
707:
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439:, Moro Muslim
437:Moro Rebellion
383:Moro Rebellion
366:
363:
359:kinetic energy
347:nervous system
335:motor function
252:– typically a
246:Stopping power
241:
240:
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222:
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135:
128:
121:
120:
100:the key points
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3220:Muzzleloading
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3198:
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3185:Breechloading
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2950:Muzzle shroud
2948:
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2938:Stripper clip
2936:
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2929:
2928:High-capacity
2926:
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2655:Mauser rifles
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2333:Anti-materiel
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1390:Pinterest.com
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1025:rubber bullet
1022:
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909:According to
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874:stun grenades
871:
864:Psychological
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826:
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784:can slam the
783:
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771:nerve bundles
768:
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453:.38 Long Colt
450:
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300:muzzle energy
297:
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166: –
165:
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160:Find sources:
154:
150:
144:
143:
138:This article
136:
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19:
4211:Arms control
4091:Gun violence
4058:Jungle style
4057:
4030:Gun cultures
3935:Intermediate
3612:Fire forming
3481:
3462:Rate of fire
3333:Stadiametric
3311:Transitional
3255:Self-loading
3210:Gas-operated
3170:Blow-forward
3102:Red dot
3012:Squeeze bore
2960:Pistol slide
2945:Muzzle brake
2913:Bottom metal
2460:Machine guns
2118:Line thrower
2098:muzzleloader
2094:Breechloader
1937:
1906:cite journal
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1865:
1854:the original
1815:
1812:Brain Injury
1811:
1798:
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1723:
1719:
1685:
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1646:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1556:
1549:
1533:Shotgun News
1532:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1498:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1468:
1459:
1439:
1432:
1412:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:the original
1283:
1274:
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1243:
1206:
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1156:hollow point
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993:Pain killers
977:
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827:Neurological
822:
818:
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811:
782:blunt trauma
775:
756:
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690:
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661:
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633:
629:
596:
586:
584:in liquids.
576:
572:
562:
533:
525:hollow point
497:"Manstopper"
496:
495:
488:
457:
441:Juramentados
434:
407:
368:
349:, including
320:
273:
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159:
147:Please help
142:verification
139:
111:
95:
93:lead section
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
4325:Legislation
4277:in the U.S.
4228:Disarmament
4223:Gun control
3920:Handloading
3707:Dummy round
3579:Cooking off
3574:Malfunction
3562:Field strip
3557:Maintenance
3447:Penetration
3410:Match grade
3328:Mathematics
3260:Single-shot
3200:Closed bolt
3114:Scope mount
3077:Holographic
3067:Finderscope
2955:Pistol grip
2933:Speedloader
2787:Telescoping
2767:Breechblock
2640:Gatling gun
2539:Pump action
2180:Single-shot
2103:Combination
1878:18 November
1410:DK (2006).
1174:.40 S&W
1027:, types of
1005:nociception
940:penetration
905:Penetration
895:intoxicated
739:spinal cord
686:.32 S&W
509:.357 Magnum
472:Mahdist War
426:Lee-Metford
408:During the
389:during the
381:during the
379:Philippines
373:(including
343:penetration
4364:Ballistics
4129:Gun safety
4124:Gunfighter
3915:Centrefire
3897:Cartridges
3877:Snake shot
3817:Round shot
3807:Projectile
3792:Incendiary
3690:Ammunition
3649:Propellant
3617:Obturation
3589:Squib load
3517:ammunition
3355:Accurizing
3291:Ballistics
3205:Electronic
3124:Telescopic
2975:Recoil pad
2834:Firing pin
2809:Bump stock
2772:Breechface
2713:Components
2705:components
2558:Ammunition
2306:Wallet gun
2250:Pepper-box
2195:Spring-gun
2190:Smoothbore
2185:Sleeve gun
1768:2010-07-13
1236:References
1197:exit wound
1189:proportion
1129:.44 Magnum
985:supersonic
938:Excessive
680:, such as
582:cavitation
557:See also:
505:ammunition
470:, and the
416:, Chinese
329:causing a
316:ballistics
280:projectile
269:cartridges
266:ammunition
256:such as a
175:newspapers
57:improve it
4169:Gun shops
4119:Forensics
4094:and
4040:Gun shows
3782:Frangible
3772:Expanding
3724:Gas check
3719:Flechette
3702:Cannelure
3627:Gunpowder
3584:Hang fire
3552:Firefight
3405:Lock time
3395:Headspace
3360:Bore axis
3245:Repeating
3195:Open bolt
3109:Magnifier
2995:Auto sear
2901:Wheellock
2896:Flintlock
2874:Half-cock
2829:Extractor
2730:Feed ramp
2660:Tommy Gun
2650:M1 Garand
2585:.410 bore
2549:Sawed-off
2524:Coach gun
2438:Repeating
2431:Polygonal
2355:Automatic
2338:Anti-tank
2223:Derringer
2113:Flare gun
1825:0808.1443
1541:0049-0415
1512:8 January
1475:8 January
1395:8 January
1370:8 January
1345:8 January
1319:8 January
1294:8 January
1099:Knockback
786:vertebrae
603:designed
430:U.S. Army
361:deposit.
310:, bullet
262:lethality
98:summarize
63:talk page
4358:Category
4330:Politics
4250:Gun laws
4181:Gunsmith
4069:Politics
3988:industry
3910:Caseless
3712:Snap cap
3605:Ignition
3596:Ricochet
3537:Dry fire
3513:Shooting
3440:Velocity
3306:Terminal
3301:External
3265:Slamfire
3250:Revolver
3165:Blowback
3032:Tapering
3007:Silencer
2970:Receiver
2908:Magazine
2864:Foregrip
2854:Freebore
2824:Cylinder
2782:Rotating
2745:Trunnion
2611:Historic
2502:Shotguns
2421:Marksman
2399:Elephant
2301:Starting
2260:Revolver
2228:Duelling
2218:Cane gun
2210:Handguns
2170:Riot gun
2138:Takedown
2123:Long gun
2108:Elephant
2012:glossary
2004:Firearms
1942:Momentum
1850:37322276
1842:17653939
1740:15128132
1619:24267379
1219:See also
989:football
981:fastball
845:bleeding
790:paralyze
752:brachial
709:Physical
697:birdshot
653:tungsten
614:antimony
593:velocity
589:diameter
547:elephant
399:.45 Colt
323:wounding
304:momentum
205:May 2018
114:May 2018
4317: (
4284:License
4052:Hunting
4000:Society
3980:Society
3957:Wildcat
3952:Pinfire
3882:Spitzer
3812:Raufoss
3754:Bullets
3744:Wadding
3659:Cordite
3637:Rimfire
3567:Fouling
3547:Gunshot
3525:Gunshot
3365:Caliber
3348:Metrics
3279:Physics
3180:Boxlock
3153:Actions
3139:Zeroing
3134:Thermal
3092:Reticle
3062:Diopter
3037:Trigger
2884:Striker
2859:Forearm
2844:Fluting
2814:Chamber
2802:Tilting
2792:Flapper
2752:Bayonet
2740:Threads
2504: (
2426:Rifling
2414:Varmint
2404:Express
2394:Buffalo
2389:Hunting
2372:Carbine
2343:Assault
2318: (
2245:Machine
2165:Pen gun
2160:Net gun
2155:Needler
2147: (
2128:Carbine
2049:History
2032:Firearm
2006: (
1702:2313748
1663:3339687
1610:4222043
1118:M1911A1
997:alcohol
891:enraged
763:elastic
748:femoral
569:tissues
543:buffalo
539:hunters
501:firearm
462:during
435:In the
403:.45 ACP
395:pistols
377:in the
365:History
337:and/or
296:caliber
278:of the
258:firearm
189:scholar
4114:Deaths
4096:safety
3984:safety
3862:Meplat
3842:Tracer
3669:Ramrod
3622:Primer
3467:Recoil
3430:Energy
3425:Muzzle
3097:Reflex
3054:Sights
3002:Shroud
2985:Safety
2879:Linear
2869:Hammer
2797:Roller
2725:Barrel
2478:Medium
2443:Sniper
2384:Double
2360:Battle
2316:Rifles
2255:Pocket
2233:Pistol
2175:Rotary
2133:Musket
2064:Weapon
2054:Safety
2016:topics
2014:, and
1848:
1840:
1738:
1700:
1661:
1617:
1607:
1593:: 42.
1564:
1539:
1447:
1420:
1262:
1109:recoil
999:, and
767:bruise
744:muscle
682:.25ACP
649:bronze
641:nickel
609:copper
605:meplat
565:bullet
545:or an
478:. The
418:Boxers
385:, and
284:bullet
250:weapon
191:
184:
177:
170:
162:
3947:Paper
3905:Blank
3872:ABCBC
3857:Minié
3802:HEIAP
3787:Green
3739:Sabot
3472:Group
3380:Gauge
3215:Lever
3190:Break
3087:Laser
3072:Globe
3042:guard
3022:Stock
3017:Choke
2685:Glock
2680:M1911
2665:MP 40
2625:AR-15
2620:AK-47
2483:Heavy
2473:Light
2037:lists
1964:(PDF)
1929:Notes
1898:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1846:S2CID
1820:arXiv
1808:(PDF)
1784:arXiv
1506:(PDF)
1495:(PDF)
870:faint
837:brain
807:femur
778:spine
731:brain
723:liver
715:heart
651:with
601:ogive
597:crush
521:grain
476:Sudan
468:India
290:, or
196:JSTOR
182:books
4315:Laws
4219:Arms
4174:list
4152:list
3992:laws
3940:list
3822:SLAP
3767:Cast
3515:and
3435:Rise
3230:Pump
3175:Bolt
3119:Tang
3082:Iron
2990:Sear
2923:Drum
2918:Clip
2891:Lock
2777:Bolt
2757:Belt
2735:Slug
2597:Slug
2592:Shot
2544:Riot
2506:list
2448:list
2409:Punt
2377:list
2365:list
2348:list
2320:list
2277:list
2265:list
2238:list
2149:list
2008:list
1919:help
1880:2018
1838:PMID
1736:PMID
1698:PMID
1659:PMID
1615:PMID
1562:ISBN
1537:ISSN
1514:2018
1477:2018
1445:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1397:2018
1372:2018
1347:2018
1321:2018
1296:2018
1260:ISBN
880:Pain
802:.223
727:lung
645:zinc
643:and
617:lead
536:game
503:and
353:and
312:mass
302:and
292:slug
288:shot
168:news
3887:VLD
3734:PCA
2980:Rim
2670:Uzi
2630:M16
2488:SAW
2059:War
2044:Gun
1830:doi
1728:doi
1690:doi
1651:doi
1605:PMC
1595:doi
1001:PCP
942:or
794:FBI
750:or
725:or
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