615:
656:
762:
number of basic science research that assisted in the production of a given innovation peaked between 20 and 30 years before the innovation itself. While most innovation takes the form of applied science and most innovation occurs in the private sector, basic research is a necessary precursor to almost all applied science and associated instances of innovation. Roughly 76% of basic research is conducted by universities.
440:
455:
602:
which there was no known practical application at the time. Basic research rarely helps practitioners directly with their everyday concerns; nevertheless, it stimulates new ways of thinking that have the potential to revolutionize and dramatically improve how practitioners deal with a problem in the future.
761:
It conducted a study in which it traced the relationship between basic scientific research efforts and the development of major innovations, such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders. This study found that basic research played a key role in the development in all of the innovations. The
756:
A worker in basic scientific research is motivated by a driving curiosity about the unknown. When his explorations yield new knowledge, he experiences the satisfaction of those who first attain the summit of a mountain or the upper reaches of a river flowing through unmapped territory. Discovery of
601:
Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which may not be immediately utilized but nonetheless form the basis of progress and development in different fields. Today's computers, for example, could not exist without research in pure mathematics conducted over a century ago, for
560:
In addition to innovations, basic research also serves to provide insight into nature around us and allows us to respect its innate value. The development of this respect is what drives conservation efforts. Through learning about the environment, conservation efforts can be strengthened using
713:
In the United States, basic research is funded mainly by the federal government and done mainly at universities and institutes. As government funding has diminished in the 2010s, however, private funding is increasingly important.
757:
truth and understanding of nature are his objectives. His professional standing among his fellows depends upon the originality and soundness of his work. Creativeness in science is of a cloth with that of the poet or painter.
1315:(11):1255–58, abstract: "Thoughtful changes in education provide the opportunity to improve understanding of fundamental sciences, the process of scientific inquiry, and translation of that knowledge to clinical practice".
561:
research as a basis. Technological innovations can unintentionally be created through this as well, as seen with examples such as kingfishers' beaks affecting the design for high speed bullet trains in Japan.
572:
Despite smart people working on this problem for 50 years, we're still discovering surprisingly basic things about the earliest history of our world. It's quite humbling.
666:
779:(science, technology, and society). These groups are interrelated and influence each other, although they may differ in the specifics such as methods and standards.
1464:
J N Clarke; S Arnold; M Everest & K Whitfield (Jan 2007). "The paradoxical reliance on allopathic medicine and positivist science among skeptical audiences".
891:
732:
Applied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques. In contrast, basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions, principally in
910:
1191:
883:
1646:
John V Pickstone & Michael
Worboys (Mar 2011). "Focus: Between and beyond 'histories of science' and 'histories of medicine'—introduction".
1110:
736:
but also in other empirical sciences, which are used as the scientific foundation for applied science. Basic science develops and establishes
1358:
938:
60:
590:
that explain observed phenomena. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be
1542:
P M Strong PM & K McPherson (1982). "Natural science and medicine: Social science and medicine: Some methodological controversies".
1088:
2266:
1282:
700:
483:
2271:
2151:"Scientists and the marketplace of opinions: Scientific credibility takes on a different meaning when reaching out to the public"
775:
97:
65:
895:
765:
A distinction can be made between basic science and disciplines such as medicine and technology. They can be grouped as
1291:
1835:
907:
143:
682:
2198:
752:. The interface between basic research and applied research has been studied by the National Science Foundation.
1182:
1027:
749:
554:
546:
315:
962:
Cook, Carly N.; Mascia, Michael B.; Schwartz, Mark W.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Fuller, Richard A. (2013-04-10).
748:
via technology or technique to alter events or outcomes. Applied and basic sciences can interface closely in
2240:
828:
791:
101:
787:
727:
280:
880:
808:
476:
391:
235:
80:
75:
1919:"The democratic fallacy in matters of clinical opinion: Implications for analysing cause-of-death data"
1795:"Why medicine still needs a scientific foundation: Restating the hypotheticodeductive model—part two"
1052:
975:
595:
591:
348:
330:
265:
803:
678:
518:
260:
155:
93:
2257:
2261:
1671:
1602:
1524:
1115:
70:
50:
1692:(May 1983). "Medicine in the USA: Historical vignettes: XI: Medicine seeks to be 'scientific'".
1325:
857:
2303:
2276:
2218:
2180:
2131:
2080:
2028:
2001:
1950:
1899:
1847:
1816:
1775:
1744:
1727:
Thomas
Marshall (Apr 1997). "Scientific knowledge in medicine: A new clinical epistemology?".
1709:
1663:
1625:
1594:
1559:
1516:
1481:
1446:
1408:
1354:
1260:
1218:
1171:
1056:
1009:
991:
944:
934:
818:
587:
459:
406:
396:
320:
170:
112:
1078:
2210:
2170:
2162:
2121:
2111:
2100:"The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill's 'aspects of association'"
2070:
2062:
1991:
1981:
1940:
1930:
1889:
1806:
1736:
1701:
1655:
1586:
1551:
1508:
1473:
1438:
1398:
1390:
1250:
1208:
1200:
1161:
1153:
1083:
999:
983:
833:
530:
469:
401:
270:
190:
131:
55:
914:
887:
741:
733:
723:
583:
Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world. It focuses on creating and
550:
371:
366:
356:
245:
202:
138:
979:
2175:
2150:
2126:
2099:
2075:
2050:
1996:
1969:
1945:
1918:
1894:
1877:
1811:
1794:
1689:
1426:
1403:
1378:
1304:
1255:
1242:
1004:
963:
838:
584:
575:
444:
411:
361:
121:
2236:
614:
2297:
2214:
2046:
1740:
1705:
1675:
1555:
1442:
1429:(Mar 1988). "Science in medicine: Too much or too little and too limited in scope?".
1213:
1186:
1166:
1141:
325:
1606:
1528:
1477:
1836:"New methodology in biomedical science: Methodological errors in classical science"
439:
175:
148:
1512:
1277:
1204:
1157:
813:
783:
300:
207:
195:
185:
126:
1394:
1305:"Basic science right, not basic science lite: Medical education at a crossroad"
1590:
1243:"Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine"
948:
534:
526:
426:
305:
295:
285:
255:
160:
17:
2166:
1499:
Eric
Holtzman (1981). "Science, philosophy, and society: Some recent books".
995:
542:
416:
180:
2222:
2184:
2135:
2084:
2032:
2005:
1986:
1954:
1903:
1855:
1851:
1820:
1667:
1598:
1577:
Lucien R Karhausen (2000). "Causation: The elusive grail of epidemiology".
1485:
1412:
1264:
1222:
1175:
1013:
964:"Achieving Conservation Science that Bridges the Knowledge–Action Boundary"
2288:
2280:
2116:
1935:
1779:
1763:
1748:
1713:
1629:
1563:
1520:
1450:
2284:
421:
310:
212:
165:
31:
1764:"Importance of philosophy of science to the history of medical thinking"
1968:
M Brandon
Westover; Kenneth D Westover KD & Matt T Bianchi (2011).
987:
823:
250:
40:
1028:"High Speed Train Inspired by the Kingfisher — Innovation — AskNature"
928:
2066:
522:
1882:
Transactions of the
American Clinical and Climatological Association
1280:, "Science and the next fifty years", § "Applied vs basic science",
1053:"Why is the Earth Tilted? New Theory Offers Clues on a Dizzy Moment"
598:, or explanatory; however, explanatory research is the most common.
1659:
553:. The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated
290:
240:
908:"ICSU position statement: The value of basic scientific research"
881:"Curiosity creates cures: The value and impact of basic research
230:
1303:
Ruth-Marie E Fincher, Paul M Wallach & W Scott
Richardson,
740:
to predict phenomena and perhaps to understand nature, whereas
2201:(Apr 2010). "Evidence: Philosophy of science meets medicine".
1111:"Billionaires with big ideas are privatizing American science"
649:
609:
275:
2051:"Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence"
769:(science, technology, and medicine; not to be confused with
27:
Scientific discovery and improvement of scientific knowledge
1970:"Significance testing as perverse probabilistic reasoning"
541:
natural or other phenomena. Though often driven simply by
1247:
Occasional Paper (Royal
College of General Practitioners)
794:
awards distinguish natural science from applied science.
1353:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 146.
674:
626:
2019:
Alfredo
Morabia (2005). "Epidemiological causality".
1641:
1639:
917:, International Council for Science, December 2004.
786:mixes basic with applied sciences for its award in
537:or techniques, which can be used to intervene and
569:
1624:. Clio Medica. Vol. 48. pp. 108–32.
1079:"Bell Labs kills fundamental physics research"
892:National Institute of General Medical Sciences
663:The examples and perspective in this article
529:of natural or other phenomena. In contrast,
477:
8:
2104:Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations
1236:
1234:
1232:
2021:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
2203:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
1878:"Abe Flexner, where are you? We need you!"
1729:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
1192:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1146:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
744:uses portions of basic science to develop
484:
470:
108:
36:
2174:
2125:
2115:
2074:
1995:
1985:
1944:
1934:
1893:
1810:
1402:
1254:
1212:
1165:
1003:
701:Learn how and when to remove this message
1501:International Journal of Health Services
1383:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1372:
1370:
1135:
1133:
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
849:
222:
111:
39:
1051:Jacqueline Ronson (November 1, 2016).
574:— Matija Ćuk, scientist at the
521:with the aim of improving scientific
7:
1579:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
1309:Journal of General Internal Medicine
578:and lead researcher, November 2016
533:uses scientific theories to develop
2237:Medals, Awards & Prize lectures
1799:British Journal of General Practice
1379:"The trouble with medical journals"
1109:William J. Broad (March 15, 2014).
1091:from the original on 28 August 2008
25:
2267:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
2055:Environmental Health Perspectives
1620:K Bayertz & P Nevers (1998).
1283:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
933:. Random House Publishing Group.
545:, basic research often fuels the
2272:Library of Economics and Liberty
2215:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01400.x
1741:10.1046/j.1365-2753.1997.00075.x
1706:10.1001/jama.1983.03330420025028
1140:Davis, Bernard D. (March 2000).
654:
613:
453:
438:
2149:Georg W Kreutzberg (May 2005).
1923:Emerging Themes in Epidemiology
1478:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.038
2243:website, accessed 22 Sep 2013.
1077:Ganapati, Priya (2008-08-27).
1:
1544:Social Science & Medicine
1466:Social Science & Medicine
1331:. National Science Foundation
896:National Institutes of Health
863:. National Science Foundation
525:for better understanding and
1793:Kevork Hopayian (May 2004).
1556:10.1016/0277-9536(82)90454-3
1443:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90270-7
1431:American Journal of Medicine
1351:How Economics Shapes Science
718:Basic versus applied science
1513:10.2190/l5eu-e7pc-hxg6-euml
1205:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
1158:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
677:, discuss the issue on the
2320:
2258:"Research and Development"
1395:10.1177/014107680609900311
1377:Richard Smith (Mar 2006).
1142:"Limited scope of science"
721:
261:Interdisciplinary sciences
29:
1326:"What is basic research?"
886:October 20, 2013, at the
858:"What is basic research?"
547:technological innovations
2167:10.1038/sj.embor.7400405
1768:Croatian Medical Journal
1241:James McCormick (2001).
750:research and development
555:research and development
316:Research and development
2256:Levy, David M. (2002).
1762:A Zalewski (Mar 1999).
1591:10.1023/A:1009970730507
1349:Stephan, Paula (2012).
1187:"The scientist's world"
829:Precautionary principle
792:Royal Society of London
2098:Andrew C Ward (2009).
1987:10.1186/1741-7015-9-20
1876:Ronald A Arky (2007).
1180:& "Technology" in
788:Physiology or Medicine
759:
728:Translational research
585:refuting or supporting
580:
223:Extrascientific fields
2117:10.1186/1742-5573-6-2
1936:10.1186/1742-7622-8-1
1622:Biology as technology
809:Hard and soft science
754:
460:Philosophy portal
392:Science communication
236:Communication studies
1917:Peter Byass (2011).
1834:A Skurvydas (2005).
968:Conservation Biology
683:create a new article
675:improve this article
665:may not represent a
507:fundamental research
349:Scientific integrity
331:Vocational education
266:Knowledge management
156:Behavioural sciences
980:2013ConBi..27..669C
804:Blue skies research
790:. In contrast, the
519:scientific research
2262:David R. Henderson
1437:(3 Pt 1): 483–91.
1116:The New York Times
988:10.1111/cobi.12050
913:2017-05-06 at the
625:. You can help by
445:Science portal
2241:The Royal Society
1360:978-0-674-04971-0
940:978-0-593-13324-8
927:Yong, Ed (2022).
819:Normative science
711:
710:
703:
685:, as appropriate.
643:
642:
494:
493:
407:Scientific method
397:Science education
338:
337:
321:Strategic studies
113:Scientific fields
16:(Redirected from
2311:
2275:
2270:(1st ed.).
2244:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2067:10.1289/ehp.8297
2043:
2037:
2036:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1854:. Archived from
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1301:
1295:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1238:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1179:
1169:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1007:
959:
953:
952:
930:An Immense World
924:
918:
905:
899:
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
862:
854:
834:Pure mathematics
734:natural sciences
706:
699:
695:
692:
686:
658:
657:
650:
638:
635:
617:
610:
531:applied research
486:
479:
472:
458:
457:
456:
443:
442:
402:Research funding
271:Language studies
203:Applied sciences
139:Natural sciences
109:
37:
21:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2255:
2252:
2250:Further reading
2247:
2234:
2230:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2027:(3–4): 365–79.
2018:
2017:
2013:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1302:
1298:
1276:
1272:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1181:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1021:
961:
960:
956:
941:
926:
925:
921:
915:Wayback Machine
906:
902:
888:Wayback Machine
879:
875:
866:
864:
860:
856:
855:
851:
847:
800:
742:applied science
730:
724:Applied science
722:Main articles:
720:
707:
696:
690:
687:
672:
659:
655:
648:
639:
633:
630:
623:needs expansion
608:
581:
579:
567:
551:applied science
517:, is a type of
490:
454:
452:
437:
432:
431:
387:
386:
377:
376:
372:Research ethics
367:Logical fallacy
357:Reproducibility
352:
351:
340:
339:
176:Anthropological
122:Formal sciences
106:
105:
85:
61:Article indexes
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2228:
2190:
2141:
2090:
2038:
2011:
1960:
1909:
1868:
1826:
1805:(502): 402–3.
1785:
1754:
1719:
1700:(18): 2475–9.
1681:
1660:10.1086/658658
1635:
1612:
1569:
1534:
1491:
1456:
1427:Leon Eisenberg
1418:
1366:
1359:
1341:
1317:
1296:
1270:
1228:
1129:
1101:
1069:
1043:
1019:
974:(4): 669–678.
954:
939:
919:
900:
873:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
839:Pure Chemistry
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
799:
796:
719:
716:
709:
708:
669:of the subject
667:worldwide view
662:
660:
653:
647:
644:
641:
640:
620:
618:
607:
604:
576:SETI Institute
570:
568:
566:
563:
501:, also called
499:Basic research
492:
491:
489:
488:
481:
474:
466:
463:
462:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Science policy
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
384:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
369:
364:
362:Cognitive bias
359:
353:
347:
346:
345:
342:
341:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
225:
224:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
210:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
186:Criminological
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
153:
152:
151:
146:
136:
135:
134:
129:
116:
115:
107:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
84:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
44:
43:
26:
24:
18:Basic sciences
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2316:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:(2): 356–62.
2208:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:(7): 969–74.
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:(July 2006).
2048:
2047:Michael Kundi
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1858:on 2005-11-04
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:Lester S King
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:(1): 97–101.
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:(6): 643–57.
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:(1): 123–49.
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:(1): 164–73.
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:Bernard Davis
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1033:
1032:asknature.org
1029:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
955:
950:
946:
942:
936:
932:
931:
923:
920:
916:
912:
909:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
882:
877:
874:
859:
853:
850:
844:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
797:
795:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
777:
772:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:
747:
746:interventions
743:
739:
735:
729:
725:
717:
715:
705:
702:
694:
684:
680:
676:
670:
668:
661:
652:
651:
645:
637:
628:
624:
621:This section
619:
616:
612:
611:
605:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
586:
577:
573:
564:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:basic science
508:
504:
503:pure research
500:
496:
487:
482:
480:
475:
473:
468:
467:
465:
464:
461:
450:
446:
441:
436:
435:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
381:
380:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
344:
343:
332:
329:
327:
326:Urban studies
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
221:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:Psychological
159:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:Life sciences
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
114:
110:
103:
99:
95:
89:
88:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
46:
45:
42:
38:
33:
19:
2265:
2231:
2206:
2202:
2199:John Worrall
2193:
2161:(5): 393–6.
2158:
2155:EMBO Reports
2154:
2144:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2024:
2020:
2014:
1977:
1974:BMC Medicine
1973:
1963:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1843:
1839:
1829:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1735:(2): 133–8.
1732:
1728:
1722:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1651:
1647:
1621:
1615:
1585:(1): 59–67.
1582:
1578:
1572:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1389:(3): 115–9.
1386:
1382:
1350:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1320:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1246:
1196:
1190:
1185:(Mar 2000).
1149:
1145:
1122:December 26,
1120:. Retrieved
1114:
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1082:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
971:
967:
957:
929:
922:
903:
876:
865:. Retrieved
852:
781:
774:
770:
766:
764:
760:
755:
745:
737:
731:
712:
697:
691:October 2017
688:
664:
634:October 2023
631:
627:adding to it
622:
600:
582:
571:
559:
538:
515:pure science
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:
495:
448:
281:Liberal arts
181:Sociological
127:Mathematical
1846:(1): 7–16.
1774:(1): 8–13.
1311:, Nov 2009;
1290:(1):17–20,
1286:, 1954 Jan;
1278:Gerard Piel
1249:(80): 3–6.
1199:(1): 1–12.
1152:(1): 1–12.
1062:October 18,
814:Metascience
784:Nobel Prize
738:information
596:descriptive
592:exploratory
385:Instruments
306:Professions
301:War studies
208:Engineering
1862:2015-03-08
1335:2014-05-31
1095:2008-08-28
1037:2022-11-29
949:1333131287
867:2014-05-31
845:References
646:By country
535:technology
527:prediction
427:Technology
296:Philosophy
286:Literature
256:Humanities
246:Futurology
196:Linguistic
81:Philosophy
76:Literature
66:Glossaries
2289:163149563
2281:317650570
1888:: 89–96.
1676:224835675
996:0888-8892
679:talk page
543:curiosity
417:Scientist
171:Political
2304:Research
2298:Category
2285:50016270
2223:20367864
2185:15864285
2136:19534788
2085:16835045
2033:16898206
2006:21356064
1955:21223568
1929:(1): 1.
1904:18528492
1852:15687745
1840:Medicina
1821:15372724
1668:21667777
1607:24260908
1599:11080970
1529:25401644
1486:17045377
1413:16508048
1265:19790950
1223:10704471
1176:10704471
1089:Archived
1014:23574343
911:Archived
884:Archived
798:See also
673:You may
588:theories
565:Overview
523:theories
422:Research
311:Religion
213:Medicine
191:Military
166:Economic
144:Physical
132:Computer
56:Category
32:Research
2264:(ed.).
2176:1299311
2127:2706236
2076:1513293
1997:3058025
1946:3026021
1895:1863593
1812:1266186
1780:9933889
1749:9276588
1714:6341631
1630:9646019
1564:7089600
1521:7016767
1451:3348249
1404:1383755
1256:2560978
1057:Inverse
1005:3761186
976:Bibcode
824:Physics
606:History
251:History
98:Outline
71:History
51:Outline
41:Science
2279:
2221:
2183:
2173:
2134:
2124:
2083:
2073:
2031:
2004:
1994:
1980:: 20.
1953:
1943:
1902:
1892:
1850:
1819:
1809:
1778:
1747:
1712:
1674:
1666:
1628:
1605:
1597:
1562:
1527:
1519:
1484:
1449:
1411:
1401:
1357:
1263:
1253:
1221:
1211:
1174:
1164:
1012:
1002:
994:
947:
937:
451:
449:·
447:
94:Fields
2260:. In
2110:: 2.
1672:S2CID
1603:S2CID
1525:S2CID
1329:(PDF)
1214:98983
1167:98983
1084:Wired
861:(PDF)
773:) or
681:, or
539:alter
513:, or
291:Music
241:Craft
2277:OCLC
2219:PMID
2181:PMID
2132:PMID
2081:PMID
2029:PMID
2002:PMID
1951:PMID
1900:PMID
1848:PMID
1817:PMID
1776:PMID
1745:PMID
1710:PMID
1694:JAMA
1664:PMID
1648:Isis
1626:PMID
1595:PMID
1560:PMID
1517:PMID
1482:PMID
1447:PMID
1409:PMID
1355:ISBN
1292:p 18
1261:PMID
1219:PMID
1172:PMID
1124:2014
1064:2017
1010:PMID
992:ISSN
945:OCLC
935:ISBN
782:The
771:STEM
726:and
231:Arts
102:List
2239:",
2211:doi
2171:PMC
2163:doi
2122:PMC
2112:doi
2071:PMC
2063:doi
2059:114
1992:PMC
1982:doi
1941:PMC
1931:doi
1890:PMC
1886:118
1807:PMC
1737:doi
1702:doi
1698:249
1656:doi
1652:102
1587:doi
1552:doi
1509:doi
1474:doi
1439:doi
1399:PMC
1391:doi
1251:PMC
1209:PMC
1201:doi
1162:PMC
1154:doi
1000:PMC
984:doi
776:STS
767:STM
629:.
549:of
276:Law
2300::
2287:,
2283:,
2217:.
2207:16
2205:.
2179:.
2169:.
2157:.
2153:.
2130:.
2120:.
2106:.
2102:.
2079:.
2069:.
2057:.
2053:.
2025:27
2023:.
2000:.
1990:.
1976:.
1972:.
1949:.
1939:.
1925:.
1921:.
1898:.
1884:.
1880:.
1844:41
1842:.
1838:.
1815:.
1803:54
1801:.
1797:.
1772:40
1770:.
1766:.
1743:.
1731:.
1708:.
1696:.
1670:.
1662:.
1650:.
1638:^
1601:.
1593:.
1581:.
1558:.
1548:16
1546:.
1523:.
1515:.
1505:11
1503:.
1480:.
1470:64
1468:.
1445:.
1435:84
1433:.
1407:.
1397:.
1387:99
1385:.
1381:.
1369:^
1313:24
1307:,
1288:10
1259:.
1245:.
1231:^
1217:.
1207:.
1197:64
1195:.
1189:.
1170:.
1160:.
1150:64
1148:.
1144:.
1132:^
1113:.
1087:.
1081:.
1055:.
1030:.
1008:.
998:.
990:.
982:.
972:27
970:.
966:.
943:.
894:,
890:,
594:,
557:.
509:,
505:,
100:/
2274:.
2235:"
2225:.
2213::
2187:.
2165::
2159:6
2138:.
2114::
2108:6
2087:.
2065::
2035:.
2008:.
1984::
1978:9
1957:.
1933::
1927:8
1906:.
1865:.
1823:.
1782:.
1751:.
1739::
1733:3
1716:.
1704::
1678:.
1658::
1632:.
1609:.
1589::
1583:3
1566:.
1554::
1531:.
1511::
1488:.
1476::
1453:.
1441::
1415:.
1393::
1363:.
1338:.
1294:.
1267:.
1225:.
1203::
1178:.
1156::
1126:.
1098:.
1066:.
1040:.
1016:.
986::
978::
951:.
898:.
870:.
704:)
698:(
693:)
689:(
671:.
636:)
632:(
485:e
478:t
471:v
104:)
96:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.