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38:
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51:
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Once a stem produces flowers, foliage production stops on that stem, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil production declines. To prevent this, a basil-grower may pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature. Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some stems can be pinched for
1088:
Basil plants require regular watering, but not as much attention as is needed in other climates. If its leaves have wilted from lack of water, it will recover if watered thoroughly and placed in a sunny location. Yellow leaves towards the bottom of the plant are an indication that the plant has been
509:
Basil is an annual, or sometimes perennial, herb used for its leaves. Depending on the variety, plants can reach heights of between 30 and 150 centimetres (1 and 5 feet). Basil leaves are glossy and ovulate, with smooth or slightly toothed edges that typically cup slightly; the leaves are arranged
1054:
pot, then planted out in late spring/early summer (when there is little chance of a frost); however, it can also thrive when planted outside in these climates. Additionally, it may be sown in soil once chance of frost is past. It fares best in well-drained soil with direct exposure to the sun.
1038:
Basil is sensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry conditions. It behaves as an annual if there is any chance of a frost. However, due to its popularity, basil is cultivated in many countries around the world. Production areas include countries in the
Mediterranean area, those in the
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486:
3407:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1763:
Basil is most commonly used fresh in recipes. In general, it is added last, as cooking quickly destroys the flavor. The fresh herb can be kept for a short time in plastic bags in the refrigerator, or for a longer period in the freezer, after being
3043:
The name "basil" comes from the Greek word for "king" – so greatly did the Greeks esteem this king of herbs. Herbe royale, the French respectfully call it. In Italy basil serves the goddess Love; a sprig of it worn by a suitor bespeaks his loving
2605:
Eugenol is a vanilloid contained in relatively high amounts in clove oil from
Eugenia caryophyllata, as well as cinnamon leaf oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and oil from the clove basil Ocimum gratissimum. While eugenol is often referred to as
2562:
Acyclic monoterpenoid trienes such as p-myrcene and configurational isomers of p- ocimene are found in the oils of basil (leaves of Ocimum basilicum, Labiatae), bay (leaves of
Fimenta acris, Myrtaceae), hops (strobiles of Humulus lupulus,
1110:
leaf production, while others are left to bloom for decoration or seeds. Picking the leaves off the plant helps promote growth, largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems.
2801:
Fandohan, P.; Gnonlonfin, B; Laleye, A; Gbenou, JD; Darboux, R; Moudachirou, M; et al. (2008). "Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential oils from
Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum in Wistar rats".
5181:
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stressed; usually this means that it needs less water, or less or more fertilizer. Basil can be propagated reliably from cuttings with the stems of short cuttings suspended in water for two weeks or until roots develop.
1792:
and basil as its primary ingredients. Many national cuisines use fresh or dried basils in soups and other foods, such as to thicken soups. Basil is commonly steeped in cream or milk to create flavor in ice cream or
1113:
Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds, which can be saved and planted the following year. If allowed to go to seed, a basil plant will grow back the next year.
1183:
is a significant disease, as first reported in Italy in 2003. It was reported in the
Florida in 2007 and by 2008 had spread along the eastern United States, reaching Canada. Basil cultivars resistant to
487:
2452:
Kandil, M. A. M.; Khatab, M. E.; Ahmed, S. S.; Schnug, E (2009). "Herbal and essential oil yield of
Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown with mineral and organic fertilizer sources in Egypt".
489:
5174:
3230:
Roberts, P. D.; Raid, R. N.; Harmon, P. F.; Jordan, S. A.; Palmateer, A. J. (February 2009). "First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by a
Peronospora sp. on Basil in Florida and the United States".
1741:
5167:
490:
2216:) to prepare holy water and pots of basil are often placed below church altars. Some Greek Orthodox Christians even avoid eating it due to its association with the legend of the
3980:
3385:
3324:"Characterization of the Bacterial Community Naturally Present on Commercially Grown Basil Leaves: Evaluation of Sample Preparation Prior to Culture-Independent Techniques"
1058:
Although basil grows best outdoors, it can be grown indoors in a pot and, like most herbs, will do best on a sun-facing windowsill, kept away from extremely cold drafts. A
937:), meaning "royal/kingly plant", possibly because the plant was believed to have been used in production of royal perfumes. Basil is likewise sometimes referred to in
7283:
3542:
Maurya, Prejwltta; Sharma, Preeti; Mohan, Lalit; Batabyal, Lata; Srivastava, C.N.; et al. (2009). "Evaluation of the toxicity of different phytoextracts of
3114:
Marondedze, Claudius; Liu, Xinyun; Huang, Shihui; Wong, Cynthia; Zhou, Xuan; Pan, Xutong; An, Huiting; Xu, Nuo; Tian, Xuechen; Wong, Aloysius (1 November 2018).
7361:
3590:
Regnault-Roger, Catherine; Vincent, Charles; Arnason, John Thor (7 January 2012). "Essential Oils in Insect
Control: Low-Risk Products in a High-Stakes World".
2662:
Baritaux, O.; Richard, H.; Touche, J.; Derbesy, M.; et al. (1992). "Effects of drying and storage of herbs and spices on the essential oil. Part I. Basil,
3265:
Wick, R. L.; Brazee, N. J. (March 2009). "First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by a
Peronospora Species on Sweet Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) in Massachusetts".
2350:
2318:
3756:
591:
488:
7648:
7231:
3754:
Davidson, P. Michael; Critzer, Faith J.; Taylor, T. Matthew (28 February 2013). "Naturally Occurring Antimicrobials for Minimally Processed Foods".
3640:
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7309:
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is ideal if available. It can, however, even be grown in a basement under fluorescent lights. Supplemental lighting produces greater biomass and
3088:
7469:
7384:
3016:
The Dictionary of Wholesome Foods: A Passionate A-to-Z Guide to the Earth's Healthy Offerings, with More Than 140 Delicious, Nutritious Recipes
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6162:
3903:
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3419:
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1050:
In Northern Europe, Canada, the northern states of the U.S., and the South Island of New Zealand, basil grows best if sown under glass in a
7683:
5190:
3455:
3195:
Garibaldi, A.; Minuto, A.; Minuto, G.; Gullino, M. L. (March 2004). "First Report of Downy Mildew on Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) in Italy".
3870:
6933:
6049:
5789:
5095:
3030:
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2549:
2430:
3966:
3414:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3300:
1776:
The most commonly used Mediterranean basil cultivars are "Genovese", "Purple Ruffles", "Mammoth", "Cinnamon", "Lemon", "Globe", and "
7673:
5087:
3934:
3492:
3067:
2910:
2849:
1020:
705:
335:
261:
221:
3377:
750:
Most basils are cultivars of sweet basil. Most basil varieties have green leaves, but a few are purple, such as, 'Purple Delight'.
6888:
6024:
5759:
2958:
7643:
7270:
7011:
6324:
3704:
3133:
2753:
3322:
Ceuppens, Siele; Delbeke, Stefanie; De Coninck, Dieter; Boussemaere, Jolien; Boon, Nico; Uyttendaele, Mieke (21 August 2015).
967:
and other tropical regions stretching from Africa to South East Asia, but has now become globalized due to human cultivation.
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7327:
6898:
6319:
6314:
5764:
3850:
3511:
Dube S, Upadhhyay PD, Tripath SC (1989). "Antifungal, physicochemical, and insect-repelling activity of the essential oil of
2497:
Lee, Seung-Joo; Umano, Katumi; Shibamoto, Takayuki; Lee, Kwang-Geun (2005). "Identification of Volatile Components in Basil (
1002:
687:
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oppositely along the square stems. Leaves may be green or purple. Its flowers are small and white, and grow from a central
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3645:
3592:
2259:
2217:
1919:
742:
2621:
Johnson, B. Christopher; et al. (1999). "Substantial UV-B-mediated induction of essential oils in sweet basil (
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3713:
3654:
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2251:
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1963:
501:
438:
7366:
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2019:
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551:
2429:. Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
7590:
7389:
6399:
6309:
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5606:
5236:
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5110:
4976:
4690:
3842:
2627:
2171:
1934:
616:
50:
37:
7487:
1085:, which has not been reproducible in other plants, and so may be unique to the genus or even to this species.
7218:
6590:
6372:
4349:
2288:
2163:
655:
422:
7223:
7210:
7132:
1097:
7658:
7205:
7027:
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6457:
6329:
6235:
5601:
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4166:
4119:
1737:
998:
719:
683:
20:
3639:
Kirk, William D. J.; de Kogel, Willem Jan; Koschier, Elisabeth H.; Teulon, David A. J. (7 January 2021).
2839:
Pessoa, L. M.; Morais, SM; Bevilaqua, CM; Luciano, JH (2002). "Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of
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4219:
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1951:
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phase, and reducing the action frequency of action potentials. In Huignard's opinion this is due to the
1586:
1179:
415:
167:
7249:
7065:
2001:
587:
6595:
7376:
7166:
6948:
6769:
6711:
6640:
6548:
6501:
5936:
5799:
5737:
5717:
5591:
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4827:
4744:
4618:
4516:
4191:
4146:
4083:
2636:
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2025:
1883:
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1599:
1158:
2106:
758:
7624:
7433:
6853:
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5891:
5562:
4695:
4588:
4531:
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and ancient Greeks believed basil would open the gates of heaven for a person passing on. However,
2089:
1995:
1765:
1651:
762:
583:
7340:
5896:
1914:. The essential oil is found by Huignard et al. 2008 to inhibit electrical activity by decreasing
578:
scent of sweet basil is derived from eugenol. The aroma profile of basil includes 1,8-cineole and
7531:
7158:
6978:
6838:
6734:
6600:
6395:
6341:
5906:
5850:
5779:
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4015:
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2345:
2313:
2229:
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1989:
1871:
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1809:
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1540:
1300:
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822:
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470:
363:
45:
7523:
7474:
6029:
5046:
2426:
7288:
6833:
6694:
6089:
5988:
5941:
5871:
7438:
7410:
7140:
6938:
6928:
6451:
6039:
5962:
5953:
5784:
5553:
5508:
5498:
5443:
5396:
5196:
5128:
5006:
4986:
4946:
4892:
4794:
4789:
4376:
4186:
4099:
4037:
3930:
3899:
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3866:
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3810:
3785:
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3733:
3725:
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3613:
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3415:
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3247:
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2716:
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2125:
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1983:
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450:
391:
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3482:
3014:
2695:
Miele, Mariangela; Dondero, R; Ciarallo, G; Mazzei, M; et al. (2001). "Methyleugenol in
2576:
2533:
602:
Some similar species in the same genus may be commonly called "basil", although they are not
7415:
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6629:
6467:
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5876:
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5016:
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4749:
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3137:
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2514:
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2140:
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1978:
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458:
411:
375:
356:
277:
238:
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198:
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The exact taxonomy of basil is uncertain due to the immense number of cultivars, its ready
554:
vary with cultivars. The essential oil from European basil contains high concentrations of
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7397:
6983:
6903:
6706:
6699:
6101:
6094:
6034:
5946:
5814:
5809:
5769:
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5051:
4638:
4583:
4563:
4526:
4481:
4284:
4244:
3116:"Towards a tailored indoor horticulture: a functional genomics guided phenotypic approach"
2891:. The Plant List, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Gardens. 23 March 2012
2397:
2377:
2031:
1846:
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853:
839:, Bolloso Napoletano basil, Napolitano Mammoth-Leafed basil, or Italian Large-Leaf basil (
782:
559:
399:
371:
88:
2918:
2135:, dwarf bush basil is traditionally presented in a pot, together with a poem and a paper
1740:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
7076:
2640:
7653:
7461:
7456:
7197:
6730:
6645:
6415:
6337:
6044:
5576:
5483:
5453:
5346:
5254:
5011:
4981:
4951:
4934:
4857:
4725:
4650:
4474:
4436:
4411:
4369:
4332:
3773:
3663:
3609:
3350:
3323:
3158:
3115:
2971:
2884:
2778:
2735:
2066:
2050:
1837:
1169:
1040:
923:
792:
772:
579:
539:
518:, that emerges from the central stem atop the plant. Unusual among Lamiaceae, the four
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383:
379:
75:
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production, with red + blue specifically increasing growth and flower bud production.
7637:
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5366:
5283:
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5021:
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4902:
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4705:
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4628:
4613:
4603:
4578:
4381:
4129:
3688:
2233:
2118:
1969:
1358:
1256:
1127:
1102:
1082:
836:
511:
352:
183:
7607:
2372:
7536:
7145:
6843:
6659:
6619:
6552:
6542:
6533:
6528:
6471:
6429:
6019:
5804:
5713:
5626:
5438:
5433:
5336:
5001:
4991:
4961:
4897:
4887:
4867:
4847:
4665:
4463:
4406:
4401:
4344:
4104:
2518:
1232:
1174:
1157:; it can cause infections post-harvest and is capable of killing the entire plant.
395:
7086:
3702:
Chitwood, David J. (2002). "Phytochemical Based Strategies for Nematode Control".
7500:
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1930:, the amplitude reduction due to linalool, and the phase shortening due to both.
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7257:
7059:
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6811:
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6663:
6635:
6518:
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6014:
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5616:
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5463:
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5291:
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1903:
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890:
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665:
563:
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462:
3867:"Blessing of the Waters known as Agiasmos conducted by a Greek Orthodox priest"
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3141:
3089:"Orto, ecco cosa piantare a maggio: saranno tra gli alimenti estivi più buoni"
2817:
2761:
2243:
2014:
2013:
The essential oil is found by Malik et al. 1987 and Sangwan et al. 1990 to be
1947:
1833:
1625:
1446:
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1123:
1059:
863:
632:
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involves a pot of basil as a central plot device. This famous story inspired
1122:
Basil suffers from several plant pathogens that can ruin the crop and reduce
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6425:
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is a soil-borne fungal disease that will quickly kill younger basil plants.
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359:
134:
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7301:
7050:
3789:
3737:
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3625:
3456:"Traditional Summer Drinks of India: Beat the Heat with Refreshing Recipes"
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4521:
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4416:
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3484:
Leafy Medicinal Herbs: Botany, Chemistry, Postharvest Technology and Uses
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Anstice Carroll; Embree De Persiis Vona; Gianna De Persiis Vona (2006).
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Ambrose, Dawn C. P.; Manickavasagan, Annamalai; Naik, Ravindra (2016).
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1005: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
690: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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is also effective against a large number of fungal species including
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144:
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5204:
3528:
3953:
2053:
is effective against a large number of bacterial species including
7275:
7184:
6754:
6490:
6443:
6357:
6126:
5993:
5970:
5610:
5487:
5370:
5301:
5041:
4882:
4842:
4812:
4759:
4734:
4720:
4468:
4453:
4327:
4294:
4279:
4264:
4151:
4046:
2105:
2083:
1801:
1781:
1749:
1246:
1165:
1162:
1096:
964:
914:
741:
575:
562:(estragole), in a ratio of about 3:1. Other constituents include:
500:
484:
62:
3328:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1942:, is repelled by the essential oil. The essential oil mixed with
6689:
6523:
6268:
6214:
6175:
5866:
5829:
5697:
4779:
4494:
4124:
4114:
3995:
1677:
1071:
1051:
7171:
7025:
5163:
3962:
734:
has at least 60 varieties, which further complicates taxonomy.
2967:
Lour. in 'The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species'
2250:", which was in turn the inspiration for two paintings of the
2117:
There are many rituals and beliefs associated with basil. The
1276:
974:
659:
253:
213:
7549:
3954:
Basil: Knowing and Growing from the New York Botanical Garden
327:
3641:"Semiochemicals for Thrips and Their Use in Pest Management"
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
2734:
Lin, Jerry; Massonnet, Mélanie; Cantu, Dario (1 July 2019).
6574:
1832:
When soaked in water, the seeds of several basil varieties
726:(resulting in new hybrids) with other members of the genus
306:
295:
247:
3378:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
947:('the royal herb'). The Latin name has been confused with
283:
835:
basil, also known as Napoletano basil, Neapolitan basil,
550:
The various basils have such distinct scents because the
382:
or sweet basil. Basil is native to tropical regions from
321:
315:
289:
207:
2211:
1836:, and are used in Asian drinks and desserts such as the
2183:
3749:
3747:
2197:
1849:
336:
324:
312:
286:
262:
250:
222:
210:
5191:
1818:
and served raw as an accompaniment to meat or fish.
318:
303:
244:
204:
7034:
6804:
6277:
6266:
6246:
6223:
6212:
6184:
6135:
6124:
6002:
5838:
5827:
5752:
5706:
5695:
5635:
5214:
5203:
5121:
5080:
4803:
4293:
3994:
2535:
Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones
1721:
1713:
1701:
1676:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1611:
1598:
1585:
1572:
1559:
1538:
1517:
1504:
1491:
1478:
1461:
1445:
1428:
1411:
1394:
1377:
1353:
1332:
1297:
1273:
1255:
1245:
1229:
1215:
1210:
932:
309:
298:
292:
280:
241:
201:
3411:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
3056:Hiltunen, Raimo; Holm, Yvonne (2 September 2003).
1161:can be seen on basil foliage and is caused by the
534:pollination, the corolla falls off and four round
1550:
1344:
4932:
3803:Nelson-Shellenbarger, Robin (25 February 2013).
2139:, to a sweetheart, on the religious holidays of
2005:are evaluated by Deshpande et al. 1974 and '77.
1857:
1813:
2158:, where it is used to sprinkle holy water. The
1191:Non-pathogenic bacteria found on basil include
398:, however, basil can be grown as a short-lived
3898:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 114–.
1211:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
5175:
3974:
2128:saw basil as a plant of dread and suspicion.
8:
3757:Annual Review of Food Science and Technology
1910:properties, including potential toxicity to
1205:
942:
2911:"Ocimum minimum information from NPGS/GRIN"
2736:"The genetic basis of grape and wine aroma"
1780:". Basil is one of the main ingredients in
926:
917:
7022:
6274:
6220:
6132:
5835:
5703:
5211:
5182:
5168:
5160:
3981:
3967:
3959:
3374:United States Food and Drug Administration
2998:. Etymology Online, Douglas Harper. 2018.
2701:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2471:Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia.
1314:
1204:
746:Thai basil growing at a school in Thailand
526:are not pushed under the upper lip of the
36:
27:
3662:
3349:
3339:
3157:
2777:
2532:Eberhard Breitmaier (22 September 2006).
1021:Learn how and when to remove this message
706:Learn how and when to remove this message
374:, the generic term "basil" refers to the
2154:Basil has religious significance in the
1902:Studies of the essential oil have shown
1804:smell and flavor due to the presence of
904:), which is sometimes sold as holy basil
7562:
3506:
3504:
2947:from the original on 13 September 2016.
2616:
2614:
2538:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 11–.
2505:L.) and Their Antioxidant Properties".
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2300:
2065:spp. The essential oil of the leaf and
885:Ocimum basilicum × O. kilimandscharicum
530:, but lie over the inferior lip. After
505:Desiccated basil showing seed dispersal
3722:10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.032602.130045
5362:CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
3002:from the original on 25 October 2012.
2990:
2988:
2937:Lour. taxonomy detail from NPGS/GRIN"
2578:Transient Receptor Potential Channels
2575:Md Shahidul Islam (4 February 2011).
2353:from the original on 29 November 2014
2321:from the original on 29 November 2014
2238:, the fifth story of the narrative's
1954:, effective for three months against
7:
7377:acd80574-4e39-497c-ab3c-4b85a04d0989
3929:. HarperPerennial. 1991. p. 7.
3033:from the original on 12 October 2013
2595:from the original on 12 October 2013
2552:from the original on 12 October 2013
1003:adding citations to reliable sources
688:adding citations to reliable sources
6934:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
6050:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
5790:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
3076:from the original on 18 April 2017.
2425:Simon, James E (23 February 1998).
3927:The Complete Book of Greek Cooking
3774:10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182535
3664:10.1146/annurev-ento-022020-081531
3610:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100554
3557:Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
3388:from the original on 27 March 2024
2049:The essential oil of the leaf and
1918:amplitude, by shortening the post
14:
3873:from the original on 7 March 2012
3087:Petetti, Silvia (30 April 2024).
623:Clove basil, also African basil (
7649:Flora of the Mediterranean Basin
7616:
7599:
7582:
7565:
7488:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:452874-1
2145:Saint John's Eve § Portugal
1898:Insecticide and insect repellent
979:
913:The name "basil" comes from the
902:Ocimum basilicum × O. americanum
895:Ocimum basilicum × O. americanum
664:
276:
237:
197:
49:
3705:Annual Review of Phytopathology
3436:from the original on 9 May 2024
3134:Nanjing Agricultural University
3019:. Da Capo Press. pp. 16–.
2754:Nanjing Agricultural University
2433:from the original on 2 May 2017
2045:Bacterial and fungal inhibition
1093:Pruning, flowering, and seeding
990:needs additional citations for
675:needs additional citations for
4345:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
2519:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.05.056
2398:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2378:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
951:, as it was supposed to be an
614:Camphor basil, African basil (
1:
7008:Receptor/signaling modulators
5357:CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
2863:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00253-4
2669:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
2649:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00767-5
2267:Isabella and the Pot of Basil
2248:Isabella, or the Pot of Basil
2111:Isabella and the Pot of Basil
2056:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
868:Ocimum basilicum thyrsifolium
815:, dwarf basil, French basil (
807:Ocimum basilicum var. minimum
582:. In this species eugenol is
538:develop inside the bilabiate
2805:Food and Chemical Toxicology
2699:L. Cv. 'Genovese Gigante'".
1892:traditional Chinese medicine
1886:practices, such as those of
1736:Percentages estimated using
443:O. basilicum var. citriodora
7684:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
6636:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
5544:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
5414:Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
5242:15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin J2
4157:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
3809:. Booktango. pp. 38–.
3646:Annual Review of Entomology
3593:Annual Review of Entomology
3570:10.1016/j.aspen.2009.02.004
3209:10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.3.312A
3182:"Yellowing of Basil Leaves"
2218:Elevation of the Holy Cross
2212:
2198:
2184:
2113:, William Holman Hunt, 1868
1977:, making this useful as an
1850:
933:
552:volatile aromatic compounds
7700:
3892:Mercia MacDermott (1998).
3517:Canadian Journal of Botany
2843:Linn. and eugenol against
2581:. Springer. pp. 50–.
2454:Journal für Kulturpflanzen
2252:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
2168:Macedonian Orthodox Church
1981:in other crops. The pests
1964:Frankliniella occidentalis
1866:fast is often broken with
1825:
1768:quickly in boiling water.
653:
453:with other species of the
18:
7001:
4079:Coriander leaf / Cilantro
3989:Culinary herbs and spices
3142:10.1038/s41438-018-0065-7
2818:10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.006
2762:10.1038/s41438-019-0163-1
2207:
2193:
2179:
2160:Bulgarian Orthodox Church
2020:Tylenchulus semipenetrans
1800:Lemon basil has a strong
1735:
1731:
1697:
1689:
1534:
1530:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1293:
1289:
1269:
1265:
1225:
1221:94 kJ (22 kcal)
955:to the basilisk's venom.
927:
173:
166:
46:Scientific classification
44:
35:
30:
7674:Medicinal plants of Asia
5621:Umbellularia californica
4977:Montreal steak seasoning
2264:in 1849 and in 1868 the
2246:to write his 1814 poem "
2172:Romanian Orthodox Church
1935:Callosobruchus maculatus
959:Distribution and habitat
730:and within the species.
6591:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
6373:Andrographis paniculata
3341:10.3390/ijerph120810171
3279:10.1094/PDIS-93-3-0318B
3244:10.1094/PDIS-93-2-0199B
3059:Basil: The Genus Ocimum
2850:Veterinary Parasitology
2477:Encyclopedia Britannica
2289:List of basil cultivars
2164:Serbian Orthodox Church
1938:, a pest which affects
1874:made with basil seeds.
1808:. It is widely used in
1738:US recommendations
656:List of basil cultivars
425:including sweet basil,
394:basil is treated as an
16:Important culinary herb
7644:Flora of tropical Asia
7012:Ion channel modulators
6741:Tetrahydrocannabivarin
6236:Tripterygium wilfordii
5602:Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
4933:
3895:Bulgarian Folk Customs
3806:Family Herbal Wellness
3552:Culex quinquefasciatus
2682:10.1002/ffj.2730070507
2501:L.) and Thyme Leaves (
2114:
1858:
1814:
1755:
1742:the National Academies
1106:
943:
918:
747:
506:
498:
475:O. × kilimandscharicum
416:Mediterranean climates
366:plant, and is used in
21:Basil (disambiguation)
7669:Mediterranean cuisine
7554:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
6569:Lysophosphatidic acid
3301:"Maryland Grows Blog"
3121:Horticulture Research
2921:on 24 September 2015.
2741:Horticulture Research
2156:Greek Orthodox Church
2109:
1812:, where it is called
1753:
1319:Vitamins and minerals
1188:have been developed.
1180:Peronospora belbahrii
1100:
745:
654:Further information:
504:
493:
6949:Pregnenolone sulfate
6770:Euphorbia resinifera
6712:Euphorbia resinifera
6641:Phenylacetylrinvanil
6601:N-Oleoylethanolamide
6549:Homodihydrocapsaicin
5937:Pregnenolone sulfate
5800:Pregnenolone sulfate
5607:Thiopropanal S-oxide
5592:Tetrahydrocannabinol
5280:Allyl isothiocyanate
4828:Beau monde seasoning
4193:Limnophila aromatica
2845:Haemonchus contortus
2256:John Everett Millais
2026:Meloidogyne javanica
1147:disease of basil is
999:improve this article
684:improve this article
641:, formerly known as
617:O. kilimandscharicum
574:, among others. The
19:For other uses, see
6854:Cannabigerolic acid
6616:Nordihydrocapsaicin
6577:(acidic conditions)
4952:Jamaican jerk spice
4574:Japanese pricklyash
3548:Anopheles stephensi
2974:on 18 February 2022
2641:1999PChem..51..507J
2272:William Holman Hunt
2090:Geotrichum candidum
1996:Tribolium castaneum
1430:Pantothenic acid (B
1207:
963:Basil is native to
408:horticultural zones
6817:Vernonia tweediana
6396:African blue basil
6368:Bisandrographolide
5954:Steviol glycosides
5907:Hydroxycitronellal
5653:Dehydroligustilide
5473:Angelica acutiloba
5387:Dehydroligustilide
4928:Herbes de Provence
4559:Grains of paradise
4422:Crushed red pepper
4136:Houttuynia cordata
3837:Bill Neal (1992).
3334:(8): 10171–10197.
3303:. 21 February 2020
2887:Ocimum tenuiflorum
2841:Ocimum gratissimum
2401:. Merriam-Webster.
2381:. Merriam-Webster.
2346:Collins Dictionary
2314:Collins Dictionary
2230:Giovanni Boccaccio
2224:Art and literature
2115:
1990:Stegobium paniceum
1862:. In Kashmir, the
1795:chocolate truffles
1772:Leaves and flowers
1756:
1754:Dried basil leaves
1703:Other constituents
1107:
1034:Growing conditions
881:African blue basil
823:Lettuce leaf basil
748:
638:Ocimum tenuiflorum
626:Ocimum gratissimum
507:
499:
471:African blue basil
423:varieties of basil
392:temperate climates
7664:Insect repellents
7547:
7546:
7411:Open Tree of Life
7028:Taxon identifiers
7019:
7018:
6997:
6996:
6929:Meclofenamic acid
6735:melegueta peppers
6606:Nonivamide (PAVA)
6342:melegueta peppers
6262:
6261:
6208:
6207:
6120:
6119:
6040:Meclofenamic acid
5963:Stevia rebaudiana
5823:
5822:
5785:Meclofenamic acid
5691:
5690:
5581:melegueta peppers
5554:Phenacyl chloride
5509:N-Methylmaleimide
5499:Methyl salicylate
5444:Hydrogen peroxide
5397:Diallyl disulfide
5259:melegueta peppers
5157:
5156:
5129:Chinese herbology
5007:Pumpkin pie spice
4987:Old Bay Seasoning
4947:Italian seasoning
4893:Five-spice powder
4195:(rice-paddy herb)
4038:Indian bay leaf (
3905:978-1-85302-485-6
3816:978-1-4689-2481-7
3421:978-0-309-48834-1
3026:978-1-56924-395-4
2713:10.1021/jf000865w
2588:978-94-007-0265-3
2545:978-3-527-31786-8
2341:"American: Basil"
2126:Nicholas Culpeper
2119:ancient Egyptians
2038:Heterodera cajani
2002:Bruchus chinensis
1984:Sitophilus oryzae
1920:hyperpolarization
1882:Basil is used in
1834:become gelatinous
1748:
1747:
1693:
1692:
1134:may be killed by
1031:
1030:
1023:
724:cross-pollination
716:
715:
708:
588:coniferyl acetate
491:
457:genus, producing
439:Mrs. Burns' Lemon
362:(mints). It is a
190:
189:
159:O. basilicum
7691:
7629:
7628:from Wikispecies
7621:
7620:
7619:
7612:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7595:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7578:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7558:
7540:
7539:
7527:
7526:
7517:
7516:
7504:
7503:
7491:
7490:
7478:
7477:
7465:
7464:
7452:
7451:
7442:
7441:
7439:Ocimum basilicum
7429:
7428:
7426:Ocimum_basilicum
7419:
7418:
7406:
7405:
7393:
7392:
7380:
7379:
7370:
7369:
7357:
7356:
7354:NBNSYS0200002716
7344:
7343:
7331:
7330:
7318:
7317:
7305:
7304:
7292:
7291:
7279:
7278:
7266:
7265:
7253:
7252:
7240:
7239:
7227:
7226:
7214:
7213:
7201:
7200:
7188:
7187:
7175:
7174:
7162:
7161:
7149:
7148:
7136:
7135:
7126:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7113:ocimum-basilicum
7103:
7102:
7090:
7089:
7080:
7079:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7066:Ocimum basilicum
7055:
7054:
7053:
7036:Ocimum basilicum
7023:
6864:Cannabigerovarin
6596:N-Oleoyldopamine
6502:Euodia ruticarpa
6468:Dihydrocapsaicin
6275:
6271:
6221:
6217:
6133:
6129:
5877:Cooling Agent 10
5836:
5832:
5704:
5700:
5222:4-Hydroxynonenal
5212:
5208:
5193:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5161:
4938:
4745:Tasmanian pepper
4726:Sichuan pepper (
4681:Pomegranate seed
4495:Dill / Dill seed
4350:Brazilian pepper
4313:Alligator pepper
4067:garlic / Chinese
3983:
3976:
3969:
3960:
3941:
3940:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3839:Gardener's Latin
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3666:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3587:
3574:
3573:
3544:Ocimum basilicum
3539:
3533:
3532:
3523:(7): 2085–2087.
3513:Ocimum basilicum
3508:
3499:
3498:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3460:The Better India
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3343:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2970:, archived from
2955:
2949:
2948:
2935:Ocimum africanum
2929:
2923:
2922:
2917:. Archived from
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2812:(7): 2493–2497.
2798:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2697:Ocimum basilicum
2692:
2686:
2685:
2664:Ocimum basilicum
2659:
2653:
2652:
2623:Ocimum basilicum
2618:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2499:Ocimum basilicum
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2422:
2403:
2402:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2309:"British: Basil"
2305:
2232:'s 14th century
2215:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2149:Anthony of Padua
2141:John the Baptist
1979:insect repellent
1973:are repelled by
1916:action potential
1908:insect-repelling
1861:
1855:
1817:
1554:
1466:
1450:
1433:
1416:
1399:
1382:
1355:Vitamin A equiv.
1348:
1315:
1208:
1154:Botrytis cinerea
1043:, and others in
1026:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1006:
983:
975:
946:
944:"l'herbe royale"
936:
934:basilikón phytón
930:
929:
921:
858:Ocimum basilicum
848:Ocimum basilicum
841:Ocimum basilicum
827:Ocimum basilicum
817:Ocimum basilicum
797:Ocimum basilicum
795:or Sweet Basil (
787:Ocimum basilicum
777:Ocimum basilicum
732:Ocimum basilicum
711:
704:
700:
697:
691:
668:
660:
608:Ocimum basilicum
497:of growing basil
492:
467:O. × citriodorum
343:
339:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
301:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
272:Ocimum basilicum
265:
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
236:
225:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
179:
177:Ocimum basilicum
54:
53:
40:
28:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7622:
7617:
7615:
7605:
7600:
7598:
7588:
7583:
7581:
7577:from Wiktionary
7571:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7557:sister projects
7556:
7548:
7543:
7535:
7530:
7522:
7520:
7512:
7507:
7499:
7494:
7486:
7481:
7473:
7468:
7460:
7455:
7447:
7445:
7437:
7432:
7424:
7422:
7414:
7409:
7401:
7398:Observation.org
7396:
7388:
7383:
7375:
7373:
7365:
7360:
7352:
7347:
7339:
7334:
7326:
7321:
7313:
7308:
7300:
7295:
7287:
7282:
7274:
7269:
7261:
7256:
7248:
7243:
7235:
7230:
7222:
7217:
7209:
7204:
7196:
7191:
7183:
7178:
7170:
7165:
7157:
7152:
7144:
7139:
7131:
7129:
7121:
7119:
7111:
7106:
7098:
7093:
7085:
7083:
7075:
7073:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7030:
7020:
7015:
6993:
6984:Tolfenamic acid
6904:Flufenamic acid
6800:
6707:Resiniferatoxin
6700:Ruta graveolens
6463:Diacyl glycerol
6258:
6242:
6204:
6200:
6180:
6166:
6116:
6102:Tolfenamic acid
6095:Ruta graveolens
6035:Flufenamic acid
5998:
5947:Ruta graveolens
5858:(intracellular)
5819:
5815:Tolfenamic acid
5770:Flufenamic acid
5748:
5724:Diacyl glycerol
5687:
5631:
5317:Cannabichromene
5227:4-Oxo-2-nonenal
5199:
5188:
5158:
5153:
5117:
5076:
5052:Tandoori masala
4799:
4676:Peruvian pepper
4564:Grains of Selim
4549:Aromatic ginger
4482:Bunium persicum
4289:
3990:
3987:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3589:
3588:
3577:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3529:10.1139/b89-264
3510:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3184:. 29 June 2021.
3180:
3179:
3175:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3070:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3036:
3034:
3027:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2598:
2596:
2589:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2503:Thymus vulgaris
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2406:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2280:
2226:
2104:
2099:
2047:
2032:Anguina tritici
2011:
1958:in cowpea. The
1900:
1880:
1852:sharbat-e-rihan
1830:
1824:
1774:
1761:
1684:
1671:
1658:
1645:
1632:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1555:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1431:
1423:
1414:
1406:
1397:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1349:
1320:
1309:
1304:
1285:
1280:
1241:
1236:
1203:
1194:Novosphingobium
1120:
1095:
1036:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1007:
996:
984:
973:
961:
928:βασιλικόν φυτόν
911:
877:
850:'Purpurescens')
783:Dark opal basil
740:
722:, and frequent
712:
701:
695:
692:
681:
669:
658:
652:
600:
598:Similar species
560:methyl chavicol
548:
485:
483:
451:cross-pollinate
421:There are many
372:Western cuisine
347:), also called
341:
337:
302:
279:
275:
263:
240:
231:
230:
223:
200:
196:
186:
181:
175:
162:
48:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7697:
7695:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7613:
7611:from Wikibooks
7596:
7579:
7550:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7537:wfo-0000253230
7528:
7518:
7505:
7492:
7479:
7466:
7453:
7443:
7430:
7420:
7407:
7394:
7381:
7371:
7358:
7345:
7332:
7319:
7306:
7293:
7280:
7267:
7254:
7241:
7228:
7215:
7202:
7189:
7176:
7163:
7150:
7137:
7127:
7117:
7104:
7091:
7081:
7071:
7056:
7040:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7017:
7016:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6871:
6861:
6851:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6783:
6778:
6762:
6748:
6738:
6720:
6704:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6674:Dorrigo pepper
6667:
6653:
6646:Phorbol esters
6643:
6638:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6578:
6571:
6566:
6556:
6546:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6506:
6494:
6480:
6475:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6433:
6423:
6416:Cannabidivarin
6413:
6403:
6384:camphor laurel
6377:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6345:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6272:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6227:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6052:
6047:
6045:Mefenamic acid
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5967:
5951:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5738:St John's wort
5731:
5726:
5721:
5718:St John's wort
5710:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5665:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5614:
5604:
5599:
5589:
5584:
5566:
5563:Dorrigo pepper
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5531:
5521:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5484:Sichuan pepper
5477:
5461:
5456:
5454:Isothiocyanate
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5399:
5394:
5384:
5374:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5347:Cinnamaldehyde
5344:
5334:
5324:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5277:
5267:
5262:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5200:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5164:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5122:Related topics
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4982:Mulling spices
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4858:Cinnamon sugar
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4770:Voatsiperifery
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4475:Nigella sativa
4466:
4461:
4459:Coriander seed
4456:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4086:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3948:External links
3946:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3918:
3904:
3884:
3858:
3851:
3845:. p. 16.
3829:
3815:
3795:
3766:Annual Reviews
3743:
3714:Annual Reviews
3694:
3655:Annual Reviews
3631:
3602:Annual Reviews
3575:
3564:(2): 113–115.
3534:
3500:
3493:
3473:
3462:. 9 March 2022
3447:
3420:
3399:
3365:
3314:
3292:
3257:
3222:
3187:
3173:
3106:
3079:
3068:
3048:
3025:
3005:
2984:
2950:
2924:
2902:
2876:
2857:(1–2): 59–63.
2831:
2793:
2726:
2707:(1): 517–521.
2687:
2676:(5): 267–271.
2654:
2635:(4): 507–510.
2628:Phytochemistry
2610:
2587:
2567:
2544:
2524:
2507:Food Chemistry
2489:
2473:"basil (herb)"
2463:
2460:(12): 443–449.
2444:
2404:
2384:
2364:
2332:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2225:
2222:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2067:terminal shoot
2051:terminal shoot
2046:
2043:
2010:
2007:
1899:
1896:
1879:
1876:
1826:Main article:
1823:
1820:
1773:
1770:
1760:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1199:
1170:Colletotrichum
1119:
1116:
1094:
1091:
1074:increases the
1041:temperate zone
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
987:
985:
978:
972:
969:
960:
957:
910:
907:
906:
905:
898:
888:
876:
873:
872:
871:
861:
851:
846:Purple basil (
844:
830:
820:
810:
800:
793:Genovese basil
790:
780:
773:Cinnamon basil
770:
759:Licorice basil
739:
736:
714:
713:
672:
670:
663:
651:
648:
647:
646:
630:
621:
599:
596:
580:methyl eugenol
547:
546:Phytochemistry
544:
482:
479:
388:Southeast Asia
384:Central Africa
380:Genovese basil
378:also known as
370:worldwide. In
188:
187:
182:
171:
170:
164:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7696:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7659:Indian spices
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7627:
7626:
7614:
7610:
7609:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7580:
7576:
7575:
7563:
7559:
7553:
7538:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7519:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7440:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7421:
7417:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7000:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:Ruthenium red
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6944:Niflumic acid
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6812:α-Spinasterol
6810:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6539:Homocapsaicin
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6452:wild bergamot
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6400:camphor basil
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6265:
6255:
6254:Ruthenium red
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6123:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6085:Ruthenium red
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6065:Niflumic acid
6063:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:; indirectly)
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5892:Frescolat MGA
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5826:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5795:Niflumic acid
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5694:
5684:
5683:Ruthenium red
5681:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Methylglyoxal
5492:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5367:Cuminaldehyde
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Ras el hanout
5020:
5018:
5017:Quatre épices
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Khmeli suneli
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4903:Garlic powder
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:Bouquet garni
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4604:Litsea cubeba
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Juniper berry
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Celery powder
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:Lemon verbena
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3938:
3936:9780060921293
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3830:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3494:9781780645599
3490:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3474:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3403:
3400:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:Plant Disease
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:Plant Disease
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:Plant Disease
3191:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3069:9780203303771
3065:
3062:. CRC Press.
3061:
3060:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2890:
2889:L., Synonyms"
2888:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1970:Thrips tabaci
1966:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:folk medicine
1878:Folk medicine
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1396:Riboflavin (B
1393:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1363:
1360:
1359:beta-Carotene
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1257:Dietary fiber
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:Carbohydrates
1228:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1128:Fusarium wilt
1125:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1103:carpenter bee
1099:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1083:essential oil
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1014:
1011:February 2021
1004:
1000:
994:
993:
988:This section
986:
982:
977:
976:
970:
968:
966:
958:
956:
954:
950:
945:
940:
935:
925:
920:
916:
908:
903:
900:Spice basil (
899:
896:
892:
889:
886:
882:
879:
878:
874:
869:
865:
862:
859:
855:
852:
849:
845:
842:
838:
837:Mammoth basil
834:
831:
828:
824:
821:
818:
814:
811:
808:
804:
801:
798:
794:
791:
788:
784:
781:
778:
774:
771:
768:
764:
763:Persian basil
760:
756:
753:
752:
751:
744:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
710:
707:
699:
696:February 2021
689:
685:
679:
678:
673:This section
671:
667:
662:
661:
657:
649:
644:
640:
639:
634:
631:
628:
627:
622:
619:
618:
613:
612:
611:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
532:entomophilous
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:inflorescence
503:
496:
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
358:
354:
353:culinary herb
350:
346:
345:
332:
274:
273:
268:
267:
258:
234:
228:
227:
218:
194:
185:
180:
178:
172:
169:
168:Binomial name
165:
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:Tracheophytes
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
7623:
7606:
7594:from Commons
7589:
7572:
7551:
7035:
7004:
7003:
6844:Cannabigerol
6815:
6768:
6710:
6698:
6660:black pepper
6620:chili pepper
6553:chili pepper
6543:chili pepper
6534:Hepoxilin B3
6529:Hepoxilin A3
6500:
6486:
6472:chili pepper
6430:chili pepper
6371:
6234:
6093:
6020:Clotrimazole
5961:
5945:
5897:Frescolat ML
5805:Progesterone
5714:Adhyperforin
5627:WIN 55,212-2
5620:
5471:
5439:Hepoxilin B3
5434:Hepoxilin A3
5405:
5337:Cannabigerol
5002:Powder-douce
4992:Panch phoron
4962:Lemon pepper
4898:Garam masala
4888:Fines herbes
4868:Curry powder
4848:Chaat masala
4727:
4706:Sarsaparilla
4666:Onion powder
4614:Mango-ginger
4480:
4473:
4407:Chili powder
4192:
4182:Lemon myrtle
4139:
4135:
4090:
4089:Vietnamese (
4039:
4010:
4003:
3926:
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3894:
3887:
3877:10 September
3875:. Retrieved
3861:
3838:
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3805:
3798:
3761:
3755:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3650:
3644:
3634:
3597:
3591:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3483:
3476:
3464:. Retrieved
3459:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3410:
3402:
3390:. Retrieved
3381:
3368:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3307:29 September
3305:. Retrieved
3295:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3176:
3125:
3119:
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3095:(in Italian)
3092:
3082:
3058:
3051:
3042:
3035:. Retrieved
3015:
3008:
2976:, retrieved
2972:the original
2966:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2941:ars-grin.gov
2940:
2934:
2927:
2919:the original
2915:ars-grin.gov
2914:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2886:
2879:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2745:
2739:
2729:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2604:
2597:. Retrieved
2577:
2570:
2561:
2554:. Retrieved
2534:
2527:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2376:
2367:
2357:25 September
2355:. Retrieved
2344:
2335:
2325:25 September
2323:. Retrieved
2312:
2303:
2265:
2260:
2234:
2227:
2153:
2147:) and Saint
2130:
2116:
2110:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1975:O. basilicum
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:C. maculatus
1955:
1933:
1932:
1904:insecticidal
1901:
1881:
1867:
1840:
1831:
1799:
1778:African Blue
1775:
1762:
1707:
1702:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1299:
1275:
1231:
1206:Basil, fresh
1192:
1190:
1186:P. belbahrii
1185:
1178:
1175:Downy mildew
1168:
1152:
1135:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1087:
1080:O. basilicum
1079:
1057:
1049:
1037:
1017:
1008:
997:Please help
992:verification
989:
962:
912:
901:
894:
884:
867:
857:
847:
840:
826:
816:
806:
796:
789:'Dark Opal')
786:
776:
769:'Liquorice')
767:O. basilicum
766:
749:
731:
727:
717:
702:
693:
682:Please help
677:verification
674:
642:
636:
624:
615:
607:
601:
549:
508:
474:
466:
454:
447:O. basilicum
446:
442:
434:
431:O. basilicum
430:
420:
396:annual plant
348:
271:
270:
192:
191:
176:
174:
158:
157:
145:
108:
95:
82:
69:
25:
7574:Definitions
7336:NatureServe
7258:iNaturalist
7060:Wikispecies
6979:Tivanisiran
6884:Capsazepine
6796:Zucapsaicin
6664:long pepper
6630:Pacific yew
6519:GSK1016790A
6406:Cannabidiol
6392:camphorweed
6080:RQ-00203078
6075:PF-05105679
6015:Capsazepine
5780:GSK2293017A
5744:Substance P
5729:GSK1702934A
5678:PF-04745637
5617:Umbellulone
5538:Pacific yew
5524:Oleocanthal
5503:wintergreen
5464:Ligustilide
5327:Cannabidiol
5292:horseradish
5101:Bangladeshi
5032:Sharena sol
5027:Recado rojo
5012:Qâlat daqqa
4972:Mixed spice
4908:Garlic salt
4873:Doubanjiang
4609:Long pepper
4569:Horseradish
4387:Celery seed
4260:Sanshō leaf
4177:Lemon grass
3843:Robert Hale
3768:: 163–190.
3716:: 221–249.
3657:: 101–119.
3604:: 405–424.
3093:Bio Pianeta
2895:28 November
2513:: 131–137.
2482:21 December
2174:use basil (
2072:Aspergillus
2062:Pseudomonas
2015:nematicidal
1946:is both an
1868:babre beole
1828:Basil seeds
1788:sauce with
1379:Thiamine (B
1143:. A common
1141:damping off
1045:subtropical
971:Cultivation
891:Lemon basil
854:Rubin basil
813:Globe basil
803:Greek basil
779:'Cinnamon')
755:Anise basil
584:synthesised
564:1,8-cineole
481:Description
463:lemon basil
435:thyrsiflora
349:great basil
89:Angiosperms
7638:Categories
7521:WisFlora:
7462:kew-136820
7457:Plant List
7130:Calflora:
6874:Cannabinol
6774:pooissonii
6765:Tinyatoxin
6716:pooissonii
6680:Probenecid
6670:Polygodial
6626:Paclitaxel
6610:PAVA spray
6497:Evodiamine
6448:pepperwort
6363:Anandamide
6330:α-Sanshool
6278:Activators
6231:Triptolide
6224:Activators
6136:Activators
6112:TRPM4-IN-5
6030:Elismetrep
5958:stevioside
5886:eucalyptus
5882:Eucalyptol
5846:ADP-ribose
5839:Activators
5775:GSK417651A
5734:Hyperforin
5707:Activators
5587:Tear gases
5559:Polygodial
5549:PF-4840154
5534:Paclitaxel
5402:Dicentrine
5312:Bradykinin
5247:α-Sanshool
5215:Activators
5197:modulators
5139:Marination
5134:Herbal tea
5096:Australian
5092:By region
5067:Yuzu koshō
5057:Thuna paha
4997:Persillade
4750:Tonka bean
4686:Poppy seed
4594:Dried lime
4517:Fingerroot
4432:New Mexico
4340:Asafoetida
4172:Lemon balm
4130:Hoja santa
4110:Curry leaf
3852:0709051069
3841:. London:
3273:(3): 318.
3238:(2): 199.
3203:(3): 312.
2978:3 December
2437:22 January
2393:"basilica"
2295:References
2244:John Keats
2240:fourth day
2204:Macedonian
2097:In culture
2087:spp., and
2009:Nematicide
1948:adulticide
1626:Phosphorus
1177:caused by
1159:Black spot
1151:caused by
1060:greenhouse
1047:climates.
922:, and the
864:Thai basil
833:Napolitano
829:'Crispum')
819:'Minimum')
720:polymorphy
643:O. sanctum
633:Holy basil
427:Thai basil
406:in warmer
340:-im-əm bə-
7224:200019914
7211:200019914
7193:FloraBase
7005:See also:
6989:TRPV3-74a
6974:SB-705498
6969:SB-366791
6919:Lanthanum
6914:HC-067047
6834:Asivatrep
6695:Rutamarin
6559:Incensole
6509:Gingerols
6478:Estradiol
6454:, others)
6436:Carvacrol
6426:Capsaicin
6320:13-oxoODE
6310:12S-HpETE
6290:5',6'-EET
6090:Rutamarin
5989:Thio-BCTC
5942:Rutamarin
5872:Coolact P
5663:HC-030031
5528:olive oil
5424:Gingerols
5237:12S-HpETE
5149:Spice rub
5144:Seasoning
5111:Pakistani
4942:Idli podi
4913:Gochujang
4863:Crab boil
4780:Yuzu zest
4711:Sassafras
4599:Liquorice
4505:Fenugreek
4442:Cultivars
3782:1941-1413
3730:0066-4286
3689:231304158
3673:0066-4170
3618:0066-4170
3150:2052-7276
2965:africanum
2770:2052-7276
2235:Decameron
2176:Bulgarian
2137:carnation
2123:Herbalist
1928:estragole
1912:mosquitos
1810:Indonesia
1790:olive oil
1639:Potassium
1613:Manganese
1600:Magnesium
1519:Vitamin K
1506:Vitamin E
1493:Vitamin C
1463:Folate (B
1447:Vitamin B
1413:Niacin (B
1197:species.
1149:gray mold
1132:Seedlings
1076:volatiles
1064:row cover
909:Etymology
738:Cultivars
604:varieties
495:Timelapse
400:perennial
360:Lamiaceae
153:Species:
135:Lamiaceae
59:Kingdom:
7514:17600210
7509:Tropicos
7423:PalDat:
7341:2.143721
7289:10766169
7276:452874-1
7120:BioLib:
7045:Wikidata
6939:NGD-8243
6924:Mavatrep
6909:GRC-6211
6878:cannabis
6868:cannabis
6858:cannabis
6848:cannabis
6829:AMG-9810
6805:Blockers
6786:Vanillin
6781:Tramadol
6745:cannabis
6723:Shogaols
6656:Piperine
6420:cannabis
6410:cannabis
6388:rosemary
6305:12S-HETE
6300:9-oxoODE
6247:Blockers
6197:PI(4,5)P
6185:Blockers
6163:PI(3,5)P
6070:Ononetin
6055:Nicotine
6003:Blockers
5979:fructose
5971:tastants
5917:Linalool
5902:Geraniol
5862:CIM-0216
5753:Blockers
5668:Nicotine
5643:A-967079
5636:Blockers
5596:cannabis
5569:Shogaols
5514:Nicotine
5480:Linalool
5419:Formalin
5381:turmeric
5377:Curcumin
5351:cinnamon
5341:cannabis
5331:cannabis
5321:cannabis
5307:ASP-7663
5265:Acrolein
5088:Culinary
5062:Vadouvan
5037:Shichimi
4935:Húng lìu
4755:Turmeric
4740:Tamarind
4589:Korarima
4522:Galangal
4490:Deulkkae
4449:Cinnamon
4427:Jalapeño
4417:Chipotle
4365:Cardamom
4318:Allspice
4285:Woodruff
4275:Tarragon
4240:Rosemary
4205:Marjoram
4167:Lavender
4162:Kkaennip
4100:Culantro
4084:Bolivian
4033:Bay leaf
4005:Angelica
3911:2 August
3871:Archived
3822:2 August
3790:23244398
3738:12147760
3681:33417819
3626:21942843
3546:against
3487:. CABI.
3466:11 March
3434:Archived
3430:30844154
3392:28 March
3386:Archived
3376:(2024).
3360:26308033
3287:30764191
3252:30764112
3217:30812374
3168:30393542
3136:: 1–10.
3074:Archived
3037:2 August
3031:Archived
3000:Archived
2945:Archived
2871:12383625
2826:18511170
2788:31645942
2756:: 1–24.
2721:11170620
2599:2 August
2593:Archived
2556:2 August
2550:Archived
2431:Archived
2373:"Ocimum"
2351:Archived
2319:Archived
2284:Basileus
2278:See also
2261:Isabella
2199:bosiljak
2133:Portugal
2102:Religion
2017:against
1924:linalool
1888:Ayurveda
1766:blanched
1759:Culinary
1708:Quantity
1652:Selenium
1620:1.148 mg
1581:0.385 mg
1547:Quantity
1541:Minerals
1526:414.8 μg
1457:0.155 mg
1441:0.209 mg
1424:0.902 mg
1407:0.076 mg
1390:0.034 mg
1341:Quantity
1335:Vitamins
1118:Diseases
1105:foraging
953:antidote
949:basilisk
919:basilius
860:'Rubin')
650:Taxonomy
556:linalool
522:and the
461:such as
412:tropical
404:biennial
368:cuisines
131:Family:
125:Lamiales
115:Asterids
102:Eudicots
7608:Recipes
7323:MoBotPF
7237:2927096
7154:Ecocrop
6959:RN-9893
6954:RN-1734
6824:AMG-517
6790:vanilla
6759:oregano
6731:Sichuan
6709:(RTX) (
6685:Protons
6648:(e.g.,
6581:Menthol
6563:incense
6483:Eugenol
6440:oregano
6380:Camphor
6348:Allicin
6338:Sichuan
6325:20-HETE
6315:13-HODE
6158:ML2-SA1
6059:tobacco
6010:AMG-333
5983:sucrose
5975:glucose
5973:(e.g.,
5956:(e.g.,
5922:Menthol
5856:Calcium
5672:tobacco
5648:AM-0902
5577:Sichuan
5518:tobacco
5407:Lindera
5284:mustard
5270:Allicin
5255:Sichuan
5232:4,5-EET
5194:channel
5072:Za'atar
4967:Mitmita
4918:Harissa
4833:Berbere
4823:Baharat
4790:Zereshk
4785:Zedoary
4765:Vanilla
4728:huājiāo
4701:Saffron
4691:Radhuni
4671:Paprika
4656:Njangsa
4651:Nigella
4629:Mustard
4527:greater
4437:Tabasco
4412:Cayenne
4392:Charoli
4360:Caraway
4355:Camphor
4323:Amchoor
4235:Perilla
4230:Parsley
4225:Oregano
4220:Mitsuba
4215:Mugwort
4140:giấp cá
4120:Epazote
4091:rau răm
4057:Chervil
3440:21 June
3351:4555336
3159:6210194
3099:18 June
2996:"Basil"
2779:6804543
2637:Bibcode
2427:"Basil"
2213:bosilek
2208:босилек
2194:босиљак
2190:Serbian
2185:bosilek
2180:босилек
2078:Candida
1952:ovicide
1950:and an
1872:sharbat
1864:Ramadan
1847:Iranian
1815:kemangi
1786:Italian
1723:Betaine
1717:92.06 g
1685:0.81 mg
1594:3.17 mg
1561:Calcium
1513:0.80 mg
1500:18.0 mg
1487:11.4 mg
1480:Choline
1372:3142 μg
1301:Protein
1137:Pythium
1101:Female
875:Hybrids
572:myrcene
568:eugenol
536:achenes
528:corolla
520:stamens
459:hybrids
437:), and
376:variety
355:of the
351:, is a
141:Genus:
121:Order:
63:Plantae
7679:Ocimum
7470:PLANTS
7416:305911
7374:NZOR:
7328:281408
7172:579364
7108:ARKive
7087:174891
7084:APDB:
7074:AoFP:
7051:Q38859
6899:DHEA-S
6751:Thymol
6727:ginger
6650:4α-PDD
6513:ginger
6352:garlic
6334:ginger
6295:9-HODE
6192:ML-SI3
6153:ML-SA1
6148:MK6-83
5969:Sweet
5932:PMD 38
5912:Icilin
5765:DHEA-S
5657:celery
5573:ginger
5468:celery
5459:JT-010
5449:Icilin
5428:ginger
5391:celery
5296:wasabi
5288:radish
5274:garlic
5251:ginger
5106:Indian
4923:Hawaij
4878:Douchi
4853:Chaunk
4818:Advieh
4813:Adjika
4805:Blends
4775:Wasabi
4716:Sesame
4661:Nutmeg
4624:Mahleb
4619:Mastic
4554:Golpar
4544:Ginger
4539:Garlic
4532:lesser
4500:Fennel
4397:Chenpi
4377:Cassia
4308:Ajwain
4303:Aonori
4295:Spices
4270:Sorrel
4255:Savory
4200:Lovage
4147:Hyssop
4074:Cicely
4062:Chives
4052:Borage
4040:tejpat
3933:
3902:
3849:
3813:
3788:
3780:
3736:
3728:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3624:
3616:
3491:
3428:
3418:
3358:
3348:
3285:
3250:
3215:
3166:
3156:
3148:
3130:Nature
3066:
3023:
2961:Ocimum
2869:
2824:
2786:
2776:
2768:
2750:Nature
2719:
2625:L.)".
2585:
2542:
2081:spp.,
2075:spp.,
2035:, and
1999:, and
1960:thrips
1944:kaolin
1940:cowpea
1845:, the
1842:faluda
1838:Indian
1806:citral
1802:lemony
1727:0.4 mg
1665:Sodium
1659:0.3 μg
1646:295 mg
1574:Copper
1568:177 mg
1367:264 μg
1308:3.15 g
1284:0.64 g
1251:0.30 g
1247:Sugars
1240:2.65 g
1217:Energy
1145:foliar
1068:phenol
939:French
728:Ocimum
570:, and
524:pistil
469:) and
455:Ocimum
364:tender
357:family
344:-ik-əm
146:Ocimum
31:Basil
7654:Herbs
7591:Media
7552:Basil
7501:11649
7446:PFI:
7385:NZPCN
7367:39350
7315:32627
7302:36858
7284:IRMNG
7263:61398
7250:25478
7185:OCIBA
7146:48GBK
7133:12703
7123:41173
7100:85132
6889:DCDPC
6755:thyme
6491:clove
6487:basil
6444:thyme
6358:AM404
6285:2-APB
6171:SF-22
6143:EVP21
6127:TRPML
6025:DCDPC
5994:WS-12
5760:DCDPC
5611:onion
5488:thyme
5410:spp.)
5371:cumin
5302:AM404
5081:Lists
5047:Tajin
5042:Tabil
4883:Duqqa
4843:Buknu
4760:Uzazi
4735:Sumac
4721:Shiso
4644:white
4639:brown
4634:black
4584:Kokum
4469:Cumin
4464:Cubeb
4454:Clove
4402:Chili
4370:black
4328:Anise
4280:Thyme
4265:Shiso
4152:Jimbu
4105:Cress
4047:Boldo
4026:Lemon
4011:Basil
3996:Herbs
3764:(1).
3712:(1).
3685:S2CID
3653:(1).
3600:(1).
3128:(1).
2748:(1).
2666:L.".
2143:(see
2084:Mucor
1859:hột é
1856:, or
1822:Seeds
1784:, an
1782:pesto
1714:Water
1633:56 mg
1607:64 mg
1474:68 μg
1261:1.6 g
1166:genus
1163:fungi
1124:yield
965:India
924:Greek
915:Latin
761:, or
592:NADPH
586:from
576:clove
540:calyx
516:spike
514:, or
433:var.
410:with
390:. In
235:also
193:Basil
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
70:Clade
7625:Taxa
7524:4345
7483:POWO
7475:OCBA
7449:4689
7434:PfaF
7403:7103
7390:3204
7362:NCBI
7310:ITIS
7271:IPNI
7245:GRIN
7232:GBIF
7198:6907
7180:EPPO
7159:1547
7095:APNI
7077:1787
6894:DHEA
6839:BCTC
6733:and
6690:RhTx
6585:mint
6573:Low
6524:Heat
6458:DHEA
6340:and
6269:TRPV
6215:TRPP
6176:SN-2
6107:TPPO
5926:mint
5867:Cold
5851:BCTC
5830:TRPM
5810:Pyr3
5698:TRPC
5579:and
5257:and
5206:TRPA
4795:Zest
4696:Rose
4510:blue
4333:star
4250:Sage
4210:Mint
4125:Hemp
4115:Dill
4021:Thai
4016:Holy
3931:ISBN
3913:2013
3900:ISBN
3879:2012
3847:ISBN
3824:2013
3811:ISBN
3786:PMID
3778:ISSN
3734:PMID
3726:ISSN
3677:PMID
3669:ISSN
3622:PMID
3614:ISSN
3550:and
3489:ISBN
3468:2022
3442:2024
3426:PMID
3416:ISBN
3394:2024
3356:PMID
3309:2023
3283:PMID
3248:PMID
3213:PMID
3164:PMID
3146:ISSN
3101:2024
3064:ISBN
3039:2013
3021:ISBN
2980:2016
2897:2019
2867:PMID
2822:PMID
2784:PMID
2766:ISSN
2717:PMID
2601:2013
2583:ISBN
2558:2013
2540:ISBN
2484:2023
2439:2018
2359:2014
2327:2014
2170:and
2059:and
1967:and
1926:and
1906:and
1870:, a
1678:Zinc
1672:4 mg
1587:Iron
1524:346%
1201:Uses
1072:UV-B
1052:peat
590:and
558:and
449:can
266:-zəl
7532:WFO
7496:RHS
7349:NBN
7297:ISC
7219:FoC
7206:FNA
7167:EoL
7141:CoL
5960:) (
5192:TRP
4245:Rue
3770:doi
3718:doi
3659:doi
3606:doi
3566:doi
3554:".
3525:doi
3515:".
3382:FDA
3346:PMC
3336:doi
3275:doi
3240:doi
3205:doi
3154:PMC
3138:doi
3044:...
2859:doi
2855:109
2847:".
2814:doi
2774:PMC
2758:doi
2709:doi
2678:doi
2645:doi
2606:...
2563:...
2515:doi
2270:by
2258:'s
2228:In
2131:In
1890:or
1644:10%
1618:50%
1605:15%
1592:18%
1579:43%
1566:14%
1552:%DV
1498:20%
1472:17%
1370:29%
1365:29%
1346:%DV
1277:Fat
1078:in
1062:or
1001:by
941:as
686:by
606:of
477:).
445:).
414:or
402:or
386:to
342:ZIL
338:OSS
264:BAY
226:-əl
224:BAZ
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7534::
7511::
7498::
7485::
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7436::
7413::
7400::
7387::
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7338::
7325::
7312::
7299::
7286::
7273::
7260::
7247::
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7208::
7195::
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7169::
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7110::
7097::
7062::
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7010:•
6757:,
6729:,
6662:,
6575:pH
6489:,
6450:,
6446:,
6442:,
6398:,
6394:,
6390:,
6386:,
6336:,
5981:,
5977:,
5575:,
5486:,
5470:,
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5290:,
5286:,
5253:,
3869:.
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3776:.
3760:.
3746:^
3732:.
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3710:40
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2041:.
2029:,
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1894:.
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1683:7%
1670:0%
1657:1%
1631:4%
1511:5%
1485:2%
1455:9%
1439:4%
1422:6%
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