2543:
1476:
2107:
2115:
1374:
364:
1905:
1423:
36:
2096:
135:
2015:
Two sayings address this legal idiosyncrasy: "en
Navarra hubo antes leyes que reyes," and "en Aragón antes que rey hubo ley," both meaning that law developed and existed before the kings. The force of these principles required monarchs to accommodate to the laws. This situation sometimes strained
2003:
law but with an ever-increasing imprint of them. Typically their laws, arising from regional traditions and practices, were kept and transmitted orally. Because of this oral tradition, the Basque-language regions preserved their specific laws longer than did those
Pyrenean regions that adopted
2453:'s project, initially approved by Napoleon, to create a separate Basque state, but the French invasive attitude on the ground and the deadlock of the self-government project led the Basques to find help elsewhere, i.e. local liberal or moderate commanders and public figures supportive of the
1596:
for specific classes, estates, towns, or regions usually arose out of feudal power politics. Some historians believe monarchs were forced to concede some traditions in exchange for the general acknowledgment of his or her authority, that monarchs granted fueros to reward loyal subjection, or
2078:
The accession of French lineages to the throne of
Navarre brought a relationship between the king and the kingdom that was alien to the Basques. The resulting disagreements were a major factor in the 13th-century uprisings and clashes between different factions and communities, e.g. the
2569:) in Navarre (1841), which granted some administrative and fiscal prerogatives to the provincial government within Spain. The rest of the Basque districts managed to keep still for another 40 years a small status of self-government, definitely suppressed in 1876. The end of the
2585:. Navarre's status was less altered in 1876 than that of Gipuzkoa, Biscay, and Álava, due to the separate agreement signed in 1841 by officials of the Government of Navarre with the Spanish government accepting the transformation of the kingdom into a Spanish province.
2063:, he was pressured by burgers and nobility alike to swear he would abide his decisions by customary law and honour their customary rights and privileges. As a result, Theobald I appointed a commission to codify said laws; this resulted in the first written general
2509:
had protected from the full weight of absolutism, due to their readiness to respect region and kingdom specific legal systems and institutions. The defeat of the
Carlists in three successive wars resulted in continuing erosion of traditional Basque privileges.
3403:
Saguier, Eduardo R. (1994). "Las contradicciones entre el fuero militar y el poder político en el
Virreinato del Río de la Plata" [The contradictions between the military jurisdiction and the political power in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata].
2338:, the only cross-kingdom tribunal of his domains. There were frequent conflicts of jurisdiction between the Spanish Inquisition and regional civil authorities and bishops. Pérez escaped to France, but Philip's army invaded Aragon and executed its authorities.
2039:
from the 13th century onwards. They enshrined the traditional principle "laws before kings" both in
Aragonese and Navarrese law, justified the right to rebel against illegal royal decisions, and legitimised the existence of specific institutions such as the
3651:, 2ª ed. corr. y aum., ("History of the legislation and recitations of the civil law of Spain; 2nd edition corrected and augmented") Madrid : , 1868 (Impr. de los Sres. Gasset, Loma y compañia) p.; 8º mayr is available on the site of the
2542:
2313:
Despite vowing loyalty to the crown, the
Pyrenean Aragonese and Catalans kept their separate specific laws too, the "King of the Spains" represented a crown tying together different realms and peoples, as claimed by the Navarrese
1600:
In medieval
Castilian law, the king could assign privileges to certain groups. The classic example of such a privileged group was the Roman Catholic Church: the clergy did not pay taxes to the state, enjoyed the income via
2273:
The
Castilian kings took an oath to comply with the Basque laws in the different provinces of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. These provinces and Navarre kept their self-governing bodies and their own parliaments, i.e. the
2529:
to the
Pyrenees. The new borders protected the fledgling Basque industry from foreign competition and opened the Spanish market, but lost opportunities abroad since customs were imposed on the Pyrenees and the coast.
2465:
received no Basque input, ignored the Basque self-government, and was accepted begrudgingly by the Basques, overwhelmed by war events. For example, the 1812 Constitution was signed by Gipuzkoan representatives to a
2607:
in 1895, based in Biscay but aiming beyond the boundaries of each Basque district, seeking instead a confederation of the Basque districts. Arana, of a Carlist background, rejected the Spanish monarchy and founded
3509:
992:
2898:
was the first time that privileges extended to plebeians, which has been argued was a cause of debasing justice. Indigenous men were excluded from the military, and inter-ethnic conflicts occurred. The
2372:
took office as Prime Minister in Spain, and went on to take a tough approach on the Basque self-government and specific laws. Both fear and anger spread among the Basques at his uncompromising stance.
1535:, decreed the Fuero de León (1017), considered the earliest laws governing territorial and local life, as it applied to the entire kingdom, with certain provisions for the city of León. The various
2754:) in the Basque districts were restored, getting back significant powers. Other powers held historically by the chartered governments ("Diputación") were transferred to the new government of the
2640:
3073:
2758:
autonomous community. The Basque provinces still perform tax collection in their respective territories, coordinating with the Basque/Navarrese, Spanish, as well as European governments.
2643:, initially garnering a majority of the votes, but controversially failing to take off (Pamplona, 1932). Four years later and amid a climate of war, Basque nationalists supported the
2588:
Despite capitulation agreements acknowledging specific administrative and economic prerogatives, attempts of the Spanish government to bypass them spread malaise and anger in the
3647:
335:. The term implied these were not constitutions subject to debate and change by a sovereign people, but orders from the only legitimate source of authority, as in feudal times.
2286:. However, the prevailing Castilian rule prioritized the king's will. In addition, the ever more centralizing absolutism, especially after the accession to the throne of the
2467:
286:
has a wide range of meanings, depending upon its context. It has meant a compilation of laws, especially a local or regional one; a set of laws specific to an identified
3605:
2155:
failed to respect his father's will to keep Navarre and France separate. All specific relevant legal provisions and institutions (Parliament, Courts of Justice, etc.)
3162:
952:
2290:, increasingly devalued the laws specific to regions and realms—Basque provinces and the kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon—sparking uprisings (Matalaz's uprising in
2244:
2710:
by establishing a constitutional provision catering to historic Catalan and Basque political demands, and leaving open the possibility of establishing their own
2603:
The enthusiasm raised by the popular revolt in Navarre against the breach of war ending agreements made a deep impact on Sabino Arana, who went on to found the
2890:
In the eighteenth century, when Spain established a standing military in key areas of its overseas territory, privileges were extended to the military, the
2205:, as nobles, were theoretically excluded from torture and from the need to serve in the Spanish army, unless called for the defence of their own territory (
2414:
during the French Revolution and the new administrative arrangement, and was followed by the interruption of the customary cross-border trade between the
3103:[The Achive of the Royal Chancellery of Valladolid and the Hall of Biscay: Documentary Funds Produced by a Justice Court in the Ancient Regime].
2725:
and the ensuing passing of the restrictive LOAPA act, such possibility of autonomy got opened to whatever (reshaped) Spanish region demanded it (such as
3215:
759:
3101:"El archivo de la Real Chancilleria de Valladolid y la Sala de Vizcaya: fondos documentales producidos por una sala de justicia en el Antiguo Régimen"
2345:. The Aragonese count of Robres, one strongly opposing the abolition, put it down to Castilian centralism, stating that the royal prime minister, the
2785:(2013) claimed during its establishment (1979) and at later times the validity and continuity of the institutional framework for Navarre held during
1475:
1589:. In the letter Adams also commented on the substantial independence of the hereditary Basque Jauntxo families as the origin for their privileges.
674:
3537:
2859:, which gave the lower secular (diocesan) clergy privileges that separated them legally from their plebeian parishioners. The curtailment of the
1991:. The Basques and the Pyrenean peoples—as Romance language replaced Basque in many areas by the turn of the first millennium—governed themselves
819:
2055:
The Fueros de Sobrarbe first appear mentioned in the context of the ascension of the House of Champagne to the Navarrese throne. In 1234, when
1178:
3547:
3261:
3043:
2755:
2733:, etc.), even to those never struggling to have their separate identity recognized and always considering themselves invariably Spanish. The
1536:
1404:
2364:, the relations between the absolutist Spanish Crown and the Basque governing institutions were at breaking point. By the beginning of the
2693:
maintained a degree of autonomy unknown in the rest of Spain, with local telephone companies, provincial limited-bailiwick police forces (
2739:
took the shape of administrative districts and was ambiguous as to the actual recognition of separate identities, coming to be known as
2128:
922:
3348:
3285:
2805:
have disappeared from administrative law in Spain, (except for the Basque Country and Navarre), there are remnants of the old laws in
3297:
Campbell, Leon G. (July 1975). "The Changing Racial and Administrative Structure of the Peruvian Military under the Later Bourbons".
3589:
3567:
3225:
3016:
2625:
2411:
1944:
1462:
119:
2629:
2135:). In order to gain Navarrese loyalty, the Spanish Crown represented by the Aragonese Fernando upheld the kingdom's specific laws (
962:
854:
2396:
recognized the regional specific laws, the new order did not allow for such autonomy. The jigsaw puzzle of fiefs was divided into
2298:
revolts in the 17-18th centuries) and mounting tensions between the territorial governments and the Spanish central government of
3074:"Un ratón, una denuncia por injurias y la justicia exclusiva para vizcaínos: uno de los pleitos de la Chancillería de Valladolid"
2197:'s distribution of nobility was patchy but less widespread, since the Basque specific nobility only took hold in northern areas (
927:
3462:
Wood, James A. (2002). "The Burden of Citizenship: Artisans, Elections, and the Fuero Militar in Santiago de Chile, 1822-1851".
2360:. However, they could not escape the king's attempts (using military force) at centralization (1719–1723). In the run-up to the
932:
3703:
3652:
3541:
2735:
2730:
2711:
2578:
2415:
1757:
699:
523:
2474:
council representatives took an oath to the 1812 Constitution with the smell of smoke still wafting and surrounded by rubble.
2352:
The Basques managed to retain their specific status for a few years after 1714, as they had supported the claimant who became
1693:
already codified for one place were granted to another, with small changes, instead of crafting a new redaction from scratch.
3145:
2173:. The Basques had no uniform legal corpus of laws, which varied between valleys and seigneuries. Early on (14th century) all
1926:
1548:
1444:
57:
3174:
3648:
Historia de la legislación y recitaciones del derecho civil de España : Fueros de Navarra, Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa y Alava
2106:
1358:
937:
869:
684:
332:
2087:) to the king was conditioned on his upholding the traditions and customs of the kingdom, which were based on oral laws.
3360:
Archer, Christon I. (1974). "Pardos, Indians, and the Army of New Spain: Inter-Relationships and Conflicts, 1780-1810".
2703:
2331:
2163:
1984:
1267:
1222:
1183:
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1188:
2782:
2718:
itself was coined for the purpose, and neither Basques nor Catalans are specifically recognized by the Constitution.
2349:, had at last a free rein "for the kings of Spain to be independent of all laws save those of their own conscience."
839:
2714:. The Spanish Constitution speaks of "nationalities" and "historic territories", but does not define them. The term
100:
3693:
3683:
2809:. When the Civil Code was established in Spain (1888) some parts of it did not run in some regions. In places like
2259:
2168:
1562:
1217:
1007:
957:
824:
586:
452:
415:
3565:
Barrero García, Ana María (1989). "El Derecho local en la Edad Media y su formulación por los reyes castellanos".
72:
3678:
3551:
3201:
2868:
2582:
2471:
1782:
1762:
1397:
799:
2604:
1582:
1337:
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1022:
844:
405:
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2786:
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2068:
1816:
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977:
2624:, as he called them in Basque, "Old Law"). The competitive, Carlist vision of fueros was laid out in 1915 by
79:
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46:
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in the mid twentieth century. An attempt was made at restoring some kind of Basque self-government in the
2450:
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was enough to be secretary to the emperor). Other Basque regions had similar provisions. The reach of the
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1922:
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of the 19th century, hence the strong support for Carlism from the Basque Country and (especially in the
2706:
acknowledged "historical rights" and attempted to compromise in the old conflict between centralism and
2462:
2407:
2319:
2307:
2283:
2060:
2056:
1880:
1597:(especially in the case of towns or regions) the monarch simply acknowledged distinct legal traditions.
1509:
1343:
1235:
734:
636:
609:
566:
472:
307:
2041:
1172:
942:
754:
749:
239:, an open space used as a market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the
86:
2334:
escaped the death penalty by fleeing to Aragon. The king's only means to enforce the sentence was the
2927:
2915:
2574:
2357:
2342:
2299:
2152:
2016:
relations between the monarch and the kingdom, especially if the monarchs were alien to native laws.
1532:
1390:
1032:
581:
534:
529:
509:
482:
347:
291:
3516:(1800) Available (in Spanish) online through the Digital Library of the Sancho El Sabio Foundation.
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2648:
2439:
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2303:
2230:
1860:
1852:
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1211:
1165:
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849:
694:
488:
256:
68:
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3444:
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3385:
3377:
3322:
3314:
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2327:
2148:
2020:
1864:
1856:
1828:
1824:
967:
729:
504:
425:
2824:
These laws are not uniform. For example, in Biscay, different rules regulate inheritance in the
1775:
3615:
Introducción a la historia del Derecho chileno. I. Derechos propios y Derecho común en Castilla
2699:
in Alava, and Foral Police in Navarre), road works and some taxes to support local government.
3642:
3585:
3344:
3281:
3257:
3221:
3141:
3108:
3039:
3012:
2958:
2935:
2814:
2613:
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2558:
2502:
2490:
2353:
2346:
2005:
1988:
1804:
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is a contentious one that influences government and law in the present day. The king of León,
1480:
1348:
1291:
1145:
1083:
834:
739:
641:
203:
3531:
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3698:
3673:
3584:. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencias Jurídicas.
3471:
3436:
3369:
3306:
2968:
2663:
2659:
2434:—, including the imposition (fleetingly) of alien names to villages and towns—period of the
2393:
2310:
dangerous to the royal authority and condemning "its spirit of independence and liberties."
2279:
2226:
1868:
1790:
1513:
1302:
1017:
912:
897:
789:
779:
709:
430:
400:
322:
311:
277:
186:
169:
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3582:
Textos de Derecho local español en la Edad Media. Catálogo de Fueros y Costums municipales
3534:
in the Spanish-language Knowledge; last updated from the version dated 11:44 23 Sep, 2004.
2880:
2832:). Modern jurists try to modernize the foral family laws while keeping with their spirit.
2810:
2667:
2573:
saw the Carlists strong in the Basque districts succumb to the Spanish troops led by King
2551:
2446:
2361:
2287:
2000:
1378:
1205:
1131:
1070:
1056:
1002:
972:
907:
874:
859:
784:
744:
689:
614:
385:
240:
220:
150:
3523:- discussion of fueros on the official web site of the Navarrese government (in Spanish).
3062:
during this period holds an ambiguous meaning, it often refers to the Basques in general.
2024:
1844:
1284:
2666:
led in turn to a suppression of Basque culture, including banning the public use of the
2973:
2884:
2844:
2821:
are still governed by local laws. This has led to peculiar forms of land distribution.
2635:
The high-water mark of a restoration of Basque autonomy in recent times came under the
2561:, the new class of Navarre negotiated separately from the rest of Basque districts the
2481:
Era, the level of autonomy for the Basque regions within Spain has varied. The cry for
2398:
2186:
2178:
1973:
1618:
1353:
1050:
1027:
879:
704:
659:
591:
514:
476:
380:
3427:
Archer, Christon I. (May 1981). "The Role of the Military in Colonial Latin America".
1373:
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continued to be recognized by the Mexican state until the mid-nineteenth century. As
2458:
2156:
2140:
2009:
1872:
1116:
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917:
764:
461:
234:
2597:
2389:
2385:
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2212:
1992:
1544:
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997:
902:
829:
809:
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719:
679:
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626:
544:
457:
441:
395:
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287:
225:
93:
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2818:
2234:
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were subsequently used as the legal foundation for most Navarrese and Aragonese
1904:
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1682:
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1528:
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1102:
814:
794:
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35:
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courts tried churchmen for criminal offenses. Another example was the powerful
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2923:
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2707:
2267:
1840:
1836:
1551:
1261:
1228:
1095:
769:
724:
576:
549:
519:
446:
3112:
2139:) allowing the region to continue to function under its historic laws, while
3196:
3163:"Las Instituciones del Reino de Navarra durante la Edad Moderna (1512-1808)"
2995:
A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America
2907:
2518:
2494:
2119:
1996:
1678:
1645:
1622:
1610:
1318:
1313:
1278:
1199:
804:
664:
571:
17:
2498:
3475:
363:
2686:
2678:
2655:
2478:
2427:
2194:
2174:
2132:
2080:
2028:
1820:
1674:
1644:. This resulted in a lack of opportunity, and Spaniards emigrated to the
1512:, the military, and certain regions that fell under the same monarchy as
315:
3413:
2600:
bore witness to the popular revolt as a Biscayne envoy to the protests.
2418:(holding minor internal customs or duties), the mass deportation to the
2388:—also referred to in a Spanish context as "unitarism", unrelated to the
2008:
developed along less feudal lines than those of surrounding realms. The
1625:
after that land was reconquered by Spanish Christians from the Muslims (
3483:
3105:
Clío & Crímen: Revista del Centro de Historia del Crimen de Durango
2949:
also was an issue concerning the rights and privileges of citizenship.
2922:
by eliminating special privileges of the clerics and the military. The
2762:
2690:
2651:
2522:
2486:
2423:
1929: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1832:
1586:
1447: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1323:
1273:
3520:
3448:
3381:
3318:
2071:, enacted in 1238 and which drew its legal foundation from the fabled
1677:
and of commercial routes. These laws regulated the governance and the
1617:
organization, composed of wealthy sheepherders, who were granted vast
3622:
García-Gallo, Alfonso (1956). "Aportación al estudio de los Fueros".
2674:
2431:
2202:
2190:
2144:
2019:
This tradition of "laws before kings" was enshrined in the legendary
1602:
1574:
1555:
1484:
947:
435:
146:
2894:, which had an impact on the colonial legal system and society. The
2341:
In 1714 the Catalan and Aragonese specific laws and self-government
273:; all of these words have related, but somewhat different meanings.
3440:
3310:
3540:, a collection of the local Medieval charters of several towns in
2863:
has been seen as a reason why so many clerics participated in the
2291:
2225:
was not limited by the territory. Biscayans in other parts of the
2105:
2094:
1641:
1614:
1606:
1517:
1474:
466:
268:
229:
134:
2769:("Betterment of the Fuero"), and the official name of Navarre is
2722:
2647:-leaning Republic as ardently as they had earlier supported the
2526:
1670:
1501:
2075:
to justify the king's authority being subjected to the Fuero.
1898:
1416:
29:
3580:
Barrero García, Ana María y Alonso Martín, María Luz (1989).
3256:(2nd ed.). Pamplona-Iruñea, Spain: Pamiela. p. 23.
2477:
During the two centuries since the French Revolution and the
1527:, other bodies of law (including the role of precedent), and
2918:
gained power, they sought to implement the liberal ideal of
1706:
362:
2998:(1786) The Biscayan Fueros are discussed in his letter IV.
2761:
Today, the act regulating the powers of the government of
2485:(meaning regional autonomy) was one of the demands of the
2118:
Spain in 1850, with the colors representing the different
3406:
Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe
2215:, remarked humorously that writing and reading and being
1605:
of local landholding, and were not subject to the civil
2422:
of thousands of residents in the bordering villages of
2159:, and critical powers transferred to the French Crown.
3511:
Noticias históricas de las tres provincias vascongadas
2177:
were granted noble status, several Navarrese valleys (
1520:, but were not fully integrated into those countries.
3641:
A digitized version of Amalio Marichalar, Marqués de
2938:, and rallied allies to their cause with the slogan
2384:
The 1789 Revolution brought the rise of the Jacobin
1980:, applying to the northern regions of the Pyrenees.
2110:
Compilation of the Fueros and Acts of Aragon (1592)
1966:most often refers to the historic and contemporary
1640:helped impede the economic development of southern
1547:. This view was accepted by some others, including
1508:to certain groups or communities, most notably the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2505:was sustained militarily mainly by those whom the
1983:The whole central and western Pyrenean region was
1972:or charters of certain regions, especially of the
2934:mobilized Mexico's conservatives, which fought a
2883:that alienated the Mexican population, including
2243:("Biscay Hall") at the top court of Castile, the
1659:During the Reconquista, the feudal lords granted
2903:presented some contradictions in colonial rule.
2843:During the colonial era in Spanish America, the
2781:. The reactionary governmental party in Navarre
2193:saw their universal nobility confirmed in 1525.
266:
260:
3036:Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla
2746:However, the provincial chartered governments (
2662:). The defeat of the Republic by the forces of
2470:wielding menacingly a sword, and tellingly the
2143:remained independent, but increasingly tied to
2091:Relations with the crown and rise of absolutism
300:, comparable to a military code of justice, or
2789:(1936–1975), considering the present regional
2059:inherited the Navarrese throne from his uncle
310:). In many of these senses, its equivalent in
3217:Philip V of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice
3140:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
3131:
3129:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2879:was seen by the Church as another act of the
2238:
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1398:
326:
301:
295:
281:
209:
192:
175:
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8:
3604:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2777:('chartered') being the adjectival form for
1483:receives from Vidal de Canyelles, Bishop of
250:
244:
3247:
3245:
2681:as "traitor provinces" and cancelled their
2445:Some Basques saw a way forward in the 1808
2248:
2102:or law compilation of Biscay (16th century)
2031:. Although a 13th-century fabrication, the
232:
3034:Monreal, Gregorio; Jimeno, Roldan (2012).
2149:King Henry III of Navarre and IV of France
1405:
1391:
342:
2793:an "improvement" of its previous status.
1945:Learn how and when to remove this message
1463:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3167:Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos
2541:
2521:, who welcomed the extension of Spanish
2113:
1962:In contemporary Spanish usage, the word
1539:provinces also generally regarded their
133:
3624:Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español
3252:Etxegoien (Xamar), Juan Carlos (2009).
2985:
2685:. However, the pro-Franco provinces of
2513:The Carlist land-based small nobility (
2023:, claimed to have been enacted by king
1673:, to encourage the colonization of the
1500:dates back to the medieval period: the
354:
3597:
3173:(46). Eusko Ikaskuntza. Archived from
2906:In post-independence Mexico, formerly
2546:Spanish satiric depiction against the
2412:self-government was suppressed in 1790
1179:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action
3526:Much of the discussion of the Basque
2855:. The crown attempted to curtail the
2356:, a king hailing from the lineage of
2012:are another example of Pyrenean law.
1976:. The equivalent for French usage is
219:
202:
185:
168:
7:
2592:, ultimately leading to the 1893–94
1987:in the early Middle Ages within the
1927:adding citations to reliable sources
1794:Gonzalo, Constanza and Jimena Osorio
1445:adding citations to reliable sources
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3613:Barrientos Grandon, Javier (1994).
3521:"Los Fueros de Navarra: Exposición"
3278:Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico
3161:Usunáriz Garayoa, Jesús M. (2001).
3107:(in European Spanish) (10): 13–34.
3009:Spain and Portugal in the New World
2501:. The Carlist effort to restore an
1634:Spain and Portugal in the New World
2306:, to the point of considering the
2083:. The loyalty of the Basques (the
25:
3568:Anales de la Universidad de Chile
3362:Journal of Latin American Studies
3011:. 1984, Univ of Minnesota Press,
2945:For post-independence Chile, the
2162:Since the high Middle Ages, many
2131:between 1512 and 1528 (up to the
1689:aspects of the places. Often the
228:and concept. The word comes from
3341:The 'Fuero Militar' in New Spain
2051:in the High and Late Middle Ages
2004:Romance languages. For example,
1903:
1421:
1372:
34:
3072:Camazón, Alba (5 August 2024).
2867:, including insurgency leaders
2736:State of Autonomous Communities
2322:'s last trustee. The Aragonese
2237:in cases involving them to the
1914:needs additional citations for
1632:). Lyle N. McAlister writes in
1504:could concede or acknowledge a
1487:, the first compilation of the
1432:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
2630:Teodoro de Arana y Beláustegui
2579:self-government was suppressed
2402:, based on administrative and
2390:religious view of similar name
1796:Pedro Pérez and Fernando Cídez
1549:President of the United States
1491:(the "Fueros of Aragon"), 1247
27:Spanish legal term and concept
1:
3617:. Santiago: Barroco Libreros.
2942:("religion and privileges").
2828:, than in the country towns (
2673:The Franco regime considered
2129:conquered and annexed Navarre
1648:to escape these constraints.
1573:as granting or acknowledging
1543:as tantamount to a municipal
1359:Common good constitutionalism
3653:Biblioteca Nacional Española
3544:, in old Castilian or Latin.
3099:Emperador, Cristina (2013).
2743:, or 'coffee for everyone'.
2704:Spanish Constitution of 1978
2147:, a process completed after
2027:in the 850s in the pyrenean
1758:Gutierre Fernández de Castro
1223:Popular Representation Party
1184:Brazilian Integralist Action
3038:. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela.
2865:Mexican War of Independence
2189:, etc.) followed suit, and
1577:. In the contrasting view,
1189:Brazilian Integralist Front
3720:
3408:(in Spanish) (56): 55–73.
2771:Comunidad Foral de Navarra
2538:after suppression in Spain
2410:, what little remained of
2330:when his former secretary
2245:Chancillería de Valladolid
2157:were devalued in 1620–1624
1569:, 1786) This view regards
1563:United States Constitution
587:Traditionalist Catholicism
453:Doctrine of the two swords
3550:at the Dictionary of the
3374:10.1017/S0022216X0000897X
3220:. Yale University Press.
2626:Eustaquio Echave-Sustaeta
2343:were violently suppressed
1218:Palmarian Catholic Church
2723:1981 coup d'état attempt
2654:(note that contemporary
2605:Basque Nationalist Party
2517:) lost power to the new
2406:, not tradition. In the
2247:("Court of last resort (
2081:borough wars of Pamplona
2069:Fuero General de Navarra
1993:by a native set of rules
1985:inhabited by the Basques
1124:Pascendi Dominici Gregis
1078:El liberalismo es pecado
1064:De regno, ad regem Cypri
555:Political traditionalism
406:Catholic social teaching
325:'s regime used the term
3508:Llorente, Juan Antonio
3136:Collins, Roger (1990).
2920:equality before the law
2885:American-born Spaniards
2767:Amejoramiento del Fuero
2637:Second Spanish Republic
2166:had been born into the
2057:Theobald I of Champagne
1786:Martín and Elvira Pérez
1561:as a precedent for the
1194:Catholic and Royal Army
1089:Famuli vestrae pietatis
3704:Legal history of Spain
3552:Real Academia Española
3514:. Tomo II, Capitulo I.
3202:Auñamendi Encyclopedia
2930:'s abolition of those
2712:autonomous communities
2554:
2457:, or the conservative
2451:Dominique-Joseph Garat
2347:Count-Duke of Olivares
2239:
2233:. They could take the
2221:
2126:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2122:
2111:
2103:
1799:Ermengol VII of Urgell
1783:Manrique Pérez de Lara
1763:Pedro González de Lara
1592:In practice, distinct
1492:
1146:O que é o Integralismo
561:Res publica Christiana
367:
327:
302:
296:
282:
267:
261:
251:
245:
233:
210:
193:
176:
159:
154:
139:Ferdinand the Catholic
3532:es:Nacionalismo vasco
3476:10.1353/tam.2002.0030
3254:The Country of Basque
3214:Kamen, Henry (2001).
3080:(in European Spanish)
2787:Franco's dictatorship
2596:uprising in Navarre.
2545:
2463:Constitution of Cadiz
2408:French Basque Country
2392:. Whereas the French
2326:were an obstacle for
2320:Parliament of Navarre
2308:Parliament of Navarre
2284:Parliament of Navarre
2117:
2109:
2098:
2061:Sancho VII of Navarre
1877:Villavaruz de Ríoseco
1817:San Cebrián de Campos
1698:List of aristocratic
1510:Roman Catholic Church
1478:
1344:Person Dignity Theory
567:Sun and Moon allegory
473:Divine right of kings
366:
321:In the 20th century,
308:Roman Catholic Church
137:
3007:McAlister, Lyle N.,
2928:Constitution of 1857
2575:Alfonso XII of Spain
2404:ideological concerns
2358:Henry III of Navarre
2280:territorial councils
2153:Louis XIII of France
1923:improve this article
1892:Basque and Pyrenean
1778:and Teresa Fernández
1523:The relations among
1441:improve this article
1139:Mes idées politiques
582:Traditional monarchy
535:National syndicalism
530:National Catholicism
510:Integral nationalism
483:Ecclesiastical court
333:the fundamental laws
54:improve this article
3429:The History Teacher
3339:Lyle N. McAlister,
3177:on 12 November 2013
2851:to the clergy, the
2813:and Catalonia, the
2583:Economic Agreements
2581:and converted into
2461:. The 1812 Spanish
2440:War of the Pyrenees
2436:National Convention
2366:War of the Pyrenees
2336:Spanish Inquisition
2231:extraterritoriality
1853:Pozuelo de la Orden
1379:Politics portal
1298:Clerico-nationalism
489:Error has no rights
3538:Fueros de la Rioja
2873:José María Morelos
2857:fuero eclesiástico
2853:fuero eclesiástico
2839:in Spanish America
2815:marriage contracts
2641:Statute of Estella
2610:Basque nationalism
2577:and their reduced
2555:
2123:
2112:
2104:
2073:Fueros of Sobrarbe
2042:Justicia de Aragón
2033:Fueros de Sobrarbe
2029:valley of Sobrarbe
2021:Fueros de Sobrarbe
1881:Cifuentes de Rueda
1609:. Church-operated
1493:
675:Barbey d'Aurevilly
505:Integral Education
426:Counter-revolution
368:
306:, specific to the
303:fuero eclesiástico
226:Spanish legal term
155:
3694:Politics of Spain
3684:Legal terminology
3263:978-84-7681-478-9
3045:978-84-7681-736-0
2959:Fueros of Navarre
2940:religión y fueros
2875:. Removal of the
2571:Third Carlist War
2559:First Carlist War
2525:borders from the
2503:absolute monarchy
2491:First Carlist War
2354:Philip V of Spain
2318:, as well as the
1995:, different from
1989:Duchy of Vasconia
1955:
1954:
1947:
1888:
1887:
1767:Estefanía Sánchez
1636:that the Mesta's
1481:James I of Aragon
1473:
1472:
1465:
1415:
1414:
1349:Orthodox Peronism
1292:Sodalitium Pianum
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3711:
3679:Spanish language
3631:
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3459:
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3452:
3424:
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3394:
3393:
3357:
3351:
3343:. reprint 2012.
3337:
3331:
3330:
3294:
3288:
3280:. Athlone 1968.
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3069:
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3049:
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3005:
2999:
2990:
2969:Furs de Valencia
2926:and the liberal
2916:Mexican liberals
2748:Diputación Foral
2727:Castile and León
2702:The post-Franco
2664:Francisco Franco
2660:Francisco Franco
2612:on the basis of
2590:Basque districts
2550:embodied in the
2468:general Castaños
2416:Basque districts
2265:
2262:
2256:
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2250:
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2227:Crown of Castile
2224:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1907:
1899:
1869:Almaraz de Duero
1791:Ponce de Minerva
1707:
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1461:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1425:
1417:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1377:
1376:
1303:Clerical fascism
1212:Milícia Catalana
1166:Action Française
500:Gelasian Diarchy
431:Decentralization
401:Authoritarianism
343:
330:
323:Francisco Franco
312:medieval England
305:
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3559:Further reading
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2881:Bourbon Reforms
2841:
2799:
2741:café para todos
2668:Basque language
2628:and in 1921 by
2552:Tree of Gernika
2540:
2447:Bayonne Statute
2382:
2376:The end of the
2362:Napoleonic Wars
2263:
2257:
2254:
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2240:Sala de Vizcaya
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1780:María Fernández
1779:
1776:Osorio Martínez
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1554:. He cited the
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1449:
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1371:
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1363:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1206:Integrist Party
1173:Acción Española
1160:
1152:
1151:
1132:El Siglo Futuro
1084:Papal documents
1071:Treatise on Law
1057:The City of God
1046:
1038:
1037:
893:
885:
884:
655:
647:
646:
632:Israeli/Zionist
605:
597:
596:
572:Social Kingship
416:Confessionalism
386:Anti-liberalism
376:
341:
339:Characteristics
331:for several of
216:
204:[ˈfɔɾʊ]
199:
182:
165:
141:confirming the
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3689:Basque history
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3660:
3657:
3656:
3637:
3636:External links
3634:
3633:
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3590:
3577:
3575:(20): 105–130.
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3470:(3): 443–469.
3454:
3441:10.2307/493419
3435:(3): 413–421.
3419:
3395:
3368:(2): 231–255.
3352:
3349:978-1258418892
3332:
3311:10.2307/980405
3305:(1): 117–133.
3289:
3286:978-0485131215
3276:N.M. Farriss,
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2953:List of fueros
2951:
2924:Liberal Reform
2869:Miguel Hidalgo
2845:Spanish Empire
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2798:
2795:
2756:Basque Country
2567:Compromise Act
2563:Ley Paccionada
2539:
2534:Echoes of the
2532:
2381:
2374:
2294:1660, regular
2211:'s character,
2092:
2089:
2052:
2046:
2044:, designed to
1974:Basque regions
1959:
1956:
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1952:
1911:
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1805:Froila Ramírez
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2947:fuero militar
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2901:fuero militar
2897:
2896:fuero militar
2893:
2892:fuero militar
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:Foru Aldundia
2749:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2472:San Sebastián
2469:
2464:
2460:
2459:Ferdinand VII
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:(1793–1795).
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:Ancien Régime
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:Antonio Pérez
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:Lower Navarre
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:Fors de Bearn
2007:
2006:Navarrese law
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1938:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1912:This section
1910:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Barruecopardo
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:Gutierre Díaz
1800:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1773:Íñigo Jiménez
1771:
1764:
1760:and Toda Díaz
1759:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1731:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1652:Aristocratic
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:granted by a
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1430:This section
1428:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:Organizations
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1117:Rerum novarum
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:Immortale Dei
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
918:Constantine I
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
889:
888:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
607:
601:
600:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
525:
524:Accidentalism
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
490:
486:
484:
481:
478:
474:
471:
468:
465:
463:
462:Cooperativism
459:
456:
454:
451:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
365:
361:
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
338:
336:
334:
329:
324:
319:
317:
314:would be the
313:
309:
304:
298:
297:fuero militar
294:(for example
293:
289:
284:
279:
274:
271:
270:
263:
258:
253:
247:
242:
237:
236:
231:
227:
222:
214:
212:
205:
197:
195:
188:
180:
178:
171:
163:
161:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3646:
3630:. p 387-446.
3627:
3623:
3614:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3527:
3515:
3510:
3467:
3464:The Americas
3463:
3457:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3405:
3398:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3340:
3335:
3302:
3299:The Americas
3298:
3292:
3277:
3272:
3253:
3231:. Retrieved
3216:
3209:
3195:
3191:
3181:14 September
3179:. Retrieved
3175:the original
3170:
3166:
3156:
3137:
3116:. Retrieved
3104:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3077:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3035:
3008:
3003:
2994:
2992:Adams, John
2988:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:tierra llana
2829:
2825:
2823:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2720:
2715:
2701:
2694:
2682:
2672:
2634:
2621:
2617:
2602:
2598:Sabino Arana
2593:
2587:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2535:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2482:
2476:
2454:
2444:
2399:départements
2397:
2386:nation state
2383:
2377:
2370:Manuel Godoy
2351:
2340:
2323:
2315:
2312:
2295:
2276:diputaciones
2275:
2272:
2235:appellations
2216:
2213:Sancho Panza
2206:
2167:
2161:
2136:
2124:
2099:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2036:
2032:
2025:Iñigo Arista
2018:
2014:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1941:
1932:
1921:Please help
1916:verification
1913:
1893:
1845:Castrocalbón
1812:
1811:
1788:Sancha Ponce
1753:
1752:
1729:
1711:
1710:
1699:
1690:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1545:constitution
1540:
1524:
1522:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:Furs d'Aragó
1488:
1459:
1450:
1439:Please help
1434:verification
1431:
1336:
1331:Nacionalismo
1329:
1306:
1290:
1285:Neocatólicos
1283:
1266:
1234:
1227:
1210:
1198:
1171:
1164:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
559:
545:Panhispanism
458:Distributism
442:Municipalism
434:
396:Anti-Zionism
391:Anti-Masonry
320:
275:
208:
191:
174:
157:
156:
142:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Basque fuero
3530:comes from
3233:16 November
3197:Inquisición
3138:The Basques
3078:ElDiario.es
2819:inheritance
2797:Private law
2716:nationality
2614:Catholicism
2519:bourgeoisie
2300:Charles III
2208:Don Quixote
1857:Villarratel
1829:Guadalajara
1825:Villarmildo
1807:and Sancha
1770:Alfonso VII
1629:Reconquista
1529:sovereignty
1516:or, later,
1308:Estado Novo
1103:Quanta Cura
892:Politicians
730:Fontcuberta
540:Natural law
495:Familialism
421:Corporatism
411:Common good
356:Integralism
3663:Categories
3503:References
3147:0631175652
3058:Note that
2807:family law
2721:After the
2708:federalism
2658:supported
2649:right-wing
2557:After the
2479:Napoleonic
2316:diputación
2304:Charles IV
2268:Valladolid
2175:Gipuzkoans
2120:bailiwicks
1865:Villalobos
1841:Benafarces
1837:Villalonso
1813:Grantee(s)
1754:Grantor(s)
1583:privileges
1567:A defense…
1565:. (Adams,
1552:John Adams
1262:Legitimism
1236:Viva Maria
1229:Sanfedisti
1096:Mirari Vos
1033:de Villèle
1023:dos Santos
1018:Santamaria
870:Valdivieso
845:dos Santos
790:Meinvielle
745:Gelasius I
710:Eyzaguirre
695:Castellani
577:Solidarity
550:Patriotism
520:Monarchism
447:Organicism
375:Principles
257:Portuguese
255:, and the
80:newspapers
3600:cite book
3492:126534661
3390:145494084
3327:147578712
3113:1698-4374
2936:civil war
2908:New Spain
2847:extended
2791:statu quo
2622:Lagi-Zaŕa
2495:Catalonia
2328:Philip II
2296:Matxinada
2203:Biscaynes
2201:, etc.).
2191:Biscaynes
1646:New World
1623:Andalusia
1533:Alfonso V
1338:El Yunque
1319:Francoism
1314:Falangism
1279:Miguelism
1268:Federales
1200:Cristeros
928:Fernández
923:Estévanez
913:Clavarana
860:Taparelli
690:de Bonald
665:Augustine
610:Brazilian
200:Galician:
3542:La Rioja
3414:25675617
3239:, p. 222
3118:6 August
3084:6 August
3060:Biscayne
2731:Valencia
2679:Gipuzkoa
2656:Carlists
2652:Carlists
2594:Gamazada
2515:jauntxos
2487:Carlists
2428:Itxassou
2380:in Spain
2288:Bourbons
2278:and the
2260:chancery
2217:Biscayne
2171:nobility
2133:Pyrenees
1958:Approach
1935:May 2024
1821:Tardajos
1675:frontier
1663:to some
1556:Biscayan
1453:May 2024
1251:See also
1008:Rocamora
988:Olazábal
968:Louis IX
880:Veuillot
875:Vermeule
850:Sardinha
760:González
705:Delassus
654:Thinkers
637:Lusitano
622:Catholic
604:Variants
467:Guildism
348:a series
346:Part of
316:custumal
183:Catalan:
166:Spanish:
151:Guernica
110:May 2023
3699:Carlism
3674:Navarre
3643:Montesa
3484:1007862
3200:at the
2811:Galicia
2765:is the
2763:Navarre
2696:miñones
2691:Navarre
2523:customs
2426:—Sara,
2424:Labourd
2252:
2179:Salazar
2169:hidalgo
2164:Basques
2085:Navarri
1833:Yanguas
1765:and Eva
1717:1127–47
1683:process
1587:monarch
1514:Castile
1324:Tacuara
1274:Carlism
1028:Senante
1013:Sánchez
1003:Quiroga
983:Nocedal
973:Maurras
963:Larraín
908:Barroso
903:Ahimeir
898:Abascal
865:Urquiza
840:Salvany
835:Salgado
820:le Play
810:Pius IX
785:Maurras
775:Madiran
715:Ezcurra
660:Aquinas
642:Spanish
278:Spanish
224:) is a
217:Basque:
153:in 1476
94:scholar
69:"Fuero"
3669:Basque
3588:
3528:fueros
3490:
3482:
3449:493419
3447:
3412:
3388:
3382:156182
3380:
3347:
3325:
3319:980405
3317:
3284:
3260:
3224:
3144:
3111:
3042:
3015:
2932:fueros
2912:fueros
2849:fueros
2837:Fueros
2826:villas
2803:fueros
2801:While
2683:fueros
2675:Biscay
2618:fueros
2548:fueros
2536:fueros
2507:fueros
2499:Aragón
2483:fueros
2455:fueros
2432:Ascain
2420:Landes
2378:fueros
2324:fueros
2187:Baztan
2183:Roncal
2151:died.
2145:France
2137:fueros
2067:, the
2049:Fueros
2037:Fueros
2001:Gothic
1969:fueros
1964:fueros
1894:fueros
1883:
1849:Molina
1732:. 1154
1700:fueros
1691:fueros
1671:cities
1666:villas
1661:fueros
1654:fueros
1607:courts
1603:tithes
1594:fueros
1579:fueros
1575:rights
1571:fueros
1559:fueros
1541:fueros
1537:Basque
1525:fueros
1485:Huesca
993:du Pin
978:Moreno
948:Josias
933:García
855:Solana
825:Raposo
815:Pius X
795:Ousset
780:Maeztu
765:Groulx
700:Cuesta
680:Billot
670:Balmes
627:French
436:Fueros
328:fueros
292:estate
259:terms
243:terms
241:French
147:Biscay
143:fueros
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3548:Fuero
3488:S2CID
3480:JSTOR
3445:JSTOR
3410:JSTOR
3386:S2CID
3378:JSTOR
3323:S2CID
3315:JSTOR
2980:Notes
2877:fuero
2861:fuero
2779:fuero
2775:foral
2687:Álava
2493:) in
2292:Soule
2266:) of
2222:fuero
2199:Ayala
2195:Álava
2100:Fuero
2065:fuero
1997:Roman
1861:Azaña
1748:1198
1687:civil
1679:penal
1642:Spain
1638:fuero
1615:Mesta
1581:were
1518:Spain
1506:fuero
1497:Fuero
1479:King
1045:Works
943:Gómez
938:Gomar
830:Reale
800:Pemán
755:Gómez
750:Genta
740:Gaume
720:Feser
685:Blanc
288:class
283:fuero
280:term
269:foral
252:foire
235:forum
230:Latin
207:) or
160:Fuero
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