132:
229:
120:
2635:
33:
2531:(or flanking) fire against any attackers on the outer edge of the ditch and also any who should reach the base of any of the walls. The indentations in the base of each point on the star sheltered cannons. Those cannons would have a clear line of fire directly down the edge of the neighbouring points, while their point of the star was protected by fire from the base of those points. The evolution of these ideas can be seen in transitional fortifications such as
101:
61:
2886:
5392:
2605:
2544:
2810:
2698:
131:
148:
2975:
83:
41:
2686:
2665:
purpose-built fortifications would often have a brick fascia because of the material's ability to absorb the shock of artillery fire, many improvised defences cut costs by leaving this stage out and instead opting for more earth. Improvisation could also consist of lowering medieval round towers and infilling them with earth to strengthen the structures.
2678:
2272:
2524:
A further and more subtle change was to move from a passive model of defence to an active one. The lower walls were more vulnerable to being stormed, and the protection that the earthen banking provided against direct fire failed if the attackers could occupy the slope on the outside of the ditch and
2664:
in 1544 bankrupted itself to pay for its defences. For this reason, bastion forts were often improvised from earlier defences. Medieval curtain walls were torn down, and a ditch was dug in front of them. The earth used from the excavation was piled behind the walls to create a solid structure. While
2577:
The key to the fort's defence moved to the outer edge of the ditch surrounding the fort, known as the covered way, or covert way. Defenders could move relatively safely in the cover of the ditch and could engage in active countermeasures to keep control of the glacis, the open slope that lay outside
3062:
2315:
proved vulnerable to damage or destruction when attackers directed cannon fire on to perpendicular masonry wall. In addition, attackers that could get close to the wall were able to conduct undermining operations in relative safety, as the defenders could not shoot at them from nearby walls, until
49:
2573:
commanded the slopes which defended walls deeper in the complex from direct fire. The defending cannon were not simply intended to deal with attempts to storm the walls, but to actively challenge attacking cannon and deny them approach close enough to the fort to engage in direct fire against the
2600:
Firing emplacements for defending cannon were heavily defended from bombardment by external fire, but open towards the inside of the fort, not only to diminish their usefulness to the attacker should they be overcome, but also to allow the large volumes of smoke that the defending cannon would
2945:
in early modern Europe, and the difficulty of taking such fortifications, is what resulted in a profound change in military strategy, most importantly, Parker argued, an increase in army sizes necessary to attack these forts. "Wars became a series of protracted sieges", Parker suggests, and
2497:
The rounded shape that had previously been dominant for the design of turrets created "dead space", or "dead zones", which were relatively sheltered from defending fire, because direct fire from other parts of the defences could not be directed around curved walls. To prevent this, what had
3459:
De arte bellica, sive, De designandis ac construendis arcibus & propugnaculis, necnon & de ijs oppugnandis, expugnandis, ac propugnandis: de itinere exercitus, ac castrametatione: quando expediat manus cum hoste conserere, ac tandem, quid imperatori sit in procinctu cauendum vel
2965:
Parker's emphasis on the fortification as the key element has attracted substantial criticism from some academics, such as John A. Lynn and M. S. Kingra, particularly with respect to the claimed causal link between the new fortress design and increases in army sizes during this period.
2926:. Roberts linked military technology with larger historical consequences, arguing that innovations in tactics, drill and doctrine by the Dutch and Swedes (1560–1660), which maximized the utility of firearms, led to a need for more trained troops and thus for permanent forces (
2631:, and the consequent large increase in the destructive power of explosive shells and thus plunging fire rendered the intricate geometry of such fortifications irrelevant. Warfare was to become more mobile. It took, however, many years to abandon the old fortress thinking.
2786:
that could be swept by flanking fire from gun ports set low in projections extending into the ditch. Finding that their cannon fire made little impression on these low ramparts, the French and allied besiegers made several bloody and fruitless assaults and then withdrew.
2673:
in front of ditches so that the walls were almost totally hidden from horizontal artillery fire. The main benefit of the glaces was to deny enemy artillery the ability to fire point-blank. The lower the angle of elevation, the higher the stopping power.
2324:, specifically designed to cover each other, and a ditch. To counteract the cannonballs, defensive walls were made lower and thicker. To counteract the fact that lower walls were easier to climb, the ditch was widened so that attacking
2668:
It was also often necessary to widen and deepen the ditch outside the walls to create a more effective barrier to frontal assault and mining. Engineers from the 1520s were also building massive, gently sloping banks of earth called
2449:: "The Renaissance was hypnotized by one city type which for a century and a half—from Filarete to Scamozzi—was impressed upon all utopian schemes: this is the star-shaped city". In the nineteenth century, the development of the
2798:; nevertheless it was a long and bloody siege, and the besieged had no hope of outside relief because the island was close to the Ottoman power base and far from any allies. On the other hand, the Ottomans failed to take
2856:
After the fall of Venice to
Napoleon, Corfu was occupied in 1797 by the French republican armies. The now ancient fortifications were still of some value at this point. A Russian–Ottoman–English alliance led at sea by
2397:
It was employed heavily throughout Europe for the following three centuries. Italian engineers were heavily in demand throughout Europe to help build the new fortifications. The late-seventeenth-century architects
3002:. In the twentieth century, with the development of tanks and aerial warfare during and after the First World War, fixed fortifications became and have remained less important than in previous centuries.
3082:
2640:
2489:, the ditches were cut into the native rock, and the wall at the inside of the ditch was simply unquarried native rock. As the walls became lower, they also became more vulnerable to assault.
4786:
2615:
Fortifications of this type continued to be effective while the attackers were armed only with cannon, where the majority of the damage inflicted was caused by momentum from the impact of
2849:
when it managed to hold out heavy bombardment for over a month. Eventually it fell, but the
Ottoman casualties were very high, and it bought time for the relief force which arrived from
2454:
3382:
Kingra, Mahinder S. 'The Trace
Italienne and the Military Revolution During the Eighty Years' War, 1567–1648.' The Journal of Military History 57, No. 3 (July, 1993): 431–446
2302:
and overcome the defenders. For the invading force these fortifications proved quite difficult to overcome and, accordingly, fortresses occupied a key position in warfare.
2502:
were extended into diamond-shaped points to eliminate potential cover for attacking troops. The ditches and walls channelled the attackers into carefully constructed
2578:
the ditch, by creating defensive earthworks to deny the enemy access to the glacis and thus to firing points that could bear directly onto the walls and by digging
119:
3472:
5422:
3393:
228:
2998:
In the nineteenth century, with the development of more powerful artillery and explosive shells, star forts were replaced by simpler but more robust
3499:
1152:
1584:
4602:
2473:
was to arrange for the walls to be embedded into ditches fronted by earthen slopes (glacis) so that they could not be attacked by destructive
3444:
3430:
3367:
3342:
3291:
3164:
2279:, laid out in a radial pattern within polygonal fortifications and extensive outer earthworks as rebuilt in the early seventeenth century by
5196:
4891:
1940:
178:
3032:
2135:
1913:
523:
3308:
5011:
3266:
1589:
187:
4796:
3052:
2790:
The new type of fortification also played a role in the numerous
Mediterranean wars, slowing down the Ottoman expansion. Although
2255:
at the corners of the walls. These outcroppings eliminated protected blind spots, called "dead zones", and allowed fire along the
3010:
1667:
2366:
Bastion fortifications were further developed in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, primarily in response to the
1650:
5221:
2597:, with tiers of defences that an attacker needed to overcome in order to bring cannon to bear on the inner layers of defences.
2012:
1437:
277:
2802:
in no small part because of the new fortifications, and several attempts spanning almost two centuries (another major one was
2759:
army. With the original medieval fortifications beginning to crumble to French cannon fire, the Pisans constructed an earthen
1776:
3213:
2469:
When the newly-effective manoeuvrable siege cannon came into military strategy in the fifteenth century, the response from
2870:
2193:
1640:
2866:
4444:
3982:
3492:
3042:
2256:
2130:
589:
5427:
4781:
3862:
2934:
2915:
2634:
2140:
1327:
1124:
995:
533:
32:
2853:
to relieve the rest of the besieged island. The star fort therefore played a crucial and decisive role in the siege.
4377:
1604:
53:
4826:
4451:
2889:
2823:
2280:
1714:
1222:
566:
440:
294:
135:
5323:
4401:
2566:
2260:
2165:
2032:
1579:
1272:
1085:
933:
2735:, where the original walls were lowered and thickened because the stone tended to shatter under bombardment.
2355:, and sometimes provide additional defensive positions. They were built of many materials, usually earth and
2351:, and even detached forts could be added to create complex outer works to further protect the main wall from
5370:
5145:
4851:
4846:
4766:
4563:
4510:
4480:
4237:
4167:
4111:
3688:
3485:
2760:
2419:
2410:'s military engineer, are considered to have taken the form to its logical extreme. "Fortresses... acquired
2118:
2100:
1856:
1415:
1337:
1282:
1162:
875:
538:
2763:
behind the threatened sector. It was discovered that the sloping earthen rampart could be defended against
5395:
5211:
4801:
4698:
4583:
3767:
2950:
existed. Ultimately, Parker argues, "military geography", in other words, the existence or absence of the
2795:
2712:
2693:
in 1841. The colossal fortifications, among the most important in Europe, were demolished ten years later.
2590:
2312:
2287:
1985:
1960:
1682:
1594:
1467:
1342:
938:
915:
361:
260:
5348:
5186:
4968:
4721:
4458:
4281:
3610:
3456:
3037:
2803:
2799:
2783:
2499:
1574:
1507:
1460:
1109:
1072:
1035:
953:
905:
789:
599:
407:
316:
3466:
5333:
4861:
4487:
4286:
4252:
3652:
3534:
3225:
2846:
2814:
2565:
Thus forts evolved complex shapes that allowed defensive batteries of cannon to command interlocking
1965:
1867:
1724:
1719:
1537:
1502:
1237:
1052:
910:
846:
700:
670:
267:
90:
64:
3063:
Venetian Works of
Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar
170:
5417:
5150:
4886:
4242:
3620:
3259:
Gunpowder & galleys: changing technology & Mediterranean warfare at sea in the 16th century
2959:
2955:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2862:
2830:
2407:
2298:
were shot at the enemies. The enemies' hope was to either ram the gate or climb over the wall with
2221:
1816:
1801:
1677:
1564:
1542:
1517:
1477:
1387:
1197:
1097:
1047:
814:
804:
769:
561:
551:
321:
245:
2328:
were still exposed to fire from a higher elevation, including enfilading fire from the bastions.
5272:
4881:
4856:
4841:
4836:
4686:
4666:
4463:
4024:
3891:
3635:
3047:
3006:
2842:
2794:
had been partially upgraded to the new type of fortifications after the 1480 siege, it was still
2779:
2477:
and to have the walls topped by earthen banks that absorbed and largely dissipated the energy of
2470:
2399:
2387:
2150:
2005:
1925:
1846:
1791:
1766:
1687:
1633:
1599:
1530:
1447:
1357:
1262:
1207:
1092:
1057:
1010:
885:
856:
809:
747:
722:
556:
370:
289:
100:
5328:
5287:
5262:
5135:
4816:
4656:
4503:
4089:
3967:
3645:
3588:
3440:
3426:
3363:
3338:
3287:
3262:
3193:
3160:
3156:
2991:
2922:
searching for major changes in the
European way of war caused by the introduction of portable
2583:
2570:
2461:
is considered by some to be the best surviving example of the Dutch school of fortifications.
2391:
2186:
2095:
2042:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1900:
1883:
1878:
1851:
1796:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1352:
1322:
1212:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1062:
1015:
985:
824:
617:
594:
528:
2445:
The star-shaped fortification had a formative influence on the patterning of the
Renaissance
2335:
to deflect cannonballs aimed at the lower part of the main wall. Further structures, such as
5302:
5277:
5206:
5130:
4731:
4726:
4661:
4212:
4016:
3595:
2594:
2371:
2160:
2125:
2057:
1950:
1888:
1781:
1709:
1702:
1559:
1492:
1442:
1432:
1307:
1227:
1187:
1172:
1134:
1119:
990:
975:
928:
836:
794:
737:
732:
690:
513:
490:
397:
326:
255:
238:
86:
60:
2885:
2548:
69:
5191:
5043:
5016:
4956:
4926:
4811:
4776:
4756:
4741:
4296:
4291:
4259:
4020:
3962:
3950:
3932:
3799:
3780:
3706:
3683:
3217:
2858:
2838:
2818:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2525:
mount an attacking cannon there. Therefore, the shape was designed to make maximum use of
2509:
2450:
2320:. In contrast, the bastion fortress was a very flat structure composed of many triangular
1970:
1955:
1873:
1829:
1771:
1427:
1422:
1312:
1302:
1217:
1192:
1129:
970:
900:
890:
829:
742:
727:
650:
622:
422:
402:
250:
3121:
5360:
5355:
5021:
5006:
4941:
4931:
4806:
4791:
4691:
4681:
4646:
4520:
4313:
4010:
3977:
3941:
3757:
3615:
3579:
3246:] (in Turkish). Translated by Kolçak, Özgür. Turkey: Osprey Publishing. p. 48.
2999:
2979:
2919:
2767:
and was also much more resistant to cannon fire than the curtain wall it had replaced.
2716:
2360:
2155:
2145:
1893:
1317:
1277:
1255:
1242:
1232:
1202:
1114:
1067:
870:
861:
752:
705:
685:
675:
645:
612:
500:
457:
412:
284:
217:
2216:(a phrase derived from non-standard French, literally meaning 'Italian outline') is a
5411:
5365:
5318:
5226:
5216:
5170:
5140:
5125:
5094:
5075:
4936:
4876:
4831:
4746:
4705:
4515:
4148:
4143:
3876:
3839:
3824:
3775:
3720:
3699:
3508:
3149:
3027:
2987:
2983:
2927:
2732:
2657:
2478:
2317:
2263:, which are raised secondary structures based entirely inside the primary structure.
2217:
1992:
1980:
1836:
1756:
1672:
1655:
1512:
1367:
1347:
1025:
1020:
1000:
980:
895:
866:
841:
717:
695:
680:
655:
495:
417:
380:
375:
272:
2516:" areas where the attackers had no place to shelter from the fire of the defenders.
5343:
5201:
5165:
5104:
5032:
4985:
4961:
4951:
4946:
4761:
4578:
4439:
4406:
4271:
4207:
4182:
4094:
4068:
4036:
4030:
3972:
3911:
3881:
3729:
2775:
2728:
2604:
2579:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2379:
2367:
2179:
2105:
2085:
2080:
1975:
1920:
1554:
1549:
1372:
1287:
1030:
764:
665:
462:
366:
174:
2543:
2877:
at the entrance of the port, surrendered and was allowed passage back to France.
5242:
5099:
5068:
5050:
5038:
4980:
4975:
4916:
4911:
4871:
4771:
4736:
4632:
4535:
4306:
4276:
4266:
4172:
4061:
3869:
3678:
3625:
3210:
3096:
3057:
2482:
2474:
2427:
2375:
2090:
1841:
1806:
1645:
1332:
1297:
1005:
948:
851:
635:
356:
351:
94:
2809:
2697:
5267:
5247:
5087:
5059:
4990:
4866:
4821:
4751:
4671:
4568:
4473:
4413:
4372:
4350:
4301:
4247:
4197:
4192:
4177:
4136:
4084:
4042:
3987:
3829:
3792:
3745:
3022:
2616:
2446:
2047:
2017:
1739:
1103:
2782:
city, cut down the city's medieval wall and surrounded the city with a broad
17:
4676:
4607:
4434:
4429:
4362:
4003:
3916:
3846:
3804:
3630:
3600:
3561:
3527:
2974:
2653:
2513:
2435:
2352:
2348:
2276:
2225:
2037:
1861:
1811:
1761:
1751:
1746:
1611:
1402:
1397:
1362:
799:
485:
452:
341:
45:
2259:
from positions protected from direct fire. Many bastion forts also feature
82:
40:
5160:
5155:
5080:
4921:
4639:
4614:
4597:
4527:
4468:
4396:
4389:
4232:
4120:
3994:
3814:
3809:
3785:
3713:
3693:
3673:
3640:
2923:
2764:
2752:
2623:
were largely ineffective against such fortifications. The development of
2611:, which was built in 1458, is the oldest known star-shaped fortification.
2608:
2552:
2527:
2458:
2383:
2374:
that were easily able to destroy traditional fortifications built in the
2344:
2340:
2325:
2307:
2052:
2027:
1660:
1292:
1267:
880:
435:
309:
105:
3211:"Sarzana and Sarzanello – Transitional Design and Renaissance Designers"
2685:
5292:
5257:
5252:
4590:
4573:
4558:
4542:
4494:
4422:
4367:
4357:
4325:
4227:
4202:
4187:
3957:
3901:
3819:
3666:
3659:
3605:
3179:
2701:
2532:
2504:
2415:
2411:
2336:
2321:
2252:
2241:
2062:
2022:
1786:
1620:
1616:
958:
943:
819:
480:
475:
445:
384:
346:
124:
113:
2271:
5297:
4651:
4217:
4155:
4099:
4077:
4054:
4047:
3923:
3906:
3738:
3570:
3552:
3522:
3394:"Medieval Star Forts Are Surprisingly Alive and Well in North Africa"
2893:
2850:
2791:
2756:
2690:
2403:
2332:
2299:
2233:
2229:
1569:
965:
782:
518:
109:
2677:
2619:. Because only low explosives such as black powder were available,
5338:
5282:
5026:
4551:
4382:
4222:
3543:
2973:
2884:
2834:
2808:
2771:
2696:
2684:
2676:
2661:
2633:
2603:
2542:
2486:
2356:
2295:
2270:
2237:
1040:
576:
571:
162:
130:
118:
99:
81:
75:
59:
39:
31:
3477:
4320:
4162:
4129:
4104:
3896:
3886:
3855:
3834:
2874:
2748:
2291:
336:
331:
3481:
2743:
The first major battle which truly showed the effectiveness of
27:
Early modern fortification style built to withstand cannon fire
2873:, being short of provisions and having lost the key island of
209:
141:
3005:
Star forts reappeared during the early twenty-first-century
2946:
open-pitch battles became "irrelevant" in regions where the
3437:
Fire & Stone, The
Science of Fortress Warfare 1660–1860
2359:, as brick does not shatter on impact from a cannonball as
2394:. The design spread out of Italy in the 1530s and 1540s.
2593:, forts became both lower and larger in area, providing
2331:
The outer side of the ditch was usually provided with a
166:
3337:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 20–21.
3097:"The city of Bergamo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
2236:. It was first seen in the mid-fifteenth century in
5311:
5235:
5179:
5113:
4999:
4904:
4714:
4625:
4341:
4334:
3766:
3515:
2370:. The French army was equipped with new cannon and
3148:
2251:The design of the fort is normally a polygon with
2954:in a given area, shaped military strategy in the
157:contains too many pictures for its overall length
2900:military architecture that survives to this day.
2845:. Fort Saint Elmo played a critical role in the
2453:changed the nature of defensive fortifications.
3749:
2426:and crownworks and hornworks and curvettes and
89:fortification, restored to its 1742 condition,
4311:
4257:
4075:
3921:
2881:Theories about role in the Military Revolution
4966:
4696:
4525:
4501:
4118:
4109:
4066:
3790:
3586:
3577:
3493:
2187:
8:
5085:
5066:
5057:
5048:
4637:
4612:
4588:
4549:
4540:
4492:
4478:
4449:
4420:
4411:
4387:
4348:
4153:
4134:
4052:
4001:
3992:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3867:
3853:
3844:
3727:
3704:
2240:. Some types, especially when combined with
3736:
3718:
3664:
3650:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3423:Sveaborg – The island fortress off Helsinki
3362:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 262.
3282:David Nicolle; Christopher Rothero (1989).
4338:
3500:
3486:
3478:
3126:Types of Castle and The History of Castles
2939:The Military Revolution 1560–1660: A Myth?
2906:Military Revolution § Trace Italienne
2386:, and refined in the sixteenth century by
2244:and other outworks, resembled the related
2194:
2180:
199:
48:in 1593. The town is encircled by massive
3261:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 73–74.
188:Learn how and when to remove this message
2368:French invasion of the Italian peninsula
1153:List of military strategies and concepts
161:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3073:
2958:. This is a profound alteration of the
207:
3335:Coins and medals of the Ionian Islands
2638:Table of Fortification, from the 1728
3360:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E
3240:Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774
3182:and redoubts, bonnettes and lunettes.
3147:Townshend, Charles (1 January 2000).
2990:, was used for the foundation of the
2582:to intercept and disrupt attempts to
7:
171:indiscriminate collections of images
4892:Weapons Storage and Security System
3392:Mizokami, Kyle (31 December 2022).
3155:. Oxford University Press. p.
3128:. Castle and Manor Houses Resources
2869:, when the garrison led by general
2652:Bastion forts were very expensive.
2220:in a style that evolved during the
5423:Warfare of the early modern period
3033:List of established military terms
2778:, trusted with the defence of the
2481:. Where conditions allowed, as in
2313:fortifications of the Medieval era
25:
3286:. Osprey Publishing. p. 40.
2829:Two star forts were built by the
5391:
5390:
3309:"In search of Fort St Elmo 1565"
3257:John Francis Guilmartin (2003).
3151:The Oxford History of Modern War
3011:17th Parachute Engineer Regiment
2896:(1597) are a typical example of
2547:Ideal fortified city: a plan of
2498:previously been round or square
227:
179:Manual of Style on use of images
146:
3095:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
2774:in 1509. A monk engineer named
2656:'s 22 bastions cost 11 million
2382:in the defensive earthworks of
3176:– via Internet Archive.
3053:SĂ©bastien Le Prestre de Vauban
2978:The structure of Fort Wood on
2914:thesis originally proposed by
2378:. Star forts were employed by
2290:, were usually placed on high
78:, an example of a bastion fort
1:
4787:British "hedgehog" road block
3284:The Venetian Empire 1200–1670
3009:where they were built by the
2865:retook Corfu in 1799 after a
2770:The second siege was that of
2705:
2556:
173:or adjusting images that are
3198:Space, Time and Architecture
3043:Mathematics and architecture
2723:The first key instance of a
2422:, tenailles and tenaillons,
5197:Cities with defensive walls
4782:Defensive fighting position
4697:
4502:
4312:
4258:
4119:
4110:
4076:
4067:
3922:
3007:French intervention in Mali
2751:in 1500 against a combined
1651:Military–industrial complex
1125:Operational manoeuvre group
5444:
3473:Star castle in Netherlands
3421:af Hällström, Olof (2004)
3244:Osmanlı Orduları 1300-1768
3228:), No. 37, 2009, pp. 50–78
2918:in 1955, as he focused on
2903:
2871:Louis François Jean Chabot
54:UNESCO World Heritage Site
50:Venetian Defensive Systems
5381:
4827:Hardened aircraft shelter
4802:Entry control point (ECP)
2890:Venetian walls of Nicosia
2281:Maurice, Prince of Orange
1715:Loss-of-strength gradient
567:Combat information center
136:Fortress of St. Elizabeth
36:Features of bastion forts
5324:Continuity of government
2941:, the appearance of the
2861:and with troops sent by
2681:Plan of bastion fortress
2033:Military science fiction
1518:Technology and equipment
934:List of military tactics
5146:Motte-and-bailey castle
4852:Missile launch facility
4847:Main line of resistance
3542:
3333:Paulos Lampros (1968).
3238:Nicolle, David (2014).
2601:generate to dissipate.
2591:medieval fortifications
2555:, built in 1663, drawn
2101:Wartime sexual violence
1857:Full-spectrum dominance
1668:Supply-chain management
177:in accordance with the
5222:Military installations
5086:
5067:
5058:
5049:
4967:
4638:
4613:
4589:
4579:Scarp and Counterscarp
4550:
4541:
4526:
4493:
4479:
4450:
4421:
4412:
4388:
4349:
4154:
4135:
4053:
4002:
3993:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3868:
3854:
3845:
3791:
3750:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3705:
3665:
3651:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3533:
2995:
2901:
2826:
2824:Matteo Perez d'Aleccio
2720:
2711:) bastion fortress in
2694:
2682:
2644:
2612:
2562:
2283:
2275:Fortification plan of
2013:Awards and decorations
1986:Peace through strength
1961:Low-intensity conflict
1595:Conscientious objector
1468:Area of responsibility
139:
128:
116:
97:
79:
57:
37:
4991:Floating water castle
4722:Admiralty scaffolding
4015:Fortified buildings (
3457:Cataneo, Hieronymus,
3313:Military Architecture
3038:List of bastion forts
2977:
2904:Further information:
2888:
2847:Ottoman siege of 1565
2812:
2700:
2688:
2680:
2637:
2607:
2546:
2305:Passive ring-shaped (
2274:
2232:came to dominate the
600:Torpedo data computer
590:Ship gun fire-control
134:
123:Model of the city of
122:
103:
85:
63:
43:
35:
5334:Subterranean warfare
4287:Viking ring fortress
3358:Tony Jaques (2007).
3307:Spiteri, Stephen C.
3226:Fortress Study Group
2535:in northwest Italy.
2286:Their predecessors,
2131:Military occupations
1966:Military engineering
1868:Unrestricted Warfare
1725:Force multiplication
618:Military manoeuvrers
167:improve this article
5151:Quadrangular castle
4887:Weapon storage area
4243:Quadrangular castle
2960:Military Revolution
2956:early modern period
2912:Military Revolution
2898:Italian Renaissance
2831:Order of Saint John
2747:was the defence of
2316:the development of
2288:medieval fortresses
2222:early modern period
1817:Penal military unit
1802:Rules of engagement
1478:Command and control
1098:Operations research
562:Director (military)
552:Fire-control system
322:Command and control
203:Part of a series on
5428:Italian inventions
4882:Underground hangar
4667:Fire control tower
4464:Gunpowder magazine
3892:Butter-churn tower
3216:2011-07-26 at the
3048:Menno van Coehoorn
2996:
2920:Sweden (1560–1660)
2902:
2843:Fort Saint Michael
2827:
2815:The Siege of Malta
2721:
2695:
2683:
2645:
2613:
2574:vulnerable walls.
2563:
2471:military engineers
2400:Menno van Coehoorn
2388:Baldassare Peruzzi
2284:
1926:Counter-insurgency
1847:Command of the sea
1792:Jewish laws on war
1767:Geneva Conventions
1303:Divide and conquer
1093:Military operation
1058:Tactical objective
557:Fire-control radar
534:Electronic-warfare
140:
129:
117:
98:
80:
58:
38:
5405:
5404:
5329:Military urbanism
5263:Fortified gateway
5136:Concentric castle
4900:
4899:
4817:Fire support base
4657:Coastal artillery
4532:(Spanish America)
4126:
3968:Concentric castle
3445:978-0-7858-2109-0
3435:Duffy, C. (1975)
3431:978-952-91-7378-5
3398:Popular Mechanics
3369:978-0-313-33537-2
3344:978-90-6032-311-3
3293:978-0-85045-899-2
3200:(1941) 1962 p 43.
3194:Siegfried Giedion
3166:978-0-19-285373-8
2992:Statue of Liberty
2833:on the island of
2796:conquered in 1522
2392:Vincenzo Scamozzi
2248:of the same era.
2204:
2203:
2096:Horses in warfare
2043:Anti-war movement
1946:Gunboat diplomacy
1936:Disaster response
1884:Philosophy of war
1879:Principles of war
1852:Deterrence theory
1797:Right of conquest
1720:Lanchester's laws
1488:Principles of war
1178:Counter-offensive
1158:Military campaign
1063:Target saturation
986:Counterinsurgency
595:Gun data computer
529:Close air support
491:Aircraft carriers
198:
197:
190:
16:(Redirected from
5435:
5394:
5393:
5387:
5278:National redoubt
5207:Fortified estate
5131:Circular rampart
5091:
5072:
5063:
5054:
4972:
4732:Anti-tank trench
4727:Air raid shelter
4702:
4662:Disappearing gun
4643:
4618:
4594:
4555:
4546:
4531:
4507:
4498:
4484:
4455:
4426:
4417:
4393:
4354:
4339:
4317:
4297:Bailey (or ward)
4263:
4168:Motte-and-bailey
4159:
4140:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4081:
4072:
4058:
4007:
3998:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3873:
3859:
3850:
3796:
3753:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3710:
3670:
3656:
3596:Circular rampart
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3479:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3229:
3207:
3201:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3173:
3154:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3086:
3078:
2937:in his article,
2867:four-month siege
2725:trace Italianate
2710:
2707:
2621:explosive shells
2595:defence in depth
2586:the fort walls.
2561:
2558:
2434:and cordons and
2418:, bonnettes and
2196:
2189:
2182:
1951:Humanitarian aid
1889:Security dilemma
1710:Power projection
1493:Economy of force
1473:Chain of command
1188:Defence in depth
1173:Commerce raiding
991:Defeat in detail
327:Defense ministry
231:
222:
221:
212:
200:
193:
186:
182:
175:sandwiching text
150:
149:
142:
73:
21:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5385:
5377:
5307:
5231:
5175:
5109:
5044:Imperial castle
5017:Coercion castle
5012:Coastal defence
4995:
4957:Promontory fort
4927:Hillside castle
4896:
4812:Fallout shelter
4777:Concertina wire
4757:Border security
4710:
4621:
4330:
3963:Coercion castle
3951:Cheval de frise
3933:Chemin de ronde
3781:Albarrana tower
3762:
3707:Schwedenschanze
3684:Promontory fort
3511:
3506:
3453:
3418:
3413:
3402:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3218:Wayback Machine
3208:
3204:
3192:
3188:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3019:
3000:polygonal forts
2972:
2952:trace Italienne
2948:trace Italienne
2943:trace Italienne
2935:Geoffrey Parker
2928:standing armies
2916:Michael Roberts
2908:
2883:
2859:Admiral Ushakov
2839:Fort Saint Elmo
2819:Fort Saint Elmo
2806:) also failed.
2745:trace Italienne
2741:
2708:
2650:
2629:high explosives
2559:
2551:(Neuhäusel) in
2541:
2522:
2495:
2467:
2451:explosive shell
2402:and especially
2269:
2213:trace italienne
2200:
2171:
2170:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1971:Multilateralism
1956:Law enforcement
1916:
1906:
1905:
1874:Just war theory
1832:
1822:
1821:
1772:Geneva Protocol
1742:
1732:
1731:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1338:Network-centric
1258:
1248:
1247:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1026:Rapid dominance
931:
921:
920:
876:Electromagnetic
785:
775:
774:
761:
714:
662:
638:
628:
627:
623:Combat training
604:
581:
547:Combat systems:
543:
505:
501:Auxiliary ships
467:
427:
423:Military police
389:
312:
302:
301:
241:
215:
214:
213:
208:
194:
183:
160:
151:
147:
67:
65:Citadel of Jaca
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5441:
5439:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5363:
5361:Trench warfare
5358:
5356:Tunnel warfare
5353:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5212:Fortifications
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5064:
5055:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5022:Counter-castle
5019:
5014:
5009:
5007:Border barrier
5003:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4942:Lowland castle
4939:
4934:
4932:Hilltop castle
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:Electric fence
4804:
4799:
4797:Dragon's teeth
4794:
4792:Czech hedgehog
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4706:Wire obstacles
4703:
4694:
4692:Polygonal fort
4689:
4684:
4682:Martello tower
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:Border outpost
4644:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4521:Polygonal fort
4518:
4513:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4485:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4132:
4127:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4073:
4064:
4059:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4033:
4028:
4013:
4011:Flanking tower
4008:
3999:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:Counter-castle
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3865:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3768:Post-classical
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3758:Vitrified fort
3755:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3711:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3657:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Defensive wall
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:Fortifications
3507:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3469:at World Atlas
3464:
3452:
3451:External links
3449:
3448:
3447:
3433:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3350:
3343:
3325:
3299:
3292:
3274:
3267:
3249:
3230:
3202:
3186:
3165:
3139:
3113:
3101:whc.unesco.org
3087:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3015:
2980:Liberty Island
2971:
2968:
2882:
2879:
2740:
2737:
2717:Czech Republic
2649:
2646:
2567:fields of fire
2540:
2537:
2521:
2518:
2512:, or similar "
2494:
2491:
2466:
2463:
2294:. From there,
2268:
2265:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:Military terms
2133:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1894:Tripwire force
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1416:Administrative
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:New generation
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1318:Fleet in being
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1256:Grand strategy
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:Scorched earth
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Deep operation
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
941:
932:
927:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
916:Unconventional
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
864:
862:Disinformation
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
833:
832:
827:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
767:
760:
759:
758:
757:
756:
755:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
713:
712:
711:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
661:
660:
659:
658:
653:
648:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
613:Basic training
610:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
542:
541:
539:Reconnaissance
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
466:
465:
460:
458:Special forces
455:
450:
449:
448:
438:
433:
426:
425:
420:
415:
413:Reconnaissance
410:
405:
400:
395:
388:
387:
378:
373:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
282:
281:
280:
275:
265:
264:
263:
256:Post-classical
253:
248:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
224:
223:
205:
204:
196:
195:
154:
152:
145:
108:from 1861, in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5440:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5398:
5397:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5366:Urban warfare
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:Civil defense
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5187:Bastion forts
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5171:Z-plan castle
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:L-plan castle
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Bridge castle
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:Refuge castle
5093:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5076:Military base
5074:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:Hunting lodge
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4952:Moated castle
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Island castle
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:By topography
4903:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Submarine pen
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Hesco bastion
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:Blast shelter
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Place-of-arms
4514:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4149:Machicolation
4147:
4145:
4144:L-plan castle
4142:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Bridge castle
3875:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3840:Bent entrance
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Battery tower
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Advanced work
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3700:Refuge castle
3698:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3268:0-85177-951-4
3264:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3140:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Erik Dahlberg
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2988:United States
2985:
2984:New York City
2981:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:According to
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:– Capture of
2816:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:Corfu in 1537
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:Effectiveness
2738:
2736:
2734:
2733:Civitavecchia
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:counter mines
2575:
2572:
2568:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2539:Other changes
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:plunging fire
2476:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2440:counterscarps
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:counterguards
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:machicolation
2314:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:fortification
2215:
2214:
2209:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Warrior caste
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1993:Show of force
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Peacebuilding
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Air supremacy
1835:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Islamic rules
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Court-martial
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Arms industry
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Broken-backed
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Expeditionary
1108:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
981:Counterattack
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
930:
925:
924:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
906:Psychological
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
842:Combined arms
840:
838:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
784:
779:
778:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
716:
715:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Fortification
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
663:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
640:
637:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
497:
496:Landing craft
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
382:
381:Standing army
379:
377:
374:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
306:
305:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
286:
283:
279:
276:
274:
273:pike and shot
271:
270:
269:
266:
262:
259:
258:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
240:
235:
234:
230:
226:
225:
219:
211:
206:
202:
201:
192:
189:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
158:
155:This article
153:
144:
143:
137:
133:
127:, Netherlands
126:
121:
115:
111:
107:
102:
96:
92:
88:
84:
77:
71:
66:
62:
55:
51:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
18:Bastion forts
5389:
5344:Siege engine
5312:Other topics
5236:Related word
5202:Defense line
5166:Tower castle
5121:Bastion fort
5120:
5105:Urban castle
5033:Ganerbenburg
5031:
4986:Water castle
4962:Ridge castle
4947:Marsh castle
4762:Bomb shelter
4742:Belgian gate
4715:20th century
4626:19th century
4564:Retrenchment
4536:Punji sticks
4445:Entrenchment
4440:Device Forts
4407:Counterguard
4342:Early modern
4272:Tower castle
4208:Powder tower
4183:Outer bailey
4095:Inner bailey
4069:Gulyay-gorod
4037:Ganerbenburg
4035:
4031:Fujian tulou
3973:Corner tower
3912:Chamber gate
3882:Bridge tower
3730:Trou de loup
3467:Bastion fort
3458:
3436:
3422:
3401:. Retrieved
3397:
3387:
3378:
3359:
3353:
3334:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:
3302:
3283:
3277:
3258:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3221:
3209:Harris, J.,
3205:
3197:
3189:
3177:
3170:. Retrieved
3150:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3125:
3122:"Star Forts"
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:
3090:
3081:
3076:
3004:
2997:
2970:Obsolescence
2964:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2909:
2855:
2828:
2813:
2789:
2776:Fra Giocondo
2769:
2744:
2742:
2724:
2722:
2670:
2667:
2651:
2648:Construction
2639:
2614:
2599:
2589:Compared to
2588:
2576:
2564:
2526:
2523:
2503:
2496:
2468:
2444:
2428:faussebrayes
2396:
2380:Michelangelo
2365:
2330:
2306:
2304:
2285:
2257:curtain wall
2250:
2245:
2212:
2211:
2208:bastion fort
2207:
2205:
2106:Fifth column
2086:War resister
2081:Women in war
1976:Peacekeeping
1921:Arms control
1866:
1555:Mobilization
1550:Conscription
1508:Intelligence
1461:Organization
1102:
1031:Encirclement
911:Radiological
847:Conventional
701:Subterranean
608:Development:
607:
584:
546:
508:
471:Naval units:
470:
463:Signal corps
430:
408:Intelligence
393:Specialties:
392:
317:Organization
268:Early modern
184:
169:by removing
156:
29:
5243:Castle town
5100:Toll castle
5069:Lustschloss
5051:Kaiserpfalz
4981:Spur castle
4976:Rock castle
4917:Hill castle
4912:Cave castle
4872:Spider hole
4772:Bremer wall
4737:Barbed tape
4633:Barbed wire
4307:Witch tower
4277:Tower house
4267:Toll castle
4253:Shield wall
4173:Murder hole
4062:Guard tower
3679:Pincer gate
3626:Faussebraye
3083:Cyclopaedia
3058:Suomenlinna
2727:was at the
2709: 1757
2641:Cyclopaedia
2560: 1680
2483:Fort Manoel
2475:direct fire
2376:Middle Ages
2234:battlefield
2091:War studies
1914:Non-warfare
1842:Appeasement
1807:Martial law
1646:War economy
1585:Transgender
1538:Recruitment
1298:Containment
1183:Culminating
1163:Anti-access
1086:Operational
1006:Envelopment
949:Air assault
830:Air cavalry
790:Air defence
770:Information
671:Cold-region
636:Battlespace
585:Historical:
431:Land units:
357:Space force
352:Coast guard
285:Late modern
246:Prehistoric
95:Netherlands
68: [
52:that are a
5418:Star forts
5412:Categories
5268:Gatekeeper
5088:Ordensburg
5060:Landesburg
4867:Sentry gun
4822:Flak tower
4752:Blast wall
4672:Gun turret
4569:Sally port
4474:Kotta mara
4414:Couvreface
4378:Breastwork
4373:Blockhouse
4351:Abwurfdach
4302:Watchtower
4292:Wall tower
4248:Shell keep
4198:Portcullis
4193:Peel tower
4178:Neck ditch
4137:Landesburg
4085:Half tower
4043:Gate tower
3988:Drawbridge
3830:Battlement
3746:Wagon fort
3589:Chengqiang
3416:References
3106:2 November
3023:Battlement
2753:Florentine
2617:solid shot
2569:. Forward
2549:Nové Zámky
2447:ideal city
2436:banquettes
2349:crownworks
2151:War crimes
2141:Operations
2048:Foot drill
2018:Battle cry
1931:deterrence
1590:Harassment
1565:Specialism
1388:Technology
1383:Succession
1328:Liberation
1263:Asymmetric
1198:Empty fort
1104:Blitzkrieg
1073:Withdrawal
1036:Investment
815:Camouflage
810:Biological
748:Underwater
723:Amphibious
642:Aerospace
509:Air units:
486:Submarines
295:fourth-gen
290:industrial
278:napoleonic
5371:Guerrilla
5114:By design
4862:Revetment
4677:Land mine
4608:Star fort
4435:Crownwork
4430:Covertway
4363:Barricade
4004:Embrasure
3917:Chartaque
3847:Bergfried
3805:Arrowslit
3631:Gatehouse
3601:City gate
3562:Castellum
3528:Acropolis
3460:eligendum
3318:9 October
3178:acquired
3172:4 January
3132:4 January
2863:Ali Pasha
2837:in 1552,
2715:(today's
2654:Amsterdam
2571:batteries
2514:kill zone
2493:Dead zone
2408:Louis XIV
2353:artillery
2345:hornworks
2341:tenailles
2277:Coevorden
2261:cavaliers
2246:star fort
2228:when the
2226:gunpowder
2038:War novel
1941:Grey-zone
1901:War games
1862:Overmatch
1812:War crime
1762:Desertion
1752:Ceasefire
1747:Armistice
1634:Logistics
1612:Mercenary
1600:Volunteer
1531:Personnel
1503:Engineers
1448:Sociology
1403:World war
1398:Total war
1378:Strategic
1368:Religious
1353:Political
1348:Perpetual
1323:Irregular
1238:Offensive
1213:Defensive
1208:Deception
1168:Attrition
1016:Guerrilla
1011:Formation
954:Airbridge
886:Loitering
800:Artillery
453:Artillery
403:Engineers
371:Irregular
342:Air force
165:. Please
163:talk page
138:, Ukraine
91:Groningen
87:Bourtange
46:Palmanova
5396:Category
5386:See also
5273:Loophole
5161:Ringwork
5156:Ringfort
5081:Obstacle
4922:Hillfort
4842:Loophole
4640:Barbette
4615:Tenaille
4598:Sea fort
4528:Presidio
4488:Magazine
4469:Hornwork
4402:Cavalier
4397:Casemate
4390:Caponier
4233:Ringwork
4121:Detinets
4090:Hoarding
3995:Enceinte
3870:Bretèche
3815:Bartizan
3810:Barbican
3786:Alcazaba
3714:Stockade
3694:Ringfort
3674:Palisade
3646:Landwehr
3641:Hillfort
3462:, (1600)
3403:4 August
3214:Archived
3180:ravelins
3017:See also
2962:thesis.
2924:firearms
2780:Venetian
2765:escalade
2731:port of
2689:Plan of
2609:Yedikule
2553:Slovakia
2528:enfilade
2520:Enfilade
2459:Portugal
2420:lunettes
2416:redoubts
2412:ravelins
2384:Florence
2372:bombards
2337:ravelins
2326:infantry
2322:bastions
2308:Enceinte
2253:bastions
2242:ravelins
2053:War song
2028:War film
1661:Materiel
1580:Children
1560:Training
1498:Medicine
1483:Doctrine
1438:Training
1373:Resource
1358:Princely
1308:Economic
1293:Conquest
1288:Colonial
1283:Cold war
1268:Blockade
1148:Strategy
1120:Maneuver
881:Infantry
837:Chemical
691:Mountain
651:Airborne
514:Fighters
481:Warships
436:Infantry
362:Reserves
310:Military
104:Plan of
5303:Vedette
5293:Schloss
5258:Festung
5253:Dungeon
5248:Château
5192:Castles
5000:By role
4857:Pillbox
4687:Outpost
4603:Station
4591:Schanze
4574:Sandbag
4559:Redoubt
4543:Ravelin
4511:Palanka
4495:Orillon
4481:Lunette
4423:Coupure
4368:Bastion
4358:Arsenal
4326:Zwinger
4238:Roundel
4228:Ricetto
4203:Postern
4188:Outwork
4112:Kremlin
3983:Curtain
3958:Citadel
3942:Chemise
3902:Caltrop
3820:Bastion
3793:Alcázar
3689:Rampart
3667:Oppidum
3660:Nuraghe
3606:Crannog
3580:Castros
3516:Ancient
2804:in 1716
2761:rampart
2713:Moravia
2702:Olomouc
2658:florins
2625:mortars
2533:Sarzana
2505:zwinger
2500:turrets
2300:ladders
2267:Origins
2166:Writers
2161:Weapons
2126:Battles
2075:Related
2063:Wargame
2058:Uniform
2006:Culture
1787:Perfidy
1782:Justice
1703:Science
1688:Outpost
1641:History
1621:Warrior
1617:Soldier
1605:foreign
1543:counter
1443:Service
1393:Theater
1333:Limited
1313:Endemic
1228:Nuclear
996:Foxhole
971:Cavalry
959:Airdrop
944:Airlift
929:Tactics
901:Nuclear
891:Missile
820:Cavalry
805:Barrage
783:Weapons
743:Surface
524:Command
519:Bombers
476:Frogman
446:Cavalry
418:Medical
385:Militia
367:Regular
347:Marines
261:castles
251:Ancient
239:History
218:outline
125:Naarden
114:Croatia
44:Map of
5298:Trench
5288:Picket
4699:Sangar
4652:Bunker
4584:Sconce
4504:Ostrog
4452:Flèche
4335:Modern
4314:Yagura
4282:Turret
4218:Reduit
4156:Merlon
4100:Kasbah
4078:Gusuku
4055:Glacis
4048:Gabion
4017:church
3924:Chashi
3907:Castle
3751:Laager
3739:Vallum
3696:(Rath)
3571:Castra
3553:Burgus
3523:Abatis
3443:
3429:
3409:
3366:
3341:
3290:
3265:
3163:
2894:Cyprus
2851:Sicily
2792:Rhodes
2757:French
2691:Geneva
2671:glacis
2660:, and
2510:bailey
2465:Slopes
2432:scarps
2404:Vauban
2363:does.
2333:glacis
2296:arrows
2230:cannon
2146:Sieges
1830:Theory
1570:Morale
1428:Policy
1423:Branch
1203:Mosaic
1193:Fabian
1135:Covert
1068:Trench
1053:Screen
976:Charge
966:Battle
939:Aerial
857:Denial
825:Horses
753:Seabed
706:Tunnel
686:Jungle
676:Desert
646:Aerial
110:Osijek
5339:Siege
5283:Palas
5227:Walls
5217:Forts
5180:Lists
5027:Fence
4969:Rocca
4837:Kabal
4552:Redan
4459:Gorge
4383:Canal
4260:Shiro
4223:Ribat
4213:Qalat
4025:Dzong
4021:house
3721:Sudis
3653:Limes
3611:Ditch
3544:Broch
3535:Agger
3242:[
3080:From
3069:Notes
2835:Malta
2784:ditch
2772:Padua
2729:Papal
2662:Siena
2487:Malta
2457:, in
2455:Elvas
2442:..."
2361:stone
2357:brick
2292:hills
2238:Italy
2119:Lists
1575:Women
1513:Ranks
1433:Staff
1363:Proxy
1278:Class
1233:Naval
1218:Depth
1048:Swarm
1041:Siege
1021:Naval
1001:Drone
896:Music
871:Robot
867:Drone
852:Cyber
795:Armor
765:Cyber
738:Green
733:Brown
696:Urban
656:Space
577:Radar
572:Sonar
441:Armor
398:Staff
376:Ranks
106:Tvrđa
76:Spain
72:]
5349:list
4767:Buoy
4321:Yett
4163:Moat
4130:Ksar
4105:Keep
3897:Caer
3887:Burh
3863:Boom
3856:Berm
3835:Bawn
3800:Amba
3636:Gord
3441:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3405:2022
3364:ISBN
3339:ISBN
3320:2014
3288:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3222:Fort
3174:2017
3161:ISBN
3134:2017
3108:2017
2910:The
2875:Vido
2841:and
2755:and
2749:Pisa
2584:mine
2438:and
2430:and
2414:and
2390:and
2156:Wars
1673:Base
1223:Goal
1130:Raid
728:Blue
666:Land
337:Navy
332:Army
3621:Dun
3157:112
2982:in
2930:).
2822:by
2485:in
2347:or
2224:of
2210:or
1740:Law
1683:FOB
1678:MOB
718:Sea
210:War
5414::
5388::
4023:,
4019:,
3439:,
3425:,
3396:.
3311:.
3220:,
3196:,
3159:.
3124:.
3099:.
3013:.
2986:,
2892:,
2706:c.
2627:,
2557:c.
2508:,
2406:,
2343:,
2339:,
2311:)
2206:A
1619:/
869:/
383:/
369:/
112:,
93:,
74:,
70:es
4125:)
4117:(
4027:)
3754:)
3748:(
3501:e
3494:t
3487:v
3407:.
3372:.
3347:.
3322:.
3296:.
3271:.
3224:(
3136:.
3110:.
2994:.
2719:)
2704:(
2195:e
2188:t
2181:v
220:)
216:(
191:)
185:(
181:.
159:.
56:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
