593:, was not added until 1783. Construction of the inner town was completed by 1733, and in 1735 three additional northern bastions were completed, along with a post office, the fort's construction office and a hospital. The completed fort had "eight bastions, two armories, two major depots, garrison headquarters, military court, construction office, garrison physician, guardhouse, officer apartments, military hospital and seven barracks". Based on the 'ring model', the fortifications took up an area of 80 hectares (200 acres), making Tvrđa the largest fortress on the border with the Ottoman Empire.
511:
597:
693:
2136:
51:
347:
796:
677:
38:
2028:
527:
321:
now home to churches, museums, schools and other public buildings, as well as numerous bars and restaurants. Of the fortification system, only the northern side of the walls now remain intact, as well as parts of the first and eighth bastions along with the northern gate known as the 'water gate' ('vodena vrata'). Tvrđa sustained significant damage during the
236:
58:
824:
has occupied the former general headquarters since 1995 after its previous site was destroyed in the
Croatian War of Independence. The Faculty of Food Technology has been relocated to a building that served as the first military hospital in Osijek, from the mid-17th century until the beginning of the
320:
of 1878, with the increasing stability of the surrounding region. Most of the fort walls and fortifications were destroyed in the 1920s due to the obstacle they presented to the development of Osijek. While the fortifications have largely been removed, the fort's interior core remains intact and is
803:
After the fortress's military importance decreased at the end of the 19th century, Tvrđa became a center of administrative, educational, cultural, and scholarly life in Osijek and the entire region. The first school in Osijek was organized at Tvrđa; the first scholarly curriculum was introduced in
493:
The town magistrate was established in 1690, while the plans for the new fort were still being drawn up, and one of its documents from August of the same year described the condition of the settlement as "ruinous". Two months later, on 29 October, the
Ottoman army suddenly attacked. The attack was
304:
were complete by 1715. By 1735, the inner town was finished and three northern bastions had been added. When complete, it was the largest and most advanced
Habsburg fortress on the border with the Ottoman Empire, consisting of eight bastions and featuring armories, depots, a garrison headquarters,
425:, took the form of a wooden road on piers and was approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long and 6 metres (20 ft) wide. Seen as a great threat to Christian Europe the bridge was attacked several times, being destroyed in 1664, when it was set on fire on the orders of
305:
military court, construction office, a garrison physician, guardhouse, officers' apartments, a military hospital and seven barracks. The completed fort was entirely surrounded with walls and palisades and had four main gates at each side (north, south, east, west). Tvrđa had
541:
The original plan for Tvrđa was drafted because of the need to reinforce the town walls, but did not include provisions to redesign the interior and envisaged largely uncontrolled development. New plans for a fort on the right bank of the River Drava were drawn up by
743:, located behind the church of St. Michael, was demolished in 1958. While most of the fortifications have been demolished (only the first and eighth bastions and the northern wall with its so-called 'water gate' were kept), the center of Tvrđa remains intact. The
930:) was established in 1999. Its stated goals are protection, restoration and revitalization of Tvrđa. The restoration process aims to preserve architectural, historical and aesthetic qualities of Tvrđa in full accordance with the restoration principles set by the
494:
repulsed only thanks to a well-organised defense, and the Turks withdrew on 6 November, after a brief siege. The event was a clear lesson that the construction of the fort must not be delayed any further. The first phase of Tvrđa's conversion into a
848:
According to the 2001 census, within the Tvrđa city district, there are 10,277 inhabitants living in 3,310 households. The fort interior is now a centre of Osijek's nightlife. There are numerous bars and restaurants in Tvrđa. The fort hosts the
787:, which lasted from 1991 until 1995. The war brought structural damage from collapsing roofs, walls and floors. These damages threaten plaster, sculpture and murals that lack proper protection and are subject to continuing decay.
1601:"IVth European Conference of Ministers responsible for the Cultural Heritage, Helsinki, 30–31 May 1996: Report by the Secretary General submitted in pursuance of paragraph 8 of Resolution (71) 44 of the Committee of Ministers"
628:
church in 1709 and it was consecrated in 1732. A Franciscan monastery was built between 1699 and 1705, with a new wing being added between 1731 and 1733, which subsequently became a new monastery in 1761. In 1725, the
804:
1707, to be later expanded and renewed, and the first printing press started working in 1735. The significance of educational institutions of Tvrđa are best underlined by the fact that
Croatian Nobel Prize laureates,
731:
was completed in 1890. Episcopal seminary was also built in the south-western corner of the main square in 1898. These were the only buildings erected within Tvrđa walls in the last three decades of the 19th century.
895:
has described Tvrđa as "a unique example of an eighteenth-century baroque military, administrative, and commercial urban center". Tvrđa is on
Croatia's 'Tentative List' for consideration as nominee for the
2703:
704:
As early as the second half of the 18th century there was little or no new constructions taking place in Tvrđa, and even maintenance of the fort became a burden. In 1809 Osijek was granted
482:, saw Osijek as a location of exceptional strategic importance in the war against the Ottomans. He urged the repair of the city walls, and proposed construction of a new fort according to
905:
326:
1600:
878:"I have seen many European towns, but have never found an identical development whereby an existing urban nucleus was turned into a fortification, or a similar town-planning solution".
653:
with pedestals on which four protectors against the plague are placed. Four additional pedestals were added to the monument in 1784, each featuring a statue of a saint. Tvrđa had
2402:
546:. Gosseau took over planning of the fort when construction was already under way. Starting in August 1712, Austrian engineers, supervised by the fort's commander, General
1919:
715:
of 1878 as a result of increasing political and military stability in the region. Two north-western bastions were demolished in the 1870s, making way for
Ambrose's Park (
1215:
1666:
668:
stayed in one of the inns when visiting Osijek. In 1786, as Joseph II, he decreed the merger of the Upper Town, Lower Town and Tvrđa into one single town council.
1889:
751:
and a military hospital in Tvrđa, but in the 1980s these buildings were gradually being abandoned, and adapted into ateliers for local painters and sculptors.
394:
appearance. Traces of medieval and
Ottoman towns remain to this day, including a remnant of the old Ottoman fortress wall, known today as the "Turkish Wall" (
2443:
1555:
931:
2534:
2256:
973:
2423:
386:. Between 1526 and 1687 Osijek was ruled by the Ottomans, who did not change the layout of the settlement in any substantial way but introduced Islamic
1387:
2708:
2120:
479:
2514:
2494:
2428:
1803:
838:
853:, the largest general-type museum in Croatia, located in Tvrđa since 1946. The former town museum and archives building today houses the
768:, which had been converted to a concentration camp known as the "Paradise Ghetto", to which prominent Jews were sent by the Nazis. Stars
620:
Gosseau's plan left space for churches to be built where mosques had once stood. Initially, converted mosques were used as churches, but
2504:
2418:
2316:
2246:
531:
470:
Development of the military settlement at Tvrđa started in 1687 when the
Habsburg armies drove the Ottomans out of the city during the
2519:
1584:
566:
and gun positions, respecting
Gosseau's design. The design followed the model of lowland Dutch military fortifications of the period.
2392:
2321:
2008:
1574:
1178:
986:
450:
2377:
483:
2499:
2387:
739:. The demolition of most of the fort walls happened between 1923 and 1926, with the construction of an electric tramway. The last
81:
2660:
2301:
2291:
2087:
756:
370:
where Tvrđa now stands. The town was a trade and port settlement from the early 12th century due to its position on the way from
2509:
2342:
1736:
1632:
2367:
2352:
2347:
2165:
1923:
897:
642:
2529:
1227:
2357:
866:
515:
1762:
1670:
2524:
858:
665:
141:
2698:
2468:
2453:
2372:
2216:
2147:
1819:
1640:
934:, while maintaining its multifunctional character. International cooperation is also envisioned, in particular with the
901:
784:
322:
50:
2382:
2713:
2135:
1897:
543:
293:
214:
171:
2266:
1529:
911:
The building of the general headquarters, dating from 1726, and the ground plan of the fortress were depicted on the
641:), following the construction of their own monastery. This church was in use after 1734, despite being incomplete. A
414:
2362:
2296:
1491:
1458:
1223:
2397:
1310:
2693:
744:
992:
547:
2433:
2271:
2125:
1867:
1421:
1395:
601:
418:
754:
From
February to June 1986, the fortress town was used as a filming location for the epic American miniseries
277:
as "a unique example of an eighteenth-century baroque military, administrative, and commercial urban center".
1267:
2276:
708:
status. Osijek's council was accommodated in a building at the south-eastern corner of Tvrđa's main square.
499:
379:
289:
208:
2593:
1893:
769:
841:(former logistics barracks built in the mid-18th century), and the Secondary School of Economics (former
805:
2463:
939:
1399:
1168:
813:
2557:
2489:
2160:
2080:
1108:
904:, 90 per cent of the buildings in Tvrđa were damaged to some extent and the fort was featured on the
892:
830:
821:
574:
274:
1056:
Croatian Ministry of Culture Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage (1 February 2005).
2572:
2337:
2155:
912:
826:
817:
596:
590:
330:
161:
151:
657:
as early as 1717. The first system to supply public water in Croatia was opened in Tvrđa in 1751.
510:
430:
2603:
2598:
2473:
2306:
2175:
850:
740:
442:
135:
692:
2241:
2226:
1194:
288:
forces in 1687, due to Osijek's strategic importance. Constructed starting in 1712 to plans by
2619:
2458:
2206:
2004:
1799:
1708:
1604:
1580:
1285:
1174:
1112:
982:
935:
923:
736:
716:
681:
634:
605:
487:
475:
471:
454:
434:
387:
200:
155:
145:
1789:
2552:
646:
519:
2286:
2073:
1281:
809:
777:
712:
705:
654:
410:
355:
317:
306:
175:
165:
1973:
869:, and his feast day of September 29 is celebrated as the day of the Tvrđa city district.
834:
2640:
2635:
2588:
2562:
2311:
2281:
2033:
1361:
883:
842:
820:), were all alumni (graduates) of the Tvrđa schools. The Faculty of Agriculture of the
765:
761:
422:
285:
2687:
1795:
1644:
916:
535:
329:. It now features on Croatia's 'tentative list' for consideration as a nominee for a
1845:
862:
795:
773:
676:
661:
383:
346:
310:
37:
2655:
1766:
1576:
The Long Shadow of the Past: Contemporary Austrian Literature, Film, and Culture
1533:
1057:
621:
582:
2670:
2567:
2023:
586:
526:
426:
1823:
1712:
1289:
1116:
96:
83:
2211:
1948:
664:
in Tvrđa, estimated to an account for one in three of the fort's buildings.
555:
266:
226:
116:
2231:
1530:"Memento umjetnicima, ili kako je Đapić dokrajčio osječku umjetničku scenu"
409:
During the Ottoman period, Osijek was internationally known because of the
1141:
2665:
1556:"Rat i sjećanja: Osječka Tvrđa kao židovski geto u Drugom svjetskom ratu"
1429:
748:
735:
As Osijek grew as a city, the fort's presence hindered the potential for
563:
551:
391:
363:
281:
263:
251:
1920:"Features of kuna banknotes: The 200 kuna banknote, Issue 7, March 2002"
1465:
235:
2650:
2221:
2201:
2180:
1314:
1272:
825:
1990s. Other present-day educational institutions in Tvrđa include the
630:
625:
578:
495:
371:
297:
259:
2170:
2110:
2096:
1061:
908:. It has not appeared on the list, published every two years, since.
650:
255:
1954:(in Croatian). Agency for Restoration of Osijek Tvrđa. 12 March 1999
1464:. Osijek: Tourist Board of the Osijek-Baranja County. Archived from
688:) is the only surviving gate out of four that were originally built.
2645:
2236:
1693:
1092:
794:
691:
675:
595:
525:
509:
367:
351:
345:
270:
234:
2049:
589:, was completed by 1721. The final, fourth gate, leading to the
585:, designed to offer protection from the north and to serve as a
570:
559:
375:
301:
2069:
1428:(in Croatian). Muzejska udruga istočne Hrvatske. Archived from
1339:
938:. The Agency is jointly funded by the Government of Croatia,
362:
The new name of Osijek first appeared in 1196. The center of
258:
in Croatia. It is the best-preserved and largest ensemble of
2134:
1422:"Muzejska Udruga Istočne Hrvatske – Arheološki muzej Osijek"
975:
World Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 1996
633:
commenced construction of the parish church of St. Michael (
1459:"Cultural and Historical Heritage of Osijek-Baranja County"
660:
In the mid-18th century there were reportedly more than 35
573:
were complete. An additional, western, gate leading to the
280:
The star fort was constructed in the immediate vicinity of
2041:
1058:"Historical-Town Planning Ensemble Tvrda (Fort) in Osijek"
2065:
1095:[Conversion of bastion fortifications in Osijek]
1091:
Krajnik, Damir; Obad Šćitaroci, Mladen (December 2008).
906:
1996 World Monuments Watch List of Most Endangered Sites
327:
1996 World Monuments Watch List of Most Endangered Sites
1199:(9th ed.). Jugoslovenska Revija. 1979. p. 41.
498:
fortress was based on the plan devised by the engineer
2057:
1515:
Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide
616:), built in 1729, now hosts the Archaeological Museum.
1976:(in Croatian). Agency for Restoration of Osijek Tvrđa
1949:"Ugovor o osnivanju Agencije za obnovu osječke Tvrđe"
1633:"Spomenici svjetske kulturne baštine – osječka Tvrđa"
760:. It played the role of the almost identical town of
518:
Church with two towers (1725–1748) was built by the
2628:
2612:
2581:
2545:
2482:
2442:
2411:
2330:
2255:
2194:
2146:
2103:
1890:"Features of kuna banknotes: The 200 kuna banknote"
1765:(in Croatian). City of Osijek. 2006. Archived from
645:was erected in the fort's main square in 1730 as a
222:
196:
188:
183:
127:
122:
112:
75:
23:
1763:"Grad Osijek – Izbori 2006 – Gradska četvrt Tvrđa"
1669:. Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek. Archived from
783:The fort sustained considerable damage during the
2704:Buildings and structures in Osijek-Baranja County
1492:"The first public water supply system in Osijek"
1093:"Preobrazba bastionskih utvrđenja grada Osijeka"
711:Tvrđa's military importance decreased after the
316:Tvrđa's military importance decreased after the
1694:"A brief history of higher education in Osijek"
876:
837:Music School (former Roman Catholic Seminary),
522:on the foundations of the Kasim-pasha's Mosque.
1311:"Croatian National Bank – Coins and banknotes"
981:. New York: World Monuments Fund. p. 22.
413:. The construction of the bridge was begun by
401:
395:
2081:
1528:Mitoš Svoboda, Ljiljanka (28 February 2007).
1513:Tomašić, Nebojša; Radovanović, Karin (1982).
449:). The bridge was rebuilt during the rule of
309:by 1717 and was the site of the first public
8:
1731:
1729:
932:International Council on Monuments and Sites
922:The Agency for Restoration of Osijek Tvrđa (
822:Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
577:was added in 1716. The construction of the
569:By 1715, all five planned bastions and two
2088:
2074:
2066:
1517:. Belgrade: Yugoslaviapublic. p. 188.
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
417:on 16 August 1526 following the orders of
20:
1943:
1941:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
855:State Directorate for Monument Protection
421:. The bridge, which connected Osijek and
325:during the 1990s and was featured on the
1922:. Croatian National Bank. Archived from
1626:
1624:
1622:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
406:), lying next to the Tvrđa access road.
1532:(in Croatian). ZaMirNET. Archived from
1334:
1332:
1148:. Tvrđa City District. 22 December 2008
950:
262:buildings in Croatia and consists of a
2393:Martyrdom of John the Baptist's Church
2058:Agency for Restoration of Osijek Tvrđa
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
480:Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden
1210:
1208:
1206:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
453:. Finally, it was burned down by the
378:southwards. The site was home to the
7:
2424:Branko Mihaljević Children's Theatre
1822:. Museum of Slavonia. Archived from
1579:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 34.
1386:Bajto, Amoreta (29 September 2014).
1111:, Faculty of Architecture: 168–179.
2419:Croatian National Theatre in Osijek
919:banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002.
554:, staff headquarters, churches and
2378:St. Leopold Bogdan Mandić's Church
1342:. Agencija za obnovu osječke Tvrđe
1170:Great Ottoman Turkish civilization
273:. Tvrđa has been described by the
14:
2388:Sts. Cyril and Methodius's Church
1362:"Osijek In Your Pocket 2009/2010"
466:First layout in late 17th century
354:(possible location of the former
2026:
2003:(in Croatian). Osijek: Grafika.
1266:Mažuran, Ive (14 January 2010).
928:Agencija za obnovu osječke Tvrđe
56:
49:
36:
2343:St. Roch's Church (Gornji grad)
1573:Katya Krylova (11 April 2020).
1490:Živaković-Kerže, Zlata (2008).
812:, along with Serbian scientist
366:Osijek was on the banks of the
284:Osijek after the defeat of the
269:built on the right bank of the
2403:Dormition of the Mother of God
2368:St. Joseph the Worker's Church
2358:Glorious Name of Mary's Church
2348:St. Roch's Church (Donji grad)
729:Royal General Secondary School
1:
2709:Tourist attractions in Osijek
1743:(in Croatian). City of Osijek
1313:(in Croatian). Archived from
506:Second layout in 18th century
474:. The chief commander of the
350:Tvrđa viewed from across the
57:
2121:Croatian War of Independence
1641:Croatian Heritage Foundation
1637:Hrvatski iseljenički zbornik
859:Croatian Ministry of Culture
785:Croatian War of Independence
780:filmed throughout the town.
581:on the opposite bank of the
323:Croatian War of Independence
313:in Croatia, opened in 1751.
134:from its foundation to 1526
2429:City and University Library
2383:St. Osijek Martyrs's Church
902:1991–95 conflict in Croatia
544:Maximilian Gosseau de Henef
294:Maximilian Gosseau de Henef
215:Maximilian Gosseau de Henef
172:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
16:Old town of Osijek, Croatia
2730:
2629:Neighboring municipalities
2322:Statue of the Holy Trinity
2132:
1846:"Tentative Lists: Croatia"
1268:"Tvrđa: ishodište Osijeka"
839:Jesuit Classical Gymnasium
558:, surrounded by system of
548:Johann Stephan von Beckers
2045:(in Croatian and English)
1607:. 9 July 1996. p. 34
727:started in 1881, and the
342:Medieval and Ottoman eras
44:
35:
28:
2434:State Archives in Osijek
2317:Slavonian Command Palace
2050:Interactive map of Tvrđa
1868:"Watch sites since 1996"
1794:(4th ed.). London:
1692:Kralik, Gordana (2008).
1396:Croatian Radiotelevision
1388:"Tvrđa svetkuje Miholje"
1367:. Zagreb: In Your Pocket
942:and the City of Osijek.
799:Map of present-day Tvrđa
419:Suleiman the Magnificent
239:Tvrđa, Osijek's old town
2373:St. Cross Tump's Church
1788:Oliver, Jeanne (2007).
723:). Construction of the
696:Plan of Tvrđa (German:
461:Design and construction
400:) or "Filibey's Fort" (
97:45.561073°N 18.696093°E
2515:Electrical Engineering
2140:
2139:Coat of arms of Osijek
1894:Croatian National Bank
1870:. World Monuments Fund
1820:"The Museum's History"
1737:"Gradska četvrt Tvrđa"
927:
889:
857:, a department of the
800:
745:Yugoslav People's Army
720:
701:
697:
689:
685:
638:
617:
613:
609:
538:
523:
500:Mathias von Kaiserfeld
446:
438:
402:
396:
359:
290:Mathias von Kaiserfeld
240:
209:Mathias von Kaiserfeld
2469:Archaeological museum
2267:Ante Starčević Square
2138:
2001:Grad i tvrđava Osijek
1999:Mažuran, Ive (2000).
1631:Matić, Vilim (2001).
1167:Çiçek, Kemal (2000).
940:Osijek-Baranja County
798:
695:
679:
672:19th and 20th century
599:
529:
513:
390:, giving the area an
349:
238:
204:Architects involved:
2558:Zrinjevac Sport Hall
2490:University of Osijek
2454:Gallery of fine arts
2353:St. Michael's Church
2292:Franjo Tuđman Bridge
1647:on 29 September 2011
1109:University of Zagreb
915:of the Croatian 200
893:World Monuments Fund
886:, an expert on Tvrđa
725:Royal Grammar School
488:military engineering
431:Nicholas VII of Zrin
275:World Monuments Fund
102:45.561073; 18.696093
2699:Districts of Osijek
2573:Gradski vrt stadium
2363:St. Family's Church
2166:Industrijska četvrt
2042:Tvrđa City District
1667:"About the Faculty"
898:World Heritage Site
818:Milankovitch cycles
757:War and Remembrance
666:Crown prince Joseph
649:monument featuring
643:Holy Trinity column
624:started to build a
439:Nikola VII. Zrinski
331:World Heritage Site
296:, all five planned
162:Kingdom of Slavonia
152:Kingdom of Slavonia
93: /
2714:Historic districts
2474:Museum of Slavonia
2464:Gallery Vernissage
2141:
1798:. pp. 85–87.
1562:. 3 November 2017.
1340:"History of Tvrđa"
1230:on 12 October 2008
851:Museum of Slavonia
814:Milutin Milanković
801:
741:gunpowder magazine
721:Ambrozijev perivoj
702:
690:
680:The 'water gate' (
618:
539:
524:
447:VII. Zrínyi Miklós
360:
241:
142:Kingdom of Croatia
136:Kingdom of Hungary
128:Controlled by
2679:
2678:
2505:Civil Engineering
2459:Gallery Waldinger
2398:St. Luke's Church
2297:Pedestrian bridge
2111:History of Osijek
1805:978-1-74104-475-1
1701:Technical Gazette
1605:Council of Europe
1496:Scrinia Slavonica
998:on 20 March 2013.
936:Council of Europe
737:urban development
536:200 kuna banknote
514:This single-nave
472:Great Turkish War
403:Filibejeva utvrda
388:places of worship
233:
232:
201:Habsburg monarchy
156:Habsburg monarchy
146:Habsburg monarchy
2721:
2694:Forts in Croatia
2553:Gradski vrt Hall
2302:Pejačević Castle
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2014:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1896:. Archived from
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1835:
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1816:
1810:
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1785:
1779:
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1774:
1759:
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1748:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1643:. Archived from
1628:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1471:on 17 April 2021
1470:
1463:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1402:on 18 April 2021
1398:. Archived from
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1263:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1226:. Archived from
1220:Essential Osijek
1212:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1173:. Yeni Türkiye.
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1138:
1121:
1120:
1098:
1088:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1000:
999:
997:
991:. Archived from
980:
970:
887:
865:of the Tvrđa is
806:Lavoslav Ružička
457:armies in 1686.
405:
399:
123:Site information
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
60:
59:
53:
40:
31:
30:Osijek, Croatia
21:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2624:
2608:
2594:Railway station
2577:
2541:
2520:Food Technology
2478:
2445:
2438:
2407:
2326:
2287:European Avenue
2258:
2251:
2190:
2142:
2130:
2099:
2094:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1992:Further reading
1989:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1939:
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1927:
1918:
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1901:
1888:
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1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1817:
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1806:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1769:on 3 March 2016
1761:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1717:
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1696:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1673:on 13 July 2009
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:(in Croatian).
1630:
1629:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1554:
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1549:
1539:
1537:
1536:on 30 June 2012
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1489:
1488:
1484:
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1472:
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1445:
1435:
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1432:on 6 March 2016
1420:
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1403:
1394:(in Croatian).
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1282:Matica hrvatska
1276:(in Croatian).
1265:
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1243:
1233:
1231:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1196:Yugoslav review
1193:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1166:
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1161:
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1103:(in Croatian).
1096:
1090:
1089:
1076:
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1064:
1055:
1054:
1003:
995:
989:
978:
972:
971:
952:
948:
888:
882:
875:
873:Heritage status
810:Vladimir Prelog
793:
778:Robert Stephens
713:Berlin Congress
706:free royal town
674:
655:street lighting
534:is featured on
532:General Command
508:
468:
463:
411:Suleiman Bridge
356:Suleiman Bridge
344:
339:
318:Berlin Congress
254:of the city of
203:
176:Austria-Hungary
166:Austrian Empire
131:List of rulers
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2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
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2596:
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2589:Osijek Airport
2585:
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2563:Jug Sport Hall
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2038:
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2034:Croatia portal
2021:
2020:External links
2018:
2016:
2015:
2009:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1974:"Program rada"
1965:
1937:
1926:on 4 June 2011
1911:
1900:on 4 June 2011
1881:
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1837:
1826:on 16 May 2011
1811:
1804:
1780:
1754:
1725:
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1658:
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1603:. Strasbourg:
1592:
1586:978-1571139399
1585:
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1520:
1505:
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1443:
1413:
1378:
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1317:on 3 July 2013
1302:
1241:
1224:In Your Pocket
1202:
1186:
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1122:
1074:
1001:
987:
949:
947:
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880:
874:
871:
843:grammar school
792:
789:
766:Czechoslovakia
762:Theresienstadt
698:Festung Essegg
673:
670:
507:
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486:principles of
467:
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2257:Buildings and
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2061:(in Croatian)
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2019:
2012:
2010:953-6711-00-1
2006:
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1796:Lonely Planet
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1502:(1): 147–151.
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988:0-9627931-7-5
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900:. During the
899:
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867:Saint Michael
864:
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747:maintained a
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2681:
2338:Co-cathedral
2185:
2115:
2000:
1978:. Retrieved
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1928:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1814:
1790:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:the original
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1740:
1718:19 September
1716:. Retrieved
1704:
1700:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:the original
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
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1609:. Retrieved
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1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1523:
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1508:
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1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
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1404:. Retrieved
1400:the original
1392:radio.hrt.hr
1391:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1319:. Retrieved
1315:the original
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1277:
1271:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1219:
1195:
1189:
1169:
1162:
1152:12 September
1150:. Retrieved
1146:gctvrdja.com
1145:
1104:
1100:
1065:. Retrieved
993:the original
974:
921:
910:
890:
877:
863:patron saint
854:
847:
845:for girls).
835:Franjo Kuhač
802:
782:
774:John Gielgud
770:Jane Seymour
755:
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686:Vodena vrata
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429:feudal lord
408:
384:Holy Trinity
361:
315:
311:water supply
279:
247:
243:
242:
184:Site history
18:
2604:Osijek tram
2599:Bus station
2500:Agriculture
2161:Gornji grad
1707:(1): 5–16.
1234:30 November
884:Ive Mažuran
791:Present day
700:) from 1861
622:Franciscans
583:River Drava
556:monasteries
502:from 1691.
451:Suleiman II
368:River Drava
352:River Drava
271:River Drava
100: /
76:Coordinates
2688:Categories
2671:Petrijevci
2620:Urban Fest
2568:Opus Arena
2535:Philosophy
2272:City Guard
2156:Donji grad
1980:12 October
1958:12 October
1773:15 October
1747:31 October
1651:12 October
1540:11 October
1280:. Zagreb:
946:References
614:Hauptwache
612:, German:
602:City Guard
591:Lower Town
587:bridgehead
575:Upper Town
397:Turski zid
380:Romanesque
170:1867–1918
160:1804–1867
150:1744–1804
140:1691–1744
88:18°41′46″E
85:45°33′40″N
2661:Antunovac
2656:Šodolovci
2613:Festivals
2582:Transport
2510:Economics
2483:Education
2307:Portanova
2259:landmarks
2247:Višnjevac
2242:Tvrđavica
2227:Podravlje
2212:Josipovac
2176:Novi grad
2148:Districts
1741:Osijek.hr
1713:1330-3651
1436:29 August
1290:1330-2787
1117:1330-0652
443:Hungarian
427:Hungarian
292:and then
267:star fort
250:) is the
227:Limestone
223:Materials
192:1693–1735
117:Star fort
2530:Medicine
2331:Churches
2207:Briješće
1848:. UNESCO
1406:13 April
1295:16 March
924:Croatian
881:—
829:and the
749:garrison
717:Croatian
682:Croatian
635:Croatian
606:Croatian
564:bastions
552:barracks
550:, built
484:Vauban's
476:Imperial
455:Habsburg
435:Croatian
392:Oriental
364:medieval
300:and two
298:bastions
282:medieval
264:Habsburg
252:old town
2651:Trpinja
2446:museums
2412:Culture
2282:Eurodom
2222:Nemetin
2202:Brijest
2195:Suburbs
2181:Retfala
2104:History
1791:Croatia
1560:SiB RTL
1426:muih.hr
1346:6 April
1273:Vijenac
1216:"Tvrđa"
1142:"Tvrđa"
1101:Prostor
913:reverse
651:volutes
631:Jesuits
626:Baroque
600:Former
579:outwork
530:Former
520:Jesuits
496:Baroque
337:History
286:Ottoman
260:Baroque
248:Citadel
229:, brick
174:within
164:within
154:within
144:within
2232:Sarvaš
2171:Jug II
2126:Mayors
2097:Osijek
2007:
1930:11 May
1904:11 May
1874:12 May
1852:11 May
1830:12 May
1802:
1711:
1677:12 May
1611:12 May
1583:
1475:12 May
1371:12 May
1321:5 July
1288:
1177:
1115:
1067:11 May
1062:UNESCO
985:
861:. The
647:plague
478:army,
256:Osijek
2666:Čepin
2646:Erdut
2641:Bilje
2636:Darda
2237:Tenja
2217:Klisa
2186:Tvrđa
2116:Tvrđa
1952:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1469:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
1365:(PDF)
1107:(2).
1097:(PDF)
996:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
571:gates
560:moats
423:Darda
302:gates
244:Tvrđa
213:1712
207:1691
189:Built
64:Tvrđa
24:Tvrđa
2005:ISBN
1982:2010
1960:2010
1932:2010
1906:2010
1876:2010
1854:2010
1832:2010
1800:ISBN
1775:2010
1749:2017
1720:2010
1709:ISSN
1679:2010
1653:2010
1613:2010
1581:ISBN
1542:2010
1477:2010
1438:2010
1408:2015
1373:2010
1348:2015
1323:2013
1297:2015
1286:ISSN
1236:2008
1175:ISBN
1154:2010
1113:ISSN
1069:2010
983:ISBN
917:kuna
891:The
808:and
776:and
662:inns
376:Buda
374:and
372:Pécs
113:Type
2525:Law
2495:Art
1278:414
764:in
2690::
1940:^
1892:.
1739:.
1728:^
1705:15
1703:.
1699:.
1635:.
1621:^
1558:.
1498:.
1494:.
1446:^
1424:.
1390:.
1331:^
1284:.
1270:.
1244:^
1222:.
1218:.
1205:^
1144:.
1125:^
1105:16
1099:.
1077:^
1060:.
1004:^
953:^
926::
833:,
827:II
772:,
719::
684::
637::
608::
562:,
490:.
445::
441:,
437::
358:).
333:.
2089:e
2082:t
2075:v
2013:.
1984:.
1962:.
1934:.
1908:.
1878:.
1856:.
1834:.
1808:.
1777:.
1751:.
1722:.
1681:.
1655:.
1615:.
1589:.
1544:.
1500:8
1479:.
1440:.
1410:.
1375:.
1350:.
1325:.
1299:.
1238:.
1183:.
1156:.
1119:.
1071:.
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246:(
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