Basuto Gun War - Knowledge (XXG)

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arbitrary power, refusing to pay his share of the hut tax and forbidding the return of the local magistrate. Joseph Orpen, who replaced Griffith, was seen as too sympathetic to the former rebels. His handling of cattle and land compensation led to the alienation of Basuto loyalists and the departure of nearly all pre-war magistrates from Basutoland. In January 1882, Letsie I assembled an army in order to enforce the Award on Masopha, yet the expedition was cancelled as it was judged that Masopha retained considerable popular support. The Colonial Office refused to allow the Cape to abandon Basutoland and cancel the Award. Robinson then set 15 March as the new deadline for the enforcement of the Award, threatening to confiscate land from the chiefs failing to abide to it and to redistribute Quthing District to white volunteers who fought in the war. Following pleas by Letsie I and Orpen, Robinson cancelled the Award on 15 March and pledged not to confiscate land. This was followed by the repeal of the Peace Preservation Act on 6 April.

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Cape Mounted Yeomanry to flank the kop from the left. CMY commander Captain Dalgety ordered his soldiers to dismount and assume an open order formation. Chief Seiso's led an charge of 300 axe-wielding Basuto cavalrymen on Dalgety's unit before the latter was able to reach the crest. The 2nd CMY reinforced Dalgety soon afterwards and captured a nearby village. The Cape army lost 32 killed and seven injured, while the Basuto lost 40 killed. The yeomanry was almost defenseless in hand-to-hand combat, as it was not yet issued bayonets or swords. The battle at Qalabane demoralized the Cape Mounted Yeomanry, which had previously successfully repulsed much larger bodies of enemy troops, but the Basuto hailed the clash as a great victory. Clarke reached Mafeteng, engaging in counter-insurgency operations in its vicinity until the end of the month before returning to the Cape.

836:. Using Letsie as an intermediary, Robinson organized a meeting between Griffith and Lerotholi outside Maseru on 17 April. The two sides signed an armistice, although Lerotholi was unwilling to surrender his weapons, as the motion would be too unpopular among his tribesmen. On 29 April, Robinson announced the peace settlement, known as the Award. Under its terms the Basuto would be allowed to keep their guns, provided they officially register them and pay an annual fee of one pound per weapon. The Cape pledged to provide an amnesty for the rebels and allow for Quthing to remain a part of Basutoland. The Basuto agreed to pay a collective fine of 5,000 cattle and compensate Basuto loyalists and white traders. The Award marked the end of the conflict. The Cape's casualties during the war totaled 94 killed and 112 wounded. 881:

On 16 September, Sauer held a private meeting with Letsie I and Lerotholi, and consented to the Basuto chiefs' proposal to assemble a force against Masopha. On 25 September, Gordon departed for a meeting with Masopha at Thaba Bosiu, at the same time Lerotholi had completed preparations to launch an assault on the stronghold. During his meeting with Masopha, Gordon disobeyed written instructions given to him by Sauer. Furthermore, Masopha intentionally prolonged the negotiations, thus thwarting Lerotholi's assault on the mountain. Gordon departed Thaba Bosiu without having achieved his objective and resigned soon afterwards. Lerotholi felt humiliated by the incident, which developed into a long-lasting rivalry between him and his uncle.

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land from Basuto loyalists and accepting Austen's severed head as a peace offering from Transkeian chief Tlokwa. According to Basuto oral tradition, Letsie I purposefully cultivated the image of a weak and unintelligent leader, while covertly communicating with the rebel leaders and encouraging the continuation of the rebellion. Basuto loyalist leaders like Jonathan Molapo surrendered their weapons on Letsie's orders so as to maintain control of the country in case the rebels were defeated. During the course of the war, Griffith continued to believe in Letsie's loyalty, blaming his inability to control his chiefs for the war.

165: 154: 126: 564:—under Sprigg's new terms the rebel chiefs were to appear in court where they would receive a token fine, pledge to compensate those whose property they had seized, and comply with the gun regulations. Masopha remained defiant and held an assembly of his own, where he and Lerotholi began to prepare for war. Masopha believed that the Cape's troops had proved themselves to be incompetent during the suppression of Morosi's revolt. He was further encouraged by rumors that the British would refuse to reinforce the Cape, and by the British defeat at the 754: 50: 458:

they deemed unacceptable. From that point on, Letsie I and the Governor's Agent in Basutoland, Colonel Griffith, became embroiled in a power struggle. The Cape-appointed magistrates were given autonomy in enforcing colonial legislation as they saw fit. The magistrates interfered with land disputes, when the Basuto previously held exclusive rights on land allocation. Authority over marriage disputes and disputes between the Basuto and white residents were likewise transferred to

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arms and withdraw. Lerotholi refused and rode back to his men, after seeing the CMR appear on the rear of the police force. The Basuto then charged down from the hill, and a short skirmish ensued whereby the Basuto suffered light casualties. Carrington's troops then garrisoned Mafeteng, where they were besieged by Lerotholi. On 17 September, a CMR unit was attacked by 700 Basuto outside Mafeteng. Following this attack Sprigg ordered the mobilization of the Cape's armed forces.

770:, and two 7-pounder guns towards Thaba Tsueu. Brabant sent the burghers ahead to capture the Radiamari village. After burning Radiamari, the burghers disregarded their orders and pushed further into Sepechele village, which was held by 8,000 men under Lerotholi. Chief Maama charged the burghers with 3,000 of his warriors, and the latter began to withdraw towards the rest of the Cape force. The Basuto managed to close in on the burghers but were eventually beaten off with 560:(CMR) could arrive to assist him. Letsie I replied that this was unrealistic, as most of the Basuto, including his sons, had rallied behind Masopha. Letsie and his armed retinue, returned to their village on 19 August after several days of negotiations, fearing that they would be ambushed if they remained outside Thaba Bosiu any longer. In a last ditch effort to prevent an uprising, Sprigg visited Letsie I in person. Letsie I then held another 582: 432: 525:

was unnecessary since the Basuto remained loyal to the Cape. The delegation was not allowed to present its case in the parliament. Petitions from the Basuto and their sympathizers from among the Paris Evangelical Society missionaries followed, all of which failed to produce a favorable result. Letsie I, now old and in declining health, was unwilling to lead an armed revolt, believing it to be futile. Cape Governor Sir

4675: 845: 893:, rebel chief Joel Molapo and loyalist chief Jonathan Molapo continued to clash sporadically over the Leribe chieftaincy. Joel continuously attacked local loyalists in an effort to seize power, complicating the settlement of the Gun War. The fighting resulted in a wave of refugees fleeing towards the Orange Free State. A month later, a number of Basuto chiefs including Masopha, failed to appear at a 2329: 676:; employing ambushes and defending fortified positions. Their high mobility allowed them to engage their opponents only when they believed that conditions favored them and to quickly withdraw after firing. While the Basuto remained inferior marksmen in comparison to their opponents, the quality and the quantity of the arms at their disposal had increased considerably since the Boer wars. 921:. The Basuto retained their guns, prevented the alienation of their land to white settlement and thwarted the absorption of their country by the Free State, which would have inevitably occurred had they gained complete independence. The Basuto chiefs retained most of their past authority, while unrest in Masopha's district was only brought to an end after his defeat in the 898:

popular opinion against him. In May, Letsie I officially granted Jonathan the Leribe chieftaincy, but despite Letsie's declaration, violence in Leribe did not subside until the end of the year. Facing continued diplomatic protests from the Free State and unable to enforce the law in Basutoland, the Cape Parliament passed the Disannexation Act in September 1883.

736:'s own purposes. Clifford insisted that no British troops should be committed for the suppression of the rebellion. In October, Clarke arrived at Wepener at the head of a force of 1,000 cavalry, 600 infantry, five artillery pieces, and 40 wagons. Clarke was aiming to relieve Mafeteng, whose garrison was forced to exchange messages written in 824:

a CMR scout reported a massed formation of Basuto horsemen. Brabant ordered his soldiers to form a square; soon afterwards the Basuto commenced an attack on its front and two flanks. A combination of rifle and case shot fire kept the Basuto at bay in the center and the right flank. On the left, the Basuto managed to almost reach

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1883. The Basuto Gun War represents a rare example of an African nation's military victory against a colonial power, whereby the Basuto were able to retain their guns. Under the terms of the Disannexation Act, Basutoland was transformed into a British High Commission Territory, and thus not later incorporated into the

721:. While Basuto incitement did play a role, the causes of those rebellions varied. Some tribes feared disarmament, others opposed the continuous erosion of traditional power structures, while others believed that merely by killing the local white population, colonial rule would disappear. The revolts in 828:

range before being likewise driven off. The artillery continued to fire on the retreating Basuto, who suffered 138 casualties in the engagement. One month later Clarke assumed personal command of the force, moving the camp to Ramibidikwa, 20 miles (32 km) from Morija. On 22 March, Carrington was

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On 14 February Carrington captured Ramakhoatsi, which overlooked the main road to Morija. The following day, a force of 370 cavalry, 100 infantry, 50 native levies, and three artillery pieces under Brabant was sent out in search of a new camping ground. Upon crossing a spruit in the Ramibidikwa area,

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had been incited to revolt by the rebels in Basutoland on 4 October. Brownlee initially attempted to quell the uprising through negotiations, however this plan had to be abandoned when the learnt that the rebels were planning to assassinate him and the members of his administration. He then evacuated

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system, under which the governor's legislative powers were transferred to the Cape Parliament. The Basuto were neither consulted nor formally informed. They were also barred from participating in the parliament unless they accepted to completely abandon their traditional laws and customs, a condition

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announced the peaceful settlement of the conflict. The Cape's subsequent efforts to enforce disarmament and re-establish the rule of law in Basutoland met with stiff resistance from Masopha and his supporters. Unable to control the Basuto, the Cape Parliament passed the Disannexation Act in September

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as unenforceable, citing the absence of unity among the Basuto. Merriman persuaded Gordon to stay in the Cape for an additional year. Sauer and Gordon then traveled to Basutoland in September 1882, Gordon was convinced that he could resolve the conflict if he were to enter negotiations with Masopha.

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For most of the war the Cape's troops and administration remained isolated in the Hlotse, Maseru, and Mafeteng Districts. The lack of offensive action reduced the Cape troops’ morale still further. Letsie I officially remained loyal to the Cape, while tacitly supporting the rebellion by confiscating

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halfway between Wepener and Mafeteng. Lerotholi had positioned 3,000 of his warriors behind a ridge that overlooked a nearby road. The advanced guard of the Cape Mounted Yeomanry came under rifle fire from the kop. Clarke ordered the artillery to fire upon the kop and dispatched 200 men from the 1st

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set off with 20 policemen to scout ahead. Some 2 miles (3.2 km) from the magistracy, he encountered 300 Basuto warriors commanded by Lerotholi on a hill range overlooking the road. The two parleyed, and Barkly informed Lerotholi of the column's imminent approach and advised him to surrender his

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to authorize the forced disarmament of the Baphuthi. Austen ordered Letsie I to assist the Cape in the campaign, threatening to hand over parts of Quthing to white settlers and establish garrisons of colonial troops in Basutoland. Letsie I reluctantly agreed. The fighting lasted for several months,

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called by Orpen's successor Matt Blyth, thus rejecting Scanlen's new proposal for semi-autonomous rule. Aided by Masopha, Joel Molapo continued to massacre and destroy the properties of his opponents. During one of his raids, his warriors burnt the stone house of his deceased father, which shifted

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harvest season neared, the Basuto began to fear that further fighting would lead to starvation in the following year. Under the terms put forward by the Basuto, they would retain their guns and autonomous rule. The deal was rejected by the Cape government, which demanded the surrender of all guns,

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In June 1880, Letsie I dispatched a three-man delegation to the Cape Parliament as it was deliberating the annexation of Quthing and the question of Basuto disarmament. The delegation argued that the annexation was a violation of prior agreements between Moshoeshoe and Wodehouse, while disarmament

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began setting their outposts in Basuto lands following Moshoeshoe's invitation. They promoted a combination of Christianity, Western civilization, and commerce. They saw Basuto customs linked to obligatory labor and the dependence of the population on their chiefs as evil. They sought to undermine

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for attending injured burghers while being wounded himself. Brabant sent 140 riders from the Yeomanry in pursuit of Maama. The initial counter-attack failed after it was outflanked from the right. The Cape troops then dismounted and cleared the plateau and surrounding ridges. The Basuto suffered

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was appointed as the new High Commissioner for Southern Africa. The British had long entertained the idea of incorporating Basutoland into the Cape Colony, and Barkly immediately pushed for annexation on the premise of the financial costs incurred by the colony's policing of Basutoland. The bill

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rifles. As a result, the Basuto became the best-armed tribe in southern Africa. For the Basuto gun confiscation was unacceptable, not only due to their high value, but also due to the necessity to defend their land and cattle in an environment where there was no guarantee of protection from the

504:(formal assembly) attended by some 6,000 to 10,000 Basuto. Soon afterwards he also declared that the Quthing region would be confiscated by the Cape for white settlement. At the time almost half of all Basuto men owned a firearm. Many had worked in railway construction and the diamond mines in 499:

In 1878, the Cape Parliament had passed the Peace Preservation Act, which allowed for the confiscation of the firearms of the African population in exchange for a monetary compensation. Sprigg decided that its implementation should extend to the Basuto, after witnessing 7,000 Basuto cavalrymen

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replaced Sprigg as prime minister, while Basutophile Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer was appointed as the new Secretary for Native Affairs. Scanlen encountered challenges in fully enforcing the Award, such as the erosion of the colonial administration's prestige. Masopha demanded to be granted almost

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and appointed Hamilton Hope as the magistrate to oversee the Baputhi, a move opposed by Morosi. In April 1878, the colonial authorities dispatched 80 African policemen and 700 Basuto warriors to apprehend Morosi's son Doda; the dispute was resolved peacefully. Hope was replaced by the more

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out of necessity, viewed any kind of colonial administration as “a snake in the house”. While the British, saw it as their responsibility to westernize their new subjects. Wodehouse therefore supported a gradual introduction of colonial laws, so as not to provoke backlash from the Basuto.

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and Quthing were abandoned by the Cape troops. The rebellion continued to spread across Basutoland, with clashes taking place across seven different fronts. The heavy casualties suffered by the Basuto during their frontal assaults caused them to increasingly adopt the tactics of the

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The Basuto vastly outnumbered their adversaries, Lerotholi commanded 23,000 cavalry, of which 9,000 were concentrated in the Mafeteng District where most of the fighting took place. A part of the Basuto army was tasked with guarding Letsie's ancestral village of

418:, who succeeded Moshoeshoe in 1870, viewed the annexation as merely a treaty of alliance and protection. Basuto chiefs therefore actively challenged the efforts of British authorities to enact major reforms without prior consultations. On 31 December 1870, Sir 732:, who had temporarily succeeded him, opposed both the war and Sprigg's policies. Under the terms of the responsible government system, the Cape was responsible for its own internal security, with two British regiments being stationed in the region for the 740:, since some Basuto chiefs spoke both English and French. Clarke's advance was slowed by deep mud, and the Basuto cavalry regularly harried the column with rifle fire before withdrawing. On 19 October, the Cape army reached Qalabane, an isolated 478:

experienced John Austen, who was likewise distrusted by Morosi. Doda was finally imprisoned after being implicated in horse theft, his subsequent escape from captivity and Morosi's refusal to hand him over impelled Cape Colony prime minister Sir

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The Cape government immediately began to undermine the traditional power structures of the Basuto. Under the terms of the Mercantile Law of 1871, trade was restricted to those in possession of a government license. In 1872, it implemented the

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Major W. F. D. Cochrane and Carrington. Carrington was appointed as the Commandant of the Mafeteng Region and entrusted with a force of approximately 2,000 men. Its cavalry included 400 men from the Cape Mounted Riflemen, 600 men from the

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and advanced towards Morija. In early December, he set up camp at Tsita's Nek, engaging in multiple clashes with the Basuto on the road to Morija. On 14 January 1881, Colonel Brabant led a force of 380 cavalry, 180 infantry, 400 armed

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Few Basuto complied with the order and handed over their arms. This catalyzed the Cape Parliament to vote in favor of disarmament. The delegation announced their failure to prevent the enactment of the Peace Preservation Act at a

925:. The Basuto Gun War represents a rare example of an African nation's military victory against a colonial power in the 19th century. Its status as a High Commission Territory meant that Basutoland was not incorporated into the 250:

extended the Peace Preservation Act to Basutoland, with the aim of disarming the Basuto people. The immense significance of guns in Basuto society, compounded with past grievances, resulted in a rebellion led by chiefs

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the submission of the Basuto to Cape laws, and the leaders of the rebellion to stand trial with the guarantee that they would not be sentenced to death. Negotiations broke down, but the seven-day

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The ensuing military stalemate and the high cost of conducting the war in made it increasingly unpopular among Cape politicians. On 29 April 1881, High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir

3262: 462:. Basuto prophetesses claimed to have communicated in their dreams with the spirit of Moshoeshoe, who had become increasingly angry with the white man's interference in Basuto affairs. 513:

colonial authorities. For the Basuto, guns were a symbol of manhood, and to be disarmed was seen as being reduced to the status of a child. In April 1879, the Cape Colony doubled the

798:, Cape authorities refused to allow new Boer volunteers to join the Basutoland campaign. The same month, the Basuto sued for peace with the assistance of opposition parliamentarian 4051: 794:

put further pressure on the Cape's already limited resources. By that time, the Cape war expenditure had reached £3 million. Fearing that Free State burghers might defect to the

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The Basuto’s lack of cooperation gave rise to calls for Basutoland's disannexation within the Cape Parliament. Eager to restore pre-war order, Scanlen invited Major General

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to Basutoland. Gordon had built a reputation as a capable administrator and an expert negotiator. He proposed replacing the magisterial system, granting the Basuto chiefs

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was once a tributary ruler of Moshoeshoe who had reluctantly merged his territory with British Basutoland in 1869. In 1877, the colonial authorities created the

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Basuto chiefs—including Lerotholi—welcomed the Award, and 3,000 heads of cattle were paid almost immediately as a gesture of goodwill. On 9 May 1881,

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granting the queen's support to the Disannexation Act, which came into force on 18 March 1884. Under its terms the newly created High Commission

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became impatient at the deliberations and ordered Letsie I to enact disarmament immediately, even before the Basuto delegation had returned from

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By early April, Sprigg's conduct of the war was being heavily criticized in the Cape Parliament, whose opposition members were pushing for a

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and his nephew chief Joel Molapo openly challenged the order and advocated for armed resistance. Masopha began to fortify the stronghold of

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and a small amount of artillery. The Basuto were forced to rely on smuggled and locally-produced gunpowder, which was of inferior quality.

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held at Maseru on 29 November resulted in most chiefs voting in favor of remaining British subjects. Masopha did not attend the Maseru

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region. The latter two, which formed the minority of the population, were gradually assimilated by the culturally dominant Sotho. King

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and first encountered horses and guns in a combat setting. They obtained horses and guns of their own, and began stockpiling

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for protection. Although, initially reluctant to intervene, on 12 March 1868 Wodehouse proclaimed Basutoland to be a royal

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united the various Sotho-speaking chieftainships into a single nation during a period of political turbulence known as

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on 12 March 1868, it became the target of rapid westernization efforts by the Cape Colony administration. In 1879, the

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Basutoland's legal status remained unclear, with the Colonial Office at various times calling it a crown colony and a

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them by promoting private property, the commodization of production and closer economic ties with European settlers.

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heavy casualties, while the Cape lost 16 killed and 21 wounded. Brabant then returned to his camp at Tsita's Nek.

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and artillery fire. As Maama retired, Lerotholi's warriors opened heavy fire from the surrounding ridges. Surgeon

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The outbreak of the Gun War (also known as Basutoland Rebellion) prompted other tribes to rise up in revolt. In

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In 1858, hostilities broke out between the Basuto and the Orange Free State. Inferior in both marksmanship and

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allowed the Basuto to harvest their crops. The newly appointed High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir

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lasted until February 1881 and forced the already outnumbered Cape army to divert troops to other fronts.

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Sprigg urged Letsie I to negotiate Masopha's unconditional surrender, until a force of

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perform maneuvers during the course of Morosi's uprising. This was announced during a

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Copies of all Correspondence and Telegrams Having Reference to the Recent Rebellion

706: 702: 419: 411: 318: 300: 235:. It lasted from 13 September 1880 to 29 April 1881 and ended in a Basuto victory. 228: 118: 615:

The army mustered by the Cape government for the conflict, consisting entirely of

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confirming the annexation was approved by the Cape Parliament on 11 August 1871.

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policy, leading to starvation among the Basuto. The Basuto appealed to British

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Government and Change in Lesotho, 1800–1966: A Study of Political Institutions

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Throwing Down White Man: Cape Rule and Misrule in Colonial Lesotho, 1871–1884

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tribes rose up in the Qumbu and Tsolo Districts. The Qwati and some of the

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Rosenberg, Scott; Weisfelder, Richard; Frisbie-Fulton, Michelle (2004).

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Power in Colonial Africa: Conflict and Discourse in Lesotho, 1870–1960

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Chiefdom Politics and Alien Law: Basutoland under Cape Rule 1871–1884

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was likewise repulsed and he initiated a siege. The magistracies at

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On 13 September 1880, a 212-man unit of Cape Mounted Riflemen under

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with the express purpose of purchasing modern breech-loading and

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was to be indirectly ruled by the Basutoland High Commissioner

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Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies

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In November, Carrington destroyed villages adjacent to his

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as the Baphuthi had entrenched themselves in the isolated

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that lasted until 1868. In 1866, the two sides signed the

1219: 1217: 1530: 1528: 1428: 1426: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1180: 1178: 659:. Masopha blockaded the garrison of 200 CMR soldiers at 1248: 1246: 1244: 1042: 1040: 1401: 1399: 1852:"Sotho Arms and Ammunition in the Nineteenth Century" 701:, while the rebels massacred members of the loyalist 465:

The southern corner of Basutoland was settled by the

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In the 1820s, the Basuto faced cattle raids from the

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19th-century military history of the United Kingdom

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Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

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Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

829:heavily wounded in the vicinity of the new camp. 541:convened on 3 July. The heir to the Basuto throne, 2065: 1973:"Counter-Insurgency in the Cape Colony, 1872–1882" 283:During the early 19th century, a diverse group of 2154:The Basutos: The Mountaineers & Their Country 1587: 1312: 1288: 1196: 1169: 1118: 1082: 1070: 1058: 956: 692:reported that the Basuto clans residing south of 603:in order to reinforce the isolated magistracy at 728:Frere was recalled to Britain and Major General 3430:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 1134:Rosenberg, Weisfelder & Frisbie-Fulton 2004 945:Rosenberg, Weisfelder & Frisbie-Fulton 2004 263:failed to achieve a decisive military victory. 34: 29:Conflict between the Basuto and the Cape Colony 876:autonomous rule. The proposal was rejected by 2626: 2243: 1471: 1235: 995: 980: 375:, the Basuto suffered a series of defeats in 8: 2005:Machobane, L. B.; Karschay, Stephan (1990). 443:, before the outbreak of the Basuto Gun War. 599:crossed into Basutoland in the vicinity of 3828: 2887: 2633: 2619: 2611: 2514: 2468: 2378: 2342: 2250: 2236: 2228: 31: 1988: 174: 3503:Reconstruction and Development Programme 1850:Atmore, Anthony; Sanders, Peter (1971). 1806: 1794: 1770: 1698: 1650: 1599: 1456: 1223: 1019: 752: 495:Opposition to the Peace Preservation Act 435:Map of southern Africa in 1878, showing 3099:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 2198:"Basutoland Roll of Honour 1851 – 1881" 2089:"The Basutoland Rebellion of 1880–1881" 1746: 1734: 1722: 1674: 1046: 968: 937: 242:'s transformation into a British royal 3580:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 2129:Cape Colony House of Assembly (1881). 1782: 1758: 1710: 1686: 1662: 1635: 1623: 1611: 1563: 1551: 1534: 1444: 1432: 1417: 1390: 1378: 1355: 1336: 1324: 1300: 1276: 1264: 1252: 1208: 1184: 1157: 1145: 1106: 1094: 1031: 1007: 313:of Sotho into the name of the nascent 1956:. The University of Wisconsin Press. 1575: 1519: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1405: 389:High Commissioner for Southern Africa 7: 717:clans launched their own revolts in 323:Paris Evangelical Missionary Society 4710:Military history of the Cape Colony 3510:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 3156:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 697:his district's white population to 405:The Basuto, who became part of the 102:re-established as a separate colony 709:tribes. Members of the Griqua and 348:. In 1852, the British signed the 25: 4745:African resistance to colonialism 4662:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 4297:South African Party (Cape Colony) 309:. He transformed the denigratory 72:13 September 1880 – 29 April 1881 4674: 4673: 2327: 2068:Historical Dictionary of Lesotho 491:, an act that shocked Letsie I. 295:-speaking tribes settled in the 163: 152: 124: 48: 4311:South African Party (1977–1980) 4304:South African Party (1911–1934) 4220:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 4017:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 790:In January the outbreak of the 3629:2019 service delivery protests 3615:#FeesMustFall student protests 3360:1983 constitutional referendum 1903:"General Gordon in Basutoland" 1857:The Journal of African History 641:Prince Alfred Volunteer Guards 42:South African Wars (1879-1915) 1: 4087:Johannesburg Reform Committee 3316:Israel–South Africa Agreement 2709: 2694: 2671: 2664: 1588:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1313:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1289:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1197:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1170:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1119:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1083:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1071:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1059:Machobane & Karschay 1990 957:Machobane & Karschay 1990 227:, was a conflict between the 3742:Black Consciousness Movement 3496:Government of National Unity 1952:Eldredge, Elizabeth (2007). 749:November 1880 – January 1881 4705:Wars involving South Africa 3453:Saint James Church massacre 3339:Weapons of mass destruction 645:RML 7-pounder mountain guns 364:was able to procure modern 4761: 4740:19th century in Basutoland 3193:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 3071:South West Africa campaign 2970:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 2935:French Huguenot settlement 2157:. Vol. II. Appleton. 4671: 4648:African National Congress 4108:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 3446:1992 apartheid referendum 2577: 2517: 2471: 2381: 2345: 2325: 1870:10.1017/S0021853700011130 1472:Atmore & Sanders 1971 1236:Atmore & Sanders 1971 996:Atmore & Sanders 1971 981:Atmore & Sanders 1971 619:troops, was commanded by 202: 182: 136: 112: 64: 47: 39: 4101:Labour Party (1969–1994) 4094:Labour Party (1910–1958) 3650:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 3608:#RhodesMustFall protests 3207:1960 republic referendum 439:as a constituent of the 81:Cape Colony (modern day 4735:1881 in the Cape Colony 4730:1880 in the Cape Colony 4546:terrorist organisations 3636:2019 Johannesburg riots 3249:Constructive engagement 3214:International isolation 3032:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 2289:Free State–Basotho Wars 2177:Sanders, Peter (2011). 2135:. Saul Solomon & Co 2072:. The Scarecrow Press. 1933:Burman, Sandra (1981). 1825:Encyclopædia Britannica 915:Territory of Basutoland 856:Opposition to the Award 800:Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer 778:of the 1st CMY won the 635:(CMY), 200 riders from 358:Bloemfontein Convention 4700:Wars involving Lesotho 3559:Attack on Kennedy Road 3170:Congress of the People 2761:South African Republic 2024:Maliehe, Sean (2014). 2009:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1937:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1901:Bradlow, Edna (1970). 862:Thomas Charles Scanlen 852: 796:South African Republic 758: 589: 455:responsible government 447: 444: 137:Commanders and leaders 4129:Natal Indian Congress 3849:Afrikaner Broederbond 3703:Afrikaner nationalism 3489:1994 general election 3460:Bophuthatswana crisis 3353:Church Street bombing 3133:Apartheid legislation 3126:1948 general election 3046:South Africa Act 1909 2841:Union of South Africa 2661:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 2641:Political history of 2319:2014 political crisis 927:Union of South Africa 923:1898 Basuto Civil War 870:Charles George Gordon 847: 834:vote of no confidence 776:John Frederick McCrea 763:line of communication 756: 633:Cape Mounted Yeomanry 584: 558:Cape Mounted Riflemen 517:in Basutoland to one 434: 381:Treaty of Thaba Bosiu 366:breech-loading rifles 350:Sand River Convention 273:Union of South Africa 203:Casualties and losses 3763:Greater South Africa 3601:2014 platinum strike 3467:Shell House massacre 3395:Transkei coup d'état 3200:Sharpeville massacre 2963:Battle of Blaauwberg 2956:Battle of Muizenberg 2908:Battle of Salt River 2691:Mthethwa Paramountcy 1626:, pp. 102, 104. 617:Cape Colonial Forces 597:Frederick Carrington 566:Battle of Isandlwana 469:people. Their chief 392:Sir Philip Wodehouse 261:Cape Colonial Forces 225:Basutoland Rebellion 223:, also known as the 193:three mountain guns 170:Frederick Carrington 4655:Democratic Alliance 3832:Civic and political 3696:Afrikaner Calvinism 3689:African nationalism 3538:African Renaissance 3228:UNSC Resolution 591 3149:Internal resistance 3050:National Convention 3018:Transvaal Civil War 2942:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 2825:Orange River Colony 2196:Tylden, G. (1969). 2087:Tylden, G. (1936). 1809:, pp. 116–118. 1797:, pp. 113–116. 1785:, pp. 169–170. 1773:, pp. 111–112. 1761:, pp. 167–168. 1749:, pp. 230–233. 1737:, pp. 229–230. 1725:, pp. 225–226. 1713:, pp. 160–161. 1701:, pp. 109–110. 1689:, pp. 155–157. 1653:, pp. 107–108. 1614:, pp. 150–151. 1566:, pp. 101–102. 1554:, pp. 100–101. 1393:, pp. 145–147. 1339:, pp. 144–145. 1327:, pp. 142–143. 1303:, pp. 139–142. 1279:, pp. 136–139. 1267:, pp. 135–136. 1211:, pp. 134–135. 1160:, pp. 121–124. 1136:, pp. 276–277. 998:, pp. 540–541. 983:, pp. 536–537. 819:February–April 1881 730:Henry Hugh Clifford 489:King William's Town 460:magistrates' courts 3402:Ciskei coup d'état 3221:UN Resolution 1761 3186:Women's March 1956 3039:South African Wars 3025:Mineral Revolution 2486:Telecommunications 1971:Kotze, J. (2012). 1896:– via JSTOR. 1109:, pp. 97–101. 853: 759: 594:Lieutenant Colonel 590: 585:Brigadier General 527:Henry Bartle Frere 445: 18:Basutoland Gun War 4725:Conflicts in 1881 4720:Conflicts in 1880 4687: 4686: 4640:political parties 4633: 4632: 4610:Orde van die Dood 4227:Progressive Party 3933:Congress Alliance 3749:Cape Independence 3681:Political culture 3676: 3675: 3643:COVID-19 pandemic 3573:Marikana massacre 3409:Venda coup d'état 3163:Defiance Campaign 2753:Orange Free State 2683:Dutch Cape Colony 2608: 2607: 2573: 2572: 2504: 2503: 2458: 2457: 2450:Political parties 2443:National Assembly 2396:Foreign relations 2368: 2367: 2314:SADC intervention 2188:978-0-850-36654-9 2016:978-0-333-51570-9 1963:978-0-299-22370-0 1944:978-1-349-04639-3 1602:, pp. 82–86. 1590:, pp. 54–55. 1522:, pp. 52–53. 1510:, pp. 38–39. 1498:, pp. 53–54. 1420:, pp. 98–99. 1315:, pp. 53–54. 1291:, pp. 52–53. 1172:, pp. 51–52. 1097:, pp. 91–92. 1085:, pp. 49–50. 1073:, pp. 47–49. 1061:, pp. 43–44. 1022:, pp. 25–26. 1010:, pp. 15–16. 971:, pp. 29–32. 947:, pp. 12–13. 813:Hercules Robinson 647:and two 5.5-inch 621:Brigadier General 362:Orange Free State 317:nation. In 1833, 268:Hercules Robinson 217: 216: 108: 107: 16:(Redirected from 4752: 4677: 4676: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4544:Paramilitary and 4536: 4534:Umkosi Wezintaba 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4379:social movements 4377:Trade unions and 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3898:Boerestaat Party 3893: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3829: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3781: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3669: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3388:Dakar Conference 3383: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3318: 3311: 3309:Israeli alliance 3304: 3297: 3290: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3263:Sporting boycott 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3235:Academic boycott 3230: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3092:Great Depression 3087: 3080: 3078:Maritz rebellion 3073: 3053: 3041: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2928:Dutch settlement 2910: 2903: 2901:Bantu migrations 2888: 2876: 2868: 2860: 2852: 2844: 2836: 2833:Transvaal Colony 2828: 2820: 2812: 2804: 2801:Nieuwe Republiek 2796: 2788: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2756: 2748: 2740: 2737:Natalia Republic 2732: 2724: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2706:Ndwandwe Kingdom 2701: 2699: 2696: 2686: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2612: 2593: 2586: 2515: 2469: 2379: 2343: 2331: 2309:1991 coup d'état 2304:1986 coup d'état 2299:1970 coup d'état 2252: 2245: 2238: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2192: 2181:. 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Merriman 851:in December 1880 690:Charles Brownlee 628:Adjutant General 475:Quthing District 231:and the British 176: 168: 167: 166: 157: 156: 155: 129: 128: 127: 66: 65: 52: 32: 21: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4045:HNP (Herstigte) 4043: 4038:HNP (Herenigde) 4036: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3861: 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2769:Griqualand East 2767: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2727: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2697: 2689: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2659: 2645: 2639: 2609: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2569: 2531: 2500: 2454: 2364: 2332: 2323: 2265: 2256: 2218: 2216: 2195: 2189: 2176: 2167: 2165: 2149:Lagden, Godfrey 2147: 2138: 2136: 2128: 2125: 2123:Further reading 2086: 2080: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2023: 2017: 2004: 1995: 1993: 1970: 1964: 1951: 1945: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1900: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1541: 1533: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1362: 1354: 1343: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1251: 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3541: 3534: 3527: 3524:Floor crossing 3520: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3484: 3482: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3439:Bisho massacre 3435: 3434: 3433: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3381:Operation Vula 3377: 3374:Rubicon speech 3370: 3367:Langa massacre 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3166: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3129: 3121: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3085:Rand Rebellion 3081: 3074: 3066: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3011:Boer Republics 3007: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2896: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2861: 2857:Bophuthatswana 2853: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2821: 2817:Klein Vrystaat 2813: 2805: 2797: 2789: 2781: 2773: 2765: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2733: 2725: 2717: 2702: 2687: 2679: 2656: 2654: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2411:Prime Minister 2408: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2294:Basuto Gun War 2291: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2240: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2193: 2187: 2174: 2145: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2101:(58): 98–107. 2084: 2078: 2061: 2021: 2015: 2002: 1968: 1962: 1949: 1943: 1930: 1913:(4): 223–242. 1898: 1864:(4): 535–544. 1845: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1679: 1677:, p. 224. 1667: 1665:, p. 154. 1655: 1640: 1638:, p. 151. 1628: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1556: 1539: 1537:, p. 149. 1524: 1512: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1474:, p. 543. 1461: 1459:, p. 106. 1449: 1437: 1435:, p. 104. 1422: 1410: 1395: 1383: 1381:, p. 148. 1360: 1358:, p. 100. 1341: 1329: 1317: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1269: 1257: 1240: 1238:, p. 541. 1228: 1213: 1201: 1189: 1187:, p. 133. 1174: 1162: 1150: 1148:, p. 110. 1138: 1123: 1111: 1099: 1087: 1075: 1063: 1051: 1036: 1024: 1012: 1000: 985: 973: 961: 949: 936: 934: 931: 919:Marshal Clarke 886: 883: 857: 854: 841: 838: 820: 817: 792:First Boer War 780:Victoria Cross 757:Map of the war 750: 747: 681: 678: 624:Charles Clarke 587:Charles Clarke 578: 577:September 1880 575: 573: 570: 568:a year prior. 496: 493: 449: 446: 428: 425: 407:British Empire 385:scorched earth 280: 277: 221:Basuto Gun War 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 200: 199: 189: 185: 184: 180: 179: 159:Charles Clarke 149: 139: 138: 134: 133: 121: 115: 114: 110: 109: 106: 105: 104: 103: 97: 96:Basuto victory 92: 88: 87: 80: 78: 74: 73: 70: 62: 61: 45: 44: 37: 36: 35:Basuto Gun War 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4757: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4682: 4681: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4636: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520:Die Spoorbund 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4360:Workers Party 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4241:Radio Freedom 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4192:Oranjewerkers 4189: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834:organisations 3830: 3827: 3825:organisations 3821: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3622:Tshwane riots 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3346:Project Coast 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3325:Mafeje affair 3322: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3295:Durban Moment 3292: 3289: 3288:Rivonia Trial 3285: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3242:Disinvestment 3239: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2997:1820 Settlers 2994: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2707: 2703: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2079:0-8108-4871-6 2075: 2070: 2069: 2062: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1807:Eldredge 2007 1803: 1800: 1796: 1795:Eldredge 2007 1791: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771:Eldredge 2007 1767: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1699:Eldredge 2007 1695: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651:Eldredge 2007 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600:Eldredge 2007 1596: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1578:, p. 54. 1577: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1486:, p. 53. 1485: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:Eldredge 2007 1453: 1450: 1447:, p. 99. 1446: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1408:, p. 52. 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1255:, p. 98. 1254: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1226:, p. 71. 1225: 1224:Eldredge 2007 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1199:, p. 52. 1198: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1121:, p. 51. 1120: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1049:, p. 31. 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1034:, p. 17. 1033: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1020:Eldredge 2007 1016: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 977: 974: 970: 965: 962: 958: 953: 950: 946: 941: 938: 932: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 896: 892: 885:Disannexation 884: 882: 879: 875: 871: 866: 863: 855: 850: 846: 839: 837: 835: 830: 827: 818: 816: 814: 810: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 784: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 755: 748: 746: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 691: 687: 679: 677: 675: 674:Boer Commando 670: 669:Mohale's Hoek 666: 662: 658: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 625: 622: 618: 613: 610: 609:Arthur Barkly 606: 602: 598: 595: 588: 583: 576: 571: 569: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 534: 532: 528: 522: 520: 516: 511: 507: 503: 494: 492: 490: 486: 485:Mount Moorosi 481: 480:Gordon Sprigg 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 456: 442: 438: 433: 426: 424: 421: 417: 413: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297:Caledon River 294: 290: 286: 278: 276: 274: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 210: 207: 206: 201: 198: 190: 187: 186: 181: 177: 171: 160: 150: 148: 144: 141: 140: 135: 132: 122: 120: 117: 116: 111: 101: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 84: 79: 76: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 60: 56: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 27: 19: 4678: 4638:Histories of 4339:United Party 4248:Reform Party 4185:Orangia Unie 3810: 3801: 3794:Swart gevaar 3792: 3776: 3732: 3723: 3664: 3566:Blikkiesdorp 2892:Pre-colonial 2745:Natal Colony 2729:Zulu Kingdom 2643:South Africa 2527:Demographics 2401:Human rights 2293: 2217:. Retrieved 2205: 2201: 2178: 2166:. Retrieved 2153: 2137:. Retrieved 2131: 2098: 2092: 2067: 2053:. Retrieved 2036:(2): 28–45. 2033: 2029: 2006: 1994:. Retrieved 1983:(2): 36–58. 1980: 1976: 1953: 1934: 1922:. Retrieved 1910: 1906: 1861: 1855: 1830:. Retrieved 1823: 1814: 1802: 1790: 1778: 1766: 1754: 1747:Bradlow 1970 1742: 1735:Bradlow 1970 1730: 1723:Bradlow 1970 1718: 1706: 1694: 1682: 1675:Bradlow 1970 1670: 1658: 1631: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1559: 1515: 1503: 1491: 1479: 1452: 1440: 1413: 1386: 1332: 1320: 1308: 1296: 1284: 1272: 1260: 1231: 1204: 1192: 1165: 1153: 1141: 1114: 1102: 1090: 1078: 1066: 1054: 1047:Maliehe 2014 1027: 1015: 1003: 976: 969:Maliehe 2014 964: 952: 940: 906: 902: 900: 894: 888: 873: 867: 859: 831: 822: 789: 785: 760: 727: 683: 680:October 1880 653: 614: 591: 561: 555: 538: 535: 523: 501: 498: 464: 451: 420:Henry Barkly 412:protectorate 404: 370: 328: 319:missionaries 304: 301:Moshoeshoe I 282: 265: 237: 224: 220: 218: 113:Belligerents 40:Part of the 26: 3778:Rooi gevaar 3657:2021 unrest 3587:Nkandlagate 3416:Third Force 3277:Rugby union 2875:(1981–1994) 2867:(1979–1994) 2859:(1977–1994) 2851:(1976–1994) 2843:(1910–1961) 2835:(1902–1910) 2827:(1902–1910) 2819:(1886–1891) 2811:(1885–1887) 2803:(1884–1888) 2795:(1882–1885) 2787:(1882–1883) 2779:(1870–1873) 2771:(1861–1879) 2763:(1856–1902) 2755:(1854–1902) 2747:(1843–1910) 2739:(1839–1843) 2731:(1816–1897) 2723:(1795–1910) 2721:Cape Colony 2713: 1780 2698: 1780 2685:(1652–1806) 2675: 1220 2668: 1075 2405:LGBT rights 1832:15 November 1783:Burman 1981 1759:Burman 1981 1711:Burman 1981 1687:Burman 1981 1663:Burman 1981 1636:Burman 1981 1624:Tylden 1936 1612:Burman 1981 1564:Tylden 1936 1552:Tylden 1936 1535:Burman 1981 1445:Tylden 1936 1433:Tylden 1936 1418:Tylden 1936 1391:Burman 1981 1379:Burman 1981 1356:Tylden 1936 1337:Burman 1981 1325:Burman 1981 1301:Burman 1981 1277:Burman 1981 1265:Burman 1981 1253:Tylden 1936 1209:Burman 1981 1185:Burman 1981 1158:Burman 1981 1146:Burman 1981 1107:Burman 1981 1095:Burman 1981 1032:Burman 1981 1008:Burman 1981 694:Drakensberg 551:Thaba Bosiu 441:Cape Colony 360:. The Boer 233:Cape Colony 213:112 wounded 131:Cape Colony 4694:Categories 4589:Greyshirts 4353:Volksparty 3891:Black Sash 3552:Xenophobia 3545:Travelgate 3302:Border War 3106:Bantustans 3004:Great Trek 2949:Xhosa Wars 2809:Upingtonia 2793:Stellaland 2433:Parliament 2055:7 November 2042:2263/43121 1996:7 November 1924:7 November 1844:References 1576:Kotze 2012 1520:Kotze 2012 1508:Kotze 2012 1496:Kotze 2012 1484:Kotze 2012 1406:Kotze 2012 734:War Office 719:Thembuland 711:Mpondomise 510:smoothbore 437:Basutoland 339:flintlocks 279:Background 240:Basutoland 238:Following 211:94 killed 100:Basutoland 3812:Volkstaat 3803:Uitlander 3734:Boerehaat 3710:Anarchism 3517:Arms Deal 3480:apartheid 3140:Pass laws 3117:Apartheid 3062:1910–1948 2981:1815–1910 2919:1652–1815 2555:Languages 2550:Education 2496:Transport 2476:Companies 2421:Commander 2391:Elections 2355:Districts 2338:Geography 2219:7 January 2214:0026-4016 2168:7 January 2163:908824713 2139:7 January 2107:0037-9700 2050:0018-229X 1919:0018-229X 1894:161528484 1878:0021-8537 1820:"Gun War" 933:Footnotes 929:in 1910. 840:Aftermath 809:armistice 802:. As the 543:Lerotholi 531:Cape Town 521:per hut. 352:with the 335:gunpowder 321:from the 253:Lerotholi 143:Lerotholi 57:with his 4680:Category 4582:Boeremag 4080:Jeugkrag 4031:Het Volk 3725:Baasskap 3667:incident 3270:Olympics 2849:Transkei 2652:polities 2650:Defunct 2600:Category 2565:Religion 2522:Abortion 2416:Military 2374:Politics 2360:Wildlife 2284:Lifaqane 2279:Monarchs 2263:articles 2151:(1910). 2115:44227993 2030:Historia 1907:Historia 874:de facto 768:burghers 723:Transkei 605:Mafeteng 572:Conflict 467:Baphuthi 416:Letsie I 400:dominion 394:and the 373:materiel 306:Lifaqane 244:dominion 183:Strength 77:Location 4485:SAAPAWU 3823:Defunct 3786:Slavery 2990:Mfecane 2584:Outline 2545:Cuisine 2537:Culture 2510:Society 2491:Tourism 2464:Economy 2386:Cabinet 2271:History 2259:Lesotho 772:carbine 699:Kokstad 649:mortars 601:Wepener 547:Masopha 515:hut tax 427:Prelude 346:muskets 331:Koranna 257:Masopha 208:Unknown 197:mortars 172: ( 147:Masopha 83:Lesotho 55:Masopha 4436:FOSATU 4290:SAYRCO 4262:SADECO 4178:Occupy 3717:Azania 3665:Lady R 3594:Racism 3423:CODESA 2884:Events 2873:Ciskei 2785:Goshen 2715:–1819) 2700:–1817) 2481:Mining 2438:Senate 2428:Police 2350:Cities 2261: 2212: 2185: 2161: 2113: 2105: 2076: 2048: 2013: 1960: 1941: 1917: 1892: 1886:181011 1884: 1876: 1827:Online 849:Maseru 715:Thembu 665:Hlotse 661:Maseru 657:Morija 471:Morosi 315:Basuto 311:exonym 293:Tswana 291:- and 229:Basuto 191:4,000 188:23,000 119:Basuto 91:Result 4617:PAGAD 4513:SATUC 4506:SARHU 4492:SACTU 4471:NURHS 4429:FNETU 4415:CTSWU 4408:CNETU 4401:BLATU 4283:SAYCO 4171:NUSAS 4052:IDASA 3863:AITUP 3478:Post- 2865:Venda 2591:Index 2560:Music 2208:(5). 2111:JSTOR 1890:S2CID 1882:JSTOR 907:pitso 903:pitso 895:pitso 826:melee 804:maize 738:Greek 707:Bhaca 703:Hlubi 562:pitso 539:pitso 502:pitso 354:Boers 289:Nguni 285:Sotho 4624:SANF 4554:APLA 4499:SAIF 4478:PAWE 4464:NEUM 4457:MUSA 4422:FCWU 4367:WOSA 4318:TNIP 4276:SASO 4269:SAIC 4255:SABP 4206:PAVN 3940:COSG 3919:CTEG 3912:CNIP 2221:2022 2210:ISSN 2183:ISBN 2170:2022 2159:OCLC 2141:2022 2103:ISSN 2074:ISBN 2057:2021 2046:ISSN 2011:ISBN 1998:2021 1958:ISBN 1939:ISBN 1926:2021 1915:ISSN 1874:ISSN 1834:2021 705:and 377:wars 255:and 219:The 195:two 69:Date 4575:BBB 4568:AWB 4561:ARM 4527:UDF 4450:IWW 4443:ICU 4394:BCM 4387:APF 4332:UFP 4234:PRP 4213:PFP 4164:NRP 4157:NPP 4143:NNP 4136:NLP 4122:NCP 4073:ISL 4024:GNP 3996:ECC 3989:DSM 3982:DPP 3954:DLF 3926:COD 3905:CDA 3884:BPC 3877:AVF 3870:APO 2038:hdl 1985:doi 1866:doi 742:kop 287:-, 175:WIA 4696:: 4596:MK 4150:NP 4115:NA 4066:IP 4059:ID 4010:FD 4003:FA 3947:CP 2710:c. 2695:c. 2672:c. 2665:c. 2204:. 2200:. 2109:. 2099:15 2097:. 2091:. 2044:. 2034:59 2032:. 2028:. 1981:31 1979:. 1975:. 1911:15 1909:. 1905:. 1888:. 1880:. 1872:. 1862:12 1860:. 1854:. 1822:. 1643:^ 1542:^ 1527:^ 1464:^ 1425:^ 1398:^ 1363:^ 1344:^ 1243:^ 1216:^ 1177:^ 1126:^ 1039:^ 988:^ 901:A 688:, 533:. 414:. 402:. 275:. 3052:) 3048:( 2708:( 2693:( 2677:) 2670:– 2663:( 2634:e 2627:t 2620:v 2407:) 2403:( 2251:e 2244:t 2237:v 2223:. 2206:1 2191:. 2172:. 2143:. 2117:. 2082:. 2059:. 2040:: 2019:. 2000:. 1987:: 1966:. 1947:. 1928:. 1868:: 1836:. 519:£ 178:) 85:) 20:)

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