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160:. The undercoin can clearly be seen on some of the silver coins because they were not filed down so as not to lose the value of the silver. On the bronze coins it is very difficult to see the underlying coin because they were filed down before they were over-struck. In rare instances, the coin cracked when it was overstruck.
507:"Stating that "the forgery of Jewish coins is still common in Palestine", Conder wrote that "the theory according to which [Bar Kochba] struck coins in Jerusalem demands notice, in connection with the history of the city, but it appears to be one of those learned fallacies which are very long in dying""
294:
proposed tying these coins to Roman soldiers stationed in those camps who were active in quelling the Bar Kokhba revolt and took those coins with them as souvenirs or commemorative relics. In a 2023 article, Brull proposed that some of the coins may have been brought to the Europe by Jewish captives
191:" was inscribed around the representation of the Temple. Beginning in the second year of issue and continuing into the final year, a star appeared above the Temple on many coins, probably in reference to Bar Kokhba's nickname "Son of the Star". Agricultural symbols connected with the
469:"Madden's chapter IX, "Money Struck during the Second Revolt of the Jews," lists only those coins of "Simon Bar Cochab" which were overstruck on coins of the Roman emperors from Vespasian onwards, and which could not therefore fit in any way into Madden's scheme of the "
485:." His attribution of these coins to Bar Kochba follows that of Levy. The original group attributed to Bar Kochba numbered 10 silver pieces and one bronze piece in Madden's book of 1864; in 1881 they had grown to 43, including the tetradrachm with the star."
902:
265:
As of 2023, twenty-four coins of the Bar Kokhba revolt were found outside Judaea, in various locations in the UK, Austria, Hungary, Romania and
Croatia. The majority of coins were found around Roman military sites in the provinces of
229:
were 10 silver pieces and one bronze piece found in the mid-nineteenth century. By 1881 the number of coins had grown to 43, and many more have been found since. These coins were first attributed to Bar Kokhba by
210:, appear on the reverse of some of the smaller bronze coins, surrounded by a Hebrew inscription: 'Year One of the Redemption of Israel', 'Year Two of the Freedom of Israel', or 'For the Freedom of Jerusalem'.
1323:
1318:
1283:
66:
847:
989:
167:) appears on all of the coins of the Bar Kokhba Revolt except for a few types issued at the beginning of the revolt with the name "Eleazar the Priest (
152:
During the revolt, large quantities of coins were issued in silver and copper with rebellious inscriptions, all being overstruck over foreign (mostly
217:
in
Jerusalem. This was only the fourth coin from this period to be found in the area, and the only Bar Kokhba coin to have Jerusalem's name on it.
213:
In May 2020, a coin embossed with grapes and 'Year Two of the
Freedom of Israel' was found in the William Davidson Archaeological Park next to the
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439:
816:
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705:
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669:
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384:
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467:
History of Jewish coinage, and of money in the Old and New
Testament, Frederic William Madden, Pegasus Pub. Co., 1967, Introduction,
612:"A Representation of the Inauguration Ceremony of the Restored Temple? A (Tentative) Reinterpretation of the Bar Kokhba Tetradrachm"
840:
1278:
1298:
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481:. He notes, of course, that some of the coins of Bar Cochab "appear to have been struck from the same stamp as those of
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279:
282:, including several legionary and auxiliary camps, though not always in a strictly military context. In 2010,
241:
Since the mid-nineteenth century, a number of scholars have provided alternative attributions for the coins.
1303:
1083:
882:
175:(see illustration) are among the most religiously significant coins issued by the ancient Jews, because the
1212:
242:
867:
527:
Alice
Muehsam, Coin and temple: a study of the architectural representation on ancient Jewish coins, 1966
984:
956:
156:) coins, when a file was used to remove the designs of the original coins, such as the portrait of the
539:
Eshel, H., Zissu, B., & Barkay, G. (2009). "Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe".
1313:
394:
253:
Alice
Muehsam, writing in 1966, suggested that those coins with dates such as "Year 1" were actually
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The
History of Coins and Symbols in Ancient Israel, by Wolf Wirgin and Siegfried Mandel, 1959
1169:
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The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome
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249:. Wolf Wirgin, writing in 1959, suggested that the coins were instead minted by King
157:
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440:"'Year 2 of freedom': Ancient coin from Bar Kochba revolt found near Temple Mount"
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Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of
Israeli National Tradition
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82:: the Grape bunch on vine, surrounded by the name “Shim‘on” in paleo-Hebrew.
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188:
107:
245:, writing in 1909, suggested that the coins were forgeries of the coins of
423:
661:
Art and
Judaism in the Greco-Roman world: toward a new Jewish archaeology
99:
75:
679:
Goodman, Martin (2005). "Coinage and
Identity: The Jewish Evidence". In
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86:: A palm branch surrounded by the phrase "to the freedom of Jerusalem"
611:
352:
347:
199:
172:
35:
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337:
207:
203:
163:
The name "Shim'on" (likely referring to the leader of the Revolt,
130:
89:
65:
59:
29:
27:
Coins used by the Jewish rebel state during the Bar Kokhba revolt
640:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period
595:"The Temple Willow-Branch Ritual Depicted on Bar Kokhba Denarii"
115:
829:
192:
561:
Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe: A Reappraisal.
755:
Mildenberg, L. (1980). "Bar Kokhba Coins and Documents."
295:
or immigrants who arrived in those areas of the revolt.
505:
The City of Jerusalem By Colonel C. R. Conder (1909),
573:
Bar Kokhba’s bronze coin from Kolovare Beach in Zadar
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Cesarik, N., Filipčić, D., Kramberger, V. (2018). "
78:, Undated, but attributed to year 3 (134-135 CE).
723:"Insights on the Bar Kokhba Revolt from the Coins"
706:"A Bronze Test Strike from the Bar Kokhba Revolt"
637:Davies, William David; et al., eds. (2006).
787:The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman world
643:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–117.
361:, ancient Jewish name for certain silver coinage
62:, the text reads: "to the freedom of Jerusalem".
811:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 48–49.
355:, ancient Near Eastern unit of weight and coin
841:
689:. Oxford University Press. pp. 163–166.
683:; Volker Heuchert; Andrew M. Burnett (eds.).
577:Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zadar
463:
461:
459:
133:issued by the Judaean rebel state, headed by
8:
344:, ancient Hebrew unit of weight and currency
106:: trumpets surrounded by "To the freedom of
50:facade with the rising star, surrounded by "
686:Coinage and identity in the Roman Provinces
555:
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225:The first group of these coins reviewed by
1324:130s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
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990:Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus
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664:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
118:surrounded by "Year two to the freedom of
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535:
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1319:130s establishments in the Roman Empire
1175:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
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757:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
721:Jacobson, David M. (21 October 2022).
419:
417:
716:. Israel Numismatic Society: 111–116.
385:Procuratorial coinage of Roman Judaea
7:
1284:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
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1228:Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt
610:Bourgel, Jonathan (Yonatan) (2024).
366:Judaean and Judaea-related coinage
25:
790:. Psychology Press. p. 155.
759:, 84, 311–335. doi:10.2307/311055
495:Historia Judaica 11.1, April 1949
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425:Handbook of Biblical Numismatics
334:Historical currencies in Judaea
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740:10.4467/20800909EL.22.012.15782
1:
402:List of historical currencies
769:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 95.
1011:Bar Kokhba hiding complexes
390:First Jewish Revolt coinage
255:First Jewish Revolt coinage
171:),". The overstruck silver
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710:Israel Numismatic Research
616:Harvard Theological Review
165:Shim'on (Simon) Bar Koseba
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1128:Bar Kokhba revolt coinage
899:
863:
629:10.1017/S0017816024000099
599:Israel Numismatic Journal
541:Israel Numismatic Journal
477:" coins allegedly of the
127:Bar Kokhba revolt coinage
18:Bar Kochba Revolt coinage
928:Belligerents and leaders
805:Zerubavel, Yael (1997).
221:Alternative attributions
1084:Bar Kokhba refuge caves
784:Schäfer, Peter (2003).
763:Schäfer, Peter (2003).
593:Adler, Yonatan (2008).
1213:Legio XXII Deiotariana
888:First Jewish–Roman War
704:Hendin, David (2006).
243:Claude Reignier Conder
123:
87:
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1279:2nd-century artifacts
985:Sextus Julius Severus
980:Quintus Tineius Rufus
658:Fine, Steven (2005).
93:
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33:
1299:Currencies of Israel
911:Military engagements
395:Judaea Capta coinage
1309:Hebrew inscriptions
1202:Lamentations Rabbah
483:Simon son of Gioras
232:Moritz Abraham Levy
185:Ark of the Covenant
183:is shown, with the
173:shekel/tetradrachms
1289:Ancient currencies
1196:Messiah in Judaism
1145:Archive of Babatha
1133:Bar Kokhba weights
957:Eleazar of Modi'im
947:Yeshua ben Galgula
579:, Vol. 32. No. 32.
559:Grull, T. (2023),
327:Numismatics portal
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94:Bar Kokhba silver
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34:Bar Kokhba silver
1294:Bar Kokhba revolt
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868:Jewish–Roman wars
857:Bar Kokhba revolt
818:978-0-226-98158-1
797:978-0-415-30585-3
776:978-3-16-148076-8
696:978-0-19-926526-8
671:978-0-521-84491-8
650:978-0-521-77248-8
375:Hasmonean coinage
139:Bar Kokhba revolt
16:(Redirected from
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447:. Retrieved
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313:Money portal
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247:Simon Thassi
240:
234:in 1862 and
227:numismatists
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215:Western Wall
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143:Roman Empire
141:against the
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1314:Numismatics
1191:Cassius Dio
1165:Ten Martyrs
1107:El-Jai cave
1044:Hazan caves
1003:Archaeology
952:Rabbi Akiva
733:: 171–196.
145:of 132–135
40:tetradrachm
1273:Categories
1223:Tur Shimon
1074:Tel Lavnin
605:: 129–133.
449:2020-05-13
408:References
202:, such as
1158:Aftermath
1069:Tel Goded
749:253169323
268:Britannia
238:in 1864.
189:Jerusalem
108:Jerusalem
1246:Category
727:Electrum
547:, 91-97.
299:See also
280:Dalmatia
272:Pannonia
100:denarius
76:Denarius
1257:Commons
1218:Koseiba
975:Hadrian
876:Origins
475:Eleazar
179:of the
112:Reverse
104:Obverse
84:Reverse
80:Obverse
56:Reverse
44:Obverse
883:Judaea
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747:
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473:" or "
353:Shekel
348:Prutah
292:Barkay
290:, and
200:Sukkot
193:Jewish
120:Israel
52:Shimon
46:: the
36:Shekel
1208:Legio
745:S2CID
471:Simon
427:p. 19
342:gerah
338:Ma'ah
288:Zissu
284:Eshel
276:Dacia
208:etrog
204:lulav
169:Cohen
154:Roman
131:coins
129:were
60:lulav
813:ISBN
792:ISBN
771:ISBN
691:ISBN
666:ISBN
645:ISBN
278:and
206:and
116:lyre
114:: A
58:: A
1138:Zuz
735:doi
624:doi
620:117
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