892:
56:
310:
20:
1231:
296:
80:
1241:
149:. The undercoin can clearly be seen on some of the silver coins because they were not filed down so as not to lose the value of the silver. On the bronze coins it is very difficult to see the underlying coin because they were filed down before they were over-struck. In rare instances, the coin cracked when it was overstruck.
496:"Stating that "the forgery of Jewish coins is still common in Palestine", Conder wrote that "the theory according to which [Bar Kochba] struck coins in Jerusalem demands notice, in connection with the history of the city, but it appears to be one of those learned fallacies which are very long in dying""
283:
proposed tying these coins to Roman soldiers stationed in those camps who were active in quelling the Bar Kokhba revolt and took those coins with them as souvenirs or commemorative relics. In a 2023 article, Brull proposed that some of the coins may have been brought to the Europe by Jewish captives
180:" was inscribed around the representation of the Temple. Beginning in the second year of issue and continuing into the final year, a star appeared above the Temple on many coins, probably in reference to Bar Kokhba's nickname "Son of the Star". Agricultural symbols connected with the
458:"Madden's chapter IX, "Money Struck during the Second Revolt of the Jews," lists only those coins of "Simon Bar Cochab" which were overstruck on coins of the Roman emperors from Vespasian onwards, and which could not therefore fit in any way into Madden's scheme of the "
474:." His attribution of these coins to Bar Kochba follows that of Levy. The original group attributed to Bar Kochba numbered 10 silver pieces and one bronze piece in Madden's book of 1864; in 1881 they had grown to 43, including the tetradrachm with the star."
891:
254:
As of 2023, twenty-four coins of the Bar Kokhba revolt were found outside Judaea, in various locations in the UK, Austria, Hungary, Romania and
Croatia. The majority of coins were found around Roman military sites in the provinces of
218:
were 10 silver pieces and one bronze piece found in the mid-nineteenth century. By 1881 the number of coins had grown to 43, and many more have been found since. These coins were first attributed to Bar Kokhba by
199:, appear on the reverse of some of the smaller bronze coins, surrounded by a Hebrew inscription: 'Year One of the Redemption of Israel', 'Year Two of the Freedom of Israel', or 'For the Freedom of Jerusalem'.
1312:
1307:
1272:
55:
836:
978:
156:) appears on all of the coins of the Bar Kokhba Revolt except for a few types issued at the beginning of the revolt with the name "Eleazar the Priest (
141:
During the revolt, large quantities of coins were issued in silver and copper with rebellious inscriptions, all being overstruck over foreign (mostly
206:
in
Jerusalem. This was only the fourth coin from this period to be found in the area, and the only Bar Kokhba coin to have Jerusalem's name on it.
202:
In May 2020, a coin embossed with grapes and 'Year Two of the
Freedom of Israel' was found in the William Davidson Archaeological Park next to the
1163:
561:
428:
805:
784:
763:
694:
683:
658:
637:
373:
1216:
968:
456:
History of Jewish coinage, and of money in the Old and New
Testament, Frederic William Madden, Pegasus Pub. Co., 1967, Introduction,
601:"A Representation of the Inauguration Ceremony of the Restored Temple? A (Tentative) Reinterpretation of the Bar Kokhba Tetradrachm"
829:
1267:
1287:
493:
390:
1297:
1052:
470:. He notes, of course, that some of the coins of Bar Cochab "appear to have been struck from the same stamp as those of
1244:
1277:
999:
467:
378:
243:
876:
1282:
1234:
822:
268:
271:, including several legionary and auxiliary camps, though not always in a strictly military context. In 2010,
230:
Since the mid-nineteenth century, a number of scholars have provided alternative attributions for the coins.
1292:
1072:
871:
164:(see illustration) are among the most religiously significant coins issued by the ancient Jews, because the
1201:
231:
856:
516:
Alice
Muehsam, Coin and temple: a study of the architectural representation on ancient Jewish coins, 1966
973:
945:
145:) coins, when a file was used to remove the designs of the original coins, such as the portrait of the
528:
Eshel, H., Zissu, B., & Barkay, G. (2009). "Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe".
1302:
383:
242:
Alice
Muehsam, writing in 1966, suggested that those coins with dates such as "Year 1" were actually
1190:
669:
220:
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44:
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507:
The
History of Coins and Symbols in Ancient Israel, by Wolf Wirgin and Siegfried Mandel, 1959
1158:
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930:
881:
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612:
368:
184:
153:
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40:
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755:
The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome
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238:. Wolf Wirgin, writing in 1959, suggested that the coins were instead minted by King
146:
108:
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142:
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429:"'Year 2 of freedom': Ancient coin from Bar Kochba revolt found near Temple Mount"
673:
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28:
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Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of
Israeli National Tradition
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135:
79:
71:: the Grape bunch on vine, surrounded by the name “Shim‘on” in paleo-Hebrew.
1057:
177:
96:
234:, writing in 1909, suggested that the coins were forgeries of the coins of
412:
650:
Art and
Judaism in the Greco-Roman world: toward a new Jewish archaeology
88:
64:
668:
Goodman, Martin (2005). "Coinage and
Identity: The Jewish Evidence". In
1133:
963:
92:
68:
32:
75:: A palm branch surrounded by the phrase "to the freedom of Jerusalem"
600:
341:
336:
188:
161:
24:
814:
1196:
583:
326:
196:
192:
152:
The name "Shim'on" (likely referring to the leader of the Revolt,
119:
78:
54:
48:
18:
16:
Coins used by the Jewish rebel state during the Bar Kokhba revolt
629:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period
584:"The Temple Willow-Branch Ritual Depicted on Bar Kokhba Denarii"
104:
818:
181:
550:
Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe: A Reappraisal.
744:
Mildenberg, L. (1980). "Bar Kokhba Coins and Documents."
284:
or immigrants who arrived in those areas of the revolt.
494:
The City of Jerusalem By Colonel C. R. Conder (1909),
562:
Bar Kokhba’s bronze coin from Kolovare Beach in Zadar
1172:
1146:
1109:
1071:
998:
991:
954:
923:
916:
899:
864:
560:
Cesarik, N., Filipčić, D., Kramberger, V. (2018). "
67:, Undated, but attributed to year 3 (134-135 CE).
712:"Insights on the Bar Kokhba Revolt from the Coins"
695:"A Bronze Test Strike from the Bar Kokhba Revolt"
626:Davies, William David; et al., eds. (2006).
776:The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman world
632:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–117.
350:, ancient Jewish name for certain silver coinage
51:, the text reads: "to the freedom of Jerusalem".
800:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 48–49.
344:, ancient Near Eastern unit of weight and coin
830:
678:. Oxford University Press. pp. 163–166.
672:; Volker Heuchert; Andrew M. Burnett (eds.).
566:Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zadar
452:
450:
448:
122:issued by the Judaean rebel state, headed by
8:
333:, ancient Hebrew unit of weight and currency
95:: trumpets surrounded by "To the freedom of
39:facade with the rising star, surrounded by "
675:Coinage and identity in the Roman Provinces
544:
542:
214:The first group of these coins reviewed by
1313:130s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
995:
979:Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus
920:
837:
823:
815:
653:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
107:surrounded by "Year two to the freedom of
727:
616:
524:
522:
1308:130s establishments in the Roman Empire
1164:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
402:
746:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
710:Jacobson, David M. (21 October 2022).
408:
406:
705:. Israel Numismatic Society: 111–116.
374:Procuratorial coinage of Roman Judaea
7:
1273:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
1240:
1217:Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt
599:Bourgel, Jonathan (Yonatan) (2024).
355:Judaean and Judaea-related coinage
14:
779:. Psychology Press. p. 155.
748:, 84, 311–335. doi:10.2307/311055
484:Historia Judaica 11.1, April 1949
1239:
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1229:
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414:Handbook of Biblical Numismatics
323:Historical currencies in Judaea
308:
294:
729:10.4467/20800909EL.22.012.15782
1:
391:List of historical currencies
758:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 95.
1000:Bar Kokhba hiding complexes
379:First Jewish Revolt coinage
244:First Jewish Revolt coinage
160:),". The overstruck silver
1329:
699:Israel Numismatic Research
605:Harvard Theological Review
154:Shim'on (Simon) Bar Koseba
1225:
1117:Bar Kokhba revolt coinage
888:
852:
618:10.1017/S0017816024000099
588:Israel Numismatic Journal
530:Israel Numismatic Journal
466:" coins allegedly of the
116:Bar Kokhba revolt coinage
917:Belligerents and leaders
794:Zerubavel, Yael (1997).
210:Alternative attributions
1073:Bar Kokhba refuge caves
773:Schäfer, Peter (2003).
752:Schäfer, Peter (2003).
582:Adler, Yonatan (2008).
1202:Legio XXII Deiotariana
877:First Jewish–Roman War
693:Hendin, David (2006).
232:Claude Reignier Conder
112:
76:
52:
1268:2nd-century artifacts
974:Sextus Julius Severus
969:Quintus Tineius Rufus
647:Fine, Steven (2005).
82:
58:
22:
1288:Currencies of Israel
900:Military engagements
384:Judaea Capta coinage
1298:Hebrew inscriptions
1191:Lamentations Rabbah
472:Simon son of Gioras
221:Moritz Abraham Levy
174:Ark of the Covenant
172:is shown, with the
162:shekel/tetradrachms
1278:Ancient currencies
1185:Messiah in Judaism
1134:Archive of Babatha
1122:Bar Kokhba weights
946:Eleazar of Modi'im
936:Yeshua ben Galgula
568:, Vol. 32. No. 32.
548:Grull, T. (2023),
316:Numismatics portal
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83:Bar Kokhba silver
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59:Bar Kokhba silver
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23:Bar Kokhba silver
1283:Bar Kokhba revolt
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987:
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857:Jewish–Roman wars
846:Bar Kokhba revolt
807:978-0-226-98158-1
786:978-0-415-30585-3
765:978-3-16-148076-8
685:978-0-19-926526-8
660:978-0-521-84491-8
639:978-0-521-77248-8
364:Hasmonean coinage
128:Bar Kokhba revolt
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436:. Retrieved
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302:Money portal
253:
236:Simon Thassi
229:
223:in 1862 and
216:numismatists
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204:Western Wall
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132:Roman Empire
130:against the
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114:
1303:Numismatics
1180:Cassius Dio
1154:Ten Martyrs
1096:El-Jai cave
1033:Hazan caves
992:Archaeology
941:Rabbi Akiva
722:: 171–196.
134:of 132–135
29:tetradrachm
1262:Categories
1212:Tur Shimon
1063:Tel Lavnin
594:: 129–133.
438:2020-05-13
397:References
191:, such as
1147:Aftermath
1058:Tel Goded
738:253169323
257:Britannia
227:in 1864.
178:Jerusalem
97:Jerusalem
1235:Category
716:Electrum
536:, 91-97.
288:See also
269:Dalmatia
261:Pannonia
89:denarius
65:Denarius
1246:Commons
1207:Koseiba
964:Hadrian
865:Origins
464:Eleazar
168:of the
101:Reverse
93:Obverse
73:Reverse
69:Obverse
45:Reverse
33:Obverse
872:Judaea
804:
783:
762:
736:
682:
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462:" or "
342:Shekel
337:Prutah
281:Barkay
279:, and
189:Sukkot
182:Jewish
109:Israel
41:Shimon
35:: the
25:Shekel
1197:Legio
734:S2CID
460:Simon
416:p. 19
331:gerah
327:Ma'ah
277:Zissu
273:Eshel
265:Dacia
197:etrog
193:lulav
158:Cohen
143:Roman
120:coins
118:were
49:lulav
802:ISBN
781:ISBN
760:ISBN
680:ISBN
655:ISBN
634:ISBN
267:and
195:and
105:lyre
103:: A
47:: A
1127:Zuz
724:doi
613:doi
609:117
564:".
348:Zuz
187:of
99:".
85:Zuz
61:Zuz
43:".
1264::
732:.
720:29
718:.
714:.
701:.
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