Barn owl - Knowledge (XXG)

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changes into a food-demanding "snore". By two weeks old, they are already half their adult weight and look naked, as the amount of down is insufficient to cover their growing bodies. By three weeks old, quills are starting to push through the skin and the chicks stand, making snoring noises with wings raised and tail stumps waggling, begging for food items which are now given whole. Atypically among birds, barn owl chicks can "negotiate" and allow weaker ones to eat first, possibly in exchange for grooming. The male is the main provider of food until all the chicks are at least four weeks old, at which time the female begins to leave the nest and starts to roost elsewhere. By the sixth week, the chicks are as big as the adults, but have slimmed down somewhat by the ninth week when they are fully

2367:, sticking to one partner for life unless one of a pair dies. During the non-breeding season, they may roost separately, but as the breeding season approaches, they return to their established nesting site, showing considerable site fidelity. In colder climates, in harsh weather, and where winter food supplies may be scarce, they may roost in farm buildings and in barns between hay bales, but they then run the risk that their selected nesting hole may be taken over by some other species. Single males may establish feeding territories, patrolling the hunting areas, occasionally stopping to hover, and perching on lofty eminences where they screech to attract a mate. Where a female has lost her mate but maintained her breeding site, she usually seems to attract a new spouse. 366: 2190:, the barn owl can target its prey and dive to the ground. Its legs and toes are long and slender, which improves its ability to forage among dense foliage or beneath the snow and gives it a wide spread of talons when attacking prey. This bird hunts by flying slowly, quartering the ground and hovering over spots that may conceal prey. It has long, broad wings that enable it to manoeuvre and turn abruptly. It has acute hearing, with ears placed asymmetrically, which improves detection of sound position and distance; the bird does not require sight to hunt. The facial disc helps with the bird's hearing, as is shown by the fact that, with the ruff feathers removed, the bird can still determine a sound source's 2114:

males and females usually roost separately, each one having about three favoured sites in which to conceal themselves by day and which are also visited for short periods during the night. Roosting sites include holes in trees, fissures in cliffs, disused buildings, chimneys, and hay sheds, and are often small in comparison to nesting sites. As the breeding season approaches, the birds move back to the vicinity of a chosen nest to roost. In a situation where a bird (e.g., pigeon) intrudes upon an owl nest, a male barn owl is observed to be docile and curious, while a female owl is protective of its chicks and may attack the bird, and the chicks themselves are seen to display a defensive behaviour.

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distances of 80 and 320 km (50 and 199 mi), with the most travelled individuals ending up some 1,760 km (1,094 mi) from their points of origin. Dispersal movements in the African continent include 1,000 km (621 mi), from Senegambia to Sierra Leone, and up to 579 km (360 mi) within South Africa. In Australia, there is some migration, as the birds move towards the northern coast in the dry season and southward in the wet season, as well as nomadic movements in association with rodent plagues. Occasionally, some of these birds turn up on

2360:, nesting seasons become more distinct, and there are some seasons of the year when no egg-laying takes place. In Europe and North America, most nesting takes place between March and June, when temperatures are increasing. The actual dates of egg-laying vary by year and by location, being correlated with the amount of prey-rich foraging habitat around the nest site. An increase in rodent populations will usually stimulate the local barn owls to begin nesting, and, consequently, two broods are often raised in a good year, even in the cooler parts of the owl's range. 668:, with a typical specimen measuring about 33 to 39 cm (13 to 15 in) in overall length, with a wingspan of some 80 to 95 cm (31 to 37 in). Adult body mass is also variable, with male owls from the Galapagos weighing 260 g (9.2 oz), while male Pacific barn owls average 555 g (19.6 oz). In general, owls living on small islands are smaller and lighter, perhaps because they have a higher dependence on insect prey and need to be more manoeuvrable. The shape of the tail is a means of distinguishing the barn owl from 1131: 1510: 518:

usually mate for life unless one of the pair is killed, whereupon a new pair bond may be formed. Breeding takes place at varying times of the year, according to the locality, with a clutch of eggs, averaging about four in number, being laid in a nest in a hollow tree, old building, or fissure in a cliff. The female does all the incubation, and she and the young chicks are reliant on the male for food. When large numbers of small prey are readily available, barn owl populations can expand rapidly, and globally the barn owl is listed

2077: 1325: 3970: 689:(lower leg) feathers, vary from white to reddish buff among the subspecies and are either mostly unpatterned or bear a varying number of tiny blackish-brown speckles. It has been found that at least in the continental European populations, females with more spotting are healthier than plainer birds. This does not hold true for European males by contrast, where the spotting varies according to subspecies. The bill varies from pale horn to dark buff, corresponding to the general plumage hue, and the 2457:

follows a pattern similarly prolonged as that of the female. The first sign that the male is moulting is often when a tail feather has been dropped at the roost. A consequence of moulting is the loss of thermal insulation. This is of little importance in the tropics, and barn owls there usually moult a complete complement of flight feathers annually. The hot-climate moult may still take place over a long period but is usually concentrated at a particular time of year outside the breeding season.

2653: 1399: 2844:. The barn owl accepts the provided nest boxes and sometimes prefers them to natural sites. The nest boxes are placed under the eaves of buildings and in other locations. The upper bound of the number of barn owl pairs depends on the abundance of food at nesting sites. Conservationists encourage farmers and landowners to install nest boxes by pointing out that the resultant increased barn owl population would provide natural rodent control. In some conservation projects, the use of 2798: 244: 2794:. In spite of a Recovery Strategy, particularly in 2007–2010 in Ontario, only a handful of wild, breeding barn owls existed in the province in 2018. This is primarily because of disappearing grasslands where the bird hunted in the past, but according to a study, also because of "harsh winters, predation, road mortality and use of rodenticides". The species is listed as endangered overall in Canada, due to loss of habitat and a lack of nesting sites. 2206: 2308:). On bird-rich islands, a barn owl might include birds as some fifteen to twenty percent of its diet, while in grassland it will gorge itself on swarming termites, or on Orthoptera such as Copiphorinae katydids, Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatidae), or true crickets (Gryllidae). Smaller prey is usually torn into chunks and eaten completely, including bones and fur, while prey larger than about 100 grams (3.5 oz)—such as baby rabbits, 794: 174: 2386:), and, particularly in Europe and North America, old buildings such as farm sheds and church towers. Buildings are preferred to trees in wetter climates in the British Isles and provide better protection for fledglings from inclement weather. Tree nests tend to be in open habitats rather than in the middle of woodland, and nest holes tend to be higher in North America than in Europe, because of possible predation by 219: 2344: 988: 753: 2678:. Some of these birds are in poor condition and may have been less able to evade oncoming vehicles than fit individuals. In some locations, road mortality rates can be particularly high, with collision rates being influenced by higher commercial traffic, roadside verges that are grass rather than shrubs, and where small mammals are abundant. Historically, many deaths were caused by the use of 5433: 657: 2671:, producing a large number of offspring with a high growth rate, which have a low probability of surviving to adulthood. Its typical lifespan is around four years. In Scotland, the species has been recorded living up to 18 and possibly even 34 years. A significant cause of death in temperate areas is starvation, particularly during the winter, and with significant snow cover. 2097: 2048:, relying on its acute sense of hearing when hunting in complete darkness. It often becomes active shortly before dusk but can sometimes be seen during the day when relocating from one roosting site to another. In Britain, on various Pacific Islands, and perhaps elsewhere, it sometimes hunts by day. The owl's daylight hunting may depend on whether it can avoid being 2466: 51: 1246: 2064:—possibly because the previous night has been wet, making night hunting difficult. By contrast, in southern Europe and the tropics, the birds seem to be almost exclusively nocturnal, with the few birds that hunt by day being severely mobbed. In some cases, an owl feeling threatened by the mobbing of a crow may become aggressive enough to 630:, or its eerie, silent flight: white owl, silver owl, demon owl, ghost owl, death owl, night owl, rat owl, church owl, cave owl, stone owl, monkey-faced owl, hissing owl, hobgoblin or hobby owl, dobby owl, white-breasted owl, golden owl, screech owl, straw owl, barnyard owl, and delicate owl. "Golden owl" might also refer to the related 2406: 765:, and, indeed, many individuals, having taken up residence in a particular location, remain there even when better nearby foraging areas are available. In the British Isles, the young seem largely to disperse along river corridors, and the distance travelled from their natal site averages about 9 km (5.6 mi). 2594:

When disturbed at its roosting site, an angry barn owl lowers its head and sways it from side to side, or the head may be lowered and stretched forward and the wings outstretched and drooped while the bird emits hisses and makes snapping noises with its beak. Another defensive attitude involves lying

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at roosting sites and can be used when food is scarce. This makes the barn owl one of the most economically valuable wildlife animals for agriculture. Farmers often find these owls more effective than poison in keeping down rodent pests, and they can encourage barn owl habitation by providing nesting

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in the late 20th century have affected some populations, particularly in Europe and North America. Intensification of agricultural practices often means that the rough grassland that provides the best foraging habitat is lost. While barn owls are prolific breeders and able to recover from short-term

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eggs. Incubation begins as soon as the first egg is laid. While the female is sitting on the nest, the male is constantly bringing more provisions, and they may pile up beside the female. The incubation period is about thirty days, hatching takes place over a prolonged period, and the youngest chick

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Once a pair-bond has been formed, the male will make short flights at dusk around the nesting and roosting sites and then longer circuits to establish a home range. When he is later joined by the female, there is much chasing, turning, and twisting in flight, and frequent screeches, the male's being

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Barn owls living in tropical regions can breed at any time of year, but some seasonality in nesting is still evident. Where there are distinct wet and dry seasons, egg-laying usually takes place during the dry season, with increased rodent prey becoming available to the birds as the vegetation dies

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mountain range. This owl prefers to hunt along the edges of woods or in rough grass strips adjoining pasture. It has an effortless wavering flight as it quarters the ground, alert to the sounds made by potential prey. Like most owls, the barn owl flies silently; tiny serrations on the leading edges

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The barn owl is nocturnal over most of its range, but in Great Britain and some Pacific Islands, it also hunts by day. Barn owls specialise in hunting animals on the ground, and nearly all of their food consists of small mammals, which they locate by sound, their hearing being very acute. The owls

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The chicks are at first covered with greyish-white down and develop rapidly. Within a week they can hold their heads up and shuffle around in the nest. The female tears up the food brought by the male and distributes it to the chicks. Initially, the chicks make a "chittering" sound, but this soon

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Before commencing laying, the female spends much time near the nest and is entirely provisioned by the male. Meanwhile, the male roosts nearby and may cache any prey that is surplus to their requirements. When the female has reached peak weight, the male provides a ritual presentation of food and

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but have a home range inside which they forage. For males in Scotland, this home range has a radius of about 1 km (0.6 mi) from the nest site and an average area of about 300 hectares (740 acres). Female home ranges largely coincide with that of their mates. Outside the breeding season,

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In continental Europe, the dispersal distance is greater, commonly somewhere between 50 and 100 kilometres (31 and 62 mi) but exceptionally 1,500 km (932 mi), with ringed birds from the Netherlands ending up in Spain and in Ukraine. In the United States, dispersal is typically over

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to be shed is a central one, number 6, and it has regrown completely by the time the female resumes hunting. Feathers 4, 5, 7, and 8 are dropped at a similar time the following year and feathers 1, 2, 3, 9 and 10 in the bird's third year of adulthood. The secondary and tail feathers are lost and

2394:). No nesting material is used as such, but as the female sits incubating the eggs, she draws in the dry furry material of which her regurgitated pellets are composed, so that by the time the chicks are hatched, they are surrounded by a carpet of shredded pellets. Oftentimes, other birds such as 760:

The barn owl is the most widespread landbird species in the world, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Its range includes all of Europe (except Fennoscandia and Malta), most of Africa apart from the Sahara, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Australia, many Pacific Islands, and

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when seen in the air. Other distinguishing features are the undulating flight pattern and the dangling, feathered legs. The pale face with its heart shape and black eyes gives the flying bird a distinctive appearance, like a flat mask with oversized, oblique black eyeslits, the ridge of feathers

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in Mexico regard them as "disease givers". These owls do not "hoot", instead emitting raspy screeches and hissing noises, and their white face and underbelly feathers, visible as they fly overhead, make them look "ghostly". Consequently, they were often killed by farmers who were unaware of the

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The male owl moults rather later in the year than the female, at a time when there is an abundance of food, the female has recommenced hunting, and the demands of the chicks are lessening. Unmated males without family responsibilities often start losing feathers earlier in the year. Their moult

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of the Americas. Some taxonomic authorities classify barn owls differently, recognising up to five separate species, and further research needs to be done to resolve the disparate taxonomies. There is considerable variation of size and colour among the approximately 28 subspecies, but most are

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scream, ear-shattering at close range, an eerie, long-drawn-out shriek. Males in courtship give a shrill twitter. Both young and old can hiss like a snake to scare away intruders. Other sounds produced include a purring chirrup, denoting pleasure, and a "kee-yak", which resembles one of the

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between 33 and 39 cm (13 and 15 in) in length, with wingspans ranging from 80 to 95 cm (31 to 37 in). The plumage on the head and back is a mottled shade of grey or brown; that on the underparts varies from white to brown and is sometimes speckled with dark markings. The

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vocalisations of the tawny owl. When captured or cornered, the barn owl throws itself on its back and flails with sharp-taloned feet, making for an effective defence. In such situations, it may emit rasping sounds or clicking snaps, produced probably by the bill but possibly by the tongue.

2821:, the Canary barn owl) is precariously rare: perhaps fewer than two hundred individuals still remain. Similarly, the birds on the western Canary Islands, which are usually assigned to this subspecies, have severely declined, and wanton destruction of the birds seems to be significant. On 2371:

high-pitched and tremulous and the female's lower and harsher. In later stages of courtship, the male emerges at dusk, climbs high into the sky, and then swoops back to the vicinity of the female at speed. He then sets off to forage. The female meanwhile sits in an eminent position and

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Paz, A.; Jareño, D.; Arroyo, L.; Viñuela, J.; Arroyo, B.; Mougeot, F.; Luque-Larena, J. J.; Fargallo, J. A. (March 2013). "Avian predators as a biological control system of common vole (Microtus arvalis) populations in north-western Spain: experimental set-up and preliminary results".

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are used primarily when populations suffer declines. Although such declines have many causes, among them are the lack of available natural nesting sites. Early successes among conservationists have led to the widespread provision of nest boxes, which has become the most used form of

2330:, requiring relatively more food. Relative to its size, barn owls consume more rodents. Studies have shown that an individual barn owl may eat one or more voles (or their equivalent) per night, equivalent to about fourteen percent of the bird's bodyweight. Excess food is often 2426:

may be several weeks younger than its oldest sibling. In years with a plentiful supply of food, there may be a hatching success rate of about 75%. The male continues to copulate with the female when he brings food, which makes the newly hatched chicks vulnerable to injury.

2873:, people believe that when the barn owl flies over or perches on the roof of any house, the inhabitants of that house will die. In South Africa, barn owls are often associated with witchcraft and are persecuted. In some South African cultures, these owls are used in 2691: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2471: 2453:

replaced over a similar timescale, again starting while incubation is taking place. In the case of the tail, the two outermost tail feathers are first shed, followed by the two central ones, the other tail feathers being shed the following year.

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The bird's head and upper body typically vary between pale brown and some shade of grey (especially on the forehead and back) in most subspecies. Some are purer, richer brown instead, and all have fine black-and-white speckles, except on the

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of its feathers, which give the plumage a soft feel, also minimise noise produced during wingbeats. Behavioural and environmental preferences may differ slightly even between neighbouring subspecies, as shown in the case of the European

2375:, returning to the nest a minute or two before the male arrives with food for her. Such feeding behaviour of the female by the male is common, helps build the pair-bond, and increases the female's fitness before egg-laying commences. 2442:

Feathers become abraded over time and all birds need to replace them at intervals. Barn owls are particularly dependent on their ability to fly quietly and manoeuvre efficiently. In temperate areas, the owls undergo a prolonged

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population decreases, they are not as common in some areas as they used to be. A 1995–1997 survey put their British population at between 3,000 and 5,000 breeding pairs, out of an average of about 150,000 pairs in the whole of

2634:. These gut parasites are acquired when the birds feed on infected prey. There is some indication that female birds with more and larger spots have a greater resistance to external parasites. This is correlated with smaller 5132: 2421:

copulation occurs at the nest. The female lays eggs on alternate days and the clutch size averages about five eggs (the range being two to nine). The eggs are chalky white, somewhat elliptical, and about the size of

781:, showing that crossing the ocean is within their capabilities. In 2008, barn owls were recorded for the first time breeding in New Zealand. The barn owl has been successfully introduced into the Hawaiian island of 2447:

that lasts through three phases over a period of two years. The female starts to moult while incubating the eggs and brooding the chicks, a time when the male feeds her, so she does not need to fly much. The first

194: 947:. Island forms are mostly smaller than mainland ones, and those inhabiting forests have darker plumage and shorter wings than those living in open grasslands. Several subspecies are generally considered to be 2702:

The barn owl is relatively common throughout most of its range and not considered globally threatened. If considered as a single global species, the barn owl is the second most widely distributed of all

2591:). As a result of improved conservation measures, the populations of the northern goshawk and eagle-owls are increasing, thus increasing the incidence of hunting on barn owls where the species coexist. 2434:

and start leaving the nest briefly themselves. They are still dependent on the parent birds until about thirteen weeks and receive training from the female in finding, and eventually catching, prey.

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Raptor perch sites for biological control of agricultural pest rodents. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District

638:). "Hissing owl" and, particularly in the U.K. and in India, "screech owl" refer to the piercing calls of these birds. The latter name is also applied to a different group of birds, the 4758: 2356:

off. In arid regions, such as parts of Australia, breeding may be irregular and may happen in wet periods, with the resultant temporary increase in the populations of small mammals. In

2467: 2682:, and this may still be the case in some parts of the world. Collisions with power-lines kill some birds, and being shot accounts for others, especially in Mediterranean regions. 685:(main wing feathers), which are light brown with darker bands. The heart-shaped face is usually bright white, but in some subspecies it is brown. The underparts, including the 707:

On average within any one population, males tend to have fewer spots on the underside and are paler in colour than females. The latter are also larger, with a strong female

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Small. Dark greyish-brown above, with white part of spots prominent. Underparts white to golden-buff, with distinct pattern of brown vermiculations or fine dense spots.

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Twenty to thirty subspecies are usually recognized, varying mainly in body proportions, size, and colour. Barn owls range in colour from the almost beige-and-white

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benefits these birds bring. Negative perceptions can also be attributed to the false belief that they could eat large animals, such as chickens and cats. In

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Lavariega, Mario C.; García-Meza, Josué; Martínez-Ayón, Yazmín del Mar; Camarillo-Chávez, David; Hernández-Velasco, Teresa; Briones-Salas, Miguel (2015).

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with some interspersed woodland, usually at altitudes below 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) but occasionally as high as 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in the

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barn owls have been recorded in the wild and in captivity, with melanistic individuals estimated to occur with odds of 1 out of every 100,000 birds.

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is characteristically large and heart-shaped with white plumage in most subspecies. This owl does not hoot, but utters an eerie, drawn-out screech.

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for pest control was replaced by the installation of nest boxes for barn owls, which has been shown to be a less costly method of rodent control.

2523:) are noted predators of barn owls. Despite some sources claiming that there is little evidence of predation by great horned owls, one study from 5469: 864: 4769: 4659: 664:

The barn owl is a medium-sized, pale-coloured owl with long wings and a short, squarish tail. There is considerable size variation across the

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Altwegg, Res; Schaub, Michael; Roulin, Alexandre (2007). "Age-specific fitness components and their temporal variation in the barn owl".

2198:. It may perch on branches, fence posts, or other lookouts to scan its surroundings, and this is the main means of prey location in the 4363:

Knight, R. L.; Jackman, R. E. (1984). "Food-niche relationships between Great Horned Owls and Common Barn-Owls in eastern Washington".

5796: 4896: 2606:, which chew the barbules of the feathers and which are transferred from bird to bird by direct contact. Blood-sucking flies, such as 3600:

Alaie Kakhki, N.; Aliabadian, M. (2012). "Mitochondrial DNA (CYTB) divergences in two distinct, Old World and New World barn owls".

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found that 10.9% of the local great horned owl's diet was made up of barn owls. In Africa, the principal predators of barn owls are

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in the 1950s led to a major shift in the barn owl's diet: where their ranges overlap, the vole is now by far the largest prey item.

1186: 2559:). About 12 other large diurnal raptors and owls have also been reported as predators of barn owls, ranging from the similar-sized 2277:

are also preyed upon. Barn owls are usually specialist feeders in productive areas and generalists in areas where prey is scarce.

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König, Claus, Friedhelm Weick, and Jan-Hendrik Becking. Owls of the World. 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009. Web. 23 May. 2023.

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Barn owls are hosts to a wide range of parasites. Fleas are present at nesting sites, and externally the birds are attacked by

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Barn owls are cavity nesters. They choose holes in trees, fissures in cliff faces, the large nests of other birds such as the

909:, which the authors seem to have accepted as a separate species. Extensive genetic variation was found between the Indonesian 878:

Some island subspecies are occasionally treated as distinct species, a move which should await further research into barn owl

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is blackish brown. The toes, like the bill, vary in colour, ranging from pink to dark pinkish-grey, and the talons are black.

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Dreiss, Amélie N.; Gaime, Florence; Delarbre, Alice; Moroni, Letizia; Lenarth, Mélissa; Roulin, Alexandre (1 June 2016).

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Large. Upperparts grey and orange-buff. Underparts whitish to light buff with much speckling. Face white. Resembles pale

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Rodents and other small mammals may constitute over ninety percent of the prey caught. Birds are also taken, as well as

1687: 451: 5457: 3024: 3007: 6088: 6042: 5835: 5646: 3041: 1525:, but supposedly lighter on average. Upperparts very grey. Underparts light buff with extensive speckles. Face white. 996:

Upperparts grey and light buff. Underparts white, with few if any black spots; males often appear entirely unspotted.

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Upperparts golden-brown and grey with very bold pattern. Underparts light buff with extensive speckles. Face white.

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Upperparts grey and orange-buff. Underparts whitish to light buff with little speckling. Face white. Resembles pale

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Sauer, J. R., D. K. Niven, J. E. Hines, D. J. Ziolkowski Jr., K. L. Pardieck, J. E. Fallon, and W. A. Link (2017).

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Kelleher, K. M.; Oliver, G. A.; Sleeman, D. P. (2010). "The composition and sex of rodent prey taken by Barn Owls

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assessor estimating a population possibly as large as nearly 10 million individuals. Severe local declines due to

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by other birds during that time. In Britain, some birds continue to hunt by day—even when mobbed by such birds as

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Almost black with some dark grey above, the white part of the spotting showing prominently. Reddish-brown below.

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Millsap, Brian A.; Millsap, Patricia A. (1987). "Burrow Nesting by Common Barn-Owls in North Central Colorado".

2860:, an old term for a corpse) show that rural populations in many places considered barn owls to be birds of evil 1509: 5913: 4702: 3353: 2744: 1324: 547: 398: 355: 2142:

and a hairlike fringe on the trailing edges help to break up the flow of air over the wings, thereby reducing

2076: 5498: 4848:"Nest-Box use by the Barn OwlTyto albain a Biological Pest Control Program in the Beit She'an Valley, Israel" 4846:

Meyrom, Kobi; Motro, Yoav; Leshem, Yossi; Aviel, Shaul; Izhaki, Ido; Argyle, Francis; Charter, Motti (2009).

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Meyrom, Kobi; Motro, Yoav; Leshem, Yossi; Aviel, Shaul; Izhaki, Ido; Argyle, Francis; Charter, Motti (2009).

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of a large subspecies weighing over 550 g (19.4 oz), while males are typically about 10% lighter.

243: 5453: 4556:"Spatial, road geometric and biotic factors associated with Barn Owl mortality along an interstate highway" 3969: 5918: 5620: 5526: 2484: 1982: 438:

in the world and one of the most widespread of all species of birds, living almost everywhere except for

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Large. Upperparts pale orange-buff and brownish-grey, underparts whitish with few speckles. Face white.

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Krabbe, Niels; Flórez, Pablo; Suárez, Gustavo; Castaño, José; Arango, Juan David; Duque, Arley (2006).

2954: 2087: 1480: 4010: 2300:. On a rocky islet off the coast of California, a clutch of four young were being reared on a diet of 1398: 5938: 5602: 5584: 5486: 4097: 2882: 1411: 4554:

Arnold, E.M.; Hanser, S.E.; Regan, T.; Thompson, J.; Lowe, M.; Kociolek, A.; Belthoff, J.R. (2019).

3191:"White owl" was a name, often used by English ornithologists in the 19th century; see for instance: 65: 4768:(in Spanish). El Ministerio de Medio Ambiente agradece sus comentarios, Spain. 2006. Archived from 2364: 2167: 2021: 1802: 929: 539: 208: 5879: 2829:, the situation looks bleak. Due to the assignment to this subspecies of birds common in mainland 2652: 5633: 5322: 4869: 4524: 4345: 4269: 4159: 3917: 3869: 3174: 2841: 2776: 2740: 2635: 2524: 2516: 2183: 2110: 1847: 1734: 1528: 822: 785:

in an attempt to control rodents; distressingly, it has been found to also feed on native birds.

378: 238: 6003: 5510: 4179:"Owls, multirejection and completeness of prey remains: implications for small mammal taphonomy" 3327: 2674:

Collision with road vehicles is another cause of death and may result when birds forage on mown

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Knudsen, Eric I.; Konishi, Masakazu (1979). "Mechanisms of sound localization in the barn owl (

2543:). In Europe, although less dangerous than the eagle-owls, the chief diurnal predators are the 6093: 5985: 5866: 5682: 5343: 5308: 5289: 5270: 5247: 4977: 4902: 4892: 4735:(in Spanish). Asociación Canaria para Defensa de la Naturaleza. pp. 10–32. Archived from 4516: 4442: 4436: 4403:

Brown, L. H. (1965). "Observations on Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus (Temminck) in Kenya".

4046: 3958: 3788: 3609: 3554: 3548: 3527: 3251: 2640: 2357: 2280:

On the Cape Verde Islands, geckos are the mainstay of the diet, supplemented by birds such as

2199: 2171: 2061: 1900: 887: 631: 623: 506: 5990: 5265:

The Birdwatcher's Handbook: A Guide to the Natural History of the Birds of Britain and Europe

4178: 3521: 2638:, glands associated with antibody production, and a lower fecundity of the blood-sucking fly 2257:

are the main foodstuffs in the Mediterranean region, the tropics, subtropics, and Australia.

5386: 5019: 4969: 4961: 4859: 4807: 4567: 4508: 4479: 4372: 4337: 4261: 4151: 3948: 3907: 3861: 2949: 2787: 2708: 2630: 2560: 2544: 2508: 2422: 2348: 1468:

Smallish. Upperparts dark brownish grey with bold pattern, including lighter brown bands on

1353: 1215: 1211: 1153: 1028: 1016: 895: 840: 774: 494: 478: 463: 60: 6037: 5625: 5474: 2797: 30:

This article is about the widespread barn owl species. For the entire barn-owl family, see

5946: 5505: 4484: 4463: 3937:"Análisis de las presas de la Lechuza de Campanario (Tytonidae) en Oaxaca Central, México" 3179: 3029: 2449: 2372: 2163: 2053: 1904: 1540: 686: 543: 35: 5564: 5210: 4634: 2931: 1007:

and east along Mediterranean coastal regions to northwestern Turkey in the north and the

5480: 2402:) nest in the same hollow tree or building and seem to live harmoniously with the owls. 2205: 793: 5747: 5734: 5238: 2865: 2810: 2723: 2625: 2552: 2536: 2492: 2245:

are the second most common food choice. In Ireland, the accidental introduction of the

2139: 1884: 1149: 1036: 879: 810: 770: 498: 455: 5515: 4827:

Watts, Bryan (2004). "An evaluation of nest box use by Common Barn Owls in Virginia".

3683: 2690: 1942:

Northeastern South American lowlands from eastern Venezuela south to the Amazon River.

6103: 6072: 5861: 5263: 4736: 4112:

de Naurois, R. (1982). "Le statut de la Chouette effraie de l'archipel du Cape Verte

3996: 3049: 3015: 2940: 2907: 2826: 2719: 2134: 1806: 1602: 1000: 735: 596: 560: 523: 519: 228: 223: 124: 69: 5788: 5674: 4873: 4528: 4273: 3921: 3721: 3220: 2990: 2610:, are often present, moving about among the plumage. Internal parasites include the 173: 5778: 5687: 3873: 2704: 2656:

Landing on a handler's gloved hand. Captive birds often live longer than wild ones.

2603: 2584: 2414: 2343: 2187: 1814: 1207: 1157: 1051: 827: 716: 593: 439: 5589: 5105: 4929: 4092: 987: 5726: 5661: 5421: 3782: 2790:

south of Vancouver, having become extremely rare in a previous habitat, southern

2718:. Furthermore, the barn owl is likely the most numerous of all raptors, with the 2363:

Females are ready to breed at ten to eleven months of age. Barn owls are usually

192: 6029: 5928: 5892: 5874: 5809: 5558: 5375:"Phylogeny, biogeography, and diversification of barn owls (Aves: Strigiformes)" 5373:

Aliabadian, M.; Alaei-Kakhki, N.; Mirshamsi, O.; Nijman, V.; Roulin, A. (2016).

3197: 2856:

Common names such as "demon owl", "death owl", "ghost owl", or "lich owl" (from

2845: 2731: 2665: 2661: 2118: 2057: 1896: 1649: 1484: 1250: 1075: 778: 723: 639: 511: 502: 471: 99: 5801: 5638: 5303:

Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan; Mullarney, Killian; Grant, Peter, J. (1999).

4462:

Roulin, Alexandre; Riols, Christian; Dijkstra, Cor; Ducrest, Anne-Lyse (2001).

4316: 2813:, a somewhat larger number of these birds still seem to exist on the island of 752: 722:

Contrary to popular belief, the barn owl does not hoot (such calls are made by

470:, which forms one of the two main lineages of living owls, the other being the 6050: 4812: 4795: 4609: 4265: 2675: 2599: 2576: 2327: 2297: 2160: 2143: 2065: 1641: 1548: 1536: 1349: 948: 690: 665: 656: 408: 182: 144: 109: 4906: 4590:. Version 2.07.2017. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA. 4050: 3962: 3613: 5708: 5465: 4376: 4249: 3953: 2903: 2814: 2802: 2786:, barn owls are no longer common and are most likely to be found in coastal 2764: 2679: 2611: 2568: 2310: 2293: 2289: 2246: 2234: 2218: 2195: 2122: 2045: 1892: 1810: 1679: 1590: 1473: 1278: 1044: 1040: 762: 727: 682: 644: 585: 577: 467: 447: 255: 149: 31: 6055: 5840: 5549: 5261:

Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl; Pimm, Stuart L. (1994).

4981: 4520: 1974: 3574: 2833:, the western Canary Islands population is not classified as threatened. 2096: 5543: 4864: 4847: 4391:

Birds of prey of southern Africa: Their identification and life histories

3912: 3891: 2870: 2836: 2822: 2772: 2760: 2752: 2618: 2480: 2444: 2379: 2130: 1770: 1738: 1683: 1598: 1514: 1055: 1048: 712: 701: 669: 576:, "owl") came to refer solely to the wood owls in the typical-owl family 305: 275: 139: 134: 119: 114: 104: 17: 5612: 5048: 4973: 4796:"Current status and distribution of birds of prey in the Canary Islands" 4464:"Female plumage spottiness signals parasite resistance in the barn owl ( 3498: 761:

North-, Central-, and South America. In general, it is considered to be

719:, but the heart-shaped facial disk becomes visible soon after hatching. 5765: 5597: 5441:

was created from a revision of this article dated 1 June 2024

5211:"Animal mummies and remains from the Necropolis of Elkab (Upper Egypt)" 5024: 5011: 4588:

The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2015

4349: 4163: 3896:

in a biological pest control program in the Beit She'an Valley, Israel"

3865: 2897: 2791: 2756: 2395: 2387: 2326:

Compared to other owls of similar size, the barn owl has a much higher

2314: 2262: 2191: 2147: 2126: 1978: 1766: 1730: 1645: 1532: 1469: 1345: 1341: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1245: 1145: 1067: 1063: 1004: 697: 678: 627: 535: 154: 129: 39: 5951: 5391: 5374: 4572: 4555: 825:, König, Weick & Becking (2009) recognised the American barn owl ( 5814: 2893: 2805:, in Ontario; the species has become extremely rare in this province. 2783: 2736: 2715: 2496: 2431: 2410: 2319: 2285: 2281: 2270: 2258: 2230: 2226: 2214: 1888: 1594: 1544: 1357: 1290: 1274: 1032: 1020: 886:, "a review of the whole group long overdue". Molecular analysis of 622:

The bird is known by many common names that refer to its appearance,

605: 571: 490: 482: 443: 265: 5520: 4965: 4341: 4155: 5713: 5700: 4512: 4250:"Vocal communication regulates sibling competition over food stock" 2323:

vlei rats—is usually dismembered and the inedible parts discarded.

6024: 5695: 5516:

M.C.B.I. Project - Barn Owl Monitoring & Conservation in Italy

5244:

Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds

4660:"Endangered Ontario: Why barn owls have flown the coop in Ontario" 2889: 2876: 2830: 2796: 2695: 2689: 2651: 2500: 2464: 2405: 2404: 2342: 2242: 2204: 1880: 1441: 1262:. Underparts buff to rufous with some dark speckles (more than in 1203: 1083: 1071: 1024: 1012: 956:

Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds

891: 884:

Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds

792: 782: 751: 731: 655: 611: 5964: 4307:

Marti, Carl D.; Poole, Alan F.; Bevier, L. R. (2005): "Barn Owl (

3354:"Meet Norfolk's extremely rare black barn owl who's 1 in 100,000" 2825:, they seem relatively numerous, but on the other islands, as on 2237:

do not seem to be consumed. In North America and most of Europe,

1266:). Face whitish. Females are on average redder below than males. 3638:"Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds" 2861: 2768: 2748: 2504: 2266: 2250: 2238: 2222: 1908: 1695: 1270: 1141: 1008: 486: 315: 285: 5524: 3985:"Summary of California studies analyzing the diet of barn owls" 3636:

Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F.; Meister, Charles A. (1981).

805:

barn owls in the Netherlands, where these subspecies intergrade

4999:. Archives de sciences sociales des religions. pp. 31–47. 2727: 2274: 2254: 2146:

and the noise that accompanies it. Hairlike extensions to the

1476:. Underparts golden brown with extensive speckles. Face buff. 839:

should be split off as a separate species, to be known as the

526:. Some subspecies with restricted ranges are more threatened. 435: 295: 44: 3818: 3816: 3547:

König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm; Becking, Jan-Hendrik (2009).

3520:

König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm; Becking, Jan-Hendrik (2009).

3450:

Hyde, N. H. S.; Matthews, K.; Thompson, M.; Gale, R. (2009).

3042: 3008: 2194:, although without the disc it cannot determine the source's 599: 565: 5419: 4177:

Laudet, Frédéric; Denys, Christiane; Senegas, Frank (2002).

3707:"The birds of Páramo de Frontino, western Andes of Colombia" 3305:"Location of the transition zone of the barn owl subspecies 1340:

North America from southern Canada south to central Mexico;

2885:, and are believed to give special powers when consumed. 477:

There are at least three major lineages of barn owl: the

5041:"Spooky owl provides natural rodent control for farmers" 4435:

Bunn, D. S.; Warburton, A. B.; Wilson, R. D. S. (2010).

1011:

in the south, where it reaches upstream to northeastern

756:

Barn owl, Canada, with detail of wings and tail feathers

5339:

Barn Owls: Predator-prey Relationships and Conservation

4733:

Aves y plantas de Fuerteventura en peligro de extinción

2595:

flat on the ground or crouching with wings spread out.

2233:. Even when they are plentiful, and other prey scarce, 5359:

Handbook of British Birds, Volume 2: Warblers to Owls

5242:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). 4315:(A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; 3379:"'One-in-100,000' black barn owl meets Team C&AB" 3202:. The naturalist's Library. Vol. 1. p. 248. 5072:"Farmers, Conservationists Seek Return of Barn Owls" 2896:

consider the barn owl to be the mount and symbol of

2779:they are considered a Species of European Concern. 5533: 4405:

Journal of the East African Natural History Society

558:. As more species of owl were described, the genus 5262: 5237: 5012:"Almas y cuerpo en una tradición indígena tzeltal" 4691:. Ontario Recovery Strategy Series. February 2010. 3885: 3883: 2955:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22688504A155542941.en 462:, to distinguish it from the other species in its 3749:. BritishBirds Rarities Committee. Archived from 739:). It instead produces a characteristic piercing 202:Barn owl screeches recorded in Ceredigion, Wales 4997:Almas y cuerpo en una tradición indígena tzeltal 2117:The barn owl is a bird of open country, such as 4729:"Aves de Fuerteventura en peligro de extinción" 3415: 3413: 2874: 2624:, several species of parasitic round worm, and 5432: 1915:Might include African populations assigned to 1593:or southern Mexico through Central America to 5483:—USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter 3682:Traylor, Melvin A.; Parelius, Daniel (1967). 2817:, but altogether this particular subspecies ( 2711:. It is wider-ranging than the also somewhat 2476:Three barn owl chicks threatening an intruder 1762:; breast region always pure unspotted white. 8: 5495:—Blasco-Zumeta, Javier; Heinze, Gerd-Michael 5327:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4540: 4538: 4285: 4283: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 3684:"A collection of birds from the Ivory Coast" 3645:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 3427: 3425: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 2997:(in Latin). C. G. Hilscheri. pp. 21–22. 2967: 2965: 1402:On Santa Cruz Island (the Galápagos Islands) 5135:[Poor barn owl with Thai beliefs]. 5016:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3806: 3804: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 2978:. Harvard University Press. pp. 77–82. 2975:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume IV 2159:, which probably evolved, respectively, in 1587:; less grey above, coarser speckles below. 890:shows a separation of the species into two 673:above the bill somewhat resembling a nose. 614: 5521: 3278: 3276: 3250:. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society. 1857:– sometimes considered a separate species. 1659:– sometimes considered a separate species. 1494:– sometimes considered a separate species. 1421:– sometimes considered a separate species. 835:) as separate species. They proposed that 610:, 'owl') – compare English "hooter" – and 364: 217: 190: 172: 85: 5390: 5379:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5023: 4889:Population ecology of raptors / monograph 4863: 4811: 4571: 4483: 3989:Sustainable Agriculture/Technical Reviews 3952: 3911: 3736: 3734: 3526:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 46–48. 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 2953: 1356:(where it was extirpated) and in 1958 to 5449:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3602:Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 3303:Mátics, Róbert; Hoffmann, Gyula (2002). 2730:) poisoning in the mid 20th century and 2507:, and other owls. Among the latter, the 1508: 1397: 1323: 1244: 1185: 1129: 986: 960: 5047:. University of Florida. Archived from 3677: 3675: 3673: 3172:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 2919: 1637:; smaller and noticeably short-winged. 958:, the following subspecies are listed: 6099:Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli 5320: 4441:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 177. 3553:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 209. 3456:) breeding in the wild in New Zealand" 2925: 2923: 865:International Ornithological Committee 592:literally means 'white owl', from the 5099: 5097: 4485:10.1093/oxfordjournals.beheco.a000371 3227:. British Trust for Ornithology. 2009 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 2739:. In the US, barn owls are listed as 963: 843:, which would include the subspecies 7: 5939:67a858d7-5bea-42ac-90a3-31cf18fb25b3 5753:5e1cabe0-1078-487b-8df6-45331f0bc94d 5185:"People who give a hoot for raptors" 5133:"นแสกผู้น่าสงสารกับความเชื่อแบบไทยๆ" 4011:"Barn Owl | the Peregrine Fund" 3941:Neotropical Biology and Conservation 3743:"The daylight activity of barn owls" 1801:Endemic to the East Canary Islands ( 1301:at the western border of its range. 1202:South American lowlands east of the 1111:African populations might belong to 917:clade, leading to the separation of 6109:Extant Quaternary first appearances 6079:IUCN Red List least concern species 4393:. Croom Helm, Beckenham (UK). 1983. 4254:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2941:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2413:, beginning to shed their nestling 1877:; upperparts lighter and yellower. 1337:, but usually more speckles below. 1035:in the Mediterranean, and the West 951:between more distinct populations. 5475:Barn owl videos, photos and sounds 2989:Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1769). 25: 4313:The Birds of North America Online 3854:Journal of Comparative Physiology 3822:Ehrlich et al. (1994) pp. 250–254 3781:Meheretu Yonas; Leirs, H (2019). 3579:IOC World Bird List: Version 11.2 3352:Elliott, Rosanna (8 March 2019). 2900:, goddess of wealth and fortune. 905:, but this study did not include 554:. He gave it the scientific name 5431: 4614:South Coast Conservation Program 3968: 3282:Bruce (1999) pp 34–75, Svensson 2930:BirdLife International (2019) . 2209:Skull, showing the powerful beak 2095: 2075: 2044:Like most owls, the barn owl is 1970:; smaller and paler on average. 1726:, but breast region light buff. 1678:Northeastern Andes from western 943:, to the nearly black-and-brown 817:) was for some time included in 534:The barn owl was one of several 242: 49: 38:. For the place in Siberia, see 5160:"Ministries hosts talk on owls" 4800:Bird Conservation International 4794:Palacios, César-Javier (2004). 4423:Owls of the Northern Hemisphere 4118:Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 2109:Barn owls are not particularly 1843:, but less reddish. Face buff. 1794:but breast darker, approaching 1555:around the Egypt-Sudan border. 882:. According to Murray Bruce in 27:Common cosmopolitan owl species 5342:. Cambridge University Press. 5239:"Family Tytonidae (Barn-owls)" 4887:Ian, Newton (1 January 2010). 3892:"Nest-box use by the barn owl 3385:. 3 March 2020. Archived from 2664:animal, the barn owl exhibits 2013:; paler in general. Resembles 1929:(Griscom & Greenway, 1937) 867:had not accepted the split of 1: 2660:Unusually for a medium-sized 2241:predominate in the diet, and 1258:More grey on upperparts than 4727:Álamo Tavío, Manuel (1975). 4635:"Barn Owl Recovery Strategy" 4425:. The MIT Press, 0262220350. 4037:at a roost in County Cork". 3741:Martin, Jeff (8 July 2013). 3651:(3): 339–346. Archived from 3491:"Introduced birds: Barn owl" 3466:(4): 169–175. Archived from 3452:"First record of barn owls ( 3326:(2): 245–250. Archived from 2515:), in the Americas, and the 2003:(Parks & Phillips, 1978) 1960:(Parks & Phillips, 1978) 1269:Central Europe north of the 831:) and the Curaçao barn owl ( 606: 572: 5493:Ageing and sexing barn owls 5489:—Cornell Lab of Ornithology 5269:. Oxford University Press. 5131:Pattanamongkol, T. (2018). 5018:(in Spanish) (112): 31–48. 4186:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 3419:Witherby (1943) pp. 343–347 3320:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 2995:Annus I Historico-Naturalis 2644:, which attacks nestlings. 1813:; perhaps formerly also on 1613:; doubtfully distinct from 1563:; doubtfully distinct from 1547:Islands; introduced to the 446:regions, Asia north of the 58:It has been suggested that 6125: 4928:. WildCare. Archived from 4276:– via Springer Link. 3313:(Strigiformes: Tytonidae)" 3043: 3009: 2972:Peters, James Lee (1964). 2495:, and similar carnivorous 600: 580:, and the barn owl became 566: 458:. It is also known as the 29: 5477:—Internet Bird Collection 4813:10.1017/S0959270904000255 4599:Taylor (2004) pp. 242–261 4544:Taylor (2004) pp. 203–215 4298:Taylor (2004) pp. 108–120 4266:10.1007/s00265-016-2114-2 4238:Taylor (2004) pp. 136–148 4211:Taylor (2004) pp. 121–135 2948:: e.T22688504A155542941. 2694:Barn owl on Lithuanian 5 2202:plantations of Malaysia. 2028:Doubtfully distinct from 1989:Doubtfully distinct from 1946:Doubtfully distinct from 1907:and east to southwestern 972: 969: 966: 913:and other members of the 546:physician and naturalist 384: 377: 372: 363: 344: 337: 239:Scientific classification 237: 215: 206: 201: 189: 180: 171: 88: 75:Proposed since June 2024. 5487:Barn owl species account 5361:. H. F. and G. Witherby. 5357:Witherby, H. F. (1943). 5307:. Harper & Collins. 5076:National Geographic News 4922:"Nesting Boxes Overview" 4761:Tyto alba gracilirostris 4289:Shawyer (1994) pp. 88–90 4229:Shawyer (1994) pp. 67–87 3771:Taylor (2004) pp. 96–107 3248:The Book of Indian Birds 2622:Paruternia candelabraria 2581:Haliaeetus leucocephalus 2483:of the barn owl include 1360:(where it still lives). 999:Western Europe from the 730:or other members of the 552:Anni Historico-Naturales 548:Giovanni Antonio Scopoli 6084:Birds described in 1769 5284:Shawyer, Colin (1994). 4954:Pest Management Science 4501:The American Naturalist 4202:Taylor (2004) pp. 91–95 3995:: 14–16. Archived from 3954:10.4013/nbc.2016.111.03 3838:Taylor (2004) pp. 29–46 3810:Taylor (2004) pp. 47–61 3720:: 39–50. Archived from 3383:Cage & Aviary Birds 3270:Taylor (2004) pp. 19–22 3025:A Greek–English Lexicon 2686:Status and conservation 2485:large American opossums 2461:Predators and parasites 1822:Canary Islands barn owl 1365:North American barn owl 584:in the barn-owl family 5427: 5407:Listen to this article 5104:Kerdmamai, S. (2022). 4093:"Tyto alba (Barn owl)" 4065:"Barn owl (Tyto alba)" 3983:Ingles, Chuck (1995). 3714:Ornitología Colombiana 3160:Bruce (1999) pp. 34–75 2910:have also been found. 2875: 2806: 2801:Captive barn owl near 2699: 2657: 2608:Ornithomyia avicularia 2567:) and scarcely larger 2477: 2417: 2352: 2210: 1773:in the Mediterranean. 1517: 1403: 1329: 1254: 1191: 1134: 992: 806: 757: 661: 615: 373:Global range in green 6012:Paleobiology Database 5999:Paleobiology Database 5470:Barn owl brain images 5426: 5336:Taylor, Iain (2004). 5236:Bruce, M. D. (1999). 4891:. T & AD Poyser. 4377:10.1093/auk/101.1.175 4135:Bonnot, Paul (1928). 3727:on 24 September 2015. 3016:Liddell, Henry George 2842:population management 2800: 2693: 2655: 2529:Verreaux's eagle-owls 2475: 2408: 2346: 2306:Oceanodroma leucorhoa 2208: 2040:Behaviour and ecology 1903:coastlands, south to 1867:(W. L. Sclater, 1921) 1692:Cordillera Occidental 1512: 1401: 1371:; might also include 1327: 1248: 1210:all the way south to 1189: 1133: 990: 796: 755: 715:are covered in white 659: 5748:Fauna Europaea (new) 5504:4 March 2018 at the 5458:More spoken articles 5209:Gautier, A. (2005), 5108:[Barn owl]. 5010:Pitarch, P. (2000). 4995:Pitarch, P. (2000). 4920:Hungry Owl Project. 4865:10.5253/078.097.0410 4707:Simplywildcanada.com 4137:"An outlaw Barn Owl" 4098:Animal Diversity Web 3999:on 28 November 2011. 3913:10.5253/078.097.0410 3440:Shawyer (1994) p. 91 3431:Shawyer (1994) p. 10 3407:Taylor (2004) p. 169 2883:traditional medicine 2819:T. a. gracilirostris 2302:Leach's storm petrel 2174:or southern France. 1781:T. a. gracilirostris 1752:(Kleinschmidt, 1901) 1058:). Intergrades with 991:Light-coloured adult 68:into this article. ( 34:. For the band, see 5039:Spence, C. (1999). 4932:on 13 November 2017 3753:on 9 September 2016 3658:on 27 February 2012 3626:Taylor (2004) p. 24 3489:Denny, Jim (2006). 3389:on 11 February 2022 3358:Eastern Daily Press 2864:. For example, the 2178:Hunting and feeding 2168:southeastern Europe 2102:A barn owl's talons 2022:Isla de la Juventud 1855:Cape Verde barn owl 1803:Chinijo Archipelago 1798:. Face light buff. 1551:. Intergrades with 1390:T. a. punctatissima 1297:. Intergrades with 1240:(C. L. Brehm, 1831) 930:nominate subspecies 857:T. d. crassirostris 209:Conservation status 6089:Cosmopolitan birds 5634:BirdLife-Australia 5428: 5305:Collins Bird Guide 5082:on 2 November 2002 5025:10.4000/assr.20245 4472:Behavioral Ecology 4421:Voous, K.H. 1988. 4389:Steyn, P. (1983). 3866:10.1007/BF00663106 3787:. SpringerNature. 3286:(1999) pp. 212–213 3199:Strigidae, or Owls 3175:A Latin Dictionary 2807: 2777:European Community 2741:endangered species 2700: 2698:silver coin (2002) 2658: 2636:bursa of Fabricius 2626:spiny-headed worms 2565:Accipiter cooperii 2549:Accipiter gentilis 2517:Eurasian eagle-owl 2478: 2418: 2358:temperate climates 2353: 2211: 2088:Brewer's blackbird 2062:black-headed gulls 2009:Large. Similar to 1848:Cape Verde Islands 1790:Small. Similar to 1735:Porto Santo Island 1722:Small. Similar to 1688:Cordillera Central 1529:Sub-Saharan Africa 1518: 1419:Galápagos barn owl 1404: 1393:(G. R. Grey, 1838) 1330: 1273:from the Rhine to 1255: 1192: 1165:Caribbean barn owl 1152:(rare or possibly 1135: 993: 863:. As of 2021, the 807: 801:(left) and female 758: 662: 660:Barn owl in flight 452:Indonesian islands 432:widely distributed 95:Quaternary–present 6066: 6065: 5986:Open Tree of Life 5527:Taxon identifiers 5499:Barn owl feathers 5424: 5392:10.1111/bij.12824 5349:978-0-521-54587-7 5314:978-0-00-219728-1 5295:978-0-600-57949-6 5276:978-0-19-858407-0 5253:978-84-87334-25-2 5246:. Lynx Edicions. 5221:: 139–170 journal 4739:on 6 October 2014 4666:. 28 August 2017. 4573:10.1111/ibi.12593 4448:978-1-4081-3961-5 4114:Tyto alba detorta 3794:978-3-030-04954-6 3688:Fieldiana Zoology 3560:978-1-4081-0884-0 3550:Owls of the World 3533:978-1-4081-0884-0 3523:Owls of the World 3311:Tyto alba guttata 3257:978-0-19-563731-1 2745:Midwestern states 2707:, after only the 2641:Carnus hemapterus 2589:Aquila chrysaetos 2473: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2004: 1994: 1961: 1951: 1930: 1920: 1901:Arabian Peninsula 1868: 1858: 1834: 1824: 1785: 1753: 1717: 1707: 1670: 1660: 1628: 1618: 1578: 1568: 1505: 1495: 1492:São Tomé barn owl 1463: 1453: 1432: 1422: 1412:Galápagos islands 1394: 1384: 1320: 1319:(Bonaparte, 1838) 1310: 1293:and the southern 1241: 1231: 1206:and south of the 1182: 1181:(J.E. Gray, 1829) 1172: 1126: 1116: 983: 888:mitochondrial DNA 861:T. d. interposita 632:golden masked owl 507:American barn owl 418: 417: 232: 195: 185:, United Kingdom 82: 81: 77: 16:(Redirected from 6116: 6059: 6058: 6046: 6045: 6033: 6032: 6020: 6019: 6007: 6006: 5994: 5993: 5981: 5980: 5968: 5967: 5955: 5954: 5942: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5909: 5908: 5896: 5895: 5893:NHMSYS0000530685 5883: 5882: 5870: 5869: 5857: 5856: 5844: 5843: 5831: 5830: 5818: 5817: 5805: 5804: 5792: 5791: 5782: 5781: 5769: 5768: 5756: 5755: 5743: 5742: 5730: 5729: 5717: 5716: 5704: 5703: 5691: 5690: 5678: 5677: 5665: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5642: 5641: 5629: 5628: 5616: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5603:96B91A6873827284 5593: 5592: 5580: 5579: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5522: 5448: 5446: 5435: 5434: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5408: 5396: 5394: 5362: 5353: 5332: 5326: 5318: 5299: 5280: 5268: 5257: 5241: 5223: 5222: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5078:. Archived from 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4774: 4767: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4703:"Owls of Canada" 4699: 4693: 4692: 4689:Files.ontario.ca 4686: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4533: 4532: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4432: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4325: 4319: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4183: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3966: 3956: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3823: 3820: 3811: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3711: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3657: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3497:. Archived from 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3470:on 10 April 2017 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3420: 3417: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3332: 3317: 3300: 3287: 3280: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3246:Ali, S. (1993). 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3225:(Scopoli, 1769)" 3217: 3204: 3203: 3194:Jardine, William 3189: 3183: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3057: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3012: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2927: 2880: 2852:Cultural aspects 2788:British Columbia 2709:peregrine falcon 2545:northern goshawk 2513:Bubo virginianus 2509:great horned owl 2474: 2349:Museum Wiesbaden 2347:Egg, Collection 2099: 2079: 2027: 2002: 2000:T. a. niveicauda 1988: 1959: 1945: 1928: 1914: 1866: 1853: 1832: 1820: 1783: 1751: 1715: 1701: 1682:through eastern 1668: 1657:Curaçao barn owl 1655: 1626: 1608: 1583:Similar to dark 1576: 1574:T. a. guatemalae 1558: 1531:, including the 1503: 1490: 1483:. A record from 1462:(Hartlaub, 1852) 1461: 1447: 1430: 1417: 1392: 1363: 1354:Lord Howe Island 1352:; introduced to 1318: 1316:T. a. pratincola 1304: 1239: 1221: 1216:Falkland Islands 1212:Tierra del Fuego 1180: 1167:– might include 1163: 1125:(Temminck, 1827) 1124: 1089: 1029:Balearic Islands 981: 961: 907:T. a. delicatula 901:and a New World 849:T. d. sumbaensis 845:T. d. delicatula 841:eastern barn owl 837:T. a. delicatula 775:Lord Howe Island 618: 609: 603: 602: 575: 569: 568: 564:(from the Greek 495:eastern barn owl 479:western barn owl 395:Strix pratincola 368: 350: 247: 246: 226: 221: 220: 197: 196: 176: 166: 96: 92:Temporal range: 86: 73: 61:Western barn owl 53: 52: 45: 21: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6054: 6049: 6041: 6036: 6028: 6023: 6015: 6010: 6002: 5997: 5989: 5984: 5976: 5971: 5963: 5958: 5950: 5947:Observation.org 5945: 5937: 5935: 5927: 5925: 5917: 5912: 5904: 5899: 5891: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5865: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5839: 5834: 5826: 5821: 5813: 5808: 5800: 5795: 5787: 5785: 5777: 5772: 5764: 5759: 5751: 5746: 5738: 5733: 5725: 5720: 5712: 5707: 5699: 5694: 5686: 5681: 5673: 5668: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5645: 5637: 5632: 5624: 5619: 5611: 5609: 5601: 5596: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5529: 5511:Barn Owl sounds 5506:Wayback Machine 5462: 5461: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5439:This audio file 5436: 5429: 5420: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5372: 5369: 5367:Further reading 5356: 5350: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5302: 5296: 5283: 5277: 5260: 5254: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5103: 5102: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5051:on 7 March 2014 5038: 5037: 5033: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4966:10.1002/ps.3289 4950: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4899: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4775:on 18 July 2015 4772: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4684: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4585: 4581: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4388: 4384: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4342:10.2307/1368658 4327: 4326: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4156:10.2307/1363231 4139: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4124:(3–4): 154–166. 4111: 4110: 4106: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3681: 3680: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3501:on 4 March 2016 3495:Birds of Kaua'i 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3333:on 4 March 2016 3330: 3315: 3302: 3301: 3290: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3207: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3180:Perseus Project 3168: 3164: 3159: 3060: 3040: 3036: 3030:Perseus Project 3006: 3002: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2906:barn owls from 2854: 2688: 2650: 2615:Strigea strigis 2537:Cape eagle-owls 2465: 2463: 2450:primary feather 2440: 2409:Brood prior to 2400:Corvus monedula 2384:Scopus umbretta 2341: 2180: 2164:glacial refugia 2140:flight feathers 2107: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2080: 2042: 1926:T. a. hellmayri 1864:T. a. erlangeri 1846:Endemic to the 1833:(Hartert, 1913) 1784:(Hartert, 1905) 1737:in the eastern 1716:(Hartert, 1900) 1669:(Hartert, 1898) 1666:T. a. contempta 1627:(Hartert, 1892) 1577:(Ridgway, 1874) 1481:São Tomé Island 1459:T. a. thomensis 1410:Endemic to the 1328:Adult in flight 1289:, northeastern 1285:, and south to 1110: 1091:common barn owl 1086:-Sudan border. 982:(Scopoli, 1769) 869:Tyto delicatula 791: 750: 687:tarsometatarsal 654: 542:in 1769 by the 532: 460:common barn owl 456:Pacific Islands 414: 405:Tyto delicatula 391:(Scopoli, 1769) 359: 352: 346: 333: 241: 233: 222: 218: 211: 191: 167: 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 94: 93: 90: 78: 54: 50: 43: 36:Barn Owl (band) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6122: 6120: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6071: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6047: 6034: 6021: 6008: 5995: 5982: 5969: 5956: 5943: 5933: 5923: 5910: 5897: 5884: 5871: 5858: 5845: 5832: 5819: 5806: 5793: 5783: 5770: 5757: 5744: 5735:Fauna Europaea 5731: 5718: 5705: 5692: 5679: 5666: 5656: 5643: 5630: 5617: 5607: 5594: 5581: 5570: 5555: 5539: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5451: 5437: 5430: 5418: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401:External links 5399: 5398: 5397: 5385:(4): 904–918. 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5354: 5348: 5333: 5313: 5300: 5294: 5281: 5275: 5258: 5252: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5201: 5176: 5150: 5123: 5093: 5062: 5031: 5002: 4987: 4960:(3): 444–450. 4943: 4912: 4898:978-1408138533 4897: 4879: 4858:(4): 463–467. 4838: 4819: 4806:(3): 203–213. 4786: 4763:Hartert, 1905" 4750: 4719: 4694: 4669: 4651: 4626: 4601: 4592: 4579: 4566:(2): 147–161. 4546: 4534: 4513:10.1086/510215 4491: 4478:(1): 103–110. 4454: 4447: 4427: 4414: 4395: 4382: 4355: 4336:(3): 668–670. 4320: 4300: 4291: 4279: 4260:(6): 927–937. 4240: 4231: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4169: 4150:(5): 320–329. 4127: 4104: 4084: 4056: 4025: 4016: 4002: 3975: 3943:(in Spanish). 3927: 3906:(4): 463–467. 3879: 3840: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3793: 3773: 3764: 3730: 3697: 3669: 3628: 3619: 3592: 3566: 3559: 3539: 3532: 3512: 3481: 3442: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3400: 3370: 3344: 3307:Tyto alba alba 3288: 3272: 3263: 3256: 3238: 3205: 3184: 3162: 3058: 3034: 3000: 2981: 2961: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2866:Tzeltal people 2853: 2850: 2811:Canary Islands 2775:), and in the 2724:organochlorine 2687: 2684: 2649: 2646: 2631:Centrorhynchus 2553:common buzzard 2493:common raccoon 2462: 2459: 2439: 2436: 2340: 2337: 2328:metabolic rate 2179: 2176: 2101: 2094: 2093: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2025: 2018: 2007: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1986: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1943: 1940: 1939:, but larger. 1933: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1912: 1899:including the 1885:Aegean islands 1878: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1844: 1837: 1835: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1799: 1788: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1763: 1756: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1713:T. a. schmitzi 1709: 1708: 1699: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1653: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1606: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1570: 1569: 1556: 1526: 1519: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1477: 1466: 1464: 1455: 1454: 1445: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1431:(Fraser, 1842) 1424: 1423: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1395: 1386: 1385: 1361: 1338: 1331: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1302: 1267: 1256: 1242: 1233: 1232: 1219: 1214:; also on the 1200: 1193: 1183: 1174: 1173: 1161: 1150:Cayman Islands 1139: 1136: 1127: 1118: 1117: 1087: 1070:and along the 1037:Canary Islands 997: 994: 984: 975: 974: 971: 968: 965: 911:T. a. stertens 880:phylogeography 811:ashy-faced owl 799:Tyto alba alba 790: 787: 771:Norfolk Island 749: 746: 653: 650: 538:of bird first 531: 528: 499:Southeast Asia 430:) is the most 416: 415: 413: 412: 402: 392: 385: 382: 381: 375: 374: 370: 369: 361: 360: 353: 342: 341: 335: 334: 327: 325: 321: 320: 313: 309: 308: 303: 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 235: 234: 216: 213: 212: 207: 204: 203: 199: 198: 187: 186: 178: 177: 169: 168: 160: 159: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 97: 91: 80: 79: 57: 55: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6121: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5440: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5202: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5151: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5124: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5063: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4944: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4787: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4751: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4720: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4681: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4120:(in French). 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4073: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3513: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3482: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3226: 3224: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3020:Scott, Robert 3017: 3013: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2908:Ancient Egypt 2905: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2827:Fuerteventura 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720:IUCN Red List 2717: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2654: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2628:in the genus 2627: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604:feather mites 2601: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2585:golden eagles 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:Cooper's hawk 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499:, as well as 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392:Procyon lotor 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153:T. a. guttata 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2135:Degua Tembien 2132: 2129:, such as in 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2098: 2090:in California 2089: 2085: 2078: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883:and southern 1882: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1830:T. a. detorta 1828: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Fuerteventura 1804: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1749:T. a. ernesti 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686:(rare in the 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1603:Pearl Islands 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1504:(Blyth, 1862) 1502: 1501:T. a. affinis 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1487:is in error. 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1428:T. a. poensis 1426: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1237:T. a. guttata 1235: 1234: 1229: 1226:and possibly 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1178:T. a. tuidara 1176: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1122:T. a. furcata 1120: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1103:kleinschmidti 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Aïr Mountains 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003:south to the 1002: 1001:British Isles 998: 995: 989: 985: 980: 977: 976: 962: 959: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 931: 926: 924: 923:Tyto javanica 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 899: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829: 824: 820: 816: 812: 804: 803:T. a. guttata 800: 795: 788: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 766: 764: 754: 747: 745: 742: 738: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 674: 671: 667: 658: 651: 649: 647: 646: 642:in the genus 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 617: 613: 608: 598: 597:Ancient Greek 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 563: 562: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 529: 527: 525: 524:IUCN Red List 521: 520:Least Concern 515: 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 428: 423: 410: 406: 403: 400: 396: 393: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 376: 371: 367: 362: 357: 351: 349: 343: 340: 339:Binomial name 336: 332: 331: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 314: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 300: 297: 294: 291: 290: 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 251: 250: 245: 240: 236: 230: 225: 224:Least Concern 214: 210: 205: 200: 188: 184: 179: 175: 170: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 87: 84: 76: 71: 67: 63: 62: 56: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5534: 5382: 5378: 5358: 5338: 5304: 5286:The Barn Owl 5285: 5264: 5243: 5230:Bibliography 5218: 5215:Archaeofauna 5214: 5204: 5192:. Retrieved 5188: 5179: 5167:. Retrieved 5163: 5153: 5141:. Retrieved 5136: 5126: 5114:. Retrieved 5109: 5084:. Retrieved 5080:the original 5075: 5070:Brendle, A. 5065: 5053:. Retrieved 5049:the original 5044: 5034: 5015: 5005: 4996: 4990: 4974:10261/142639 4957: 4953: 4946: 4934:. Retrieved 4930:the original 4925: 4915: 4888: 4882: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4779:19 September 4777:. Retrieved 4770:the original 4760: 4753: 4743:18 September 4741:. Retrieved 4737:the original 4732: 4722: 4710:. Retrieved 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4638: 4629: 4617:. Retrieved 4613: 4604: 4595: 4587: 4582: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4507:(1): 47–61. 4504: 4500: 4494: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4438:The Barn Owl 4437: 4430: 4422: 4417: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4385: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4294: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4234: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4185: 4172: 4147: 4143: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4096: 4087: 4075:. Retrieved 4071: 4059: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4005: 3997:the original 3992: 3988: 3978: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3860:(1): 13–21. 3857: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3783: 3776: 3767: 3755:. Retrieved 3751:the original 3747:BritishBirds 3746: 3722:the original 3717: 3713: 3700: 3694:(7): 91–117. 3691: 3687: 3660:. Retrieved 3653:the original 3648: 3644: 3631: 3622: 3608:(1): 47–55. 3605: 3601: 3595: 3583:. Retrieved 3578: 3569: 3549: 3542: 3522: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3499:the original 3494: 3484: 3472:. Retrieved 3468:the original 3463: 3459: 3453: 3445: 3436: 3403: 3391:. Retrieved 3387:the original 3382: 3373: 3361:. Retrieved 3357: 3347: 3335:. Retrieved 3328:the original 3323: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3283: 3266: 3247: 3241: 3229:. Retrieved 3222: 3198: 3187: 3173: 3165: 3037: 3023: 3003: 2994: 2991:"Strix alba" 2984: 2974: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2902: 2887: 2881:, a form of 2857: 2855: 2846:rodenticides 2835: 2818: 2808: 2781: 2732:rodenticides 2713:cosmopolitan 2701: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2639: 2629: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2600:feather lice 2597: 2593: 2588: 2580: 2572: 2564: 2556: 2548: 2540: 2533:Bubo lacteus 2532: 2520: 2512: 2488: 2479: 2455: 2441: 2428: 2419: 2399: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2369: 2362: 2354: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2279: 2212: 2181: 2156: 2152: 2116: 2108: 2043: 2029: 2014: 2010: 1999: 1990: 1967: 1956: 1947: 1936: 1925: 1916: 1874: 1863: 1854: 1840: 1829: 1821: 1795: 1791: 1780: 1759: 1748: 1723: 1712: 1703: 1665: 1656: 1634: 1624:T. a. bargei 1623: 1614: 1610: 1597:or northern 1584: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1522: 1500: 1491: 1458: 1449: 1448:May include 1427: 1418: 1389: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1334: 1315: 1306: 1298: 1263: 1259: 1236: 1227: 1224:hauchecornei 1223: 1208:Amazon River 1196: 1177: 1168: 1164: 1158:Grand Cayman 1121: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1079: 1076:Meuse Rivers 1059: 1052:Gran Canaria 978: 967:Description 955: 953: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 883: 877: 872: 868: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 836: 832: 826: 823:DNA evidence 818: 814: 808: 802: 798: 767: 759: 748:Distribution 740: 734: 724:typical owls 721: 708: 706: 695: 675: 670:typical owls 663: 643: 640:screech-owls 635: 621: 594:onomatopoeic 589: 581: 559: 555: 551: 533: 516: 476: 472:typical owls 459: 426: 425: 421: 419: 404: 394: 388: 347: 345: 330:T. alba 329: 328: 316: 296:Strigiformes 181:Barn owl in 83: 74: 59: 5914:Neotropical 5875:NatureServe 5810:iNaturalist 5559:Wikispecies 5158:Gumede, P. 5143:12 December 5116:12 December 4835:(2): 71–72. 4682:in Ontario" 4680:(Tyto alba) 4371:: 175–179. 4072:Sta.uwi.edu 4039:Irish Birds 3393:11 February 3363:11 February 3337:20 February 3231:8 September 2662:carnivorous 2573:Strix aluco 2557:Buteo buteo 2541:B. capensis 2298:pratincoles 2184:in twilight 2111:territorial 2020:Endemic to 1983:Bay Islands 1973:Endemic to 1966:Similar to 1957:T. a. bondi 1935:Similar to 1897:Middle East 1873:Similar to 1839:Similar to 1765:Endemic to 1758:Similar to 1729:Endemic to 1694:) south to 1650:West Indies 1640:Endemic to 1633:Similar to 1521:Similar to 1479:Endemic to 1440:Endemic to 1367:– Includes 1251:Sandesneben 1249:In flight, 1093:– includes 1082:around the 1078:, and with 1015:. Also the 964:Subspecies 949:intergrades 873:T. javanica 853:T. d. meeki 821:. Based on 815:T. glaucops 779:New Zealand 726:, like the 652:Description 636:T. aurantia 619:, 'white'. 512:facial disc 503:Australasia 434:species of 6073:Categories 6051:Xeno-canto 5454:Audio help 5445:2024-06-01 5288:. Hamlyn. 4926:Hungry Owl 4712:1 December 4678:"Barn Owl 4644:1 December 4639:Ontario.ca 4619:1 December 4610:"Barn Owl" 4411:: 101–107. 4330:The Condor 4192:: 341–355. 3662:31 October 3221:"Barn Owl 2914:References 2837:Nest boxes 2680:pesticides 2669:-selection 2575:) to huge 2551:) and the 2525:Washington 2365:monogamous 2290:turnstones 2235:earthworms 2219:amphibians 2161:allopatric 2157:T. a. alba 2144:turbulence 2068:the crow. 2066:decapitate 1991:pratincola 1968:pratincola 1644:and maybe 1615:pratincola 1611:subandeana 1585:pratincola 1561:hypermetra 1549:Seychelles 1537:Madagascar 1381:subandeana 1377:guatemalae 1350:Hispaniola 1169:niveicauda 1154:extirpated 1099:kirchhoffi 1074:and Lower 979:T. a. alba 941:niveicauda 896:Old World 828:T. furcata 702:melanistic 666:subspecies 556:Strix alba 505:, and the 485:, western 389:Strix alba 183:Lancashire 6056:Tyto-alba 5590:Tyto_alba 5565:Tyto alba 5535:Tyto alba 5466:BrainMaps 5323:cite book 5139:(in Thai) 5137:Sarakadee 5112:(in Thai) 4907:862148605 4829:The Raven 4466:Tyto alba 4309:Tyto alba 4051:0332-0111 4045:: 35–40. 4035:Tyto alba 3963:2236-3777 3894:Tyto alba 3850:Tyto alba 3614:1735-434X 3585:6 January 3474:11 August 3454:Tyto alba 3223:Tyto alba 3048: in 2934:Tyto alba 2904:Mummified 2815:Lanzarote 2803:Lake Erie 2765:Wisconsin 2743:in seven 2569:tawny owl 2503:, larger 2489:Didelphis 2481:Predators 2351:, Germany 2311:Cryptomys 2247:bank vole 2192:direction 2170:, and in 2123:grassland 2046:nocturnal 1811:Lanzarote 1702:Includes 1680:Venezuela 1609:Includes 1591:Guatemala 1559:Includes 1474:rectrices 1305:Includes 1279:Lithuania 1253:(Germany) 1228:hellmayri 1222:Includes 1190:In Brazil 1113:erlangeri 1062:from the 1045:La Gomera 1041:El Hierro 973:Synonyms 945:contempta 937:erlangeri 833:T. bargei 763:sedentary 728:tawny owl 713:Nestlings 698:leucistic 683:rectrices 645:Megascops 590:Tyto alba 586:Tytonidae 582:Tyto alba 578:Strigidae 540:described 530:Etymology 468:Tytonidae 454:and some 448:Himalayas 427:Tyto alba 399:Bonaparte 348:Tyto alba 324:Species: 306:Tytonidae 262:Kingdom: 256:Eukaryota 32:barn-owls 18:Barn owls 6094:Falconry 6025:Species+ 5978:barn-owl 5929:barn-owl 5880:2.100734 5867:22688504 5828:10693437 5789:barn-owl 5639:barn-owl 5626:22688504 5621:BirdLife 5610:BioLib: 5544:Wikidata 5502:Archived 5481:Barn owl 5456: · 5110:Thai PBS 4982:22517676 4874:86309543 4529:38785812 4521:17206584 4317:Barn owl 4274:16650845 3922:86309543 3460:Notornis 3196:(1833). 2871:Thailand 2823:Tenerife 2773:Missouri 2761:Illinois 2753:Michigan 2648:Lifespan 2619:tapeworm 2438:Moulting 2411:fledging 2396:jackdaws 2388:raccoons 2380:hamerkop 2339:Breeding 2315:blesmols 2263:muskrats 2200:oil palm 2188:at night 2182:Hunting 2148:barbules 2131:Ethiopia 2119:farmland 1792:schmitzi 1771:Sardinia 1739:Atlantic 1704:stictica 1684:Colombia 1599:Colombia 1515:Tanzania 1485:Príncipe 1369:lucayana 1107:pusillus 1095:hostilis 1066:through 1056:Tenerife 1049:La Palma 919:stertens 789:Taxonomy 544:Tyrolean 422:barn owl 379:Synonyms 302:Family: 276:Chordata 272:Phylum: 266:Animalia 252:Domain: 229:IUCN 3.1 89:Barn owl 5991:1065606 5965:1484610 5766:2497921 5675:bob7350 5598:Avibase 5443: ( 5414:minutes 5106:"นกแสก" 5055:14 July 5045:UF News 4350:1368658 4164:1363231 4077:9 April 3874:1502927 3757:19 July 3505:24 July 3050:Liddell 3028:at the 2898:Lakshmi 2809:In the 2792:Ontario 2757:Indiana 2726:(e.g., 2705:raptors 2521:B. bubo 2497:mammals 2491:), the 2432:fledged 2335:sites. 2294:weavers 2286:godwits 2282:plovers 2271:rabbits 2259:Gophers 2231:insects 2227:spiders 2215:lizards 2138:of its 2127:tropics 2054:magpies 2030:furcata 2011:furcata 1981:in the 1979:Guanaja 1948:tuidara 1937:tuidara 1875:ernesti 1841:guttata 1796:guttata 1767:Corsica 1731:Madeira 1724:guttata 1648:in the 1646:Bonaire 1642:Curaçao 1565:poensis 1533:Comoros 1523:poensis 1470:remiges 1450:affinis 1346:Bahamas 1342:Bermuda 1335:guttata 1307:rhenana 1295:Balkans 1287:Romania 1283:Ukraine 1197:guttata 1146:Jamaica 1080:affinis 1068:Hungary 1064:Balkans 1060:guttata 1019:in the 1005:Maghreb 903:furcata 819:T. alba 709:T. alba 679:remiges 628:habitat 550:in his 536:species 522:on the 450:, some 411:, 1837) 401:, 1838) 358:, 1769) 356:Scopoli 312:Genus: 292:Order: 282:Class: 227: ( 161:↓ 70:Discuss 40:Barnaul 6004:368069 5936:NZOR: 5926:NZBO: 5919:brnowl 5854:177851 5786:GNAB: 5722:EURING 5714:TYTOAL 5701:brnowl 5662:brnowl 5578:barnow 5550:Q25317 5346: 5311: 5292: 5273: 5250: 5194:8 June 5169:8 June 5164:News24 5086:14 May 4980: 4936:14 May 4905: 4895: 4872: 4527: 4519: 4445: 4348: 4272: 4162: 4144:Condor 4049: 3961: 3920: 3872: 3791: 3612: 3575:"Owls" 3557: 3530: 3284:et al. 3254: 2894:Hindus 2784:Canada 2771:, and 2737:Europe 2716:osprey 2676:verges 2617:, the 2583:) and 2535:) and 2501:eagles 2423:bantam 2373:preens 2332:cached 2320:Otomys 2296:, and 2273:, and 2243:shrews 2229:, and 2196:height 2172:Iberia 2084:mobbed 2082:Being 2060:, and 2050:mobbed 1975:Roatán 1891:; 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