166:). Carotid sinus baroreceptors are responsive to both increases or decreases in arterial pressure, while aortic arch baroreceptors are only responsive to increases in arterial pressure. Arterial baroreceptors inform reflexes about arterial blood pressure but other stretch receptors in the large veins and right atrium convey information about the low pressure parts of the circulatory system.
226:
Baroreceptors are integral to the body's function: Pressure changes in the blood vessels would not be detected as quickly in the absence of baroreceptors. When baroreceptors are not working, blood pressure continues to increase, but, within an hour, the blood pressure returns to normal as other blood
109:
Arterial baroreceptors are stretch receptors that are stimulated by distortion of the arterial wall when pressure changes. The baroreceptors can identify the changes in both the average blood pressure or the rate of change in pressure with each arterial pulse. Action potentials triggered in the
100:
Baroreceptors can be divided into two categories based on the type of blood vessel in which they are located: high-pressure arterial baroreceptors and low-pressure baroreceptors (also known as cardiopulmonary or volume receptors).
207:). The low-pressure baroreceptors are involved with the regulation of blood volume. The blood volume determines the mean pressure throughout the system, in particular in the venous side where most of the blood is held.
114:
which lies in the medulla. Reflex responses from such baroreceptor activity can trigger increases or decreases in the heart rate. Arterial baroreceptor sensory endings are simple, splayed nerve endings that lie in the
254:
Reutersberg, B.; Pelisek, J.; Ouda, A.; de
Rougemont, O.; Rössler, F.; Zimmermann, A. Baroreceptors in the Aortic Arch and Their Potential Role in Aortic Dissection and Aneurysms. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 1161.
169:
Baroreceptors respond very quickly to maintain a stable blood pressure, but their responses diminish with time and thus are most effective for conveying short term changes in blood pressure. In people with
150:, baroreceptor firing rate decreases and baroreceptor reflexes act to help restore blood pressure by increasing heart rate. Signals from the carotid baroreceptors are sent via the
174:
the baroreceptors and their reflexes change and function to maintain the elevated blood pressure as if normal. The receptors then become less sensitive to change.
553:
385:
97:
of the brain recognizes changes in the firing rate of action potentials from the baroreceptors, and influences cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.
110:
baroreceptor ending are then directly conducted to the brainstem where central terminations (synapses) transmit this information to neurons within the
428:"Baroreceptors in the carotid and hypertension-systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of baroreflex activation therapy on blood pressure"
218:; they also influence intake of salt and water. The renal effects allow the receptors to change the mean pressure in the system in the long term.
546:
61:
sensory neuron that are excited by a stretch of the blood vessel. Thus, increases in the pressure of blood vessel triggers increased
407:
Bray, JJ; Cragg, PA; Macknight, ADC; Mills, RG. (1999) Lecture Notes on Human
Physiology, Blackwell Publishing. 4th edition, pp.379.
361:
238:
from touching the neck (often whilst shaving). This is an important cause to exclude in men having pre-syncope or syncope symptoms.
230:
Baroreceptors can also become oversensitive in some people (usually the carotid baroreceptors in older males). This can lead to
181:, reducing sympathetic tone throughout the body and thereby reducing blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension.
539:
398:
Stanfield, CL; Germann, WJ. (2008) Principles of Human
Physiology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 3rd edition, pp.424-425.
339:
Stanfield, CL; Germann, WJ. (2008) Principles of Human
Physiology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 3rd edition, pp.430-431.
142:
At normal resting blood pressures, baroreceptors discharge with each heart beat. If blood pressure falls, such as on
741:
318:
Stanfield, CL; Germann, WJ. (2008) Principles of Human
Physiology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 3rd edition, pp.427.
525:
132:
70:
751:
687:
204:
143:
89:, returning the pressure toward a normal level. These reflexes help regulate short-term blood pressure. The
39:
35:
190:
171:
155:
151:
86:
66:
77:
and vascular smooth muscle to influence vascular resistance. Baroreceptors act immediately as part of a
31:
746:
570:
476:
139:
secretions that target the heart and blood vessels are affected by the stimulation of baroreceptors.
692:
606:
677:
586:
492:
379:
301:
235:
147:
127:. These action potentials are conducted to the solitary nucleus in the central nervous system by
467:
Guyton, Arthur C. (1991). "Blood
Pressure Control-Special Role of the Kidneys and Body Fluids".
210:
The low-pressure baroreceptors have both circulatory and renal effects; they produce changes in
697:
636:
616:
596:
500:
449:
367:
357:
293:
285:
124:
116:
94:
78:
416:
Levy, MN; Pappano, AJ. (2007) Cardiovascular
Physiology, Mosby Elsevier. 9th edition, pp.171.
327:
Levy, MN; Pappano, AJ. (2007) Cardiovascular
Physiology, Mosby Elsevier. 9th edition, pp.172.
484:
439:
277:
111:
90:
62:
54:
50:
and relay the information to the brain, so that a proper blood pressure can be maintained.
578:
58:
521:
480:
682:
669:
659:
562:
215:
120:
74:
47:
735:
281:
27:
305:
199:, in pulmonary vessels, and in the walls of the right atrium and ventricles of the
651:
268:
Heesch, C. M. (December 1999). "Reflexes that control cardiovascular function".
231:
163:
159:
43:
641:
178:
82:
371:
289:
715:
488:
453:
297:
504:
444:
427:
496:
211:
177:
Electrical stimulation of baroreceptors has been found to activate the
136:
256:
531:
119:
of the artery. An increase in the mean arterial pressure increases
200:
128:
628:
196:
535:
335:
333:
131:
and have a reflex effect on the cardiovascular system through
214:
secretion, resulting in profound effects on the retention of
195:
The low-pressure baroreceptors, are found in large systemic
158:). Signals from the aortic baroreceptors travel through the
708:
668:
650:
627:
569:
65:generation rates and provides information to the
69:. This sensory information is used primarily in
85:, as soon as there is a change from the usual
547:
426:Wallbach, M; Koziolek, MJ (9 November 2017).
8:
123:of these sensory endings, which results in
554:
540:
532:
384:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
524:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
443:
247:
227:pressure regulatory systems take over.
377:
432:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
7:
356:(Sixth ed.). Philadelphia, PA.
347:
345:
257:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051161
270:The American Journal of Physiology
14:
352:Costanzo, Linda S. (2017-03-15).
73:that in turn influence the heart
282:10.1152/advances.1999.277.6.S234
16:Sensors detecting blood pressure
1:
26:) are sensors located in the
87:mean arterial blood pressure
768:
188:
185:Low-pressure baroreceptors
526:Medical Subject Headings
222:Baroreceptor dysfunction
688:Intrafusal muscle fiber
489:10.1126/science.2063193
205:atrial volume receptors
144:orthostatic hypotension
30:(at the bifurcation of
191:Low pressure receptors
172:essential hypertension
152:glossopharyngeal nerve
105:Arterial baroreceptors
67:central nervous system
42:carotids) and in the
32:common carotid artery
276:(6 Pt 2): S234–243.
57:which are a type of
693:Nuclear chain fiber
607:Merkel nerve ending
481:1991Sci...252.1813G
475:(5014): 1813–1816.
587:Lamellar corpuscle
445:10.1093/ndt/gfx279
236:fainting (syncope)
148:hypovolaemic shock
81:system called the
71:autonomic reflexes
53:Baroreceptors are
742:Sensory receptors
729:
728:
698:Nuclear bag fiber
637:Free nerve ending
617:Bulbous corpuscle
597:Tactile corpuscle
563:Sensory receptors
125:action potentials
117:tunica adventitia
95:medulla oblongata
79:negative feedback
55:stretch receptors
46:. They sense the
22:(or archaically,
759:
556:
549:
542:
533:
509:
508:
464:
458:
457:
447:
438:(9): 1485–1493.
423:
417:
414:
408:
405:
399:
396:
390:
389:
383:
375:
349:
340:
337:
328:
325:
319:
316:
310:
309:
265:
259:
252:
234:, dizziness and
156:cranial nerve IX
112:solitary nucleus
91:solitary nucleus
63:action potential
767:
766:
762:
761:
760:
758:
757:
756:
732:
731:
730:
725:
704:
664:
660:Thermoreceptors
646:
623:
579:Mechanoreceptor
565:
560:
518:
513:
512:
466:
465:
461:
425:
424:
420:
415:
411:
406:
402:
397:
393:
376:
364:
351:
350:
343:
338:
331:
326:
322:
317:
313:
267:
266:
262:
253:
249:
244:
224:
193:
187:
164:cranial nerve X
107:
59:mechanoreceptor
24:pressoreceptors
17:
12:
11:
5:
765:
763:
755:
754:
752:Receptor cells
749:
744:
734:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
718:
712:
710:
706:
705:
703:
702:
701:
700:
695:
690:
683:Muscle spindle
680:
674:
672:
670:Proprioception
666:
665:
663:
662:
656:
654:
648:
647:
645:
644:
639:
633:
631:
625:
624:
622:
621:
620:
619:
611:
610:
609:
601:
600:
599:
591:
590:
589:
581:
575:
573:
567:
566:
561:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
530:
529:
517:
516:External links
514:
511:
510:
459:
418:
409:
400:
391:
362:
341:
329:
320:
311:
260:
246:
245:
243:
240:
223:
220:
216:salt and water
186:
183:
121:depolarization
106:
103:
75:cardiac output
48:blood pressure
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
764:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
711:
707:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
673:
671:
667:
661:
658:
657:
655:
653:
649:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
632:
630:
626:
618:
615:
614:
612:
608:
605:
604:
602:
598:
595:
594:
592:
588:
585:
584:
582:
580:
577:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
538:
537:
534:
527:
523:
522:Baroreceptors
520:
519:
515:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
460:
455:
451:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
419:
413:
410:
404:
401:
395:
392:
387:
381:
373:
369:
365:
363:9780323511896
359:
355:
348:
346:
342:
336:
334:
330:
324:
321:
315:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
264:
261:
258:
251:
248:
241:
239:
237:
233:
228:
221:
219:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
192:
184:
182:
180:
175:
173:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
104:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:carotid sinus
25:
21:
20:Baroreceptors
721:Baroreceptor
720:
593:Light touch
472:
468:
462:
435:
431:
421:
412:
403:
394:
353:
323:
314:
273:
269:
263:
250:
229:
225:
209:
194:
176:
168:
141:
108:
99:
52:
23:
19:
18:
747:Homeostasis
678:Golgi organ
652:Temperature
642:Nociceptors
232:bradycardia
160:vagus nerve
44:aortic arch
736:Categories
716:Hair cells
583:Vibration
354:Physiology
242:References
189:See also:
179:baroreflex
83:baroreflex
603:Pressure
380:cite book
372:965761862
290:0002-9513
135:neurons.
133:autonomic
613:Stretch
454:29136223
306:21912789
298:10644250
40:internal
36:external
505:2063193
497:2875873
477:Bibcode
469:Science
212:hormone
137:Hormone
93:in the
528:(MeSH)
503:
495:
452:
370:
360:
304:
296:
288:
146:or in
709:Other
571:Touch
493:JSTOR
302:S2CID
203:(the
201:heart
197:veins
129:axons
34:into
629:Pain
501:PMID
450:PMID
386:link
368:OCLC
358:ISBN
294:PMID
286:ISSN
38:and
485:doi
473:252
440:doi
278:doi
274:277
738::
499:.
491:.
483:.
471:.
448:.
436:33
434:.
430:.
382:}}
378:{{
366:.
344:^
332:^
300:.
292:.
284:.
272:.
555:e
548:t
541:v
507:.
487::
479::
456:.
442::
388:)
374:.
308:.
280::
162:(
154:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.