228:
1353:
31:
670:
involving brief gentle pressure of the carotid sinus in therapeutic settings as a diagnostic and therapeutic examination tool have reported few potentially fatal complications. A carotid massage can also possibly dislodge a
2124:
1684:
1880:
1828:
480:. It is a condition known as 'carotid sinus hypersensitivity' (CSH), 'carotid sinus syndrome' or 'carotid sinus syncope', in which manual stimulation causes large changes in
2287:
1918:
2681:
1895:
1052:
Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, Goh PP, Tan AT (January 1998). "Comparison of treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by
Valsalva maneuver and carotid sinus massage".
69:
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1689:
880:
Glagov S, Zarins C, Giddens DP, Ku DN (October 1988). "Hemodynamics and atherosclerosis. Insights and perspectives gained from studies of human arteries".
2180:
2365:
1946:
1522:
559:. A pacemaker-like device can be implanted to electrically stimulate the receptors chronically, which is found to lower blood pressure by 15–25 mmHg.
1013:"Baroreceptors in the carotid and hypertension-systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of baroreflex activation therapy on blood pressure"
2324:
2729:
1821:
186:. The carotid sinus extends from the bifurcation to the "true" internal carotid artery. The carotid sinus is sensitive to pressure changes in the
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2014:
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1990:
1941:
691:
Stimulation of the carotid sinus via a slap or a strike, to induce (usually temporary, but sometimes lethal) loss of consciousness is a
2249:
1814:
770:
Câmara R, Griessenauer CJ (January 2015). "Chapter 27 - Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve". In Tubbs RS, Rizk E, Shoja MM, Loukas M (eds.).
746:
311:
1230:
515:
Usually older patients with syncope and unexplained falls often have coexisting conditions such as carotid sinus hypersensitivity,
2438:
2291:
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The carotid sinus baroreceptor can be oversensitive to manual stimulation from the pressure applied at the carotid sinus at the
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1517:
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361:
249:
245:
292:
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1089:"Heart rate is a predictor of success in the treatment of adults with symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia"
429:
264:
133:
589:
2497:
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2461:
2297:
2101:
1905:
1500:
1389:
841:"Novel baroreflex activation therapy in resistant hypertension: results of a European multi-center feasibility study"
271:
803:
Hermanowicz N (January 2007). "Chapter 13 - Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal) and X (Vagus)". In Goetz CG (ed.).
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1978:
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457:
964:"Symptomatic presentation of carotid sinus hypersensitivity is associated with impaired cerebral autoregulation"
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2191:
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2109:
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93:
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40:
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2005:
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508:) on several occasions while shaving, or in some other way coming into contact with their carotid sinus.
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1444:
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1467:
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2254:
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1951:
1719:
667:
659:
600:, it is a treatment for acute SVT. It is less effective than pharmaceutical management of SVT with
477:
337:
944:
839:
Scheffers IJ, Kroon AA, Schmidli J, Jordan J, Tordoir JJ, Mohaupt MG, et al. (October 2010).
1786:
1606:
585:
1128:
Field JM, Ruple J, eds. (2007). "Managing Stable
Tachycaradia: the ACLS Tachycardia Algorithm".
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Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is a temporary loss of consciousness that sometimes accompanies
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1982:
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808:
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417:
349:
179:
650:. Carotid sinus reflex death has been pointed out as a possible cause of death in cases of
452:, flow reversal/recirculation). Since these plaques, if large and unstable, predispose to
285:
2391:
1574:
1554:
1289:
Mankikar GD, Clark AN (May 1975). "Cardiac effects of carotid sinus massage in old age".
1267:
1190:"Ventricular fibrillation induced by carotid sinus massage without preceding bradycardia"
2592:
2019:
1933:
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779:
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211:
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Greenwood RJ, Dupler DA (August 1962). "Death following carotid sinus pressure".
98:
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Deepak SM, Jenkins NP, Davidson NC, Bennett DH, Mushahwar SS (November 2005).
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It is a sensitive site of the body because stimulation can drive large-scale
126:
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605:
601:
356:
of the brainstem. The solitary nucleus indirectly modulates the activity of
345:
1215:
1174:
1114:
1038:
997:
945:"Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
920:
866:
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1012:
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in which manual stimulation of the carotid sinus allegedly causes strong
624:
1369:
679:. This could lead to any number of life-threatening effects, including
655:
577:
501:
252: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
408:
throughout the body. This can be used therapeutically in treatment of
151:
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1412:
700:
680:
536:
453:
405:
203:
54:
30:
1539:
1416:
1326:"Carotid Sinus strike/slap as an effective self defense technique"
628:
377:
81:
64:
807:(Third ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 217–229.
420:
at this point, producing massive baroreflex activation can cause
1372:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
1810:
1385:
221:
608:, but it is still the preferred first line of treatment in a
16:
Dilated area near internal carotid artery above bifurcation
943:
Wijetunga MN (2021-10-16). Talavera F, Compton SJ (eds.).
392:(nerve of Cyon, Ludwig nerve), which combines with CN X (
336:. The carotid sinus baroreceptors are innervated by the
1260:"Carotid sinus reflex death - a theory and its history"
539:
when pressure builds in one or both carotid sinuses.
962:
Tan MP, Chadwick TJ, Kerr SR, Parry SW (June 2014).
2747:
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132:
120:
104:
92:
80:
75:
63:
53:
48:
23:
500:. This classically presents as a patient who has "
70:Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to carotid sinus
938:
936:
1087:Ballo P, Bernabò D, Faraguti SA (August 2004).
915:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
882:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
774:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 385–397.
535:because of the intensity of the carotid sinus
1822:
1397:
1130:Advanced Cardiac Life Support Provider Manual
845:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
328:which function as a "sampling area" for many
8:
834:
832:
588:and is sometimes useful for differentiating
348:the carotid sinus centrally project to the
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2320:
2149:
1863:
1854:
1829:
1815:
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1594:
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1132:. American Heart Association. p. 98.
1011:Wallbach M, Koziolek MJ (September 2018).
666:. Medical literature examining the use of
551:at the carotid sinus can be used to treat
29:
1237:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1205:
1104:
1028:
987:
968:Journal of the American Heart Association
856:
312:Learn how and when to remove this message
739:Introduction to vascular ultrasonography
1348:
729:
182:at the level of the superior border of
149:
20:
1017:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
170:is a dilated area at the base of the
7:
512:is performed as treatment for this.
388:baroreceptors are innervated by the
324:The carotid sinus contains numerous
250:adding citations to reliable sources
543:Treatment of resistant hypertension
780:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00028-7
695:technique, and is often taught in
372:. These neurons then regulate the
14:
194:site in humans and most mammals.
1351:
1167:10.1001/jama.1962.03050330035007
909:"Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity"
813:10.1016/b978-141603618-0.10013-x
687:In martial arts and self defense
422:dramatic falls in blood pressure
226:
737:Pellerito JS, Polak JF (2012).
646:) impulses leading to terminal
237:needs additional citations for
190:at this level. It is the major
805:Textbook of Clinical Neurology
472:Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
214:which monitor blood pressure.
1:
2787:Arteries of the head and neck
2705:deep branch / dorsal scapular
2279:artery of the pterygoid canal
1328:. Full Potential Martial Arts
1233:. In Ross DL, Chan T (eds.).
1066:10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70277-X
662:, but such deductions remain
430:baroreflex activation therapy
1324:Sensei B (8 November 2013).
1054:Annals of Emergency Medicine
590:supraventricular tachycardia
440:The carotid sinus often has
178:of the internal carotid and
2498:Recurrent artery of Heubner
2250:posterior superior alveolar
907:Kharsa A, Wadhwa R (2024).
428:. This is the mechanism of
344:(CN IX). The neurons which
340:, which is a branch of the
332:mechanisms for maintaining
2803:
2762:Supreme Intercostal artery
2259:anterior superior alveolar
1881:sternocleidomastoid branch
1782:Posterior intercostal 3–11
1207:10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.006
858:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.089
621:Carotid sinus reflex death
616:Carotid sinus reflex death
566:
458:transient ischemic attacks
396:) and travels to the NTS.
35:Arteries of the neck. The
2453:Circulus arteriosus major
2288:posterior septal branches
2212:to muscles of mastication
1729:Posterior intercostal 1–2
1106:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.05.011
772:Nerves and Nerve Injuries
202:The carotid sinus is the
144:
28:
2528:Anterior temporal branch
2524:Inferior terminal branch
2520:Superior terminal branch
1518:Left anterior descending
1235:Sudden Deaths in Custody
660:autoerotic strangulation
464:are frequently done for
462:carotid endarterectomies
39:is at the origin of the
2534:posterior communicating
2292:posterior lateral nasal
980:10.1161/JAHA.113.000514
594:ventricular tachycardia
517:orthostatic hypotension
442:atherosclerotic plaques
172:internal carotid artery
41:internal carotid artery
2494:anterior communicating
1093:European Heart Journal
633:glossopharyngeal nerve
580:of the carotid sinus,
555:via activation of the
553:resistant hypertension
527:Carotid sinus syndrome
488:, which can result in
410:resistant hypertension
342:glossopharyngeal nerve
146:Anatomical terminology
2512:anterolateral central
1449:Ligamentum arteriosum
1303:10.1093/ageing/4.2.86
741:. Saunders/Elsevier.
668:carotid sinus massage
586:carotid sinus syncope
582:carotid sinus massage
444:because of disturbed
400:Clinical significance
174:just superior to the
2735:scapular anastomosis
2710:scapular anastomosis
2502:Orbitofrontal artery
1700:Perforating branches
1685:Anterior intercostal
1617:Right common carotid
1501:Posterior descending
1468:Coronary circulation
584:is used to diagnose
246:improve this article
2749:costocervical trunk
2692:transverse cervical
2640:thyrocervical trunk
2387:posterior ethmoidal
2265:descending palatine
2187:accessory meningeal
2039:sternocleidomastoid
1919:pharyngeal branches
1914:posterior meningeal
1891:cricothyroid branch
1725:Highest intercostal
1720:Costocervical trunk
1713:superior epigastric
1695:Pericardiacophrenic
1659:Carotid bifurcation
573:Czermak–Hering test
533:convulsive seizures
478:carotid bifurcation
338:carotid sinus nerve
2700:superficial branch
2682:glandular branches
2672:ascending cervical
2657:inferior laryngeal
2539:anterior choroidal
2382:anterior ethmoidal
2125:anterior auricular
2119:zygomatico-orbital
1979:ascending palatine
1896:glandular branches
1876:superior laryngeal
1030:10.1093/ndt/gfx279
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2743:
2742:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2516:Prefrontal artery
2396:lateral palpebral
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2192:inferior alveolar
2177:superior tympanic
2163:anterior tympanic
2110:transverse facial
1975:cervical branches
1924:inferior tympanic
1886:infrahyoid branch
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1743:
1742:
1680:Internal thoracic
1345:Additional images
1244:978-1-59745-015-7
1229:Vilke GM (2007).
1139:978-0-87493-496-0
1099:(15): 1310–1317.
888:(10): 1018–1031.
851:(15): 1254–1258.
822:978-1-4160-3618-0
789:978-0-12-410390-0
598:valsalva maneuver
521:vasovagal syncope
450:wall shear stress
426:cerebral ischemia
374:autonomic control
322:
321:
314:
296:
184:thyroid cartilage
160:
159:
155:
2794:
2649:inferior thyroid
2645:
2566:vertebral artery
2562:
2485:Circle of Willis
2402:medial palpebral
2356:caroticotympanic
2321:
2269:greater palatine
2173:middle meningeal
2150:
1864:
1855:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1792:Superior phrenic
1642:Internal carotid
1637:External carotid
1612:Right subclavian
1595:
1565:Descending aorta
1545:
1435:Pulmonary artery
1406:
1399:
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1266:. Archived from
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1023:(9): 1485–1493.
1008:
1002:
1001:
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860:
836:
827:
826:
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761:
760:
734:
612:stable patient.
454:ischemic strokes
418:Physical assault
366:medulla and pons
350:solitary nucleus
317:
310:
306:
303:
297:
295:
254:
230:
222:
210:, consisting of
180:external carotid
152:edit on Wikidata
33:
21:
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2797:
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2775:
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2730:acromial branch
2716:
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2543:
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2439:short posterior
2429:central retinal
2369:
2360:
2337:
2302:
2273:lesser palatine
2242:pterygopalatine
2235:
2196:
2139:
2115:middle temporal
2096:
2069:post. auricular
2063:
2025:
2006:superior labial
2001:inferior labial
1997:facial branches
1961:
1928:
1906:asc. pharyngeal
1900:
1844:
1835:
1805:
1796:
1750:
1739:
1670:
1663:
1628:
1621:
1599:Brachiocephalic
1584:
1575:Abdominal aorta
1555:Ascending aorta
1534:
1523:Left circumflex
1456:
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735:
731:
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709:
689:
623:is a potential
618:
610:hemodynamically
575:
565:
547:Stimulation of
545:
529:
474:
438:
402:
364:neurons in the
362:parasympathetic
318:
307:
301:
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261:"Carotid sinus"
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113:
87:sinus caroticus
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2443:long posterior
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2415:supratrochlear
2404:
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2379:orbital group:
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2168:deep auricular
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2102:supf. temporal
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1994:
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1947:dorsal lingual
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1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1716:
1709:Musculophrenic
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1629:common carotid
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Thyreoidea ima
1603:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1570:Thoracic aorta
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1496:Right marginal
1493:
1488:
1483:
1474:Right coronary
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1409:
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1379:
1365:
1364:External links
1362:
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1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1316:
1291:Age and Ageing
1281:
1250:
1243:
1221:
1200:(6): 638–640.
1180:
1161:(7): 605–609.
1145:
1138:
1120:
1079:
1044:
1003:
974:(3): e000514.
954:
932:
899:
872:
828:
821:
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788:
762:
747:
728:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
715:
708:
705:
688:
685:
648:cardiac arrest
617:
614:
569:vagal maneuver
564:
561:
544:
541:
528:
525:
504:" (actually a
486:blood pressure
473:
470:
437:
434:
406:reflex effects
401:
398:
334:blood pressure
320:
319:
234:
232:
225:
219:
216:
208:carotid artery
199:
196:
188:arterial blood
158:
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148:
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136:
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117:
108:
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101:
96:
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67:
61:
60:
59:Carotid artery
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2799:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:deep cervical
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2722:suprascapular
2719:
2711:
2708:
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2698:
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2426:ocular group:
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2334:
2333:carotid sinus
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2313:
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2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:deep temporal
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:lateral nasal
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
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1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:head and neck
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1735:Deep cervical
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
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1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Carotid sinus
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
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1624:
1618:
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1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1527:Left marginal
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:Left coronary
1508:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
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1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1443:
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1438:
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1436:
1433:
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1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1358:Carotid sinus
1354:
1349:
1344:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1270:on 4 May 2012
1269:
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748:9781437714173
744:
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698:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
665:
664:controversial
661:
657:
653:
652:strangulation
649:
645:
644:baroreceptors
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
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615:
613:
611:
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603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
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558:
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549:baroreceptors
542:
540:
538:
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427:
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391:
387:
383:
382:blood vessels
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:baroreceptors
316:
313:
305:
302:November 2020
294:
291:
287:
284:
280:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263: –
262:
258:
257:Find sources:
251:
247:
241:
240:
235:This section
233:
229:
224:
223:
217:
215:
213:
212:baroreceptors
209:
205:
197:
195:
193:
192:baroreception
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:carotid sinus
165:
164:human anatomy
153:
147:
143:
140:
137:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
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91:
88:
85:
83:
79:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
56:
52:
47:
42:
38:
37:carotid sinus
32:
27:
24:Carotid sinus
22:
19:
2624:
2606:
2602:labyrinthine
2578:
2457:
2425:
2424:
2419:dorsal nasal
2411:supraorbital
2406:
2378:
2332:
2255:infraorbital
2210:
2077:stylomastoid
2010:nasal septum
1996:
1974:
1952:deep lingual
1868:sup. thyroid
1778:
1758:
1718:
1704:
1678:
1653:
1649:Carotid body
1509:
1472:
1373:
1330:. Retrieved
1319:
1297:(2): 86–94.
1294:
1290:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1263:
1253:
1234:
1231:"Neck Holds"
1224:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1129:
1123:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1060:(1): 30–35.
1057:
1053:
1047:
1020:
1016:
1006:
971:
967:
957:
948:
924:. Retrieved
912:
902:
885:
881:
875:
848:
844:
804:
798:
771:
765:
738:
732:
718:Carotid body
697:martial arts
693:self-defense
690:
620:
619:
596:. Like the
581:
576:
546:
530:
514:
494:vasodilation
475:
446:hemodynamics
439:
416:activation.
403:
390:aortic nerve
370:hypothalamus
368:through the
323:
308:
299:
289:
282:
275:
268:
256:
244:Please help
239:verification
236:
206:area of the
201:
167:
161:
115:A12.2.06.003
111:A12.2.04.008
86:
36:
18:
2458:hypophysial
2240:3rd part /
2201:2nd part /
2153:1st part /
1772:Mediastinal
1590:Aortic arch
1580:Aortic body
1560:Aortic arch
1274:28 February
1264:Datenschlag
641:aortic arch
637:Vagus nerve
592:(SVT) from
510:Denervation
498:hypotension
490:bradycardia
466:prophylaxis
394:vagus nerve
386:aortic arch
358:sympathetic
330:homeostatic
176:bifurcation
76:Identifiers
2677:pharyngeal
2667:esophageal
2607:cerebellar
2371:ophthalmic
2298:pharyngeal
2225:masseteric
2155:mandibular
2059:descending
1957:sublingual
1942:suprahyoid
1767:Esophageal
1749:Descending
1671:subclavian
1375:livingneck
1258:Passig K.
926:2024-03-23
913:StatPearls
724:References
713:Baroreflex
675:, or some
627:of sudden
567:See also:
557:baroreflex
506:presyncope
482:heart rate
414:baroreflex
272:newspapers
2583:posterior
2574:meningeal
2366:cavernous
2221:pterygoid
2203:pterygoid
2145:maxillary
2092:occipital
2087:auricular
2082:stapedial
2054:auricular
2049:occipital
2044:meningeal
2031:occipital
1991:glandular
1987:submental
1983:tonsillar
1787:Subcostal
1779:parietal:
1762:Bronchial
1759:visceral:
757:797855544
606:adenosine
602:verapamil
346:innervate
198:Structure
2781:Category
2662:tracheal
2625:cerebral
2587:anterior
2466:inferior
2462:superior
2447:anterior
2407:terminal
2392:lacrimal
2325:cervical
2181:petrosal
2135:parietal
1838:Arteries
1705:terminal
1548:Sections
1486:AV nodal
1481:SA nodal
1413:Arteries
1216:16216770
1194:Europace
1175:13901589
1115:15288158
1039:29136223
998:24947997
949:Medscape
921:32644485
867:20883933
707:See also
699:such as
673:thrombus
625:etiology
218:Function
2597:pontine
2593:basilar
2435:ciliary
2343:petrous
2130:frontal
2020:angular
1934:lingual
1840:of the
1415:of the
1370:lesson5
1311:1146669
1074:9437338
989:4309040
894:3052352
656:hanging
639:is for
578:Massage
563:Massage
502:fainted
436:Disease
376:of the
354:medulla
352:in the
286:scholar
99:D002346
49:Details
2579:spinal
2351:Vidian
2231:buccal
1967:facial
1690:Thymic
1491:Atrial
1332:30 May
1309:
1241:
1214:
1173:
1136:
1113:
1072:
1037:
996:
986:
919:
892:
865:
819:
786:
755:
745:
701:karate
681:stroke
677:plaque
537:reflex
519:, and
496:, and
384:. The
288:
281:
274:
267:
259:
204:reflex
166:, the
55:Artery
2477:brain
1751:aorta
1540:Aorta
1461:Heart
1440:Right
1428:Lungs
1421:chest
1417:torso
629:death
448:(low
378:heart
293:JSTOR
279:books
150:[
139:50094
82:Latin
65:Nerve
2619:PICA
2611:AICA
1669:Left
1627:Left
1445:Left
1419:and
1334:2015
1307:PMID
1276:2006
1239:ISBN
1212:PMID
1171:PMID
1155:JAMA
1134:ISBN
1111:PMID
1070:PMID
1035:PMID
994:PMID
917:PMID
890:PMID
863:PMID
817:ISBN
784:ISBN
753:OCLC
743:ISBN
658:and
571:and
484:and
456:and
424:and
380:and
360:and
265:news
127:4367
106:TA98
94:MeSH
2629:PCA
2615:SCA
2557:ScA
2508:MCA
2490:ACA
2316:ICA
1859:ECA
1850:CCA
1299:doi
1202:doi
1163:doi
1159:181
1101:doi
1062:doi
1025:doi
984:PMC
976:doi
886:112
853:doi
809:doi
776:doi
604:or
412:by
248:by
162:In
134:FMA
122:TA2
2783::
2617:,
2613:,
2595::
2585:,
2526:,
2522:,
2518:,
2514:,
2500:,
2496:,
2464:,
2445:,
2441:,
2417:,
2413:,
2290:,
2271:,
2223:,
2219:,
2179:,
2008:/
1989:,
1985:,
1981:,
1711:,
1305:.
1293:.
1262:.
1210:.
1196:.
1192:.
1169:.
1157:.
1109:.
1097:25
1095:.
1091:.
1068:.
1058:31
1056:.
1033:.
1021:33
1019:.
1015:.
992:.
982:.
970:.
966:.
947:.
935:^
911:.
884:.
861:.
849:56
847:.
843:.
831:^
815:.
782:.
751:.
703:.
683:.
654:,
523:.
492:,
468:.
460:,
432:.
2631:)
2627:(
2621:)
2609:(
2589:)
2581:(
2530:)
2510:(
2504:)
2492:(
2468:)
2460:(
2449:)
2437:(
2421:)
2409:(
2398:)
2394:(
2368:/
2294:)
2286:(
2275:)
2267:(
2261:)
2257:(
2227:)
2215:(
2183:)
2175:(
2121:)
2117:(
2022:)
1999:(
1993:)
1977:(
1830:e
1823:t
1816:v
1731:)
1727:(
1722::
1715:)
1707:(
1682::
1529:)
1525:(
1513::
1476::
1451:)
1447:(
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1378:)
1336:.
1313:.
1301::
1295:4
1278:.
1247:.
1218:.
1204::
1198:7
1177:.
1165::
1142:.
1117:.
1103::
1076:.
1064::
1041:.
1027::
1000:.
978::
972:3
951:.
929:.
896:.
869:.
855::
825:.
811::
792:.
778::
759:.
635:(
315:)
309:(
304:)
300:(
290:·
283:·
276:·
269:·
242:.
154:]
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
