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time engaged in resting and aggressive behaviour, and foraged and moved significantly less than the wild group. The tourist group spent significantly less time per day feeding on herbs, seeds, and acorns than the wild group. Human food accounted for 26% of the daily feeding records for the tourist group, and 1% for the wild-feeding group. Scientists who collected data on the seasonal activity budget and diet composition of the endangered
Barbary macaque group inhabiting a tourist site in Morocco found that activity budgets and diet of the study group varied markedly among seasons and habitats. The percentage of daily time spent in foraging and moving was lowest in spring, and the daily time spent in resting was highest in spring and summer. The time budget devoted to aggressive display was highest in spring than the other three seasons. There is an increase in the daily feeding time spent eating flowers and fruits in summer, seeds, acorns, roots and barks in winter and autumn, herbs in spring and summer, and a clear increase in consumption of the human food in spring. The tourist and the wild groups did not differ in the proportion of daily records devoted to terrestrial feeding, but the tourist group spent a significantly lower percentage of daily records in terrestrial foraging, moving and resting, while performing more terrestrial aggressive displays more than the wild group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of terrestrial feeding records spent eating fruits; but the tourist group had lower daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on leaves, seeds and acorns, roots and barks, and herbs, while it spent higher daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on human food.
519:
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proximity and interactions with tourists can also have significant psychological impacts on the
Barbary macaques. Fecal samples and stress-indicating behaviours, such as belly scratching, indicate that the presence of tourists has a negative impact on the macaques. Human activities such as taking photographs cause the animals stress, possibly because the people come too close to the animals and make prolonged eye contact (a sign of aggression in many primates). Macaques that live in areas close to human contact have more parasites and lower overall health than those that live in wilder environments, at least in part due to the unhealthy diets they receive as a result of feeding from humans.
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1666:. Since deforestation in Morocco has become a major environmental problem in recent years, research has been conducted to determine the cause of the bark stripping behaviour demonstrated by these macaques. Cedar trees are also vital to this population of Barbary macaques as an area with cedars can support a much higher density of macaques than one without them. A lack of a water source and exclusion of monkeys from water sources are major causes of cedar bark stripping behaviour in Barbary macaques. Density of macaques, however, is less correlated with the behaviour than the other causes considered.
1512:
as relatedness in determining coalitions. Males avoid conflicting with higher ranking males and will more frequently form coalitions with the higher ranking male in a conflict. Close grouping of males occur when infant
Barbary macaques are present. Interactions between males are commonly initiated when a male presents an infant macaque to an adult male who is not caring for an infant, or when an unattached male approaches males who are caring for infants. This behaviour leads to a type of social buffering, which reduces the number of antagonistic interactions among males in a group.
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1774:, and illegal capture. In Morocco, tourists interact with Barbary macaques in many regions. Information collected in the interviews with inhabitants in the High Atlas of Morocco indicated that the capture of macaques occurs in these regions. Conflict between local people and wild macaques is one of the greatest challenges to Barbary macaque conservation in Morocco. The main threats to the survival of Barbary macaques in this region have been found to be
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the calls of other infant macaques as opposed to the calls of their own offspring. More parameters for vocalizations lead to more reliable identification of calls in both infants and in adult macaques so it is not surprising that the same acoustic characteristics that are heard in infant calls are also heard in adult calls.
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periods. Injuries to male macaques peak during the fertile period, which points to male-male competition as an important determinant of male reproductive success. Not allowing a female to mate with other males, however, would be costly to the male, since doing so would not allow him to mate with more
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on the female. Mating is most common during a female's most fertile period. The swelling size of the female reaches a maximum around the time of ovulation, suggesting that size helps a male predict when he should mate. This is further supported by the fact that male ejaculation peaks at the same time
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Barbary macaque females have the ability to recognize their own offspring's calls through a variety of acoustic parameters. Because of this, infant calls do not have to differ dramatically for mothers to be able to recognize their own infant's call. Mothers demonstrate different behaviours on hearing
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Tourists interact with wild monkeys across the globe, and in some situations, tourists may be encouraged to feed, photograph, and touch the monkeys. Although tourism has the potential to bring in money towards conservation goals and provides an incentive for the protection of natural habitats, close
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In the
Central High Atlas, the Barbary macaque occurs in relatively small and fragmented areas restricted to the main valleys at elevations of 700–2,400 m (2,300–7,900 ft). In a 2013 study, researchers reported that they found Barbary macaques in relatively small and fragmented habitats in
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and the impact of livestock grazing, but problems of conflict with inhabitants are also increasing due to crop raiding and the illegal capture of macaques. Human–macaque conflict is mainly due to crop raiding. In the High Atlas of
Morocco, macaques attract a large number of tourists every year, and
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with closely related kin more often than they do with distantly related kin. These coalitions are not permanent and may change frequently as male ranking within the group changes. Although males are more likely to form coalitions with males who have helped them in the past, this is not as important
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activity. Local farmers regard the
Barbary macaque as pest and engage in its extermination. Once common throughout northern Africa and southern Mediterranean Europe, only an estimated 12,000 to 21,000 Barbary macaques are left in Morocco and Algeria. Once, its distribution was much more extensive,
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levels for the individuals that do the grooming. While stress levels do not appear to be reduced in animals that are groomed, grooming more individuals leads to even lower stress levels; this is a benefit that might outweigh the costs to the groomer, which include less time to participate in other
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tail is greatly reduced compared with other macaque species and, if not absent, measures 4–22 mm (0.16–0.87 in). Males may have a more prominent tail, though data is scarce. The average body weight is 9.9–11 kg (22–24 lb) in females and 14.5–16 kg (32–35 lb) in males.
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Several groups of
Barbary macaques can be found in tourist sites, where they are affected by the presence of visitors providing food to them. Researchers comparing two such groups in the central High Atlas mountains in 2008 found that the tourist group of Barbary macaques spent significantly more
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for the illegal pet trade; it is also killed in retaliation for raiding crops. Today, no accurate data exists on the location and number of individuals out of their natural habitat. An unknown number of individuals are living in zoological collections, at other institutions, in private hands, in
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The
Barbary macaque has a dark pink face with a pale buff to golden brown to grey pelage and a lighter underside. The colour of mature adults changes with ages. In adults and subadults the fur on the back is variegated pale and dark which is due to banding on individual hairs. In spring to early
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care of infants. Male care of infants has been of particular interest to research because high levels of care from males are uncommon in groups where paternity is highly uncertain. Males even act as true alloparents of infant macaques by carrying them and caring for them for hours at a time as
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Macaques in
Morocco are frequently used as photo props, despite their protected status. Tourists are encouraged to take photos with the animals for a fee. Macaques are also sold as pets in Morocco and Algeria, and exported to Europe to be used as pets and fighting monkeys, both in physical
1647:. Almost every part of the plant is eaten, including flowers, fruits, seeds, seedlings, leaves, buds, bark, gum, stems, roots, bulbs, and corms. Common prey caught and consumed by Barbary macaques are snails, earthworms, scorpions, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, grasshoppers, termites,
1594:. These multiple matings by females decrease the certainty of paternity of male Barbary macaques and may lead them to care for all infants within the group. For a male to ensure his reproductive success, he must maximize his time spent around the females in the group during their
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opposed to just demonstrating more casual interactions with the infants. The social status of females plays a role in female alloparental interactions with infants. Higher-ranking females have more interactions, whereas younger, lower-ranking females have less access to infants.
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Barbary macaque females differ from other nonhuman primates in that they often mate with a majority of the males in their social group. While females are active in choosing sexual associations, the mating behaviour of macaque social groups is not entirely determined by
1166:. The youngest known remains of Barbary macaques in Europe are from Hunas, Bavaria, Germany, dated to 85–40,000 years ago. The distribution of Barbary macaques in Europe was likely strongly controlled by climate, only extending into Northern Europe during
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Brauch, Katrin; Pfefferle, Dana; Hodges, Keith; Möhle, Ulrike; Fischer, Julia; Heistermann, Michael (2007). "Female sexual behavior and sexual swelling size as potential cues for males to discern the female fertile phase in free-ranging
Barbary macaques
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they are favoured for their potential benefits to tourism. In addition, macaques have some ecological roles; for example, they are the predators of several destructive insects and pests of plants and participate in seed dispersal in many plant species.
1323:. It has been recorded at elevations of 400–2,300 m (1,300–7,500 ft), though it seems to prefer higher elevations. The Moroccan and Algerian populations are around 700 km (430 mi) apart, although the gap was smaller during the
2701:
Möhle, U.; Heistermann, M.; Dittami, J.; Reinberg, V.; Hodges, J. K.; Hodges, J. K. (2005). "Patterns of anogenital swelling size and their endocrine correlates during ovulatory cycles and early pregnancy in free-ranging barbary macaques
440:. The species is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Because of uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising all infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of both sexes and all ages contribute in
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10 sites, and that the species no longer occurred in four localities. This could be attributed to habitat degradation, hunting activities, the impact of livestock grazing, and disturbance by people. As deforestation for agriculture and
1502:
Male Barbary macaques interfere in conflicts and form coalitions with other males, usually with related males rather than with unrelated males. These relationships suggest that males do so in order to indirectly increase their own
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variation in the calls of different social groups. Instead, minor variations in acoustic structure among groups similar to the vocal accommodation seen in humans are the likely cause. However, acoustic characteristics such as
537:. He writes of an ape with "arms like a man, only covered with hair", "feet are exceptional in kind ... like large hands", and "a tail as small as small can be, just a sort of indication of a tail". It is likely that
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period is 147 to 192 days, and females usually have only one offspring per pregnancy. Females rear twins in rare instances. Offspring reach maturity at three to four years of age, and may live for 20 years or more.
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Fidalgo, Darío; Rosas, Antonio; Estalrrich, Almudena; García-Tabernero, Antonio; Pastor, Francisco J.; Pineda, Antonio; Huguet, Rosa; Cáceres, Isabel; Ollé, Andreu; Vallverdú, Josep; Saladie, Palmira (June 2023).
541:(129–c.216) dissected the Barbary macaque in the second century CE, presuming the internal structure to be the same as a human. Such was the authority of his work, some mistakes he made were not corrected until
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peaks. Change in female sexual behaviour around the time of ovulation is insufficient to demonstrate to the male that the female is fertile. The swellings, therefore, appear necessary for predicting fertility.
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intervals, while they were restricted to more southerly regions during colder glacial phases. It has been suggested that they disappearance of macaques from Europe may have been caused by human activity.
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The diet of the Barbary macaque consists primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to around 25 years old while females may live up to 30 years. Besides
2386:
3454:
Von Segesser, F.; Menard, N.; Gaci, B.; Martin, R. D. (1999). "Genetic differentiation within and between isolated Algerian subpopulations of Barbary macaques: evidence from microsatellites".
3617:
El Alami, A.; Van Lavieren, E.; Aboufatima, R.; Chait, A. (2012). "Differences in activity budgets and diet between semiprovisioned and wild-feeding groups of the endangered Barbary macaque (
3317:
Ciani, A. C.; Camperio, A.; Martinoli, L.; Capiluppi, C.; Arahou, M.; Mouna, M. (2001). "Effects of water availability and habitat quality on barkstripping behavior in Barbary macaques".
1409:) forests, but this could reflect the present habitat availability rather than a specific preference for this habitat. In Algeria, the Barbary macaque inhabits mainly Grande and Petite
2419:
3706:
El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2014). "Distribution of the endangered Barbary macaque and human-macaque interaction in the tourist region of Ouzoud, central High Atlas of Morocco".
595:
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spreading east through Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, and north to the United Kingdom. Its range is no longer continuous, with only isolated areas of range remaining. By the
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infants. In this way, a strong social bond is formed between males and juveniles, both the male's own offspring and those of others in the troop. This may be a result of
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for the Barbary macaque. During the next 150 years primate taxonomy was subject to great changes and the Barbary macaque was placed in over thirty different
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3497:
O'Reagan, H. (2008). "The Iberian Peninsula corridor or cul-de-sac? Mammalian faunal change and possible routes of dispersal in the last 2 million years".
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continues, the remaining forest becomes increasingly fragmented. Consequently, the Barbary macaque is now restricted to small, fragmented relict habitats.
1228:
with males larger than females. The mean head-body length is 55.7 cm (21.9 in) in females and 63.4 cm (25.0 in) in males. The boneless
518:
1160:, are amongst the northernmost records of non-human primates. Barbary macaques have been found at the site of Mauer bei Heidelberg alongside the hominin
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activities such as foraging. The mechanism for reducing stress may be explained by the social relationships (and support) that are formed by grooming.
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to the lead female. Unlike other macaques, the males participate in rearing the young. Males may spend a considerable amount of time playing with and
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El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2015). "Roles of tourism in the local people opinion regarding human-macaque conflict in the central High Atlas, Morocco".
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and the only population of wild monkeys in Europe. Barbary macaques were once widely distributed in Europe, as far north as England, from the Early
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may only prey on cubs, since it is morphologically not adapted to hunt primates. The approach of eagles and domestic dogs is known to elicit an
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are varied based on the vocalizations of individuals they associate with, and social situations play a role in the acoustic structure of calls.
1287:
Historically, the Barbary macaque occurred across North Africa from Libya to Morocco. It is the only African primate that survives north of the
2828:
2317:
Li, Jing; Han, Kyudong; Xing, Jinchuan; Kim, Heui-Soo; Rogers, Jeffrey; Ryder, Oliver A.; Disotell, Todd; Yue, Bisong; Batzer, Mark A. (2009).
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Barbary macaques were traded or perhaps given as diplomatic gifts as long ago as the Iron Age, as indicated by remains found in such sites as
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to all Asian macaque species. The results of a phylogenetic analysis show that the chromosomes of Barbary macaque resemble those of the
2436:"First presence of Macaca sylvanus at the late Early Pleistocene of Barranc de la Boella (La Mina locality, Francolí Basin, NE Iberia)"
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5427:
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Kuester, J.; Paul, Andreas (1992). "Influence of male competition and female mate choice on male mating success in Barbary macaques".
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The Barbary macaque is gregarious, forming mixed groups of several females and males. Troops can have 10 to 100 individuals and are
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2014:
Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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2495:"The Evolutionary History and Palaeo-Ecology of Primate Predation: Macaca sylvanus from Plio-Pleistocene Europe as a Case Study"
2387:"Fossil remains of Macaca sylvanus (Mammalia, Cercopithecidae) from the early Middle Pleistocene locality of Mauer (SW Germany)"
667:, can infer primate phylogenetic relationships. Using this method the phylogenetic relationship of ten species within the genus
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ordered for more Barbary macaques to be introduced to Gibraltar to reverse population declines. Today, there are around 300
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Deag, J. M (1980). "Interactions between males and unweaned Barbary macaques: testing the agonistic buffering hypothesis".
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1527:. Barbary macaques can discriminate calls by individuals in their own group from those by individuals in other groups of
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with the exception of chromosomes 1, 4, 9, and 16. It was also discovered that chromosome 18 in the Barbary macaque is
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at all points during a female's reproductive cycle, male Barbary macaques determine a female's most fertile period by
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Wild populations of Barbary macaques have suffered a major decline in recent years to the point of being declared an
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An open mouth display by the Barbary macaque is used most commonly by juvenile macaques as a sign of playfulness.
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The diet of the Barbary macaque consists of a mixture of plants and insect prey. It consumes a large variety of
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noted in the early 17th century that the macaques had been present "from time immemorial". Most likely, the
753:
459:. Although the species is commonly referred to as the "Barbary ape", the Barbary macaque is actually a true
2189:
545:(1514–1564) proved otherwise over a thousand years later. The Barbary macaque was included in the grouping
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The main purpose of calls in Barbary macaques is to alert other group members to possible dangers such as
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Kuester, J.; Paul, A. (1984). "Female reproductive characteristics in semifree-ranging Barbary macaques (
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Hammerschmidt, K.; Todt, D. (1995). "Individual differences in vocalisations of young Barbary macaques (
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494:. This population appears to be stable or increasing, while the North African population is declining.
3423:"Decline of the endangered Barbary macaque in the cedar forest of the Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco"
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since 2008. The Barbary macaque is threatened by fragmentation and degradation of forest habitat, and
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Fischer, J.; Hammerschmidt, K.; Todt, D. (1998). "Local variation in Barbary macaque shrill barks".
2009:
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its use in 1929. This meant the Barbary macaque was placed in the next oldest genus assigned to it,
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Widdig, A.; Streich, W. J.; Tembrock, G. (2000). "Coalition formation among male Barbary macaques (
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1983:
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El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2012). "Seasonal variation in activity budget and diet of the endangered
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periods also in England. A Tunisian population was mentioned in the works of ancient Greek writer
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endemic to Sardinia-Corsica during the Early Pleistocene, usually considered to have derived from
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Taub, David Milton (1977). "Geographic distribution and habitat diversity of the Barbary macaque
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2921:. Predators, Prey and Hominins – Celebrating the Scientific Career of Alan Turner (1947-2012).
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Bautista, Jesús; Castillo, Salvador; Paz, Joé Luis; Llamas, Jesús; Ellis, David H. (2018).
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has been resolved, showing the Barbary macaque to be a sister group to all other macaques.
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Fossil evidence indicates that the Barbary macaque occurred in southern Europe during the
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have been found across Europe, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea, dating from the
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El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2013). "Comparison of the terrestriality of Barbary macaques (
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and Norfolk in the British Isles. The species decreased with the arrival of the last
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3248:): a multi-parametric analysis to identify critical cues in acoustic signalling".
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van Uhm, D. P. (2016). "Monkey business: the illegal trade in Barbary macaques".
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2016:. Vol. I (Decima, reformata ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentii Salvii. p. 25.
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Barbary macaques can cause major damage to the trees in their prime habitat, the
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macaques. Neither genetic variation nor habitat differences are likely causes of
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with seasonal extremes of temperature. In Morocco, most Barbary macaques inhabit
1236:
Like all Old World monkeys, the Barbary macaque has well-developed sitting pads (
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5111:
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Rathke, E. -M.; Berghänel, A.; Bissonnette, A.; Ostner, J.; Schülke, O. (2017).
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45:
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1448:, indicating the species has become extinct there within the last 2,500 years.
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Native Range in Red (Northeast Africa); Introduced Range in Violet (Gibraltar)
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Kuester, J. (1999). "Male migration in Barbary macaques at Affenberg Salam".
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The nomenclature for man, the chimpanzee, the orang-utan, and the Barbary ape
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3839:"Barbary macaques exploited as photo-props in Marrakesh's punishment square"
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Fischer, J.; Hammerschmidt, K. (2002). "An overview of the Barbary macaque,
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3057:
3039:
2778:
2727:
2528:
2479:
2356:
2143:
1252:
molars (molars with two ridges); the third molar is elongated. The diploid
17:
3175:
2905:
2654:
5412:
5339:
5096:
5034:
4115:
4065:
4059:
4053:
3857:
2890:
2223:
1719:
1541:
1524:
1324:
1256:
of the Barbary macaque is 42, like other members of the Old World monkey
1116:
483:
479:
210:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
3902:
2470:
2124:
2108:"Age-dependent change of coalitionary strategy in male Barbary macaques"
5453:
5445:
5235:
4821:
4812:
4541:
3407:
3303:
3094:
10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(200001)50:1<37::aid-ajp4>3.3.co;2-v
1819:
1812:
1796:
1752:
1727:
1679:
1663:
1565:
1469:
1410:
1320:
1308:
1245:
1149:
452:
425:
421:
417:
409:
270:
230:
100:
75:
3812:
3719:
3634:
3214:
2882:
2719:
2646:
2554:
Waters, S. S. (2013). "Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys". In
2512:
1959:
Wallis, J.; Benrabah, M.E.; Pilot, M.; Majolo, B.; Waters, S. (2020).
559:, a name which he claimed was already in use by the Greeks. Gessner's
5248:
4922:
4836:
4513:
4334:
4233:
4047:
3765:
1845:
in Ireland, dating to no later than 95 BC; an Iron Age hillfort, the
1818:
of his time prevented his performing any actual dissections of human
1804:
1744:
1740:
1620:
1378:
1339:
1188:
1112:
691:
664:
604:
490:, as recently as 85-40,000 years ago. About 300 macaques live on the
460:
456:
250:
220:
200:
5073:
3671:) between tourist and wild sites in the region of Ouzoud, Morocco".
3115:
Preuschoft, S. (1992). ""Laughter" and "smile" in Barbary macaques (
1735:, it inhabited the warmer Mediterranean regions of Europe, from the
1723:
quarantine, or waiting to be relocated to appropriate destinations.
5183:
3804:
1556:
527:
The Barbary macaque is first described in scientific literature by
5373:
3980:
3752:
Ustun, C. (2004). "Galen and his anatomic eponym: vein of Galen".
3535:
El Alami, A.; Van Lavieren, E.; Aboufatima, R.; Chait, A. (2013).
1815:
1800:
1748:
1726:
The habitat of the Barbary macaque is under threat from increased
1701:
1683:
1614:
1606:
1555:
1480:
on the part of the females, who may prefer highly parental males.
1455:
1351:
1270:
1221:
1210:
1194:
1178:
570:
561:
538:
516:
501:
448:
163:
157:
1906:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
673:
587:
5170:
5077:
3999:
3579:
in the tourist valley of Ouzoud, Central High Atlas, Morocco".
3024:"Grooming in Barbary macaques: better to give than to receive?"
1803:
are apparently due to his use of the Barbary macaque, the only
3906:
3022:
Shutt, K.; MacLarnon, A.; Heistermann, M.; Semple, S. (2007).
1386:
1382:
1296:
2906:"Macaques at the margins: the biogeography and extinction of
2224:"Macaques at the margins: the biogeography and extinction of
1626:
Barbary macaques from all age and sex groups participate in
1417:
mountain chain, but there is also an isolated population in
1148:, is generally considered a distinct species. Remains from
2295:
Stiles, Charles Wardell; Orleman, Mabelle Blanche (1927).
2372:
The Barbary macaque: biology, management and conservation
3942:. Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland: Wordwell. pp. 49–50.
2564:
Handbook of the mammals of the world. Volume 3. Primates
1655:, beetles, butterflies, moths, ants, and even tadpoles.
1483:
The mating season runs from November through March. The
3832:
3830:
2805:"The Curious Case of the Last 'Wild' Monkeys in Europe"
2833:
The Rock of the Gibraltarians – A History of Gibraltar
2217:
2215:
2213:
1220:
summer, as the temperatures rise, the adult macaques
3396:
Journal of Trafficking, Organized Crime and Security
2600:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
2290:
2288:
5402:
5086:
5023:
4935:
4911:
4834:
4810:
4769:
4539:
4530:
4332:
4282:
4196:
4154:
4113:
4089:
4080:
3662:
3660:
3612:
3610:
3570:
3568:
3530:
3528:
2400:: 5–13. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023
596:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
3789:"Law enforcement: an attempt at social dissection"
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3071:
3069:
3067:
2747:
2745:
3837:Nijman, V.; Bergin, D.; van Lavieren, E. (2015).
3621:) in the Central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco".
3017:
3015:
2301:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 3–10.
3903:"Tourists upset Morocco Barbary macaque monkeys"
2493:Meloro, Carlo; Elton, Sarah (14 February 2013).
2418:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2798:
2796:
2266:
2264:
1849:in Luxembourg; and two Roman sites in Britain.
3370:) in northern Morocco: evidences of predation"
3366:) as potential predators of Barbary macaques (
2591:
2589:
2587:
2374:. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press.
2312:
2310:
2308:
2003:
2001:
1984:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12561A50043570.en
1763:except for Gibraltar around 30,000 years ago.
1611:Closeup of the face of a juvenile in Gibraltar
1397:scrub, and rocky ridges full of vegetation in
1377:It can live in a variety of habitats, such as
1240:) on its rear. Females exhibit an exaggerated
428:, along with a small introduced population in
4011:
3541:in the central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco"
2549:
2547:
2545:
2319:"Phylogeny of the macaques (Cercopithecidae:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2063:"Alloparental behaviour in Barbary macaques,
1674:The Barbary macaque's main predators are the
8:
3991:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3856:Bergin, D.; Atoussi, S.; Nijman, V. (2017).
3537:"A survey of the endangered Barbary macaque
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
1619:A young macaque at the Montagne des Singes,
663:insertions, small pieces of genetic code in
2952:
2950:
2948:
2858:
2856:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1123:, assigned to various subspecies including
5074:
4536:
4086:
4018:
4004:
3996:
3845:(July–September ed.). pp. 38–41.
2191:Systematic Review of the Barbary Macaque,
1460:Female Barbary macaque with young suckling
1224:their thick winter fur. The species shows
323:
135:
111:
31:
3968:images and movies of the Barbary macaque
3556:
3438:
3047:
2685:
2469:
2346:
2222:Elton, Sarah; O'Regan, Hannah J. (2014).
2133:
2123:
2082:
1982:
1244:swelling, which increases in size during
2831:(1987). "1. Mons Calpe to Djebel Musa".
2385:Schreiber, H. Dieter (29 January 2021).
1248:. It has cheek pouches and high-crowned
2036:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1880:
1795:Many of the mistaken ideas about human
1743:and France in the west, east to Italy,
1330:The Barbary macaque also occurs in the
3921:"Monkeys and tourism – a price to pay"
3421:van Lavieren, E.; Wich, S. A. (2010).
2411:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1494:other Barbary macaques leads to lower
120:Young Barbary macaque with its mother
2670:"The Barbary macaque of North Africa"
1766:The Barbary macaque is threatened by
1759:, going functionally extinct on the
1468:, with their hierarchy determined by
7:
5459:C1FC5985-3C54-41F8-8F13-BA4F9BC1E881
5223:23a30052-d393-44e0-8070-93e11e9c1732
2986:International Journal of Primatology
2482:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1970:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1433:forests, and scrub-covered gorges.
1119:(5.3-3.6 million years ago) to the
1006:
999:
974:
904:
897:
872:
865:
795:
788:
745:
738:
731:
724:
699:
686:
506:Skull and brain, as illustrated in
5527:Species endangered by habitat loss
3858:"Online trade of Barbary macaques
3141:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00864.x
2904:Elton, S.; O'Regan, H. J. (2014).
2370:Hodges, J. K.; Cortes, J. (2006).
25:
512:Histoire naturelle des mammifères
5482:IUCN Red List endangered species
3940:Navan Fort: archaeology and myth
3468:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00582.x
3339:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2001.99019.x
2598:Primate adaptation and evolution
620:The Barbary macaque is the most
590:. The confusion over the use of
565:was subsequently used as one of
451:, they are the only free-living
177:
3623:American Journal of Primatology
3519:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.007
3082:American Journal of Primatology
2939:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.025
2708:American Journal of Primatology
2255:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.025
2204:Field Museum of Natural History
1413:, ranges that form part of the
579:in 1758. Linnaeus proposed the
531:in the fourth century BCE work
2837:Fairleigh Dickinson University
2279:Johns Hopkins University Press
2200:Fieldiana: Zoology. New series
1911:Johns Hopkins University Press
1572:Although Barbary macaques are
1421:. It lives in mixed cedar and
825:(southern pig-tailed macaque)
1:
4586:Northern pig-tailed macaque (
4577:Southern pig-tailed macaque (
3869:Biodiversity and Conservation
2084:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80874-7
1799:contained in the writings of
1372:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar
1348:Alonso Hernández del Portillo
472:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar
2462:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103368
1903:; Reeder, D. M (eds.).
677:Phylogeny of ten species of
5532:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4370:Greater spot-nosed monkey (
2771:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.06.001
1859:Djebel Babor Nature Reserve
1826:and teacher of physicians.
610:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
27:Species of Old World monkey
5548:
5517:Endangered biota of Europe
5512:Endangered fauna of Africa
4442:Lesser spot-nosed monkey (
3708:African Journal of Ecology
3685:10.1515/mammalia-2013-0061
3593:10.1515/mammalia-2011-0054
3499:Quaternary Science Reviews
2918:Quaternary Science Reviews
2441:Journal of Human Evolution
2339:10.1016/j.gene.2009.05.013
2235:Quaternary Science Reviews
2202:. Vol. 113. Chicago:
1507:. Furthermore, males form
1332:British Overseas Territory
1199:Skull photographed at the
1183:Head of individual at the
757:(Celebes crested macaque)
5522:Mammals described in 1758
5060:
4984:Golden-bellied mangabey (
4658:Celebes crested macaque (
4042:
4026:Extant species of family
3881:10.1007/s10531-017-1434-5
3558:10.1017/s0030605311001463
3440:10.1017/s0030605309990172
2687:10.1017/S0030605300015581
2596:Fleagle, John G. (2013).
2271:McDermott, W. C. (1938).
1830:marketplaces and online.
1706:19th century illustration
1560:Barbary macaques mating (
1354:introduced macaques from
1152:, England, dating to the
1029:
1011:
1004:
997:
979:
972:
927:
909:
902:
895:
877:
870:
863:
818:
800:
793:
786:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
704:
697:
652:Polymerase chain reaction
594:became so great that the
463:. Its name refers to the
357:É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
343:
336:
331:
322:
299:
292:
174:Scientific classification
172:
155:
133:
124:
119:
110:
34:
4798:Black crested mangabey (
4397:Campbell's mona monkey (
4184:Blue Nile patas monkey (
2323:) based on Alu elements"
1358:to Gibraltar during the
1275:Barbary macaques at the
1267:Distribution and habitat
474:is the only one outside
5497:Mammals of North Africa
4789:Grey-cheeked mangabey (
4757:White-cheeked macaque (
4694:Formosan rock macaque (
4451:White-throated guenon (
4243:Bale Mountains vervet (
4166:Southern patas monkey (
3988:Encyclopædia Britannica
3862:in Algeria and Morocco"
3296:10.1163/156853992x00606
3262:10.1163/156853995x00621
2998:10.1023/A:1020536317646
2971:10.1163/156853980x00564
2558:; Rylands, Anthony B.;
2556:Mittermeier, Russell A.
1869:Celebes crested macaque
1338:at the southern tip of
934:(stump-tailed macaque)
5011:White-naped mangabey (
4676:Stump-tailed macaque (
4595:Pagai Island macaque (
4101:Allen's swamp monkey (
3168:10.1006/anbe.1998.0796
3040:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0052
1864:Trentham Monkey Forest
1822:, even in his role as
1751:, and as far north as
1707:
1623:
1612:
1569:
1461:
1346:. Gibraltar historian
1284:
1216:
1208:
1192:
986:(crab-eating macaque)
807:(lion-tailed macaque)
632:analyses show it is a
524:
514:
498:Taxonomy and phylogeny
470:The population of the
412:species native to the
5361:Paleobiology Database
4993:Tana River mangabey (
4667:Crab-eating macaque (
4568:Lion-tailed macaque (
4415:Crested mona monkey (
4292:(Terrestrial guenons)
4175:Common patas monkey (
3735:Revue de Primatologie
3201:, vocal repertoire".
2803:Nosowitz, D. (2019).
2759:Hormones and Behavior
2274:The apes in antiquity
2188:Fooden, Jack (2007).
2061:Small, M. F. (1990).
2008:Linnaeus, C. (1758).
1977:: e.T12561A50043570.
1807:available to him, in
1791:Human use and tourism
1705:
1618:
1610:
1559:
1459:
1452:Behaviour and ecology
1399:Mediterranean climate
1291:. It lives mainly in
1274:
1214:
1198:
1182:
522:
505:
467:of Northwest Africa.
41:Early Pliocene–Recent
5218:Fauna Europaea (new)
4505:De Brazza's monkey (
4433:Dent's mona monkey (
4424:Wolf's mona monkey (
4406:Lowe's mona monkey (
3793:The Yale Law Journal
3505:(23–24): 2136–2144.
3319:Conservation Biology
2668:Taub, D. M. (1978).
2570:. pp. 550–639.
1163:Homo heidelbergensis
523:3d model of skeleton
4966:Collared mangabey (
4779:(Crested mangabeys)
4748:Arunachal macaque (
4649:Gorontalo macaque (
4487:Red-tailed monkey (
4478:Moustached guenon (
4320:Sun-tailed monkey (
4030:(Old World monkeys)
3982:"Barbary Ape"
3787:Arnold, T. (1932).
3511:2008QSRv...27.2136O
3331:2001ConBi..15..259C
3203:Folia Primatologica
3133:1992Ethol..91..220P
2931:2014QSRv...96..117E
2870:Folia Primatologica
2839:Press. p. 28.
2635:Folia Primatologica
2500:Folia Primatologica
2454:2023JHumE.17903368F
2247:2014QSRv...96..117E
2125:10.5194/pb-4-1-2017
1776:habitat destruction
1757:Last Glacial Period
1419:Chréa National Park
1319:mountain region in
1307:mountain ranges in
1238:ischial callosities
1158:53 degrees latitude
1018:(Japanese macaque)
654:studies have found
127:Conservation status
5492:Primates of Africa
4872:Hamadryas baboon (
4703:Japanese macaque (
4469:Red-eared guenon (
4460:Sclater's guenon (
4342:(Arboreal guenons)
4302:L'Hoest's monkey (
4133:Angolan talapoin (
2281:. pp. 88–100.
1901:Wilson, D. E.
1889:Groves, C. P.
1712:endangered species
1708:
1624:
1613:
1570:
1462:
1285:
1217:
1209:
1193:
1154:Middle Pleistocene
916:(Tibetan macaque)
573:when he published
556:Historia Animalium
534:History of Animals
525:
515:
5502:Mammals of Europe
5469:
5468:
5348:Open Tree of Life
5080:Taxon identifiers
5071:
5070:
5056:
5055:
4950:
4847:
4782:
4739:Tibetan macaque (
4631:Tonkean macaque (
4604:Siberut macaque (
4559:Barbary macaque (
4552:
4526:
4525:
4496:Hamlyn's monkey (
4345:
4311:Preuss's monkey (
4295:
4252:Tantalus monkey (
4209:
4126:
4031:
3970:(Macaca sylvanus)
3938:Lynn, C. (2003).
3927:on 25 March 2015.
3720:10.1111/aje.12191
3635:10.1002/ajp.21989
3456:Molecular Ecology
3377:Go-South Bulletin
3364:Aquila chrysaetos
3215:10.1159/000060417
2883:10.1159/000155781
2757:) of Gibraltar".
2720:10.1002/ajp.20161
2706:) of Gibraltar".
2647:10.1159/000156173
2577:978-84-96553-89-7
2513:10.1159/000343494
1920:978-0-8018-8221-0
1761:Iberian Peninsula
1368:Winston Churchill
1344:Iberian Peninsula
1254:chromosome number
1226:sexual dimorphism
1133:M. s. florentina.
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1036:(rhesus macaque)
961:
960:
952:
951:
943:
942:
884:(bonnet macaque)
852:
851:
843:
842:
834:
833:
775:
774:
766:
765:
710:(Barbary macaque)
624:macaque species.
553:in his 1551 work
492:Rock of Gibraltar
442:alloparental care
404:), also known as
392:
391:
387:
380:Pithecus pygmaeus
377:
367:
360:
350:
167:
150:
16:(Redirected from
5539:
5462:
5461:
5449:
5448:
5436:
5435:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5395:
5394:
5382:
5381:
5369:
5368:
5356:
5355:
5343:
5342:
5330:
5329:
5317:
5316:
5304:
5303:
5291:
5290:
5278:
5277:
5265:
5264:
5252:
5251:
5239:
5238:
5226:
5225:
5213:
5212:
5200:
5199:
5187:
5186:
5174:
5173:
5161:
5160:
5148:
5147:
5135:
5134:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5075:
5002:Sanje mangabey (
4975:Agile mangabey (
4957:Sooty mangabey (
4949:
4948:
4942:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4721:Bonnet macaque (
4685:Rhesus macaque (
4640:Heck's macaque (
4622:Booted macaque (
4551:
4550:
4546:
4537:
4453:C. erythrogaster
4361:Roloway monkey (
4344:
4343:
4339:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4245:C. djamdjamensis
4208:
4207:
4206:(Vervet monkeys)
4203:
4142:Gabon talapoin (
4125:
4124:
4120:
4087:
4029:
4028:Cercopithecidae
4020:
4013:
4006:
3997:
3992:
3984:
3954:
3953:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3923:. Archived from
3917:
3911:
3910:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3866:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3766:10.1002/ca.20013
3754:Clinical Anatomy
3749:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3362:"Golden eagles (
3357:
3351:
3350:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3290:(3/4): 192–216.
3279:
3266:
3265:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3156:Animal Behaviour
3151:
3145:
3144:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3073:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2914:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2593:
2582:
2581:
2551:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2507:(3–6): 216–235.
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2232:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2195:(Linnaeus, 1758)
2185:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2071:Animal Behaviour
2058:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2010:"Simia sylvanus"
2005:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1956:
1933:
1932:
1909:(3rd ed.).
1885:
1737:Balearic Islands
1578:sexual swellings
1407:Cedrus atlantica
1277:Ziama Mansouriah
1201:Museum Wiesbaden
1191:, Czech Republic
1121:Late Pleistocene
1111:Barbary macaque
1007:
1000:
975:
905:
898:
873:
866:
796:
789:
746:
739:
732:
725:
700:
687:
674:
543:Andreas Vesalius
521:
488:Late Pleistocene
382:
372:
365:
355:
348:
327:
305:
285:M. sylvanus
182:
181:
161:
144:
139:
138:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5457:
5452:
5444:
5439:
5431:
5426:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5398:
5390:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5364:
5359:
5351:
5346:
5338:
5335:Observation.org
5333:
5325:
5320:
5312:
5307:
5299:
5294:
5286:
5281:
5273:
5268:
5260:
5255:
5247:
5242:
5234:
5229:
5221:
5216:
5208:
5203:
5195:
5190:
5182:
5177:
5169:
5164:
5156:
5151:
5143:
5138:
5132:Macaca_sylvanus
5130:
5125:
5118:Macaca sylvanus
5116:
5115:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5088:Macaca sylvanus
5082:
5072:
5067:
5052:
5019:
4986:C. chrysogaster
4946:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4931:
4907:
4890:Chacma baboon (
4881:Guinea baboon (
4865:P. cynocephalus
4863:Yellow baboon (
4843:
4842:
4840:
4830:
4806:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4765:
4730:Assam macaque (
4712:Toque macaque (
4669:M. fascicularis
4548:
4547:
4545:
4522:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4328:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4278:
4261:Vervet monkey (
4205:
4204:
4202:
4192:
4150:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4109:
4103:A. nigroviridis
4076:
4038:
4035:Cercopithecinae
4024:
3975:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3864:
3860:Macaca sylvanus
3855:
3854:
3850:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3669:Macaca sylvanus
3666:
3665:
3658:
3619:Macaca sylvanus
3616:
3615:
3608:
3577:Macaca sylvanus
3574:
3573:
3566:
3539:Macaca sylvanus
3534:
3533:
3526:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3372:
3368:Macaca sylvanus
3359:
3358:
3354:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3246:Macaca sylvanus
3243:
3242:
3238:
3199:Macaca sylvanus
3196:
3195:
3191:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3117:Macaca sylvanus
3114:
3113:
3109:
3078:Macaca sylvanus
3075:
3074:
3065:
3028:Biology Letters
3021:
3020:
3013:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2912:
2908:Macaca sylvanus
2903:
2902:
2898:
2865:Macaca sylvanus
2862:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2829:Jackson, W.G.F.
2827:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2755:Macaca sylvanus
2751:
2750:
2743:
2704:Macaca sylvanus
2700:
2699:
2695:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2631:Macaca sylvanus
2628:
2627:
2623:
2608:
2595:
2594:
2585:
2578:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2230:
2226:Macaca sylvanus
2221:
2220:
2211:
2193:Macaca sylvanus
2187:
2186:
2151:
2112:Primate Biology
2105:
2104:
2100:
2065:Macaca sylvanus
2060:
2059:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2030:Macaca sylvanus
2026:
2025:
2021:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1963:Macaca sylvanus
1958:
1957:
1936:
1921:
1913:. p. 164.
1895:Macaca sylvanus
1887:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1855:
1793:
1700:
1672:
1637:
1605:
1583:sexual swelling
1574:sexually active
1554:
1521:
1454:
1425:forests, humid
1269:
1177:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
983:M. fascicularis
962:
953:
944:
853:
844:
835:
776:
767:
708:Macaca sylvanus
618:
608:, described by
581:scientific name
576:Systema Naturae
569:' four primate
517:
500:
476:Northern Africa
414:Atlas Mountains
401:Macaca sylvanus
396:Barbary macaque
378:
368:
361:
353:Inuus ecaudatus
351:
318:
307:
303:Macaca sylvanus
301:
288:
261:Cercopithecidae
176:
168:
151:
140:
136:
129:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
35:Barbary macaque
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5545:
5543:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5474:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5450:
5437:
5424:
5408:
5406:
5404:Simia sylvanus
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5383:
5370:
5357:
5344:
5331:
5318:
5305:
5292:
5279:
5266:
5253:
5240:
5227:
5214:
5205:Fauna Europaea
5201:
5188:
5175:
5162:
5149:
5136:
5123:
5108:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:M. leucophaeus
5041:
5031:
5029:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4972:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4899:Kinda baboon (
4896:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4854:Olive baboon (
4850:
4848:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4795:
4785:
4783:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4613:Moor macaque (
4610:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:C. lomamiensis
4511:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4439:
4430:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4352:Diana monkey (
4348:
4346:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4298:
4296:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4263:C. pygerythrus
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4225:Green monkey (
4222:
4216:Dryas monkey (
4212:
4210:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:E. poliophaeus
4181:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4092:Allenopithecus
4084:
4082:Cercopithecini
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3979:, ed. (1911).
3977:Chisholm, Hugh
3973:
3962:
3961:External links
3959:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3930:
3912:
3894:
3875:(2): 531–534.
3848:
3826:
3805:10.2307/791414
3779:
3760:(6): 454–457.
3744:
3725:
3714:(3): 375–377.
3698:
3679:(4): 539–542.
3656:
3629:(3): 210–216.
3606:
3564:
3551:(3): 451–456.
3524:
3489:
3462:(3): 433–442.
3446:
3433:(1): 133–138.
3413:
3386:
3352:
3325:(1): 259–265.
3309:
3267:
3256:(5): 381–399.
3236:
3189:
3162:(3): 623–629.
3146:
3127:(3): 220–236.
3107:
3063:
3034:(3): 231–233.
3011:
2976:
2944:
2896:
2877:(2): 108–133.
2852:
2845:
2820:
2792:
2765:(3): 375–383.
2741:
2714:(4): 351–368.
2693:
2680:(3): 245–253.
2660:
2641:(2–3): 69–83.
2621:
2606:
2583:
2576:
2560:Wilson, Don E.
2541:
2485:
2425:
2377:
2362:
2333:(2): 242–249.
2304:
2284:
2260:
2209:
2149:
2098:
2077:(2): 297–306.
2048:
2019:
1997:
1934:
1919:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1792:
1789:
1699:
1696:
1671:
1668:
1649:water striders
1636:
1633:
1604:
1601:
1553:
1550:
1520:
1517:
1453:
1450:
1317:Petite Kabylie
1281:Jijel Province
1268:
1265:
1215:Hands and feet
1176:
1173:
1129:M. s. pliocena
1125:M. s. sylvanus
1117:Early Pliocene
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
978:
973:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:
946:
945:
941:
940:
937:
936:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
850:
849:
846:
845:
841:
840:
837:
836:
832:
831:
828:
827:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
799:
794:
792:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
769:
768:
764:
763:
760:
759:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
703:
698:
696:
685:
682:
681:
638:rhesus macaque
617:
614:
584:Simia sylvanus
551:Conrad Gessner
499:
496:
390:
389:
370:Simia pithecus
366:Linnaeus, 1766
349:Linnaeus, 1758
346:Simia sylvanus
341:
340:
334:
333:
329:
328:
320:
319:
308:
297:
296:
290:
289:
282:
280:
276:
275:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
170:
169:
156:
153:
152:
134:
131:
130:
125:
122:
121:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5544:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5066:
5065:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4945:(White-eyelid
4940:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4914:Theropithecus
4910:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4759:M. leucogenys
4755:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4732:M. assamensis
4728:
4726:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4651:M. nigrescens
4647:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4579:M. nemestrina
4575:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4471:C. erythrotis
4467:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4444:C. petaurista
4440:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4388:Mona monkey (
4386:
4384:
4382:
4379:Blue monkey (
4377:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4335:Cercopithecus
4331:
4325:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4287:
4286:
4285:Allochrocebus
4281:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4168:E. baumstarki
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3949:9781869857677
3945:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2992:(1): 85–106.
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2846:0-8386-3237-8
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2810:
2809:Atlas Obscura
2806:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2607:9780123786326
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2568:Lynx Edicions
2566:. Barcelona:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2277:. Baltimore:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:and mainland
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:IUCN Red List
1713:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1653:scale insects
1650:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1592:female choice
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:thermophilous
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:areas of the
1294:
1290:
1289:Sahara Desert
1282:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:insular dwarf
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:Fossil record
1106:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
990:
987:
985:
984:
977:
976:
970:
969:
966:
965:
957:
956:
948:
947:
939:
938:
935:
933:
932:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
915:
914:
907:
906:
900:
899:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
883:
882:
875:
874:
868:
867:
861:
860:
857:
856:
848:
847:
839:
838:
830:
829:
826:
824:
823:
822:M. nemestrina
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
806:
805:
798:
797:
791:
790:
784:
783:
780:
779:
771:
770:
762:
761:
758:
756:
755:
748:
747:
741:
740:
734:
733:
727:
726:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
709:
702:
701:
694:
693:
689:
688:
684:
683:
680:
676:
675:
672:
670:
666:
662:
661:
658:
653:
649:
647:
646:chromosome 13
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
613:
611:
607:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
567:Carl Linnaeus
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:
530:
520:
513:
509:
504:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
465:Barbary Coast
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
436:of the genus
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
397:
388:
385:
381:
375:
371:
364:
358:
354:
347:
342:
339:
335:
330:
326:
321:
316:
312:
306:
304:
298:
295:
294:Binomial name
291:
287:
286:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
180:
175:
171:
165:
159:
154:
148:
143:
132:
128:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
5403:
5087:
5062:
5045:
5036:
5024:
5013:C. lunulatus
5012:
5003:
4995:C. galeritus
4994:
4985:
4976:
4968:C. torquatus
4967:
4958:
4936:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4874:P. hamadryas
4873:
4864:
4855:
4835:
4823:
4811:
4800:L. aterrimus
4799:
4790:
4770:
4758:
4749:
4741:M. thibetana
4740:
4731:
4722:
4713:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4678:M. arctoides
4677:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4558:
4540:
4515:
4507:C. neglectus
4506:
4497:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4399:C. campbelli
4398:
4389:
4380:
4372:C. nictitans
4371:
4362:
4353:
4333:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4283:
4272:C. cynosuros
4271:
4262:
4253:
4244:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4197:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4157:Erythrocebus
4155:
4144:M. ogouensis
4143:
4134:
4114:
4102:
4090:
3986:
3969:
3939:
3933:
3925:the original
3915:
3897:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3851:
3842:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3402:(1): 36–49.
3399:
3395:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3287:
3283:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3209:(1): 32–45.
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3088:(1): 37–51.
3085:
3081:
3077:
3031:
3027:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2965:(1): 54–80.
2962:
2958:
2922:
2916:
2907:
2899:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2832:
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2597:
2563:
2532:. Retrieved
2504:
2498:
2488:
2471:10261/308760
2445:
2439:
2428:
2414:cite journal
2402:. Retrieved
2397:
2393:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2297:
2273:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2194:
2190:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2041:22 September
2039:. Retrieved
2029:
2022:
2013:
1988:. Retrieved
1974:
1968:
1962:
1905:
1894:
1883:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1794:
1781:
1768:habitat loss
1765:
1725:
1709:
1688:golden eagle
1676:domestic dog
1673:
1657:
1638:
1628:alloparental
1625:
1588:
1581:that female
1571:
1546:
1522:
1514:
1501:
1490:
1482:
1463:
1442:interglacial
1435:
1406:
1376:
1364:World War II
1356:North Africa
1329:
1286:
1235:
1218:
1168:interglacial
1161:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1110:
1031:
1030:
1013:
1012:
981:
980:
931:M. arctoides
929:
928:
913:M. thibetana
911:
910:
879:
878:
820:
819:
802:
801:
752:
751:
707:
706:
705:
690:
678:
668:
660:
656:
650:
634:sister group
626:Phylogenetic
619:
603:
591:
583:
574:
560:
554:
546:
532:
526:
511:
469:
446:
437:
434:type species
432:. It is the
405:
400:
399:
395:
393:
379:
369:
362:
352:
345:
344:
302:
300:
284:
283:
271:
247:Infraorder:
29:
5244:iNaturalist
5112:Wikispecies
4813:Rungwecebus
4791:L. albigena
4696:M. cyclopis
4633:M. tonkeana
4624:M. ochreata
4597:M. pagensis
4561:M. sylvanus
4489:C. ascanius
4462:C. sclateri
4417:C. pogonias
4270:Malbrouck (
4254:C. tantalus
4236:C. aethiops
4199:Chlorocebus
4135:M. talapoin
4123:(Talapoins)
4116:Miopithecus
4033:(subfamily
3799:(1): 1–24.
3587:: 245–250.
3408:1874/358227
2925:: 117–130.
2633:L. 1758)".
2241:: 117–130.
1843:Emain Macha
1809:dissections
1785:overgrazing
1772:overgrazing
1733:Pleistocene
1662:forests in
1660:Atlas cedar
1645:angiosperms
1641:gymnosperms
1529:conspecific
1519:Alarm calls
1478:selectivity
1466:matriarchal
1440:and during
1438:Pleistocene
1403:Atlas cedar
1360:Middle Ages
1250:bilophodont
1175:Description
1146:M. sylvanus
648:in humans.
406:Barbary ape
384:Reichenbach
363:Simia inuus
251:Simiiformes
18:Barbary Ape
5476:Categories
5419:Q109647596
5035:Mandrill (
5026:Mandrillus
4947:mangabeys)
4938:Cercocebus
4892:P. ursinus
4824:R. kipunji
4772:Lophocebus
4750:M. munzala
4723:M. radiata
4705:M. fuscata
4687:M. mulatta
4588:M. leonina
4570:M. silenus
4549:(Macaques)
4498:C. hamlyni
4363:C. roloway
4322:A. solatus
4313:A. preussi
4304:A. lhoesti
4227:C. sabaeus
4072:Haplorhini
4070:Suborder:
3383:: 172–179.
2910:in Europe"
2814:2022-04-03
2448:: 103368.
2228:in Europe"
2118:(1): 1–7.
1990:17 January
1875:References
1805:anthropoid
1694:response.
1692:alarm call
1509:coalitions
1427:Portuguese
1415:Tell Atlas
1391:grasslands
1305:High Atlas
1293:fragmented
1242:anogenital
1185:Prague Zoo
1033:M. mulatta
1015:M. fuscata
881:M. radiata
804:M. silenus
642:homologous
600:suppressed
444:of young.
241:Haplorhini
237:Suborder:
160:Appendix I
142:Endangered
5037:M. sphinx
5004:C. sanjei
4977:C. agilis
4925:T. gelada
4901:P. kindae
4856:P. anubis
4844:(Baboons)
4822:Kipunji (
4714:M. sinica
4606:M. siberu
4532:Papionini
4480:C. cephus
4046:Kingdom:
3966:ARKive -
3821:150797237
3284:Behaviour
3250:Behaviour
2959:Behaviour
2616:820107187
2521:0015-5713
2394:Carolinea
1893:"Species
1847:Titelberg
1824:physician
1811:. Strong
1670:Predators
1603:Parenting
1599:females.
1525:predators
1485:gestation
1446:Herodotus
1389:forests,
1362:. During
1336:Gibraltar
1283:, Algeria
1261:Papionini
1230:vestigial
1207:, Germany
1205:Wiesbaden
1141:M. majori
630:molecular
616:Phylogeny
612:in 1799.
529:Aristotle
486:) to the
430:Gibraltar
279:Species:
197:Kingdom:
191:Eukaryota
5413:Wikidata
5374:Species+
5314:12100565
5262:10216022
5097:Wikidata
5064:Category
4923:Gelada (
4883:P. papio
4660:M. nigra
4642:M. hecki
4615:M. maura
4514:Lesula (
4435:C. denti
4426:C. wolfi
4408:C. lowei
4381:C. mitis
4354:C. diana
4234:Grivet (
4218:C. dryas
4177:E. patas
4066:Primates
4060:Mammalia
4054:Chordata
4052:Phylum:
4048:Animalia
3889:41616038
3774:15300863
3693:87021869
3673:Mammalia
3651:18223816
3643:24006539
3601:87795900
3581:Mammalia
3484:23657621
3476:10199007
3347:86080812
3223:12065939
3121:Ethology
3102:10588434
3058:17327200
3006:43112228
2787:30650507
2779:17644098
2736:19899619
2728:16104035
2562:(eds.).
2534:19 March
2529:23363585
2480:37094515
2404:24 March
2357:19497354
2144:32110686
2093:53192425
1929:62265494
1891:(2005).
1853:See also
1820:cadavers
1813:cultural
1720:poaching
1542:loudness
1533:acoustic
1492:Grooming
1474:grooming
1431:cork oak
1423:holm oak
1325:Holocene
1311:and the
1299:and the
754:M. nigra
484:Zanclean
480:Pliocene
453:primates
374:Schreber
338:Synonyms
311:Linnaeus
257:Family:
231:Primates
221:Mammalia
211:Chordata
207:Phylum:
201:Animalia
187:Domain:
147:IUCN 3.1
5507:Maghreb
5454:ZooBank
5446:5739448
5301:1000623
5236:2436618
5103:Q199962
5044:Drill (
4959:C. atys
4390:C. mona
4064:Order:
4058:Class:
3507:Bibcode
3327:Bibcode
3304:4535008
3231:9791964
3184:6947829
3176:9784211
3129:Bibcode
3049:2464693
2927:Bibcode
2655:6519600
2450:Bibcode
2348:2783879
2243:Bibcode
2135:7041515
1797:anatomy
1753:Germany
1728:logging
1714:on the
1698:Threats
1680:leopard
1664:Morocco
1596:fertile
1568:, 2008)
1566:Algeria
1505:fitness
1470:lineage
1411:Kabylia
1321:Algeria
1309:Morocco
1246:oestrus
1150:Norfolk
1113:fossils
695:
665:genomes
659:element
598:(ICZN)
508:Gervais
426:Morocco
422:Tunisia
418:Algeria
410:macaque
408:, is a
267:Genus:
227:Order:
217:Class:
162: (
145: (
5487:Macaca
5366:232422
5353:689645
5275:573027
5210:305552
5184:MCCASY
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1745:Sicily
1741:Iberia
1686:; the
1684:eagles
1621:Alsace
1562:Béjaïa
1552:Mating
1496:stress
1385:, and
1340:Europe
1313:Grande
1301:Middle
1189:Prague
692:Macaca
679:Macaca
669:Macaca
605:Macaca
571:genera
461:monkey
457:Europe
449:humans
438:Macaca
386:, 1863
376:, 1799
359:, 1812
272:Macaca
5433:15962
5428:EUNIS
5340:84508
5288:12561
5257:IRMNG
5249:43452
5197:15707
5192:EUNIS
5158:3WWP8
5145:30410
4837:Papio
3885:S2CID
3865:(PDF)
3843:SWARA
3817:S2CID
3809:JSTOR
3689:S2CID
3647:S2CID
3597:S2CID
3480:S2CID
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3343:S2CID
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3227:S2CID
3180:S2CID
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2867:L.".
2783:S2CID
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1538:pitch
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1352:Moors
1258:tribe
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622:basal
592:Simia
562:Simia
547:Simia
539:Galen
164:CITES
158:CITES
5441:GBIF
5392:9774
5379:6923
5327:9546
5322:NCBI
5283:IUCN
5270:ITIS
5231:GBIF
5179:EPPO
5140:BOLD
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