326:
124:
466:
112:
38:
155:
558:. However, not all modern historians consider the barrier ineffective. Historians like Wijn and Van Nimwegen emphasise that it took 3 years of campaigning for the French to conquer all barrier fortresses during the War of Austrian Succession and that the purpose of the barrier was to give the Dutch enough time to mobilize and fortify their own borders. According to them, nobody in the Dutch Republic was under the illusion that the barrier would itself stop French armies.
542:
136:
554:
central role enabled the Dutch
Republic to participate in European power politics after 1713. Although judged favourably by contemporaries, it has later been argued by historians that the protection the Barrier offered proved illusory. The Austrians were reluctant to pay for fortresses they did not control, and the fortresses were conquered by France during the
246:
218:
176:
162:
260:
204:
190:
232:
561:
However, the forts themselves were only part of the Dutch defence system; political and diplomatic treaties were more important, particularly since
Britain could not allow a hostile power to control ports in Northern Flanders like Ostend. Britain's agreement to act as guarantor of the treaty and to
553:
The Dutch
Republic ended the war in 1713 effectively bankrupt, but the Dutch goal had been achieved. The Barrier was to provide a basis for peace in Europe by perpetuating the balance of power, and was to forge a foundation for the alliance between Austria, Great Britain and the Dutch Republic. Its
412:
and was primarily driven by the need to keep the Dutch in the War of the
Spanish Succession. In return for Dutch support of the Protestant succession and a commitment to continuing the war, Britain agreed to the Barrier, which effectively gave the Dutch permanent control of the Spanish Netherlands.
337:, which led to debate on how to design fortifications effective in the flat terrain of the Netherlands and where to locate them. That resulted in the concept of forward defence or so-called Barrier Fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands to provide
528:. The Dutch would pay 40% of the costs and Austria the other 60% and an additional lump sum to maintain the Barrier and its garrisons, which were reduced to seven, with a mixed garrison at Dendermond. The treaty also renewed the 1648
387:
and made its extent a matter of debate, particularly with
Britain. The Scheldt estuary was a key transportation point for European import and export. Its control was a valuable commercial asset and allowed the merchants of
532:
over the
Scheldt but promised 'equal treatment" for Dutch and British commerce. The treaty was signed on 15 November 1715 and further detailed by two Austrian-Dutch agreements of 30 and 31 January 1716.
1113:
De
Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid: Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog
348:, and it was saved only by flooding. The Barrier was intended to slow down an attacking army to allow the Dutch time to reinforce their defences without the expense of a large standing army.
504:
from the list. A revised version was signed on 29 January 1713, which reduced the number of
Barrier fortresses to 15; Britain agreed to ensure compliance from the future ruler of the
1187:
1177:
1197:
325:
1133:
Het
Staatsche Leger: Deel VIII Het tijdperk van de Spaanse Successieoorlog (The Dutch States Army: Part VIII The era of the War of the Spanish Succession)
356:
597:
1192:
90:
In order to help defend against French invasion, Dutch troops occupy fortresses within the
Austrian Netherlands and share the costs with Austria.
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
569:, the French threat to the Austrian Netherlands vanished and the Barrier became irrelevant. In 1781 the treaty was declared void by Emperor
273:
154:
344:
It was accepted that no fortified place could hold out indefinitely. The Republic was nearly overrun in 1673 by the speed that the French
1232:
1227:
1222:
376:
1202:
1000:
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745:
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409:
465:
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provide the Dutch with military support against any aggressor ultimately proved to be far more effective than the Barrier itself.
489:
367:. But in February 1701, the French quickly occupied them. Re-establishing the Barrier was the primary Dutch objective during the
329:
Antwerp and the frozen Scheldt (1590); control of the vital trading route formed part of the discussions on the Barrier Treaties.
1146:
485:
1050:
1025:
720:
661:
625:
555:
481:
449:. The terms were seen as overly generous by British commercial interests since they included ports in Northern Flanders like
1182:
866:
810:
570:
368:
37:
589:
496:, a merchants' guild. There were demands for the greater protection of British commercial access and the removal of
333:
From 1672 to 1697, a series of wars with France demonstrated the Dutch Republic's vulnerability to invasion via the
493:
372:
345:
596:. A stronger and more complex Barrier was constructed along the new Netherlands/France border, supervised by the
574:
405:
305:) were a series of agreements signed and ratified between 1709 and 1715 that created a buffer zone between the
116:
111:
1217:
1212:
1207:
546:
524:
and France by establishing a permanent Austro-Dutch military force of 30,000 to 35,000 men stationed in the
1172:
1167:
1162:
683:
566:
525:
314:
529:
505:
414:
380:
334:
946:
938:
605:
678:
581:. The Netherlands remained directly or indirectly under French control for nearly two decades.
1117:
1046:
1021:
996:
901:
845:
789:
785:
766:
763:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 6, The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688—1715/25
741:
716:
712:
706:
657:
578:
521:
517:
469:
352:
128:
123:
930:
473:
457:, which controlled trade along the Scheldt, rather than blocking potential invasion routes.
1098:
Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
898:
Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
842:
Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
338:
298:
47:
317:, ruled by the Spanish or the Austrians. The treaties were cancelled by Austria in 1781.
1077:
Regeneration and Hegemony; Franco-Batavian Relations in the Revolutionary Era 1795-1803
993:
Regeneration and Hegemony; Franco-Batavian Relations in the Revolutionary Era 1795-1803
629:
541:
310:
306:
290:
140:
135:
1156:
950:
364:
588:'s defeat in 1815, the Netherlands united with the former Austrian Netherlands and
446:
434:
360:
17:
600:, a program that was largely complete by 1820, but the fortresses became part of
501:
450:
874:
818:
1105:
The Duke of Wellington and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815-1818
1043:
The Duke of Wellington and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815-1818
921:
Myers (1917). "Violation of Treaties: Bad Faith, Nonexecution and Disregard".
585:
442:
389:
277:
Locations of barrier fortresses as agreed in 1715, shown on a map of modern
577:, French forces invaded and overran the Dutch Republic and established the
476:
of Holland, who was one of the greatest Dutch propontents of the Barrier.
438:
43:
942:
601:
430:
393:
384:
278:
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The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great 1660-1789
540:
492:
administration that derived much of its support from the powerful
464:
454:
426:
422:
418:
324:
516:
The third and final treaty confirmed terms contained in the 1714
962:
960:
313:
by allowing the Dutch to occupy a number of fortresses in the
1091:
Violation of Treaties: Bad Faith, Nonexecution and Disregard
379:. The Barrier also had an economic element, since the 1648
359:, permitted the Dutch to garrison eight cities, including
1020:(2011 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
1018:
The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, Volume 2
404:
The first Treaty was signed on 29 October 1709 between
42:
Dutch officers in a guardroom while one holds a map of
27:
Series of three Austro-Dutch agreements (1709 - 1715)
102:
94:
86:
78:
55:
736:Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew, eds. (2012).
392:to undermine the trade of the commercial rival,
711:. Modern Wars In Perspective. Longman. p.
1093:(American Journal of International Law, 1917);
865:dead link: Lesaffer, Randall (February 2016).
8:
966:
867:"Fortress Belgium – The 1715 Barrier Treaty"
811:"Fortress Belgium – The 1715 Barrier Treaty"
30:
1068:Afflerbach, Holger and Strachan, Hew (ed);
355:, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands,
36:
29:
1070:How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender
923:The American Journal of International Law
738:How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender
346:captured major fortresses like Maastricht
1188:Treaties of the Kingdom of Great Britain
1147:Full text of the 1715 Treaty (in French)
740:. Oxford University Press. p. 159.
656:(2017 ed.). Routledge. p. 35.
677:Khan, Kalid Masood (October 16, 2015).
644:
617:
1178:Military history of the Dutch Republic
765:. Cambridge University Press. p.
371:and was specified in Article 5 of the
871:Oxford Public & International Law
815:Oxford Public & International Law
7:
1045:. Greenwood Press. pp. 93–108.
978:
809:Lesaffer, Randall (February 2016).
383:gave the Dutch a monopoly over the
245:
1198:Treaties of the Kingdom of Prussia
1084:The Dictionary of English History;
761:Bromley, John Selwyn, ed. (1970).
567:Austria allied with France in 1756
25:
1116:(in Dutch). De Bataafsche Leeuw.
995:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 148.
628:also ceded several cities in the
594:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
708:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714
295:Barrièretraktaat/Barrièreverdrag
258:
244:
230:
216:
202:
188:
174:
160:
153:
134:
122:
110:
1016:Ward, Adolphus William (1922).
784:. Macmillan Education. p.
632:region to the United Provinces.
217:
1193:Treaties of the Dutch Republic
626:Frederick William I of Prussia
556:War of the Austrian Succession
175:
161:
1:
1253:1715 in the Habsburg monarchy
1248:1715 in the Holy Roman Empire
1243:1713 in the Holy Roman Empire
1238:1709 in the Holy Roman Empire
1135:(in Dutch). Martinus Nijhoff.
679:"The Strategic Depth Concept"
482:1710 British general election
369:War of the Spanish Succession
259:
203:
189:
1082:Low,John and Pulling, F.S.;
1041:Veve, Thomas Dwight (1992).
231:
1111:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2002).
1079:. (Martinus Nijhoff, 2011);
652:Duffy, Christopher (1985).
1269:
1233:1715 in the Dutch Republic
1228:1713 in the Dutch Republic
1223:1709 in the Dutch Republic
549:by the French army in 1745
373:Treaty of The Hague (1701)
1203:18th century in The Hague
900:. Greenwood. p. 37.
844:. Greenwood. p. 37.
590:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
575:French Revolutionary Wars
35:
991:Kubben, Raymond (2011).
624:Emperor Charles VI and
896:Nolan, Cathal (2008).
840:Nolan, Cathal (2008).
780:Sturdy, David (1998).
550:
484:replaced the existing
477:
330:
303:traités de la Barrière
302:
294:
1103:Veve, Thomas Dwight;
929:(4): 799–829 passim.
544:
468:
375:, which reformed the
357:Maximilian of Bavaria
328:
1183:Austrian Netherlands
1107:. (Greenwood, 1992).
606:independence in 1830
526:Austrian Netherlands
461:Second Treaty (1713)
315:Habsburg Netherlands
274:class=notpageimage|
1131:Wijn, J.W. (1964).
705:Lynn, John (1999).
512:Third Treaty (1715)
506:Spanish Netherlands
400:First Treaty (1709)
335:Spanish Netherlands
32:
1100:(Greenwood, 2008);
598:Duke of Wellington
551:
488:government with a
478:
331:
71:30–31 January 1716
18:Barrier Fortresses
1075:Kubben, Raymond;
969:, pp. 31–33.
967:Van Nimwegen 2002
579:Batavian Republic
518:Treaty of Rastatt
470:Anthonie Heinsius
353:Treaty of Ryswick
149:
148:
129:Habsburg monarchy
50:between 1730-1750
16:(Redirected from
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873:. Archived from
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817:. Archived from
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339:strategic depth
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875:the original
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819:the original
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435:Valenciennes
413:It included
403:
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502:Dendermonde
451:Dendermonde
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103:Signatories
1157:Categories
1052:0313279411
1027:1108040136
722:0582056292
684:The Nation
663:1138924644
640:References
604:after its
586:Napoleon I
415:Nieuwpoort
321:Background
95:Expiration
979:Wijn 1964
951:147292326
782:Louis XIV
571:Joseph II
537:Aftermath
443:Charleroi
390:Amsterdam
87:Condition
79:Effective
520:between
439:Maubeuge
408:and the
44:Flanders
1063:Sources
943:2188206
602:Belgium
522:Austria
431:Tournai
394:Antwerp
385:Scheldt
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584:After
565:After
498:Ostend
472:, the
445:, and
311:France
299:French
182:Knokke
168:Veurne
56:Signed
947:S2CID
939:JSTOR
881:2 May
825:2 May
690:4 May
612:Notes
455:Ghent
447:Namur
427:Lille
423:Menen
419:Ypres
361:Namur
291:Dutch
266:Namur
210:Menen
196:Ypres
46:, by
1118:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1022:ISBN
997:ISBN
902:ISBN
883:2018
846:ISBN
827:2018
790:ISBN
742:ISBN
717:ISBN
692:2018
658:ISBN
545:The
500:and
490:Tory
486:Whig
480:The
453:and
365:Mons
363:and
309:and
285:The
238:Mons
98:1781
931:doi
786:148
767:381
713:117
1159::
959:^
945:.
937:.
927:11
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608:.
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