86:
32:
465:. The Treaty provisions concealed two important issues; first, neither England nor the Dutch Republic would allow the other to control the Spanish Netherlands and thus preferred to assign it to Austria, for whom as a mon-maritime power it was a burden, not an asset. Second, who sat on the Spanish throne concerned England and the Dutch because of the commercial implications, but was far less important to Leopold than the division of Spanish territories in Italy. These tensions would resurface later in the war.
437:. In addition to assigning Spanish territories in Italy and the Spanish Netherlands to Austria, its main provisions included securing fortresses held by Dutch garrisons in the Spanish Netherlands as part of a system of forward defence, the Protestant succession in England, commercial access for England and the Dutch Republic to the Spanish Empire but made no reference to placing Archduke Charles on the Spanish throne.
113:
166:
99:
404:
219:
In
September 1665, Charles became the last Habsburg King of Spain at the age of three; suffering ill-health throughout his life, by 1697 he was childless and seemed unlikely to survive much longer. Weakened by a century of nearly continuous combat, Spain was no longer the dominant European power but
290:
Despite the
Partition Treaties, William had remained sceptical of Louis' intentions, given his history of negotiating while simultaneously planning military action and his decision to keep the French army in being after the end of the Nine Years War, rather than the usual practice of disbanding it.
421:
While ostensibly the war was sparked by a dynastic struggle over the
Spanish throne, allocation of territories and commercial interests were equally important. Contemporaries viewed Dutch and English support for the Habsburg cause as primarily driven by a desire for access to the Spanish American
280:
366:
In March, talks were held with Louis' representative the Comte d'Avaux, who made it clear he would neither comply with the 1700 Treaty or agree to concessions. Parliament now authorised the creation of an anti-French alliance and a force of 10,000 men to support the Dutch, led by
267:. Negotiated by William and Louis, these partitioned the Spanish Empire without consulting either Emperor Leopold or Spain. Unsurprisingly, the Spanish refused to allow this and when Charles died on 1 November 1700, his will named his heir as Louis' grandson,
315:
leaders who approved them. As a result, William was forced to recognise Philip as king of Spain, but a foreign observer noted Tory opposition to war included the important qualifier 'so long as
English commerce does not suffer.'
390:. The main obstacle was the demand by Emperor Leopold for all Spanish territories in Italy while William wanted to restrict this to Milan and the Spanish Netherlands. His experience and dual role as King and
394:
made
William a powerful figure but his death was widely anticipated; aware much of their influence with Leopold would disappear with him, the Dutch accepted the Austrian position, forcing England to follow.
319:
Louis either failed to appreciate this or decided to ignore it, and embarked on a series of provocative moves. In early 1701, he registered Philip's claim to the French throne with the
1074:
1064:
1069:
461:
and his Dutch successors confirmed their agreement with his policies. The Grand
Alliance declared war on France on 15 May 1702, followed on 30 September by the
233:
1029:
252:
1039:
368:
1079:
1054:
888:
New Worlds?: Transformations in the
Culture of International Relations Around the Peace of Utrecht (Politics and Culture in Europe, 1650-1750)
430:. On 6 September, France banned the import of English manufactured goods like cloth and imposed prohibitive duties on a wide range of others.
299:
would not go to war for the
Spanish throne. They also objected to the territorial splits envisaged by the Treaties, specifically the award of
754:
387:
283:
504:
Until 1707, England and
Scotland were separate countries under one monarch, William, but treaties were signed by the King of Great Britain.
1044:
474:
434:
422:
markets. Trade was often used as a weapon of policy; between 1690 and 1704, English import duties increased by 400%, with the 1651-1663
181:
150:
1059:
992:
954:
914:
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323:, raising the possibility of union with Spain, contrary to Charles' will. In February, French troops occupied the Spanish-controlled
462:
292:
312:
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On 7 September 1701, England, the
Emperor Leopold and the Dutch Republic signed the Treaty of The Hague reconstituting the
485:
170:
154:
142:
46:
31:
1024:
458:
454:
924:
Stapleton, John M (2007). "Prelude to Rijswijk: William III, Louis XIV, and the Strange Case of Marshal Boufflers".
260:
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King of England and Scotland. This ensured English support for war and after William's death on 19 March 1702,
449:
died a few days later on 16 September, Louis reneged on his commitment at Ryswick to accept the result of the
359:
at will. Combined with the imposition of French tariffs on English imports and Spain's award of the lucrative
264:
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that began in 1667 led to a number of anti-French coalitions, the most significant being the so-called
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contract on 27 August to the French Guinea Company, Tory opposition to war was gradually eroded.
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Treaty of the Second Grand Alliance between Great Britain, Austria and the United Provinces
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Proclamation of Philip of Anjou as Philip V of Spain, Versailles: 16 November 1700
403:
391:
308:
513:
As above; the Union Jack or King's Colour is used here for ease of convenience.
177:
165:
71:
811:
The Rise of the Great Powers 1648 - 1815 (The Modern European State System)
339:
previously held by the Dutch. This threatened the Dutch monopoly over the
291:
His suspicion appeared justified by the proclamation of Philip V but the
849:
360:
348:
340:
828:
Morgan, WT (1931). "Economic Aspects of the Negotiations at Ryswick".
352:
300:
841:
865:
Schaeper, Thomas (1986). "French and English Trade after Utrecht".
212:
ended the war but failed to resolve the issue of who would succeed
402:
278:
225:
164:
1011:(pages 40–45, from "Whereas Charles the Second, king of Spain,")
251:, the succession was of great significance to the European
16:
1701 treaty between England, Austria, and Dutch Republic
886:
Schmidt Voges, Inken; Solana, Ana Crespo, eds. (2017).
592:
590:
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who was also appointed Envoy to the United Provinces.
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347:and English mercantile interests, since control of
255:. Despite being long-time opponents, Louis XIV and
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67:
52:
41:
24:
766:Queen Anne (Revised) (The English Monarchs Series)
243:Since Charles' closest heirs were either Austrian
947:The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665-1700
271:, who became Philip V of Spain on 16 November.
153:in response to the issues that resulted in the
224:remained largely intact, with territories in
8:
830:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
374:Negotiations were held between Marlborough,
19:
747:The War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714
728:
656:
644:
1075:Dutch Republic–Holy Roman Empire relations
557:
30:
18:
581:
137:, was signed on 7 September 1701 between
964:Ward, William; Leathes, Stanley (1912).
768:(2001 ed.). Yale University Press.
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259:tried to resolve the issue first in the
169:Europe in 1700, at the beginning of the
149:. It reconstituted the 1689 anti-French
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1009:Original text of the treaty in English
867:Journal for Eighteenth Century Studies
784:Marlborough: England's Fragile Genius;
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533:
926:The Western Society of French History
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596:
388:Johann Wenzel Wratislaw von Mitrowitz
284:Johann Wenzel Wratislaw von Mitrowitz
7:
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286:, Imperial envoy to the Hague talks.
1065:England–Holy Roman Empire relations
987:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd.
907:Queen Anne; the Politics of Passion
475:Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)
355:would allow France to blockade the
335:, as well as and fortresses in the
879:10.1111/j.1754-0208.1986.tb00117.x
426:having been a major factor in the
14:
1030:Treaties of the Habsburg monarchy
1070:Dutch Republic–England relations
809:McKay, Derek; Scott, HM (1983).
792:Britain and the World, 1649-1815
453:and proclaimed his Catholic son
196:. They took part in the 1688-97
111:
97:
84:
681:Schmidt Voges & Solana 2017
1040:Treaties of the Dutch Republic
184:formed on 20 December 1689 by
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1080:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
1055:1701 in the Holy Roman Empire
486:War of the Spanish Succession
171:War of the Spanish Succession
155:War of the Spanish Succession
47:War of the Spanish Succession
45:Anti-French Alliance and the
966:The Cambridge Modern History
945:Storrs, Christopher (2006).
455:James Francis Edward Stuart
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1045:1701 in the Dutch Republic
261:Treaty of The Hague (1698)
56:7 September 1701
20:Treaty of the Hague (1701)
1060:18th century in The Hague
938:2027/spo.0642292.0035.006
141:, the Holy Roman Emperor
29:
451:1688 Glorious Revolution
307:to France, and tried to
968:(2010 ed.). Nabu.
905:Somerset, Anne (2012).
745:Falkner, James (2015).
729:Ward & Leathes 1912
657:Ward & Leathes 1912
645:Ward & Leathes 1912
386:and the Austrian envoy
265:Treaty of London (1700)
236:and large parts of the
764:Gregg, Edward (1980).
558:McKay & Scott 1983
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343:granted by the 1648
204:joining in 1690 and
1025:Treaties of England
983:Wolf, John (1968).
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707:, pp. 168–169.
659:, pp. 397–398.
623:, pp. 166–167.
447:James II of England
337:Spanish Netherlands
230:Spanish Netherlands
214:Charles II of Spain
135:Treaty of The Hague
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790:Jones, JR (1980).
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321:Parlement of Paris
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208:in 1691. The 1697
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131:Treaty of Den Haag
794:. Fontana Press.
782:Holmes, Richard;
756:978-1-4738-7290-5
749:. Pen and Sword.
408:Anthonie Heinsius
376:Anthonie Heinsius
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836:: 225–249.
546:Storrs 2006
534:Morgan 1931
392:Stadtholder
369:Marlborough
263:, then the
257:William III
234:Philippines
1019:Categories
975:1174382058
909:. Harper.
820:0582485541
801:0006337589
775:0300090242
669:Jones 1980
597:Gregg 1980
521:References
459:Queen Anne
297:Parliament
247:or French
161:Background
145:, and the
60:1701-09-07
985:Louis XIV
858:153412732
717:Wolf 1968
492:Footnotes
441:Aftermath
245:Habsburgs
178:Louis XIV
143:Leopold I
72:The Hague
469:See also
249:Bourbons
238:Americas
68:Location
850:3678514
739:Sources
416:Holland
384:Holland
361:Asiento
357:Channel
349:Antwerp
341:Scheldt
309:impeach
186:England
139:England
119:England
78:Parties
58: (
42:Context
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477:(1689)
353:Ostend
305:Naples
301:Sicily
232:, the
228:, the
188:, the
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53:Signed
873:(1).
854:S2CID
846:JSTOR
399:Terms
226:Italy
206:Savoy
202:Spain
200:with
133:, or
989:ISBN
970:ISBN
951:ISBN
911:ISBN
892:ISBN
815:ISBN
796:ISBN
770:ISBN
751:ISBN
351:and
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313:Whig
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293:Tory
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129:The
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